5/1/2017 DistributedParameterLineModelOpenElectrical

DistributedParameterLineModel
FromOpenElectrical

Thisarticledescribesthesteadystateorfrequencydomaindistributedparameterlinemodel.Bysteadystate,wemeanthatthevoltageandcurrentalongthe
linearesteadyanddonotchangewithtime.

Contents
1 SinglePhaseDistributedParameterModel
1.1 DerivationofVoltageandCurrentEquations
1.2 HyperbolicFormofTransmissionLineEquations
2 MulticonductorDistributedParameterModel
2.1 ModalTransformation
2.2 BoundaryConditions
2.3 HyperbolicFormofMulticonductorLineEquations
3 References
4 RelatedTopics

SinglePhaseDistributedParameterModel
Inarealtransmissionline,theR,LandCcircuitelementsarenotlumped
together,butareuniformlydistributedalongthelengthoftheline.Inorder
tocapturethedistributednatureofthecircuitparameters,considerthe
singlephaselinemodelinFigure1.Inparticular,considerasmallline
segmentoflength

metres,whichislocatedatadistance
x
x

metresfromthereceivingendbus.
x
ThetopdiagramofFigure1showsthecompletetransmissionlineandthe
smalllinesegmentisrepresentedbythedottedbox.Thebottomdiagram
isanexpandedviewofthelinesegmentshowingatypicallinesegment
modelwithseriesandshuntcircuitelements.Theserieselementscanbe
representedasanimpedanceandtheshuntelementscanberepresentedas
anadmittanceasfollows:

z = R + jL = R + jX

z = R + jL = R + jX
1
y= + jC = G + jB
R sh

1
Figure1.Distributedparameterlinemodel(singlephase):Overalllinerepresentation
y = + jC = G + jB (top)Modelforasmalllinesegment(bottom)
Where R sh

istheseriesresistance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance)(
R
/m

)
/m
X

istheseriesreactance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance)(
X
/m

)
/m
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/m
G

istheshuntconductance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductance)(
G
S/m

)
S /m
B

istheshuntsusceptance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susceptance)(
B
S/m

)
S /m
Notethattheimpedanceandadmittancearedenotedinperlengthvalues(i.e.permetre).Therefore,theseriesimpedanceofalinesegmentoflength

metresis
x
zx

.Thesamelogicappliesfortheshuntadmittance.
zx

DerivationofVoltageandCurrentEquations

AnalysingthiscircuitusingKirchhoff'svoltagelaw(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws#Kirchhoff.27s_voltage_law_.28KVL.29):

V(x + x) = V(x) + zxI(x)

V (x + x) = V (x) + zxI (x)

Rearrangingthisequation,weget:

V(x + x) V(x)
= zI(x)
x

V (x + x) V (x)
= zI (x)
ThelefthandsideisNewton'sdifferencequotient(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative#Definition_via_difference_quotients)andthelimitas
x

x 0

isbydefinitionthederivativeof
x 0
V(x)

,i.e.
V (x)
V(x + x) V(x) dV(x)
lim = = zI(x)
x 0 x dx

...Equ.(1)
V (x + x) V (x) dV (x)
lim = = zI (x)
x0 x dx

Similarly,analysingthecircuitusingKirchhoff'scurrentlaw(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws#Kirchhoff.27s_current_law_.28KCL.
29):

I(x + x) = I(x) + yxV(x + x)

I (x + x) = I (x) + yxV (x + x)
Rearrangingthisequation,weget:

