PLANNING AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF AN APARTMENT

BUILDING

A Project Report
Submitted by

Sl no. Name Roll no.

1 Akshay Rajput B090945CE
2 Diamondkumar B070414CE
3 Govind B090954CE
4 Gaurav Kumar B090700CE
5 Hemam Prasanta B090886CE

In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Dr. A S SAJITH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
APRIL 2013

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled: Planning and Structural Design of an Apartment
Building submitted to the National Institute of Technology Calicut towards partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering is a bona fide record of the work carried out by them under my /our supervision
and guidance.

Signature of Project Guide:

Name:
Date:

Signature of Head of the Department

(Office seal)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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A project work is a golden opportunity for learning and self-development. We consider
ourselves very lucky to have so many wonderful people lead us through in completion of this
project.
Our grateful thanks to Dr. A S Sajith who in spite of being extra ordinarily busy with his duties,
took time out to hear, guide and keep us on the correct path.

We would like to thank Department of Civil Engineering to provide us to get such an

excellent opportunity.
Last but not the least there were so many who shared valuable information that helped in the
successful completion of this project.

GAURAV KUMAR

GOVIND

HEMAM PRASHANTA

DIAMOND KUMAR

AKSHAY RAJPUT

3
 CONTENTS

Chapters Page No.

1: INTRODUCTION 6

1.1 General
1.2 Objective
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Outline of project

2: FUNCTIONAL PLANNING 7

2.1 Building rules

3: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 11

4: STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DETAILINGS 17

4.1 General 17

4.2 Slab Design 17

4.3 Water Tank Design 21

4.4 Stair Case Design 27

4.5 Column Design 29

4.6 Footing Design 33

4.7 Beam Design 37

4.8 Plinth Beam Design 38

4.9 Design of Septic Tank 39

5: CONCLUSION 41

6: REFERENCES 42

8: APPENDIX 43

4
 List of Figures
Figure-1: Typical Floor Plan of the Building

Figure-2: Front side Elevation

Figure-3: Typical Sections; 3(a) Section A-A, 3(b) Section B-B

Figure 1: 3-D model of the structure (using STAAD).

Figure 2(a): 2-D Frame

Figure 2(b): 3-D Frame

Figure 3: Detailing of Slab

Figure 4: Water Tank Dimensions

Figure 6: Water Tank Detailing of reinforcement

Figure 7: Isolated Footing- Detailing of Reinforcement

Figure 8: Distribution of Main Reinforcement

Figure 9: Beam section

Figure 10: Plinth beam dimensions

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Due to scarcity of land and high population density, multi-storied buildings are becoming a
necessity these days. Any engineering structure should satisfy the functional and structural,
have a sufficient degree of performance, a reasonable cost and should be aesthetically
attractive. The purpose of structural analysis and design is to enable the designer to design the
structure with adequate strength, stiffness and stabilityThe objective of this project is to analyse
and design an apartment building and estimate its cost.

Apartment buildings have become an important construction activity today with the rapid
growth of urban population and increased population density. Designs of apartment buildings
have become more challenging and important considering the present perspective.

1.2 Objective
Carrying out a complete analysis and design of the structural elements of a multi-
storied building.

Getting familiarised with structural analysis software STAAD and drafting with
AutoCAD.

1.3 Methodology:

Obtaining an architectural design of a regular residential multi-storied building.

Preliminary proportioning of dimensions of the various structural elements of the

building.

Analysis of the whole structure.

The design of various structural members based on IS- specifications.

1.4 Outline of Project:

Functional Planning of the project based on Kerala Municipality Building Rules using
AUTOCAD.
Structural Analysis of the building using STAAD.
Structural Design and Detailing of various structural elements based on various IS
codes.
Conclusion and data as referred in the reference section.

6
CHAPTER 2. FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

Functional planning is the first step of the whole design of the building. Basically planning of
any building involves the functional design and artistic creations to suit the purpose for which
the building is to be constructed. Our project is a typical four (ground + 3-floors) storey
apartment building located in Calicut. The apartment consists of 8 flats.

2.1 KERALA MUNCIPALITY BUILDING RULES:

The relevant provisions of the municipality building rules pertaining to our project work are
presented here.

