IT 6313

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

LAB MANUAL

SYLLABUS
IT6313 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
LT PC
0032
OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this lab is to explore digital communications with a software radio to
understand how each component works together. The lab will cover, analog to digital conversion,
modulation, pulse shaping, and noise analysis.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

EXPERIMENTS IN THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:

1. Signal Sampling and reconstruction
2. Amplitude modulation and demodulation
3. Frequency modulation and demodulation
4. Pulse code modulation and demodulation.
5. Delta modulation, adaptive delta Modulation
6. Line Coding Schemes
7. BFSK modulation and Demodulation (Hardware(Kit based) & Simulation using
MATLAB / SCILAB / Equivalent)
8. BPSK modulation and Demodulation (Hardware& Simulation using MATLAB/SCILAB/
Equivalent)
9. FSK, PSK and DPSK schemes (Simulation)
10. Error control coding schemes (Simulation)
11. Spread spectrum communication (Simulation)
12. Communication link simulation
13. TDM and FDM
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOME:
To develop necessary skill in designing, analyzing and constructing digital electronic circuits.

LAB REQUIREMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS, 3 STUDENTS / EXPERIMENT:

i) Kits for Signal Sampling, TDM, AM, FM, PCM, DM and Line Coding Schemes
ii) Software Defined Radio platform for link simulation studies
iii) MATLAB / SCILAB for simulation experiments
iv) PCs - 10 Nos
v) Signal generator / Function generators / Power Supply / CRO / Bread Board each -15 nos

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR NATURAL SAMPLING

OBSERVATION FOR NATURAL SAMPLING

 AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD
FREQUENCY
SI NO SIGNAL (VPK TO VPK) in ( msec or
in KHz
Volts sec )
1 Message signal
2 Sampling pulse
3 Sampled output
4 Reconstructed output

MODEL GRAPH
NATURAL SAMPLING WAVEFORM

EX.NO:
DATE:
ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

AIM:
To obtain the samples of the given sinusoidal signal by the following types of signal
sampling methods and reconstruct the signal from samples
1) Natural Sampling,
2) Sample and Hold,
3) FIat top sampling.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments/ Components required Specification Quantity

Module DCS 1
Connecting Chords & Probes As req.
Power supply + 12v 1
Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
 THEORY:
Both Analog and digital signal are used to carry information in communication system. Sometime
it is necessary to convert analog signal into digital to transmit over digital network. Sampling is a
process of converting analog continuous signal into discrete time signal.
To transmit analog over digital communication system, only samples of the message are required
to be transmitted at regular intervals. The receiver will receives only samples of the message from
which it reconstructs the original information.

Sampling Theorem:
A continuous time message signal m(t) can be completely represented in its sampled form
and recovered back from its sampled form if the sampling frequency f s 2fm where is fm the
maximum frequency of the message signal m(t).

Nyquist rate:
The minimum sampling rate of 2fm samples per second is called as nyquist rate. The reciprocal of
nyquist rate is called nyquist interval.

Natural sampling:
In this method of sampling, an electronic switch is used to periodically shify between the
two contacts at a rate of fs = (1/Ts ) Hz, staying on the input contact for C seconds and on the
grounded contact for the remainder of each sampling period.
The output of the sampler considered as the product of m(t) and sampling pulse p(t).

Flat top sampling:

In this method the continuous analogue waveform is converted into a series of pulses whose
amplitude is equal to the amplitude of the analogue signal at the start of the sampling process.
Since the sampled pulses have a uniform amplitude, the process is called flat top sampling.

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FLAT TOP SAMPLING

OBSERVATION FOR FLAT TOP SAMPLING

SI NO SIGNAL AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

 (VPK TO VPK) in ( msec or
in KHz
Volts sec )
1 Message signal
2 Sampling pulse
3 Sampled output
4 Reconstructed output

MODEL GRAPH
FLAT TOP SAMPLING WAVEFORM

Sample and hold:

The Sample-and-Hold circuit consists of an amplifier of unity gain and low output impedance, a
switch and a capacitor; it is assumed that the load impedance is large. The switch is timed to close
only for the small duration of each sampling pulse, during which time the capacitor charges up to a
voltage level equal to that of the input sample. When the switch is open, the capacitor retains the
voltage level until the next closure of the switch. Thus the sample-and-hold circuit produces an
output waveform that represents a staircase interpolation of the original analog signal.

PROCEDURE :

1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram

2. The amplitude and time period of input message signal, sampling pulse, sampled output
(for natural sampling, flat top sampling and sample & hold circuit), and its corresponding
reconstructed waveform are observed.
3. The reading are noted and drawn as graph.
 CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR SAMPLE AND HOLD

OBSERVATION FOR SAMPLE AND HOLD

AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD

FREQUENCY
SI NO SIGNAL (VPK TO VPK) in ( msec or
in KHz
Volts sec )
Message signal
1
 Sampling pulse
2
Sampled output
3
Reconstructed output
4

MODEL GRAPH
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT WAVEFORM
RESULT:
The input analog signal is sampled through
1) Natural Sampling,
2) Sample and Hold,
3) Flat top sampling circuits and the signal is reconstructed and the characteristics of the
reconstructed signal were compared with the input signal.

