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International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
Sailing Photos
with amendments through 1995
Nautical Glossary
Forums Contents
Part A - General
Virtual Tours 1) Application
2) Responsibility
Chart Room
3) General Definitions
Seamanship
Part B - Steering and Sailing Rules
Vessel Tracking
Section I - Conduct of Vessels in any Condition of Visibility
Mug Up
4) Application
About Us 5) Look-out
6) Safe Speed
Login/Signup 7) Risk of Collision
8) Action to Avoid Collision
9) Narrow Channels
10) Traffic Separation Schemes
search
Section II - Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another
11) Application
EN 12) Sailing Vessels
13) Overtaking
14) Head-on Situation
15) Crossing Situation
16) Action by Give-way Vessel
17) Action by Stand-on Vessel
18) Responsibilities Between Vessels

Section III - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

19) Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

Part C - Lights and Shapes

20) Application
21) Definitions
22) Visibility of Lights
23) Power-driven Vessels Underway
24) Towing and Pushing
25) Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars
26) Fishing Vessels
27) Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver
28) Vessels Constrained by their Draft
29) Pilot Vessels
30) Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground
31) Seaplanes

Part D - Sound and Light Signals

32) Definitions
33) Equipment for Sound Signals
34) Maneuvering and Warning Signals
35) Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
36) Signals to Attract Attention
37) Distress Signals

Part E - Exemptions
 38) Exemptions

Annex I
Annex II
Annex III
Annex IV

Part A - General

Rule 1
Application
(a)These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected
therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.
(b)Nothing in these Rules shall interfere in the operation of special rules made by an appropriate
authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high
seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as
possible to these Rules.
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the
Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes or whistle
signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional
station or signal lights for fishing vessels fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal
lights or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any
light, shape, or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these
Rules.
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special
construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with
respect to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the
disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply with
such other provisions in regard to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes,
as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her
Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in
respect to that vessel.

Rule 2
Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master, or crew thereof,
from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any
precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special
circumstances of the case.
(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of
navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the
vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate
danger.

Rule 3
General Definitions
For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:
(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of water craft, including nondisplacement craft,
WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.
(b) The term "power driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if
fitted, is not being used.
(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or
other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability, but does not include a vessel fishing
with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manageability.
(e) The term "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.
(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional
circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep
out of the way of another vessel.
(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" means a vessel which from the nature
of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore
unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" shall include but not be limited to:
(i) A vessel engaged in laying, servicing, or picking up a navigational mark, submarine cable
or pipeline;
(ii) A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
(iii) A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while
underway;
(iv) A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
(v) A vessel engaged in mineclearance operations;
(vi) A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and
her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power-driven vessel which because of
her draft in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water is severely restricted in
her ability to deviate from the course she is following.
(i) The word "underway" means a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.
(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed
visually from the other.
(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist,
falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms and any other similar causes.
(m) The term "Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft" means a multimodal craft which, in its main
operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface-effect action.

Part B - Steering and Sailing Rules

Section I - Conduct of Vessels in any Condition of
Visibility

Rule 4
Application
Rules in this section apply to any condition of visibility.

Rule 5
Look-out
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight as well as by hearing as well
as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to
make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

Rule 6
Safe Speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective
action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing
circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
(a)By all vessels:
(i)The state of visibility;
(ii) The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
(iii) The manageability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning
ability in the prevailing conditions;
(iv) At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back
scatter from her own lights;
(v) The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) The draft in relation to the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
(i) The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
(ii) Any constrains imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of
interference;
(iv) The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by
radar at an adequate range;
(v) The number location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) The more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to
 determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

Rule 7
Risk of Collision
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed
to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range
scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic
observation of detected objects.
(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar
information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those
taken into account:
(i) Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does
not appreciably change;
(ii) Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident,
particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at
close range.

Rule 8
Action to Avoid Collision
(a) Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due
regard to the observance of good seamanship.
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the
case admit be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by
radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed shall be avoided.
(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to
avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does
not result in another close-quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a
safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is
finally past and clear.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to asses the situation, a vessel may
slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f)
(i) A vessel which, by any of these rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe
passage of another vessel shall when required by the circumstances of the case, take early
action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.
(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not
relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision
and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the
rules of this part.
(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply
with the rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to
involve risk of collision.