CHAPTER 4- RULE: 24

Exterior open spaces

1. Every building up to 10 meters in height shall have a minimum front yard of 3 meters of
depth.
2. Every building up to 10 meters in height shall have a minimum rear yard of 2 meters
depth.
3. Every building up to 10 meter in height shall have a minimum side yard of 1.2 meter on
one side and a minimum of 1.00 meter on the other side.
4. For buildings above 10 meter in height, in addition to the minimum front, rear and side
open spaces required for height up to 10 meter, there shall be provided proportionate
increase in such minimum open space at the rate of 0.5 meter per every 3 meter height
exceeding 10 meter.

Interior open spaces

1. Any room intended for human habitation and not abutting on either the front rear or open
spaces shall abut on an interior open space whose width shall not be less than 2.4 meter

CHAPTER 4 RULE: 25

Minimum distance between central line of a street and building

1. The minimum distance between the central line of a street and any building other than a
compound wall or fence or outdoor display structure shall be 4.5 meter and that between
plot boundary abutting the street and buildings shall be 3 meters.
CHAPTER 5 RULE: 30

Occupancy of the building

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 1. The occupancy of any building or part there shall be governed by the usage of plots
proposed for the development or re development according to the provisions contained in
the development plan or detailed town planning scheme prepared for the area.
2. All buildings, whether existing or hereafter proposed, shall be classified in one of the
following occupancies according to the use or character of occupancy, namely:-
Group A1: Residential
Group A2: Special Residential
Group B: Educational
Group C: Assembly
Group E: Office/Business
Group F: Mercantile/Commercials
Group G1: Industrial
Group G2: Small industrial
Group H: Storage
Group I (1) and Group I (2): Hazardous

CHAPTER 5 RULE: 31

Coverage and floor area ratio

1. Maximum percentage of coverage permissible for each occupancy shall limit the maximum
area at any floor of a building. The floor area ratio value limits the maximum buildable
total floor area F.A.R shall be calculated as shown below.

F.A.R = Total floor area of all the floor/Plot area.

The maximum permissible coverage and maximum permissible F.A.R for Group F are 60%
and 2.5.

CHAPTER 5 RULE: 33
Access: - The minimum clear width of access to a building and plots as well as the width of
the street giving access to the plot from the main street shall be 6 meters for building 4
storeys and carpet area in each floor up to 300 sq. meters.
CHAPTER 5 RULE: 34
Parking, loading and unloading spaces:-

1. Each of street parking provided for parking motor cars shall not be less. Less than
15sq.m area and for scooters and cycles the area of each parking space provided shall
not be less than 3sq.m and 1.5sq.m respectively.

2. For group A Residential building exceeding 50sq.m carpet area, the parking area is
100sq.m carpet area.

8
 3. In addition to the parking space, in case of group A Residential building loading or
unloading spaces each 30sq.m shall be provided within the plot, at the rate of one such
space for each 1000sq.m of floor area or fraction thereof, exceeding the first 700sq.m of
floor area.

CHAPTER 6 RULE: 36

Height of room:-

The height of room in a building other than residential occupancy shall not be less than
3m.Provided in case of air conditioned room it shall be not less than 2.4m.

CHAPTER 6 RULE: 39
Staircase:-

1. Any building having more than 4 floors including basement or sunken floors, shall have
at least two staircases one of which may be an external stairway.

2. The minimum width of stair shall be not less than 1.2m.

3. The minimum width of tread shall be 30cms.

4. The height of hand rail shall be not less than 90cms.

5. The width of passages giving access to the staircase in any building shall not at any point,
be less than the width of the stair.

CHAPTER 6 RULE: 41

Corridor, verandah and passage ways:-

The clear width of any corridor, verandah or passage way in any building shall be not less
than 1m at any point.

CHAPTER 6 RULE: 49

Lighting and ventilation:-

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 1. Every habitable room shall be furnished with sufficient number of opening such as
windows and ventilators affording effectual means of admission of light and air by
direct communication with external air.

2. No portion of a room shall be assumed to be lighted if it is more than 7.5m away from
the opening assumed for lighting than portion.

3. Every bathroom or latrine shall be provided with sufficient light and ventilation.

4. Every bathroom or latrine shall have at least one of its walls abutting on an open space
or open verandah or an air shaft if not centrally air conditioned.

The following drawings were made during the planning phase:

Typical floor plan

Sections
Various elevations

All the provisions were meticulously taken care of in the functional planning of the building
and the above drawings furnished are arrived at based on all these specifications.