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

EX.NO:
DATE:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To modulate the analog message signal using AM modulator and demodulate the AM wave
to original message signal.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments/ Components required Specification Quantity

1. Modules ACL-01 & ACL-02 1
2. Power supply +/- 12v 1
3. Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
4. Connecting patch chords and probes - As req

THEORY:

Amplitude Modulation:
In Amplitude Modulation the amplitude of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

Modulation index:

The AM modulation index is a measure based on the ratio of the modulation excursions of
the RF signal to the level of the unmodulated carrier. It is thus defined as:

MI= VMessage / VCarrier

Modulation index is normally expressed as a percentage.

If MI=0.5 carrier amplitude varies by 50% above (and below) its unmodulated level. If
modulation index is less than 1 it is known as under modulation. If M I = 1.0, then 100%
modulation the wave amplitude is achieved this is known as critical modulation, and this
represents full modulation using standard AM and is often a target (in order to obtain the highest
possible signal to noise ratio) but mustn't be exceeded. Increasing the modulating signal beyond
that point, is known as over modulation,

PROCEDURE :

1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram

2. The amplitude and time period of input message signal, high frequency carrier, AM
modulated wave (for over modulation, critical modulation, under modulation), and its
corresponding demodulated waveform are observed.
3. The reading are noted and drawn as graph.

MODEL GRAPH
 TABULAR COLOUMN:

SI AMPLITUDE (VPK TIME PERIOD in FREQUENCY

SIGNAL
NO TO VPK) Volts ( msec or sec ) in KHz
Modulating Signal
Carrier Signal
AM Modulated Signal Emax Emin
a. Under Modulation
b. Critical Modulation
c. Over Modulation

Demodulated signal

CALCULATION:
RESULT:

The input analog signal is modulated using AM modulation technique and Demodulated.
By varying the amplitude of the modulating signal the under modulation, critical modulation and
over modulation waveforms were verified and modulation index are calculated.
Modulation index = (over modulation)
= (under modulation)
= (critical modulation)

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

EX.NO:
DATE:
 FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To modulate the analog message signal using FM modulator and demodulate the FM wave
to original message signal. Also to calculate the frequency deviation and modulation index of FM

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments/ Components required Specification Quantity

1. Modules ACL-03& ACL 04 1
2. Power supply +/- 12v 1
3. Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
4. Connecting patch chords and probes As req

THEORY:

TABULAR COLOUMN:
 AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD in FREQUENCY
SI NO SIGNAL
(Volts) ( msec or sec ) (KHz)
1 Modulating Signal
2 Carrier Signal
3 Modulated Signal TMAX TMIN FMAX FMIN

4 Demodulated Signal

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:

The input analog signal is Frequency modulated & demodulated. The modulated and
demodulated waveforms were drawn in the graph. The frequency deviation and modulation index
of FM were calculated.
Frequency deviation =
Modulation index =

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

EX.NO:
DATE:
 PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To convert the given sinusoidal analog signal into digital signal using Pulse code
modulation and recover the analog signal from binary information.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments/ Components required Specification Quantity

5. Modules DCS 1
6. Power supply +/- 12v 1
7. Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
8. Connecting patch chords and probes As req

THEORY:

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes
samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is
encoded as binary data.. Each sample in a PCM is quantized, approximating a very large set of
possible values by a relatively small set of values, which may be integers or even discrete symbols.
The practical implementation of PCM involves following processes:
Filtering
Sampling
Quantizing
Encoding
Advantages of PCM
Effect of noise is reduced.
PCM permits the use of pulse regeneration.
Multiplexing of various PCM signals is possible.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram

2. The amplitude and time period of input message signal, high frequency carrier, Pulse code
modulated wave and its corresponding demodulated waveform are observed.
3. The reading are noted and drawn as graph.
 TABULAR COLOUMN:

SI AMPLITUDE (VPK TIME PERIOD in FREQUENCY

SIGNAL
NO TO VPK) Volts ( msec or sec ) in KHz
1 Modulating Signal
2 Carrier Signal
3 PCM signal
4 Demodulated signal

MODEL GRAPH
RESULT:

Thus the given analog signal is converted into digital signal using PCM and the modulated
wave is demodulated to its original message signal.

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

 TABULAR COLOUMN:

SI AMPLITUDE (VPK TIME PERIOD in FREQUENCY

SIGNAL
NO TO VPK) Volts ( msec or sec ) in KHz
1 Modulating Signal
2 Carrier Signal
3 DELTA modulated signal
4 Demodulated signal

EX.NO:
DATE:
 DELTA MODULATION AND ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION
AIM:
To modulate and demodulate the signal using Delta Modulation and adaptive delta
modulation

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment/Components Specifications Quantity

1. Module DCS 01 kit 1
2. Connecting Chords & Probes As req.
3. Power supply + 12v 1
4. Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20 MHz 1