I(x + x) I(x)
= yV(x + x)
x

I (x + x) I (x)
= yV (x + x)
Takingthelimitofbothsidesas
x

x 0

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:
x 0
dI(x)
= yV(x)
dx

...Equ.(2)
dI (x)
= yV (x)
dx

DifferentiatingEquations(1)and(2)againwithrespectto

,weget:
x

d 2V(x) dI(x)
=z
dx 2 dx

2
d V (x) dI (x)
= z

d 2I(x)
2
dx
dx
dV(x)
2
=y
dx dx

2
d I (x) dV (x)
= y
2
WecanresubstituteEquations(1)and(2)intotheabovetoget:
dx dx

d 2V(x)
= zyV(x)
dx 2

...Equ.(3)
2
d V (x)
= zyV (x)

d 2I(x)
2
dx
= zyI(x)
dx 2

...Equ.(4)
2
d I (x)
= zyI (x)
2
Thepairofequationsabovecanberearrangedtoformhomogenoussecondorderlinearordinarydifferentialequations(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exampl
dx

es_of_differential_equations#Secondorder_linear_ordinary_differential_equations),i.e.

d 2V(x)
zyV(x) = 0
dx 2
2
d V (x)
zyV (x) = 0
2
Thegeneralsolutiontothisdifferentialequationis:
dx

V(x) = A 1e x + A 2e x

x x
V (x) = A 1 e + A2 e
Where

= zy
isknownasthepropagationconstant(withunits

= zy

m 1

)
1
m
PluggingthissolutionbackintoEqu.(1),wecanalsosolvefor

I(x)

,i.e.
I (x)
d
dx [A e
1
x
]
+ A 2e x = zI(x)

d x x
[A 1 e + A2 e ] = zI (x)
dx
x x
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A 1e x A 2e x
I(x) =
Zc

x x
A1 e A2 e
I (x) =
Where Zc

z
Zc =
y

isknownasthecharacteristicimpedanceorsurgeimpedance(withunits

z

Zc =
y

Wecansolvefortheconstants

A1

and
A1
A2

byusingtheboundaryconditionsatthereceivingendoftheline,i.e.atthereceivingend,
A2
x=0

,
x = 0
V(0) = V r

and
V (0) = Vr
I(0) = I r

.Thesolutionisasfollows(seethefullderivationhere):
I (0) = I r
V r + I rZ c
A1 =
2

Vr + I r Zc
A1 =
2 V r I rZ c
A2 =
2

Vr I r Zc
A2 =
Substitutingtheseconstants,wegetthefinaldistributedparametertransmissionlineequations:
2

V(x) =
( V r + I rZ c
2 ) (
e x +
V r I rZ c
2 ) e x

...Equ.(5)
Vr + I r Zc x
Vr I r Zc x
V (x) = ( )e + ( )e

( V r + I rZ c
) ( V r I rZ c
)
2 2

I(x) = e x e x
2Z c 2Z c

...Equ.(6)
Vr + I r Zc x
Vr I r Zc x
I (x) = ( )e ( )e
HyperbolicFormofTransmissionLineEquations
2Z c
2Z c

Equations(5)and(6)canberearrangedasfollows:

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V(x) =
( e x + e x
2 ) (
Vr + Zc
e x e x
2 ) Ir

x x x x
e + e e e
V (x) = ( ) Vr + Zc ( ) Ir

( ) ( )
2 2
1 e x e x e x + e x
I(x) = Vr + Ir
Zc 2 2

x x x x
1 e e e + e
I (x) = ( ) Vr + ( ) Ir
Giventheexponentialformsofthehyperbolicfunctions(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function#Standard_algebraic_expressions)
2 2
Zc

sinhx

and
sinh x
coshx

:
cosh x

ex e x
sinhx =
2

x x
e e
sinh x =
2
ex + e x
coshx =
2

x x
e + e
cosh x =
Wecansubstitutetheseintothetransmissionlineequationstogetthewellknownhyperbolicformoftheequations:
2

V(x) = cosh(x)V r + Z csinh(x)I r

V (x) = cosh(x)Vr + Zc sinh(x)I r

1
I(x) = sinh(x)V r + cosh(x)I r
Zc

1
I (x) = sinh(x)Vr + cosh(x)I r
Foralineoflength
Zc

metres,theABCDparametersoftheaboveequationscanberepresentedinmatrixformasfollows:
l