Figures given below are in next pages:

Figure-1: Typical Floor Plan of the Building

Figure-2: Front side Elevation

Figure-3: Typical Section

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:

3.1 General

Structural analysis, which is an integral part of an engineering project, is the process of

predicting the performance of a given structure under a prescribed loading condition. The
performance characteristics usually of interest in structural analysis are:

Stress or stress resultant(axial forces, shear and bending moment)

Deflection
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 Support reaction
Thus the analysis of a structure typically involves the determination of these quantities
caused by the given loads and other external effects.

3.2 Analysis by using STAAD-

Procedure:
1. Modeling:
(1) Geometric layout
(2) Cross section
(3) Material constants
(4) Supports
2. Loading
3. Analyzing
4. Reading results

Figure 1: 3-D model of the structure (using STAAD).

11
12
 Figure 2(a): 2-D Frame Figure 2(b): 3-D Frame

Figure 2: Example- for comparison between the frames (along- grid line 3-3)

2-D Analysis has been done on the critical sections by using STAAD, hand calculations were
made to cross-check the results obtained for Reactions and Bending moments at the base
of the building.
3-D analysis was done to obtain the realistic reaction results. The values obtain were Cross-
checked with the values obtained from 2-D analysis and hand calculations.
Maximum loads are identified on the columns for the Design
Maximum Reactions and Bending Moments are identified for the Design of footings.

13
14
15
16
17
CHAPTER4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF VARIOUS STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS

4.1 General:

Limit state method of design:

In limit state method of design a structure is designed for safety against collapse (i.e; for
ultimate strength to resist ultimate load) and checked for its serviceability at working loads
thus rendering the structure fit for its intended use. The design of the following are covered in
this chapter in detail.

1. Slab

2. Water tank

3. Stair case

4. Foundation

5 Column

6. Beam

7. Septic tank and soak pit

4.2 SLAB DESIGN

Slab panels that deform with significant curvatures in two orthogonal directions must be
designed as two-way slabs, with the principal reinforcement placed in two directions. Slabs ,
which are supported on unyielding supports on all four sides , are called two-way slabs. beam
supports, which are significantly stiff, can be considered as unyielding an slabs on these beams
also act as two-way slabs. The span in larger direction is denoted by ly and lx directions will
depend on the ratio ly/lx. When ly/lx >2,it can be shown that most of loads are transmitted
along the shorter directions and the slab act as one-way slab. Two-way slabs are designed using
the bending moment coefficients given in Annex D of IS 456:2000.

CALCULATION:

Concrete mix = M20

Steel = Fe 415

Expose condition = mild

18
 Overall depth = 140 mm

Clear short span = 4400 mm

Clear long span = 3400 mm

Clear cover = 20 mm

Dia of bar = 8 mm

ly/lx = 4.4/ 3.4 = 1.3 < 2

hence 2 way slab

Determination of thickness of slab, IS-456

l/d = 40 x 0.8
d = 3400/32 = 106.25
d = 115mm
mild exposure
D = 115 + 20+4 = 139mm. Take D=140 mm

Calculation of clear span

Clear span = 3400 (100+100)

= 3200 mm/

1/12 of clear span = 1/12 x3200 = 266.67 mm

support width 200 mm < 1/12 clear span
Leff = clear span + depth or c-c distance

= 3200 +140 or 3400

= 3340 or 3400
take smaller leff = 3.34 m

Calculation of BM :- table 9, IS456

One short edge discontinuous

ly/lx = 1.3

x+ = 0.039 y- = 0.037

x- = 0.051 y+ = 0.028

Load calculation

DL = D x 1 x 1 x 25
= 0.14 X 25 = 3.5 kN/m2

LL = 3 kN/m2
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Finishing = 50 x10-3 x20 = 1 kN/m2

Total load = 7.5 kN/m2

Factored load = 7.5 x 1.5 = 11.25 kN/m2

Design of slab
M = w l2

Mx+ Mx- My+ My-

M(kNm) 4.9 6.4 3.5 4.65
Mu/bd2 0.34 0.44 0.25 0.33
pt 0.093 0.12 0.085 0.09
Ast (mm2) 111.6 150 102 108
Min. (mm2) 168 168 168 168