THEORY:
Delta modulation (DM) may be viewed as a simplified form of DPCM in which a two level
(1-bit) quantizer is used in conjunction with a fixed first-order predictor. Over sampling" means
that the signal is sampled faster than is necessary. In the case of Delta Modulation this means that
the sampling rate will be much higher than the minimum rate of twice the bandwidth. Delta
Modulation requires "over sampling" in order to obtain an accurate prediction of the next input.
Since each encoded sample contains a relatively small amount of information Delta Modulation
systems require higher sampling rates than PCM systems. At any given sampling rate, two types of
distortion, limit the performance of the DM encoder.
Slope overload distortion: This type of distortion is due to the use of a step size delta that is too
small to follow portions of the waveform that have a steep slope. It can be reduced by increasing
the step size. Granular noise: This results from using a step size that is too large too large in parts
of the waveform having a small slope. Granular noise can be reduced by decreasing the step size.
Even for an optimized step size, the performance of the DM encoder may still be less satisfactory.
An alternative solution is to employ a variable step size that adapts itself to the short-term
characteristics of the source signal. That is the step size is increased when the waveform has a step
slope and decreased when the waveform has a relatively small slope. This strategy is called
adaptive DM (ADM).

PROCEDURE FOR DELTA MODULATION

1. Ensure that Group 5(GP5) clock is selected in the clock generation section. Selection is done
with the help of switch S1 and observe the corresponding LED indication.
2. Select the transmitter clock of frequency 8 KHz using Switch S2 and the selected clock is
indicated on the corresponding LED indication in the clock generation section.
3. Connect the patch cords as per circuit diagram.
4. Observe the delta modulated output at OUT 8 post of the digital sampler.
5. Observe the integrated output at OUT 9 post of the integrator 1 section; we observe that as the
clock rate increases, the amplitude of the triangular wave decreases.
6. Increase the amplitude of the 250 Hz sine wave up to 0.5 V using pot P3 in the function
generator section. Signal approximating 250 Hz sine wave is available at OUT 9 post of the
integrator 1 section. This signal is obtained by integrating the digital output resulting from delta
modulation.

MODEL GRAPH FOR DELTA MODULATION

7. Increase the amplitude of the 250 Hz sine wave up to 2 Vpp using Pot P3 in the Function
generator section .Observe that the digital HIGH makes the integrator output to go upward and
digital LOW makes the integrator output to go downwards .
8.Increase the amplitude of the 250 Hz sine wave further high using Pot P3 and observe that the
integrator output cannot follow the input signal .This is because of the fact that as the frequency of
the i/p analog signal increases there is less conversion of 1s and 0s in the delta modulated o/p.
9.Observe the reconstructed signal through 2nd order LPF and 4th order LPF.

PROCEDURE FOR ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION

1. Ensure that group5 (GP5) clock is selected in clock generation section. Selection is done with
the help of switch S1.
2. Select the transmitter clock of frequency 32 KHz using switch S2 .
3. Connect the 1 KHz signal having amplitude 2 Vpp ,using pot 5 to IN 13 post and TXCLK to
CLK3 DELTA post of the digital sampler.
4. Keep switch S5 in delta position.
5. Connect OUT 8 post of digital sampler to IN 19 post of integrator 2.
6. Keep the switch S6 of integrator 2 to low position.
7. Connect OUT14 post of integrator 2 to IN14 post of digital sampler.
8. Observe the modulated output at OUT 8 post of digital sampler.
9. Adjust the pot 8 and observe the integrated output at OUT 14 post of integrator 2.
10. Connect the OUT8 post of digital sampler to IN 25 post of the demodulator section.
11. Connect the OUT21 post of the demodulator section to the IN 25 post of the integrator3
section.
12. Keep the switch S9 of integrator 3 to low position Connect the OUT 25 post to the IN 33 post
of 2nd order LPF.
13. Connect OUT 30 post of 2nd order LPF to IN 34 post of 4th order LPF.
14.Observe the reconstructed signal of 2nd and 4th order LPF.
15. Repeat the above procedure for different input signals and clock frequencies.
MODEL GRAPH FOR ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION:

TABULAR COLOUMN FOR ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION

SI AMPLITUDE (VPK TIME PERIOD in FREQUENCY

SIGNAL
NO TO VPK) Volts ( msec or sec ) in KHz
1 Modulating Signal
2 Carrier Signal
3 Adaptive delta modulated
signal
4 Demodulated signal
RESULT:
Thus the given analog signal is modulate and demodulate using Delta Modulation
and adaptive delta modulation
CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR LINE CODING AND DECODING TECHNIQUES

NRZ-L
NRZ-M
Clock
Generation TX CLK NRZ-S IN 27
(GP 4)
CLK 2 URZ Decoder OUT 23
BIO-L
Clock Recov ery
BIO-M
Logic REC.CLK 2
S4- SDATA
IN 16
OUT 10
Encoded Data Section Decoded Data

Block diagram for data coding and decoding

MODEL GRAPH:

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

+V
NRZ-L
-V

+V

NRZ-M
-V

+V

NRZ-S -V

+V
Biphase L
-V

+V
Biphase M
-V

+V

Biphase S
EXP.NO:
DATE:

LINE CODING AND DECODING TECHNIQUE

AIM:
To encode and decode the digital data using various channel encoding and decoding
techniques and to obtain the encoded and decoded formats.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

DCS-01 kit
Power supply
Oscilloscope.
Connecting Links

THEORY:
Different PCM Formats:
The digital data in the PCM systems can be encoded in several formats. All these PCM waveforms
can be broadly classified into the following four groups:
Non Return to zero formats
Return to zero formats
Phase Encode formats
Multilevel binary formats.
1) Non Return to zero formats:
The reason for having so many encoding formats for simply representing 1 s and 0s
relates to the difference in performances that characterize each waveform.