[] [ ][ ]
Vs cosh(l) Z csinh(l) Vr
= 1
Is sinh(l) cosh(l) Ir
Zc

wherethesendingendquantitiesare
Vs
cosh(l) Zc sinh(l)
Vr


=

V s = V(l)
1
I
Is sinh(l) cosh(l)
r
Zc
and
Vs = V (l)
I s = I(l)

I s = I (l)

MulticonductorDistributedParameterModel
Thedistributedparametermodelcanbeextendedtoamulticonductorlineofnconductorsbyreplacingthevoltageandcurrentphasorswith
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n1

vectors,e.g.forathreephase,threeconductorline:
n 1

[ ]
V a(x)

V= V b(x)
V c(x)

Va (x)

[]

V = V (x) I a(x)
b

Vc (x)

I= I b(x)
I c(x)

Andtheimpedanceandadmittancewith
a
I (x)

I = I (x)
b
nn

I c (x)
complexmatrices,e.g.forathreephase,threeconductorline:
n n

[ ]
Z aa Z ab Z ac

[Z] = Z ba Z bb Z bc
Z ca Z cb Z cc

Zaa Zab Zac

[ ]

[Z ] = Z Zbb Zbc
Y aa Y ab Y ac
ba

Zca Zcb Zcc [Y] = Y ba Y bb Y bc
Y ca Y cb Y cc

Equations(1)and(2)aboveinthesinglephasemodelcannowberewritteninthemulticonductormodelas:
Y
aa
Y ab Y ac

[Y ] = Y Y bb Y bc
ba
dV

Y ca Y cb Y cc

= [Z]I
dx

...Equ.(7)
dV
= [Z ]I
dx dI
= [Y]V
dx

...Equ.(8)
dI
= [Y ]V
Differentiatingtheseequationswithrespectto
dx

,weget:
x

d 2V dI
2
= [Z]
dx dx

...Equ.(9)
d V
2
dI
= [Z ]

d 2I
2
dx
dx
dV
= [Y]
dx 2 dx

2
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...Equ.(10)
d I
2
dV
= [Y ]
2
SubstitutingEqu.(8)intoEqu.(9)andEqu.(7)intoEqu.(10),weendupwiththemulticonductorequivalentofequations(3)and(4):
dx dx

d 2V
= [Z][Y]V
dx 2

...Equ.(11)
d V
2

= [Z ][Y ]V

d 2I
2
dx
= [Y][Z]I
dx 2

...Equ.(12)
d I
2

= [Y ][Z ]I
2
Theissuewiththemulticonductorcaseisthatbecausethematrices[Z]and[Y]arefull,thentheirproduct[Z][Y]or[Y][Z]isalsofull.Forexample,ifwe
dx

weretoexpandoutEqu.(11):

[]
d2V a ( x )

[ ][ ][ ]
dx 2
Z aa Z ab Z ac Y aa Y ab Y ac V a(x)
d2V b ( x )
= Z ba Z bb Z bc Y ba Y bb Y bc V b(x)
dx 2
Z ca Z cb Z cc Y ca Y cb Y cc V c(x)
d2V c ( x )

dx 2

Thefirstlineofthesystemofequationsabovecanbeexpandedasfollows:

d V (x) a

dx 2
2

a aa d V (x)



2
d Vb (x)


=

Z
2
Zab

Z dx
Zac
aa aa
Z
(
= Z Y
Y
ab ba
Y
+Z Y
aa
Y ab
+Z Y
ac ca
Y
a
Y ac

)V (x) + (Z
Va (x)
aa ab

ab bb
Vb (x)
Y
ac cb +Z Y
b +Z Y
aa ac )V (x) + (Z
ab bc ac cc Yc +Z Y +Z Y )V (x)
ba bb bc ba bb bc
dx 2