Table 1: Calculations of bending moment and Percentage reinforcement

Ast min = 0.12/100 x 1000 x140 = 168 mm2

Spacing 8 mm all direction

Max spacing = 3d or 300

= 360 or 300 = 300 mm Spacing 250 c/c

Check for deflection

pt = .12 l/d = 36 x 1.3 (continuous slab) = 46.8

SP-16 chart 22
dreq = 3340 / (38 x 1.3) < 67.11 < 120 mm
OK

Ld = /4 bd

= 0.8 x 415 x 8 / (4 x 1.4 x 1.6)

= 296 mm

20
Figure 3: Detailing of Slab

21
4.3 Water tank Design
The design of water tank is done as per IS 3370 (part I IV):1965.General basis of design shall
be in line with the recommendations of IS 456:2000.The part of the structure neither in contact
with the liquid on any face nor enclosing the space above the liquid shall be designed in
accordance with IS 456:2000. Design of the members other than these shall be based on
consideration of adequate resistance to cracking as well as adequate strength. So working stress
method is used in design of these members.

BENDING MOMENTS

In plane walls of the rectangular tanks, the liquid pressure is resisted by both vertical and
horizontal bending moments. An estimate of these moments are made with the help of the
moment coefficients provided in IS 3370 (part IV) for boundary conditions of wall panel.

Horizontal moment (MH) =My w a2

Vertical moment (MY) =MX w a2

a =height of the wall

w = density of liquid

MX ,MY = moment coefficients

Figure 4: Water Tank Dimensions

CALCULATION

Per capita demand = 200 lpcd

No. of persons each family = 5

No. of flats = 8

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Total people = 50

Demand = 200 x 50 = 10000 L/ day = 10 m3

Dimensions 2.5 x 3.5

Height = 10/ 3.5 x 2.5 = 1.14 m

= 1.25 m

c/a = 2 b/a = 3

long walls

horizontal BM = 0.075 x 9.8 x 1.253 = 1.435 kNm ( tension outside) @ edge

BM = - 0.416 x 9.8 x 1.253 = -2.97 kNm (tension inside)

Vertical BM

b/a = 3 y=0

vertical moment = -2.41 kNm (tension inside)

Direct pull = w h c/2 = 9.8 x 1.25/2 x 2.5/2 = 7.65 KN

Short wall

Horizontal moment

M = 0.032 x 9.8 x 1.253 = .6125 kNm

Edge moments are same

Vertical moment x/a = 1 y=0

Mz = -0.086
Moment = -0.086 x 9.8 x1.253 = -1.646 kNm

Direct pull = w h b/2 = 9.8 x 1.25/2 x 3.5/2 = 10.71 kNm

Max BM = -2.79 kNm

h = (6 M / bcbt)1/2 = 99.23 mm

= 120 mm

Calculation of e

e = 120/2 -30 = 30 mm

Long wall

Net BM = Mu = M P x e

= 2.79 -7.065 x 0.03 = 2.56 kNm

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Ast1 = M/stjd = 2.56 x106/150x 0.872 x 95 = 206.01 mm2

Ast2 = P/st = 7.65 x 106/ 150 = 51 mm2

Total area A= 260 mm2

Provide 8 mm @ 190 c/c

Actual area provided = 265 mm2

Max span of long wall

M1 = M Pe = 1.435 7.65 x 0.03 = 1.2055 kNm

Ast1 = M/stjd = 75.04 mm2

Ast2 = P/st = 51 mm2

A = 126 mm2

Provide 8 mm @ 285 c/c spacing

Vertical steel

Max. BM = -2.41 kNm

Ast = M/stjd = 221.98 mm2

Provide 8mm @ 220 c/c

Ast = 228 mm2

Minimum reinforcement

Ast = 0.294 x 120 x 1000/100 = 352.8 mm2

On each face Ast =176.4 mm2

Provide 8 mm @ 280 c/c

Ast =179 mm2

Short wall

Mid span moment

M = 0.6125

M1 = 0.6125 10.71 x 0.03 = 0.291 kNm

Ast1 =18.05 mm2

Ast2 = P/st = 56.36 mm2

Ast = 74.36 mm2

24
Base slab design

ly/lx = 3.5/2.5 = 1.4 < 2 two way slab resting on walls

assume thickness = wall thickness + 4 cm = 24 cm

Max. sagging moment due to water on long wall = wl3/24

= 9.8 x 2.73/24 = 8.03 kNm

Self wt. = 24 x 0.24 = 5.76 kN/m2

Sagging moment = 5.76 x 2.782/8 = 5.24 kNm

Pull = wl2/8 = 9.8 X 2.72 / 8 = 8.93 kN

12 mm clear cover 25 mm

d = 240-25-6 = 207 mm

Resulting BM = M Tx = 13.27 8.93 x 0.089 = 12.47 kNm

Ast1 = M/stjd = 352.83 mm2

Ast2 = P/st = 47 mm2

Ast = 400 mm2

Provide 12 mm @ 260 c/c

Ast = 435 mm2

Long direction spanning

Total sagging moment = w l3/24 + wl2/8 = 9.8 X 3.73/24 + 5.76 X 3.72/8 = 30.54 kNm