2) Return to zero formats:

These signals are called Return to zero signals, since they return to zero with the clock.
This is not discussed in DCS 01 kit.

3) Biphase Signals (Phase Encoded Signals):

a) BiPhase LEVEL (Manchester Coding)
b) Biphase MARK and
c) Biphase Space Signals
These schemes are used in magnetic recording, optical communications and in satellite
telemetry links. These phase encoded signals are special in the sense that they are composed of
both the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the clock.

a) Manchester Coding (Biphase With the Biphase-Level), a one is represented by a half bit
wide pulse positioned during the first half of the bit interval and a zero is represented by a half bit
wide pulse positioned during the second half of the bit interval.

b) Biphase Mark Coding (Biphase-M):

With the Bi-phase-M, a transition occurs at the beginnli gif every bit interval. A one is
represented by a second transition, one half bit later whereas a zero has no second transition
c) Biphase-S coding:
With a Biphase-S also a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A zero, is
marked by a second transition, one half bit later, where as a one has no second transition.

4) Multilevel signals:
Multilevel signals use three or more levels of voltages to represent the binary digits, ones
and zeroes - instead of the normal highs and lows. Return to zero- Alternate Mark Inversion
(R.Z-AMI) is the most commonly used multilevel signal.

a) Return to zero - Alternate Mark Inversion Coding (RZ-AMI):

This coding scheme is most often used in telemetry systems. This scheme comes wider
both the category of return to zero scheme and multilevel scheme.

In this scheme, ones are represented by equal amplitude of alternating pulses, which alternate
between a +5V and 5V. These alternating pulses return to zero volts, after every half bit interval.
The zero is marked by absence of pulses.

Code Name Code Definition

NRZ-L Non-Return-to-zero Level
One is represented by one level
Zero is represented by another level lower the one but not
zero.
NRZ-M Non-Return-to-Zero Mark
One is represented by a change in level
Zero is represented by no change in level.
NRZ-S Non-Return-to-Zero Space
One is represented by no change in level
Zero is represented by change in level.
NRZ-I Non-Return-to-Zero Inverse
One is represented by no change in level
Zero is represented by change in level.
Bi-Phase-L Bi-Phase Level (Split Phase)
Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
One is represented by a One level with transition to the
Zero level
Zero is represented by a Zero level with transition to the
One level.
Bi-phase-M Bi Phase Mark
Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
One is represented by a midbit level change
Zero is represented by no mitbit level change.
Bi-Phase-S Bi-Phase Space
Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
One is represented by no midbit level change
Zero is represented by a mitbit level change.
PROCEDURE :

1. Ensure that group 4 (GP4) clock is selected in the clock generation section.Selection is
done with switch S1.
2. Observe the transmitter clock of frequency 250 kHz at TXCLK post.
3. Set the data pattern using switch S4 and observe the 8 bit data pattern at SDATA post.
4. Connections are given as per the block diagram.
5. Observe the encoded data at the OUT10 post. Selection of different encoded scheme is
done using switch S3.
6. Observe the recovered clock at REC.CLK2 and decoded data at OUT 23 post.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Clock SIN2 IN2

Generation TX CLK NRZ-L
(GP 4) PSK MOD PSK DEMOD
CLK 2 OUT 2
OUT 27
IN 30
SIN3 IN3

SDATA Carrier
Carrier
Modulation
IN 16 OUT 10

Encoded Data Section IN4

TABULAR COLOUMN FOR BPSK

SI AMPLITUDE (VPK TIME PERIOD in FREQUENCY

SIGNAL
NO TO VPK) Volts ( msec or sec ) in KHz
1 Binary Signal
2 Carrier Signal
3 PSK modulated signal
4 Demodulated signal

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Clock SIN3 IN2

Generation TX CLK NRZ-L
(GP 4) FSK MOD FSK DEMOD
CLK 2 OUT 2
IN 28
SIN1 IN3
OUT 24

SDATA Carrier
Carrier
Modulation
IN 16 OUT 10

Encoded Data Section IN4

TABULAR COLOUMN FOR BFSK

SI AMPLITUDE (VPK TIME PERIOD in FREQUENCY

SIGNAL
NO TO VPK) Volts ( msec or sec ) in KHz
1 Binary Signal
2 Carrier Signal 1
3 Carrier Signal 2
4 FSK modulated signal
5 Demodulated signal
EXP.NO:
DATE:

DIGITAL MODULATION BPSK AND BFSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To modulate the digital signal using Binary Phase shift keying & Binary Frequency Shift
Keying and demodulate it.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments/ Components Specification Quantity

required
1. Module DCS 1
2. Connecting Chords & Probes As req.
3. Power supply + 12v 1
4. Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20 MHz 1

THEORY:
The techniques used in Digital Modulation systems normally fall under three broad
categories:
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