2 Zca Zcb Zcc Y ca Y cb Y cc Vc (x)

d Va (x)

= (Zaa Y aa + Zab Y ba + Zac Y ca ) Va (x) + (Zaa Y ab + Zab Y bb + Zac Y cb ) Vb (x) + (Zaa Y ac + Zab Y bc + Zac Y cc ) Vc (x)
2
d Vc2(x)
Unlikeinthesinglephasecaseabove,thereisnoclosedformgeneralsolutiontothissecondorderdifferentialequation(becauseofthecrosscoupling
dx
2

betweenphases).Thesocalledmodaltransformationisrequiredtodecouplethephasesfromequations(11)and(12).
dx

ModalTransformation

Themodaltransformationisatechniquefordecouplingthephasesfromequations(11)and(12)basedonanEigenvaluedecomposition(http://en.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/Eigendecomposition_of_a_matrix).Inthissection,wewilldevelopthemodaltransformationfromfirstprinciples.Alternativederivationscanbe
foundin[1],[2]and[3].

Considerlineartransformsofthevoltageandcurrentvectorsdenoted

and

,wherebyconvention,thesubscriptschangefromphases(abc)tomodes(012),i.e.forathreephase,threeconductorline:

[ ]
V 0(x)

V = V 1(x)
V 2(x)

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[]
I 0(x)

I = I 1(x)
I 2(x)

Supposethattheoriginalquantitiesarerelatedtothetransformedquantitiesasfollows:

V = [T v]V

...Equ.(13)

I = [T i]I

...Equ.(14)

Where

[T v]

and

[T i]

are

nn

transformationmatrices.Wewon'tdefinethetransformationmatricesjustyet,butitwillbecomeobviouslateronthattheyareactuallytheeigenvectorsof

[Z][Y]

and

[Y][Z]

respectively.

Substitutingthesetransformedquantitiesintoequations(7)and(8):

d[T v]V
= [Z][T i]I
dx

d[T i]I
= [Y][T v]V
dx

Supposingthatthetransformationmatrices

[T v]

and

[T i]

areindependentofx,wecanrearrangetheequationsaboveasfollows:

dV
= [T v] 1[Z][T i]I
dx

dI
= [T i] 1[Y][T v]V
dx

Followingthesameprocedureasbefore,i.e.differentiatingtheequationsbyxandsubstituting,weendupwith:

d 2V
= [T v] 1[Z][Y][T v]V
dx 2

...Equ.(15)

2
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d 2I
= [T i] 1[Y][Z][T i]I
dx 2

...Equ.(16)

Inorderforustodecouplethephasesinequations(15)and(16),weneed

[T v] 1[Z][Y][T v]

and

[T i] 1[Y][Z][T i]

tobediagonalmatrices,i.e.

diag( v) = [T v] 1[Z][Y][T v]

diag( i) = [T i] 1[Y][Z][T i]

Itisapparentfrominspectionthatthetransformationmatrix

[T v]

anddiagonalmatrix

diag( v)

aretheeigenvectorsandeigenvaluesof

[Z][Y]

respectively.

Similarly,

[T i]

and

diag( v)

aretheeigenvectorsandeigenvaluesof

[Y][Z]

Furthermore,sincethematrices

[Z]

and

[Y]

arebothsymmetric,then

[Z][Y] = ([Y][Z]) T

.Weknowthattheeigenvaluesofamatrixanditstransposearethesame,sotherefore

[Z][Y]

and

[Y][Z]

alsosharethesameeigenvalues,i.e.

diag( v) = diag( i) = diag()

Wecannowrewriteequations(15)and(16)asfollows:

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[]
d2V 0 ( x )

[ ][ ]
dx 2
0 V 0(x)
d2V 1 ( x )
= 1 V 1(x)
dx 2
2 V 2(x)
d2V 2 ( x )

dx 2

...Equ.(17)