Pull = wl2/8 = 9.8 x 3.72/8 = 16.77 kN

Provide 12 mm 25 mm clear cover

d = 240 -25 6 = 209 mm

M = M1 Tx = 30.54 16.77 x 0.089 = 29.04 kNm
Ast1 = M/stjd = 821.68 mm2
Ast2 = T/st = 88.28 mm2
Ast = 909.94 mm2
Provide 12 mm @ 120 c/c
Ast provided = 942 mm2

DESIGN OF BASE SLAB

Ly/lx =3.5/2.5
=1.4 <2.0
BM at the support in the short span = x w lx2

25
Weight of water = 1x1x1.25x10=12.5 kN/m2
Total =37.5 kN/m
Mxs =0.60 x 37.5 x2.52
=18.922 kNm
Bending moment at mid span Max. =0.45 x=18.922 kNm
Bending moment at mid span Max. =0.45 x37.5 x2.52
=11.19 kNm
Mys =0.032 x 37.5 x2.52
=19.881kNm
Check thickness provided
1.14 bd2 =19.881x106
d required =
=131.95 <269 mm
Hence safe
Area of steel for bending moment =19.88 kNm
Ast =(19.886 x 10 6)/(150x.88 x 269)
=559.02 mm2>360 mm2
Min steel = (0.12/100) x300x1000
=360 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm = (1000 x( /4)x122)/559.02
=202.3
Say 200 mm c/c
Area of steel for 14.1
Ast =(14.19x 106)/(150x.88x269)
=399 mm2 >360 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm =(1000x ( /4)/399)
=280 mm c/c

AST FOR LONG SPAN

Ast support BM =10.092

Ast =10.092x106/(150 x .88 x 269)

=378.88 mm2
=380 mm2
26
Spacing of 12 mm =(1000x ( /4)x122)/380
=297.624 say 290 mm
AST FOR LONG SPAN
At mid span BM =7.569
Ast = (7.569x106)/150x.88x269
=219m 2
Spacing of 12mm =(1000x( /4)x122)/219
=516.16 mm2
Provide 300 mm c/c

DISTRIBUTION OF BARS

27
 Figur
e 6: Water Tank Detailing of reinforcement

4.4 STAIR CASE

Rising = 170 mm Tread = 280 mm

Cos = 280 / (1702 + 2802)1/2

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Span = 4.6 m

Eff. Depth d, l/d = 20

D = 4600 / 20 = 230 mm

d = 230-20-12/2 = 204 mm

load on waist slab = 0.23 x25 / 280/328 = 6.735 kN/m2

load on steps = 25 x .5 x .17 = 2.125 kN/m2

finishing = 1 kN/m2

live load = 3 kN/m2

factored total load = 12.86 x 1.5 = 19.29 =19.3 kN/m2

loads on landing

self wt. = 0.23 x 25 = 5.76 kN/m2

total factored load = 9.75 x 1.5 = 14.625 kN/m2

reactions:-

R1 = 37.22 kN/m2

Max bending moment will be at 2.2 m

Mu= 37.22 x 2.2 14.63 x 1.2 19.3 x1 x0.5

= 44.14 kN/m

Mu/bd2 = 44.14 x 106 / (1000 X 2042) = 1.06 MPa

SP16 pt = 0.311 %

Ast = 634 mm2

Spacing

Provide 10 @125 c/c spacing

Min. reinforcement

Ast min = 0.12/100 x 1000 x 237 = 276 mm2

Spacing 8 @ 180 c/c

Check for deflection

pt = 0.311

dreq = 4400 / 20 x 1.3 = 121 mm < 204 OK

shear check
29
Vu = 37.22 14.63 x 0.354 = 34 kN.

u= Vu / bd = 0.16 MPa

c= 0.49 MPa IS456

OK

4.5 Design of Foundation

In a typical structure built on ground, that part of the structure which is located above the
ground is generally referred to as the super structure, and the part which lies below the ground
is referred as the sub-structure or foundation structure. The purpose of the foundation is to
effectively support the super-structure by:

30
 1. Transmitting the applied load effects to the soil below, without exceeding the safe
bearing capacity of soil.
2. Ensuring that the settlement of the structure is within tolerable limits, and as nearly
uniform as possible.