A frequency shift keyed transmitter has its frequency shifted by the message. Although
there could be more than two frequencies involved in an FSK signal, in binary Frequency shift
keying experiment the message will be a binary bit stream, and so only two frequencies will be
involved. Frequency f1 represent binary 1 and f2 represent binary 0.
In this type of modulation, the modulated output shifts between two frequencies for all
one to zero transitions.
Phase Shift Keying:
In the PSK modulation, for all one to zero transitions of the modulating data, the
modulated output switches between the in phase and out-of-phase components of the
modulating frequency.
MODEL GRAPH:
 Experimental Procedure for PSK:
1. Ensure that the group 4(GP4) clock is selected in the clock generation section.
Selection is done with the help of switch s1.Observe the LED indication.
2. Observe the transmitter clock of frequency 250 KHz at TXCLK post
3. Set the data pattern using switch S4
4. Observe the 8 bit data pattern at SDATA post.
5. Observe the carrier sine wave of frequency 1MHz at SIN2 post and 1MHz with 180
degree phase at SIN3 post in carrier section.
6. Give the connections as per the block diagram
7. Select NRZ-L data with the help of the switch S3 and observe the corresponding LED
indication in the encoded data section
8. Observe the PSK modulated wave at OUT2 post of carrier modulation section and PSK
demodulated data at OUT 27 of the PSK demodulator section.
9. Verify the recovered data with the SDATA..

Experimental Procedure for FSK:

1. Ensure that the group 4(GP4) clock is selected in the clock generation section.
Selection is done with the help of switch s1.Observe the LED indication.
2. Observe the transmitter clock of frequency 250 KHz at TXCLK post
3. Set the data pattern using switch S4
4. Observe the 8 bit data pattern at SDATA post.
5. Observe the carrier sine wave of frequency 500 KHz at SIN1 post and 1MHz at SIN3
post in carrier section.
6. Give the connections as per the block diagram
7. Select NRZ-L data with the help of the switch S3 and observe the corresponding LED
indication in the encoded data section
8. Observe the FSK modulated wave at OUT2 post of carrier modulation section and PSK
demodulated data at OUT 24 of the FSK demodulator section.
9. Verify the recovered data with the SDATA..

RESULT:

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FREQUENCY DIVISION MUX AND DEMUX

 MODEL GRAPH

EXP.NO:
DATE:
 FREQURNCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

AIM:
To multiplex and demultiplex the sinusoidal signals of various frequencies using
Frequency Division Multiplexing.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments/ Components Specification Quantity

required
1 Module Kitek ACT 11 kit 1

2 Connecting Chords & Probes As req.

3 Power supply + 12v 1
4 Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20 MHz 1

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connection are given as per block diagram

2. Switch on the power supply
3. Observe the FDM output at OUT post of summing amplifier.
4. Observe the demultiplex output at LPF1&LPF 2.

RESULT:

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

 MODEL GRAPH

EXP.NO:
DATE:
 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

AIM:

To multiplex and demultiplex the sinusoidal signals of various frequencies using Time
Division Multiplexing.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S. Equipments/ Components Specification Quantity

No required
1. Module DCL-02 1
2. Connecting Chords & Probes As req.
3. Power supply. + 12v 1
4. Dual Trace Oscilloscope. 20 MHz 1

THEORY:

One of the greatest benefits to be derived from sampling is that of Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM). By inter-leaving samples of several source waveforms in time, it is
possible to transmit enough information to a receiver, via only one channel to recover all
message waveforms. This process is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).

Synchronization:
To maintain proper positions of Sample Pulses in the Multiplexer, it is necessary to
synchronize the Sampling Process. Because the sampling operations are usually electronic,
there is typically a Clock Pulse Train that serves as a reference for all samples. At the
Receiving Station, a similar Clock Synchronization can be derived from the received
waveforms by observing the Pulse Sequence over many pulses and averaging the pulses (in a
closed loop with the Clock derived on the Voltage Controlled Oscillator). Clock
Synchronization does not guarantee that the proper sequence of samples is synchronized.
Proper alignment of the Time Slot Sequence requires Frame Synchronization. Hence one or
more Time Slots per Frame may be used to send Synchronization Information

OBSERVATIONS:

TABLE:
Waveforms Amplitude(V) Frequency(Hz)

Input signals:
CH0
CH1
CH2
CH3
Sampling clock signal

Multiplexed output
Demultiplexed signals
CH0
CH1
CH2
CH3
PROCEDURE:

1. connection are given as per block diagram.

2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit DCL-02 & switch it on.
3. Connect 250Hz, 500Hz, 1 KHz, and 2 KHz sine wave signal from the Function Generator to
the multiplexer input channel CHO, CHI, CH2, CH3 by means of the connecting chords
provided.
4. Connect the multiplexer output TXD of the transmitter section to the demultiplex input RXD
of the receiver section.
5. Connect the output of the receiver section CHO, CHI, CH2, CH3 to the INO, INI, 1N2, lN3
of the filter section.
6. Connect the sampling clock TX CLK and Channel Identification Clock TXSYNC of the
transmitter section to the corresponding RX CLK and RX SYNC of the receiver section
respectively.
7. Set the amplitude of the input sine wave as desired.
8. Observe the following waveforms on oscilloscope and plot them on the graph.
a. Input Channel CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3.
b. Multiplexer Output TXD.
c. Reconstructed signal OUT 0, OUT l, OUT 2, OUT 3.