[]
d2I 0 ( x )

[ ][ ]
dx 2
0 I 0(x)
d2I 1 ( x )
= 1 I 1(x)
dx 2
2 I 2(x)
d2I 2 ( x )

dx 2

...Equ.(18)

Recallfromthesinglephasecasethatthepropagationconstantisdefinedas

= zy
.Inmulticonductormatrixform,thiscanbewrittenasapropagationmatrix

[]

asfollows:
1
[] = ([Z][Y]) 2

Lettheeigenvaluesofthepropagationmatrix

[]

be

0, 1, 2

Apropertyofeigenvalues(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors#Further_properties)isthatifmatrix

hastheeigenvalues

1, 2, . . . , n

,thenmatrix

Ak

hastheeigenvalues
k k k
1, 2, . . . , n

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.

Therefore,since

0, 1, 2

aretheeigenvaluesof

[Z][Y]

and

0, 1, 2

aretheeigenvaluesof
1
([Z][Y]) 2

,wecansaythat:

[ ][ ]
2
0 0
2
1 = 1
2 2
2

Wecannowrewriteequations(17)and(18)asfollows:

[]
d2V 0 ( x )

[ ][ ]
dx 2 2
0 V 0(x)
d2V 1 ( x ) 2
= 1 V 1(x)
dx 2
2 V 2(x)
d2V 2 ( x )
2

dx 2

...Equ.(19)

[ ][
d2I 0 ( x )

][ ]
dx 2 2
0 I 0(x)
d2I 1(x ) 2
= 1 I 1(x)
dx 2
2 I 2(x)
d2I 2 ( x )
2

dx 2

...Equ.(20)

Eachofthesedecoupledmodaldifferentialequationsabovecannowbesolvedusingthegeneralsolution:

V 0(x) = A 0e 0x + B 0e 0x

V 1(x) = A 1e 1x + B 1e 1x

V 2(x) = A 2e 2x + B 2e 2x
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Takingthefirstderivativeoftheequationsabovewithrespecttox,weget:

[ ][
dV 0 ( x )

][ ]
dx
0 A 0e 0x B 0e 0x
dV 1 ( x )
= 1 A 1e 1x B 1e 1x
dx

dV 2 ( x )
2 A 2e 2x B 2e 2x
dx

...Equ.(21)

Let'sdenoteequation(21)aboveinthefollowingshorthandnotation:

dV
= []V x
dx

...Equ.(22)

Recallfromearlierthat:

dV
= [T v] 1[Z][T i]I
dx

Equatingthiswithequation(22)andsolvingfor

Vx

,weget:

V x = [] 1[T v] 1[Z][T i]I

Wedefinethemodalcharacteristicimpedancematrix(ormodalsurgeimpedancematrix)as:

[Z c] = [] 1[T v] 1[Z][T i]

...Equ.(23)

Usingthisdefinition,themodalcurrentvectorcanbeexpressedas:

I = [Z c] 1V x

...Equ.(24)

Itcanbeshownthatif

[]

isdiagonal,then

[Z c]

isalsodiagonal(seethederivationhere).Therefore,whenexpanded,equation(24)lookslikethis:

[ ][ ]
1

[]
I 0(x) Z0 A 0e 0x B 0e 0x
1
I 1(x) = A 1e 1x B 1e 1x
Z1
I 2(x) 1 A 2e 2x B 2e 2x
Z2

...Equ.(25)
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BoundaryConditions

Wenowhavethefollowingsixmodalequationsthatwecansolveusingboundaryconditions:

[ ][ ]
V 0(x) A 0e 0x + B 0e 0x
V 1(x) = A 1e 1x + B 1e 1x
V 2(x) A 2e 2x + B 2e 2x

[ ][ ]
1

[]
I 0(x) Z0 A 0e 0x B 0e 0x
1
I 1(x) = A 1e 1x B 1e 1x
Z1
I 2(x) 1 A 2e 2x B 2e 2x
Z2