Isolated footing design

Pu = 955 kN = 960 kN

Safe bearing capacity of soil = 250 kN/m2

Using M20 concrete and Fe415 steel

Size of column = (250 x 350)mm2

As a design criteria

Self wt. = 10% of P = .1x 960 = 96 kN

Area of footing = 960+60/ 250 = 4.08 m2

Size = 4.081/2 = 2.02 = 2.1 m

Hence size = 2.1 x 2.1 m2

Soile pressure = 960/2.1x2.1 = 217.68 kN/m2

Bending moments

y-y axis

= 217.68 x 1 x .8752/2

=84kNm

x-x axis

= 217.68 x 1 x .9502/2

= 100kNm

Factored Bending Moment

Mux = 100kNm Muy = 84 kNm

Assume Mu / bd2 =.6

d = ( Mu / b x .6)1/2 = 408.24 mm

D = 408.24 + 50(cover) = 500mm

d = 500-50 = 450mm

Mux / bd2 = 100 x 106 / 4502 x 1000 = .493

Pt= .143 (from SP-16 ,pg 48)

31
Muy / bd2 = 84 x 106 / 4502 x 1000 = .414

Pt = .120 (from SP-16, pg 48)

Minimum of Pt = .85/fy = .85/415 = .205%

Check for one way shear (34.2.4.1)

At distance d from y-y

Vuy = 217.68 x 1 x .425 = 92.514 kN

Vuy / bd = 92.514 x 103 / 1000 x 295.714 = .312 MPa

d = 150 + (450-150)/875 x 425 = 295.714 mm

c for Pt min = .32 MPa> .312 MPa

Again at d distance from x-x

Vux = 217.68 x 1 x .5 = 108.84 kN

Vux / bd = 108.84 x 103 / 1000 x 307.89 = .35 MPa

d = 150 + (450-150)/950 x 500 = 307.89 mm

c for Pt min = .32 MPa< .35 MPa

hence provide Pt = .25 %

corresponding c =.36 MPa>bd in both direction

hence ok

hence provide .25% of steel in both direction

Ast = .25/100 x 1000 x 450 = 1125 mm2/m

Hence provide 16mm @ 170 cm c/c in both directions

Check for punching shear or two way shear

As per clause 34.2.4

Periphery of punched hole

= (350 +450/2 + 450/2 ) x (200 + 450/2+ 450/2) = 800 x 650

Depth of distance d/2 from face of column

Along y-y axis

= 450 (450-150)/950 x 225 = 378.94 mm

Along x-x axis

32
= 450 (450-150)/875 x 225 = 372.85 mm

Shear area = (800 x 372.85) x 2 + (650 x 378.94) x 2

= 1089182 mm2

Punching shear force

= 960 - .8 x .65 x 217.68

= 850 kN

Shear stress = 850 x 103/ 1089182 = .78 MPa

Permissible shear stress = .25 fck1/2 (.5+ c)

Where c= short side of column/long side of column

Ks= .5 +200/350 = 1.07 not smaller than 1.0

Permissible shear stress = .25 x 201/2 x 1 = 1.118 MPa> .78 MPa

Hence ok

Figure 7: Isolated Footing- Detailing of Reinforcement

33
Figure 8: Distribution of Main Reinforcement

34
4.6 COLUMN DESIGN

The term column is reserved for members in compression, which transfer loads to the ground.
The mode of failure of a column depends on its slenderness ratio. This ratio is expressed in IS
practice for reinforced concrete rectangular column as the ratio of effective length to its least
lateral dimension.IS:456-2000 classifies rectangular columns as short when the slenderness
ratio is less than 12.

Columns are skeletal structural elements, which are designed to resist axial compression
combined with biaxial bending moments that are introduced by frame action under gravity and
lateral loads. This load effects are more pronounced in the lower stories of tall buildings.
Bending moments are applied simultaneously on the axially loaded column in two
perpendicular direction about the major axis(XX) and minor axis(YY) of the column section.
This results in biaxial eccentricities ex = Mx/P and ey=My/P.