RESULT:
Four sinusoidal signals with different frequencies are multiplexed and demultiplex
using Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplex techniques. The output waveforms are
verified. Characteristics of the output waveforms are compared with the input signals.

PROGRAM

%ASK Modulation
EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION OF AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
 AIM:
To generate and demodulate amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signal using MATLAB

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments Required

1 PC
2 MATLAB software

THEORY:
Generation of ASK
Amplitude shift keying - ASK - is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or
more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital
message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero.
The data rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency. Thus the modulated waveform consists
of bursts of a sinusoid. One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for
example, is that it has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power
amplification) more difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does
make for ease of demodulation with an envelope detector.

Demodulation
ASK signal has a well-defined envelope. Thus it is amenable to demodulation by an
envelope detector. Some sort of decision-making circuitry is necessary for detecting the
message. The signal is recovered by using a correlate and decision making circuitry is used to
recover the binary sequence.

ALGORITHM:
Initialization commands

ASK modulation
1. Generate carrier signal.
2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal(on-off form)
4. Generate ASK modulated signal.
5. Plot message signal and ASK modulated signal.
6. End FOR loop.
7. Plot the binary data and carrier.

ASK demodulation

1. Start FOR loop

2. Perform correlation of ASK signal with carrier to get decision variable
3. Make decision to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose 1 else choose 0
4. Plot the demodulated binary data.

% ASK Demodulation
 MODEL GRAPH

RESULT

Thus the program for ASK modulation and demodulation has been simulated in
MATLAB and necessary graphs are plotted.
 PROGRAM
% PSK modulation
EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:
To generate and demodulate phase shift keyed (PSK) signal using MATLAB

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments Required

1 PC
2 MATLAB software

THEORY:
Generation of PSK signal
PSK is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the
phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). PSK uses a finite number of phases, each
assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of
bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. The
demodulator, which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator,
determines the phase of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus
recovering the original data.
In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signal S 1(t) and S2 (t) used to represent
binary symbols 1 & 0 are defined by

The carrier frequency fc =n/Tb for some fixed integer n.

Antipodal Signal:

The pair of sinusoidal waves that differ only in a relative phase shift of 180 are called
antipodal signals.

BPSK Transmitter
% PSK Demodulation
 The input binary symbols are represented in polar form with symbols 1 & 0 represented
by constant amplitude levels Eb & -Eb. This binary wave is multiplied by a sinusoidal
carrier in a product modulator. The result in a BSPK signal.

The received BPSK signal is applied to a correlator which is also supplied with a locally
generated reference signal c1 (t). The correlated o/p is compared with a threshold of zero
volts. If x> 0, the receiver decides in favour of symbol 1. If x< 0, it decides in favour of
symbol 0.

ALGORITHM:

Initialization commands

PSK modulation

1. Generate carrier signal.

2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal in polar form
4. Generate PSK modulated signal.
5. Plot message signal and PSK modulated signal.
6. End FOR loop.
7. Plot the binary data and carrier.

PSK demodulation

1. Start FOR loop

Perform correlation of PSK signal with carrier to get decision variable
2. Make decision to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose 1 else choose 0
3. Plot the demodulated binary data.
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT:

Thus the program for PSK modulation and demodulation has been simulated in MATLAB
and necessary graphs are plotted.
 PROGRAM
% FSK Modulation
EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION OF FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

AIM:
To generate and demodulate frequency shift keyed (FSK) signal using MATLAB
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments Required

1 PC
2 MATLAB software
THEORY:
Generation of FSK
Frequency- shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital
information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest
FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s
and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is
called the space frequency.
In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each other by transmitting one
of the two sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount.

Where i=1, 2 & Eb=Transmitted energy/bit

Transmitted freq= i = (nc+i)/Tb, and n = constant (integer), Tb = bit interval
Symbol 1 is represented by S1 (t), Symbol 0 is represented by S0 (t)
BFSK Transmitter
The input binary sequence is represented in its ON-OFF form, with symbol 1 represented
by constant amplitude of Eb with & symbol 0 represented by zero volts. By using inverter in
the lower channel, we in effect make sure that when symbol 1is at the input, The two frequency
f1& f2 are chosen to be equal integer multiples of the bit rate 1/T b.By summing the upper &
lower channel outputs, we get BFSK signal
% FSK Demodulation

The receiver consists of two correlators with common inputs which are supplied with
locally generated coherent reference signals c1(t) and c2 (t).
The correlator outputs are then subtracted one from the other, and the resulting difference
x is compared with a threshold of zero volts. If x >0, the receiver decides in favour of
symbol 1 and if x <0, the receiver decides in favour of symbol 0.

ALGORITHM:

Initialization commands

FSK modulation

1. Generate two carriers signal.

2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal and inverted message signal
4. Multiply carrier 1 with message signal and carrier 2 with inverted message signal
5. Perform addition to get the FSK modulated signal
6. Plot message signal and FSK modulated signal.
7. End FOR loop.
8. Plot the binary data and carriers.