Theboundaryconditionsatthereceivingend

Vr

and

Ir

mustbetransformedtomodalquantitiesasfollows:

V r = [T v] 1V r

I r = [T i] 1I r

Atthereceivingend(i.e.x=0),themodalequationsreduceasfollows:

[ ][ ]
V 0r A0 + B0
V 1r = A1 + B1
V 2r A2 + B2

[ ][ ]
Z 0I 0r A0 B0
Z 1I 1r = A1 B1
Z 2I 2r A2 B2

Solvingfortheconstantsof

[A]

and

[B]

[] [ ]
A0 V 0r Z 0I 0r
1
A1 = V 1r Z 1I 1r
2
A2 V 2r Z 2I 2r

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...Equ.(26)

[] [ ]
B0 V 0r + Z 0I 0r
1
B1 = V 1r + Z 1I 1r
2
B2 V 2r + Z 2I 2r

...Equ.(27)

Theseconstantscanbepluggedbackintothemodalvoltageandcurrentequationstogetthefinalexpressions:

[ ][ ]
V 0(x) (V 0r Z 0I 0r)e 0x + (V 0r + Z 0I 0r)e 0x
1
V 1(x) = (V 1r Z 1I 1r)e 1x + (V 1r + Z 1I 1r)e 1x
2
V 2(x) (V 2r Z 2I 2r)e 2x + (V 2r + Z 2I 2r)e 2x

...Equ.(28)

[ ][ ]
1

[]
I 0(x) 2Z 0 (V 0r Z 0I 0r)e 0x (V 0r + Z 0I 0r)e 0x
1
I 1(x) = (V 1r Z 1I 1r)e 1x (V 1r + Z 1I 1r)e 1x
2Z 1
I 2(x) 1 (V 2r Z 2I 2r)e 2x (V 2r + Z 2I 2r)e 2x
2Z 2

...Equ.(29)

HyperbolicFormofMulticonductorLineEquations

Asinthesinglephasedistributedparametermodel,thefinalmodalvoltagesandcurrentsshowninequations(28)and(29)canbeconvertedtothefollowing
hyperbolicforms:

[ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ]
V 0(x) cosh( 0x) V 0r Z 0sinh( 0x) I 0r
V 1(x) = cosh( 1x) V 1r + Z 1sinh( 1x) I 1r
V 2(x) cosh( 2x) V 2r Z 2sinh( 2x) I 2r

...Equ.(30)

[ ][ ] [
1

[] ][ ]
sinh( 0x)
I 0(x) Z0 V 0r cosh( 0x) I 0r
1
I 1(x) = sinh( 1x) V 1r + cosh( 1x) I 1r
Z1
I 2(x) 1 V 2r cosh( 2x) I 2r
sinh( 2x)
Z2

...Equ.(31)

Derivationsoftheseformsarestraightforwardandlefttotheinterestedreadertoprove.

References
[1]Wedepohl,L.M.,"Applicationofmatrixmethodstothesolutionoftravellingwavephenomenainpolyphasesystems(http://dx.doi.org/10.10
49/piee.1963.0314)",ProceedingsoftheIEE,Vol.110(12),1963

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[2]Hedman,D.E.,"PropagationonOverheadTransmissionLinesITheoryofModalAnalysis
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1965.4766176)",IEEETransactionsonPowerApparatusandSystems,Vol84(3),1965

[3]Bowman,W.I.,andMcNamee,J.M.,"DevelopmentofEquivalentPiandTMatrixCircuitsforLongUntransposedTransmissionLines(htt
p://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1964.4766048)",IEEETransactionsonPowerApparatusandSystems,Vol83(6),1964

RelatedTopics
OverheadLineModels
MulticonductorLineModels
TravellingWaveLineModel
BergeronLineModel

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Categories: Modelling/Analysis OverheadLines

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