The biaxial eccentricities are particularly significant in the case of the column located in the
building corners. Frequently the eccentricity about one axis is negligible; whereas the
eccentricity about the other axis is significant. This situation is encountered in the exterior
columns of the interior frames in a reinforced concrete building under gravity loads. Under
lateral loads, indeed all columns in multi-storied buildings are subjected to significant uniaxial
bending moments.

Based on the results from STAAD columns are divided into 4 categories:

C1= 960 kN, C2= 592 kN, C3= 475 kN, C4= 280 kN

Design of Columns:

Pu = 955 kN = 960 kN

Using M20 concrete and Fe415 steel

Leff = 3 m

emin =3000/500 + 400/30 = 19.33 = 20 mm

Longitudinal Reinforcement

Pu = 0.4 fck Ag + (.67 fy - 0.4 fck )Asc

103 x 960 = .4 x 20 x 200 x 350 + (270.05) Asc

Asc= 1481.2 = 1485 mm2

35
Pt= 2.12 %

16 -> 8 bars

Lateral ties

Tie dia = { /6 = 16/6 = 2.67

6 mm } provide 8 mm

Spacing Sf = { 200mm

16 = 16 x 16 = 256 mm

300 mm } provide 200 mm

COLUMN SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING

Size of column =200x300.
Concrete mix =M20.
Fy =415
Factored load =565kN.
Factored moment =26kNm.
Parallel to the layer dimension
Mux =17.5kNm.
Muy =9kNm.
Reinforcement is distributed equally on 4 sides

Leffective =0.65xL
=0.65x3
=1.95m.
Leffective/D =1.995/0.3
=6.65 <12
So the column is designed as short column.
Providing a cover of 40mm and 20mm dia bars,
d = 40+20/2
= 50mm.

Using IS 456 clause 39.

36
d/D =50/300.
=0.160.2
Mu/fckbd2 =26x106/20x200x3002
= 0.8
Pu/fckbd =565x103/20x200x300
=0.47
From chart 46 SP-16
p/fck =0.12
p = 20x0.12
2.4> 0.8%
Mux1
d/D =0.2
Pu/fckbd =0.54
p/fck =0.12
Mux1/fckbd2=0.08
Mux1 =0..08x20x200x3002.
=24x106 kNm.
Muy1
d/D =50/200
=0.25

Pu/fckbd =0.55
p/fck =0.07
Muy1/fckbd2 =0.07x20x300x2002.
=19x106kN/m.
From chart 63 of SP-16
Fck =20
Puz/Ag =16.5
Puz =16.5x200x300
=990kN.
Pu/Puz =565/990
=0.57
0.6/1 =0.47/x
x =0.78
37
(17.5/24)1.78+(9.5/19)1.78 <1
Hence the section is ok.

Ast = 2.4x200x300/100
=1440mm2.
Lateral ties:

Using 8mm dia bars

Spacing of ties , from IS 456,clause 26.5.3.2.c

1. Least lateral dimension of the column =200

2. 16x smallest diameter of longitudinal bar =256
3. 300mm
Adopt least value= 200
Provide 16mm diameter bars @ 200mm c/c.

4.7 BEAM DESIGN

Beams carry loads by bending action in a building. They are used to support walls and
secondary beams. In the limit state method these members are first designed for strength and

38
durability and their performance is then checked with regard to other limit state of
serviceability eg: deflection and cracking. For the design of beams MS-EXCEL spread-sheet is
used which is listed in the appendix.

Determining Mu for Design

cross-section = b=200mm d=340mm
Let d=D-40=340mm
Maximum Bending moment at the critical cross section (from STAAD analysis)= 60.18 kNm
Fixing up b,d,D
For Fe 415 steel Mu,lim= 0.1498fckbd2
Therefore, Rlim= Mu,lim/bd2= 0.1498x20=2.996MPa
Assuming b=200mm, for simply reinforced section minimum value of d is given
by ;dmin=(Mu/Rlimb)0.5=316.91mm
Hence, our assumption is OK for d=340mm
Hence, D=340+8+20+10(assuming 20mm dia and 8mm for stirrup)=378mm; take 380mm.
Determining (Ast) Required; R=Mu/bd2=60.18x106/200x340=2.603
Therefore Pt=1.466%
Ast=(1.466*200*380)/100=996.88=9 .96cm2
Determining shear reinforcement:
Shear force(V)=70kN
Nominal shear stress(T-v)= V/bd=1.03 N/mm2
Design shear strength (T-c) due to pt= 1.466 is 0.64 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress (T-c max) = 2.8N/mm2
V-us = 26.52 kN , V-us/d= 0.78
From SP-16 provide 2 legged 8mm dia bars @ 250c/c spacing
Deflection check:
For Pt=1.466, l/d = 19.8 from SP-16 chart 22
Provided l/d= 10
Hence OK.