FSK demodulation

1. Start FOR loop

2. Perform correlation of FSK modulated signal with carrier 1 and carrier 2 to get two decision
variables x1 and x2.
3. Make decisionon x = x1-x2 to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose 1 else choose 0.
4. Plot the demodulated binary data.
 MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

Thus the program for FSK modulation and demodulation has been simulated in MATLAB
and necessary graphs are plotted.
EXP.NO:
DATE:
SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION MODEL USING SIMULINK

AIM:
To build a Simulink model for direct sequence spread spectrum using MATLAB.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments Required

1 PC
2 MATLAB software

THEORY:

In spread spectrum technique, pseudo noise code is employed as a modulation waveform

to spread the signal energy over a bandwidth much greater than the signal bandwidth. The pseudo
noise code is independent of information. At the receiver the signal is despread using
synchronized replica of the pseudo-noise code. In Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) the
data signal is modulated by the PN sequence code. This is much higher frequency than the
desired data rate.

PN SEQUENCE:
Pseudo random sequence exhibits the properties of random sequences. PN sequence can
be used to logically isolate users on the same physical channel. They can be used to perform
scrambling, spreading and dispreading functions. PN sequence appears to be random noise to
everybody else, expect to the transmitter and the intended receiver.

BUILTING THE MODEL OF DSSS

Drag the following blocks from the Simulink Library Browser into the model window, and
connect them as shown in the figure:
Random interger generator, from the data sources sublibrary of commsources library
(communication blockset).
Unipolar to bipolar converter, from the utility blocks sublibrary of the communication
blockset library
PN sequence generator, from the sequence generators sublibrary of commsources library
(communication blockset).
Product, from the math operations sublibrary of the Simulink library.
Bipolar to unipolar converter, from the utility blocks sublibrary of the communication
blockset library
BPSK Modulator and Demodulator Baseband, from PM in the Digital Baseband
Modulation sublibrary of the Modulation library (communication blockset).
AWGN Channel, from the channels (communication blockset).
Integrate and dump, from the communication filters sublibrary of the communication
blockset library.
 SETTING PARAMETER IN THE DSSS MODEL:

To set parameters in the convolutional code model, do the following:

1. Double-click the random integer generator block and make the following changes
Set M-ary number to 2.
Set sample time to 1/1000.

2. Double-click the PN sequence generator block and make the following changes to the
default parameters in the block's dialog:
Set set sample time to 1/32000.

3. Double-click the Unipolar to bipolar converter block and make the following changes to
the default parameters in the block's dialog:
Set M-ary number to 2.

4. Double-click the bipolar to unipolar converter and make the following changes to the
default parameters in the block's dialog:
Set M-ary number to 2.

5. Double-click the AWGN Channel block and make the following changes to the default
parameters in the block's dialog:
Set Es/No to 6.
Set Symbol period to 1/32000.

6. Double-click the Integrate and Dump block and make the following changes to the default
parameters in the block's dialog:
Set integration period to 32.

7. Double-click the error rate calculation block and make the following changes
Set receiver delay number to 1
RESULT:
Thus the DSSS model is build using Simulink (MATLAB) and the corresponding BER is
calculated.
 PROGRAM

EXP.NO:
DATE:
COMMUNICATION LINK SIMULATION USING MATLAB

AIM:
To simulate bit error rate performance of communication channel with AWGN using Mat
lab.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments Required

1 PC
2 MATLAB software
THEORY:

The modulation technique used to transmit signal is DPSK. DPSK involves 2 basic
operations at the transmitter, differential encoding of the i/p binary wave and phase shift
keying, hence the name DPSK. To send symbol 0 the phase advance the current signal
waveform by 180o and to send symbol 1 leave the phase of the current signal unchanged.

BER -Bit Error Rate

In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data
stream over communication channels that have been altered due to noise, interference,
distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the
number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time
interval. BER is a unit less performance measure, often expressed as a percentage. In a
communication system, the receiver side BER may be affected by transmission channel
noise, interference, distortion, bit synchronization problems, attenuation, wireless multipath
fading, etc.
The BER may be analyzed using stochastic computer simulations. If a simple
transmission channel model and data source model is assumed, the BER may also be
calculated using Binary symmetric channel (used in analysis of decoding error probability in
case of non-burst bit errors on the transmission channel) and Additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel without fading.

ALGORITHM:
Initialization commands
1. Generate the input data randomly
2. Implement differential encoding
3. Do BPSK modulation
4. Add AWGN noise
5. Calculate the no of bits in error
6. Plot the BER graph
RESULT:
Thus the bit error rate performance of communication channel with simulated using
MATLAB.
 PROGRAM

EXP.NO:
DATE:
ERROR CONTROL CODES SIMULATION USING MATLAB

AIM:

To create linear code, add noise and then decodes noisy code.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments Required

1 PC
2 MATLAB software

THEORY:
In mathematics and information theory, linear code is an important type of block code
used in error correction and detection schemes. Linear codes allow for more efficient encoding
and decoding algorithms than other codes. Linear codes are applied in methods of transmitting
symbols (e.g., bits) on communications channel so that, if errors occur in the communication,
some errors can be detected by the recipient of the message block. A linear code of length n
transmits blocks containing n symbols. For example, the (7, 4) Hamming code is a binary linear
code which represents 4-bit values with 7 bits. In this way, the recipient can detect errors as
severe as 2 bits per block. In linear block codes, a block of k information bits is followed by a
group of r check bits derived from the information bits and at the receiver the check bits are used
to verify the information bits which are preceding the check bits.
No of code words = 2k
Block length = n
Code rate = k/n
Each block of k bits is encoded into block of n bits (n>k) by adding n-k = r check bits.
Where 2r k + r + 1.
The decode function aims to recover messages that were encoded using an error-
correction coding technique. The technique and the defining parameters must match those that
were used to encode the original signal.