39
 Figure 9: Beam section
Hence Provide 4x20mm Dia.

4.7 PLINTH BEAM DESIGN

Plinth Beam :

250mm

450 mm

Figure 10: Plinth beam dimensions

W = 20 x 1.5 x .2 kN/m = 6 kN/m

Factored w = 1.5 x 6 = 9 kN/m

Mu = wl2/12 = 9 x 5.82 / 12 = 25.23 kNm

Mu/bd2 = 25.23 x 106/ 450 x 2502 = .9

From SP-16 Pg-48 Pt= .265 %

Ast= 298 mm2

4.8. DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

40
 Water supply municipal head works assumed as 135L/person/day. Assuming the detention
period as 24 hours and the time of cleaning the sludge as 3 years.

Space required for settling =50x135/1000=6.75m3

Space required for digestion =50x0.0425
=2.125m3
where 0.0425m3 is the provision per capita
Space required for storage of sludge =50x0.085
=4.25m3
Where 0.085m3 is the storage capacity per person for 3 years of period of cleaning
Total space required =6.75+2.125+4.25
=13.125m3
Quantity of sewage produced =(80/100)x47250
= 37800m3
Assuming detention period of 24hrs
Quantity of sewage produced during
detention period of 24hrs =37800x24/24
=37800L
Assuming the rate of sludge deposited as 30L/capita/year and assuming period of cleaning as 2
years
The total volume of sludge deposited =30 x 2 x350
=21000L

The total required capacity of tank =capacity for sewage +capacity for sludge
=37800+21000
=58800L
Assuming depth as 2m
Surface area of tank =capacity/Depth
=(58800 x10-3 )\2
=29.4m2
=29m2
Assuming length L =3 times breadth, B
L =3B
Surface area LxB =29
3B2 =29
41
 B2 =9.66
B =3
Length, L =9m
Providing freeboard of 0.3m
Overall Depth =2+0.3
=2.3
Hence provide =9 x 3 x 2.3

DESIGN OF SOAK PIT

Flow of sludge per day =37800L
Assuming a percolation capacity of
Filter media of soak pit be =(37800 x10-3)/(1250 x10-3)
=30.24m3
Providing a depth of 2m
Area of Soak Pit =30.24/2
=15m2
Breadth of soak pit =15/2
=7.5m
Size of Soak Pit =7.5 x 2 m2

CONCLUSION:

42
The analysis and design of the building is done in accordance with IS specifications. The
facilities provided are adequate and are in accordance with the building rules of state of Kerala.

The obtained architectural drawings were critically reviewed and corrected satisfying all the
functional requirements. The preliminary proportioning of the structural members was then
carried out for modelling the structure in STAAD. The analysis was carried out in STAAD and
design of various structural elements was carried out. Detailed structural drawings were
prepared which cover all the details for the execution of the work. In summary the objectives
envisaged at the beginning of the work have been attained.

43
REFERENCES:

The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999

National Building Code, 2005

IS 875: 1987, (PART- 1) - Code of Practice of Design Loads for Buildings and
Structures

IS 456-2000 - Plane and Reinforced Concrete

IS 3370-1965, (PART 1-4) - Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of
Liquids

SP-16 Design aids for reinforced concrete

Devdas Menon and Unnikrishnan Pillai, Reinforced Concrete Design

APPENDIX A:

MS EXCEL SPREADSHEET FOR DESIGN OF BEAMS.

44
45
APPENDIX B:

DEAD LOADS- Unit Weights of Some Materials/Components:

Material Unit weight (kN/m3 )

Concrete-plain 24
Concrete-reinforced 25
Brick masonry 19-20
Stone masonry 21-27
Timber 6-10
Plaster-cement 21
Plaster-lime 18
Steel 78.5

46