RESULT:
Thus the message signal is encoded using linear block and decoded using MATLAB.

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

EXP.NO:
DATE:
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AIM:
To modulate the signal using Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulate it.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment Specification Quantity

1. Transistor BC 107 1
2. Resistors 10k,100k Each 2
3. Capacitor 0.001F 2
4. Connecting Chords & Probes As req.
5. Power supply + 12v 1
6. Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20 MHz 1

THEORY:
Pulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the
message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. Example: A two
bit modulator (PAM-4) will take two bits at a time and will map the signal amplitude to one
of four possible levels, for example 3 volts, 1 volt, 1 volt, and 3 volts. In some PAM
systems, the amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to the instantaneous modulating-
signal amplitude at the time the pulse occurs. In other PAM systems, the amplitude of each
pulse is inversely proportional to the instantaneous modulating-signal amplitude at the time
the pulse occurs. In still other systems, the intensity of each pulse depends on some
characteristic of the modulating signal other than its strength, such as its instantaneous
frequency or phase. Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the
carrier at every symbol period by using RC sections.

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect one AFO to the circuit in the place of Vm Modulating signal and select the sine
wave as the output wave.
3. Set the frequency at 50 Hz and amplitude at 3Vpp in the AFO.
4. Connect another AFO with the square wave as the output wave to the circuit in the place
of Vc Carrier signal.
5. Set the frequency at 1KHz and amplitude at 3Vpp.
6. Now observe the output through CRO from the circuit and draw the modulated waveform
in the graph.
7. Observe the variations in the output by varying the amplitude and frequency of the
modulating signal.
8. Now connect the demodulator circuit at the output of the modulator circuit and observe
the output of demodulator circuit.
9. Compare it with the modulating signal.
S.No Output Waveform Amplitude(V) Frequency(Hz)
RESULT
The analog input signal is Pulse Amplitude Modulated and demodulated. The
modulated and demodulated waveforms were verified and drawn in the graph.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PWM AND PPM

EXP.NO:
DATE:
 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND PULSE POSITION MODULATION

AIM:
To modulate the analog signal using Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation &
Demodulate to recover the original signal.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments/ Components required Specification Quantity

1. Operational Amplifier IC A 741 2
2. Resistors 1k,17k,68k,20k,10k Each 1
3. Capacitor 0.01F 2
4. Connecting Chords & Probes As req.
5. Power supply + 12v 1
6. Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20 MHz 1

THEORY:
Pulse-width modulation
There are many forms of modulation used for communicating information. When a high
frequency signal has amplitude varied in response to a lower frequency signal we have AM
(amplitude modulation). When the signal frequency is varied in response to the modulating signal
we have FM (frequency modulation. These signals are used for radio modulation because the
high frequency carrier signal is needs for efficient radiation of the signal. When communication
by pulses was introduced, the amplitude, frequency and pulse width become possible modulation
options. In many power electronic converters where the output voltage can be one of two values
the only option is modulation of average conduction time.
Pulse-position modulation:
The amplitude and width of the pulse is kept constant in the system. The position of
each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse, is varied by each
instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. PPM has the advantage of requiring
constant transmitter power since the pulses are of constant amplitude and duration. It is
widely used but has the disadvantage of depending on transmitter-receiver synchronization.
Pulse-position modulation is a form of signal modulation in which M message bits are
encoded by transmitting a single pulse in one of 2M possible time-shifts. This is repeated every T
seconds, such that the transmitted bit rate is M/T bits per second. It is primarily useful for optical
communication systems, where there tends to be little or no multi path interference.

PROCEDURE:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect one AFO to the circuit in the place of m(t) Modulating signal and select the sine wave
as the output wave.
3. Set the frequency at 50 Hz and amplitude at 3Vpp in the AFO.
4. Connect another AFO with the square wave as the output wave to the circuit in the place of
c(t) Carrier signal.
5. Set the frequency at 1KHz and amplitude at 3Vpp.
6. Now observe the output at PWM output point through CRO from the circuit and draw the
modulated waveform in the graph.
7. Observe the variations in the output by varying the amplitude and frequency of the modulating
signal.
8. Similarly observe the output at PPM output at the negative terminal of the diode.
MODEL GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN

S.No Output Waveform Amplitude(V) Frequency(Hz)

RESULT:
 The analog input signal is Pulse Width Modulated and Pulse Position Modulated. The
PWM and PPM modulated waveforms were verified and drawn in the graph.