Rule 9
Narrow Channels
(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to
the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and
practicable.
(b) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of
a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating
within a narrow passage or fairway.
(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow passage or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage
of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may
use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing
vessel.
(e)
(i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only when the vessel to
be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake
 shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(i).
The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in
Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals
prescribed in Rule 34(d).
(ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.
(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may
be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution
and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow
channel.

Rule 10
Traffic Separation Schemes
(a) This rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not
relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other rule.
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
(i) Proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane.
(ii) So far as is practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone.
(iii) Normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or
leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic
flow as practicable.
(c) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall
cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic
flow.
(d)
(i)A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate
traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20
meters in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic
zone.
(ii)Notwithstanding subparagraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic Zone when en
route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place
situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vessel, other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally
enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:
(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;
(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so
with particular caution.
(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in
areas near its terminations.
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separating scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is
practicable.
(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic
lane.
(j) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe
passage of a power driven vessel following a traffic lane.
(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the
maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separating scheme is exempted from complying
with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the laying,
servicing or picking up a submarine cable, within a traffic separating scheme, is exempted from
complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.

Section II - Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another

Rule 11
Application
Rules in this section apply to vessels in sight of one another.
Rule 12
Sailing Vessels
(a) when two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one
of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
(i)when each of them has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the
 port side shall keep out of the way of the other;
(ii) When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep
out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward;
(iii) if the vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot
determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard
side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that
on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square rigged vessel, the side opposite to
that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.

Rule 13
Overtaking
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II, any vessel
overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel from a
direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the
vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel
but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that
this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the
overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty
of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

Rule 14
Head-on Situation
(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as
to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the
port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly
ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights in line or nearly in line and/or both
sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it
does exist and act accordingly.

Rule 15
Crossing Situation
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which
has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the
circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

Rule 16
Action by Give-way Vessel
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible,
take early and substantial action to keep well clear.

Rule 17
Action by Stand-on Vessel
(a)
(i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way of the other shall keep her course and
speed.
(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as
soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not
taking appropriate action in accordance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so
close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take
such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with
subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the
circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
(d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.

Rule 18
Responsibilities Between Vessels
Except where rule 9, 10, and 13 otherwise require:
(a)A power driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(i)a vessel not under command;
(ii)a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver;
(iii)a vessel engaged in fishing;
(iv)a sailing vessel;
(b) A sailing vessel under way shall keep out of the way of:
(i)a vessel not under command;
(ii)a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver;
(iii)a vessel engaged in fishing;
(c)A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
(i)a vessel not under command;
(ii)a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver.
(d)
(i)Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to
maneuver shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of
a vessel constrained by her draft, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.
(ii) A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard
to her special condition.
(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding
their navigation. In circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with
the Rules of this Part.
(f)
(i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear
of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation;
(ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as a
power-driven vessel.

Section III - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

Rule 19
Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
(a) This rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of
restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and
condition of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for
immediate maneuver.
(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of
restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.
(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a
close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take
avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration in
course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided:
(i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel
being overtaken;
(ii) An alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel
which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot
avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed
to be the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her
way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.

Part C - Lights and Shapes

Rule 20
Application
(a)Rules in this part shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, and during such
times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights which cannot be mistaken for the
lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere
with the keeping of a proper look-out.
(c) The lights prescribed by these rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunrise to sunset
in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed
necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to
these Regulations.

Rule 21
Definitions
(a)"Masthead light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel
showing an unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the
light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
(b) "Sidelights" means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each
showing an unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the
light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on the respective side. In a vessel of less
than 20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and
aft centerline of the vessel.
(c) "Sternlight", means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an
unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5
degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the "sternlight"
defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) "All round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 360
degrees.
(f) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or
more per minute.

Rule 22
Visibility of Lights
The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section 8 of Annex I
to these Regulations so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:
(a) In vessels of 50 meters or more in length:
a masthead light, 6 miles;
a sidelight, 3 miles;
a towing light, 3 miles;
a white red, green or yellow all-around light, 3 miles.
(b)In vessels of 12 meters or more in length but less than 50 meters in length;
a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than 20 meters,
3 miles;
a sidelight, 2 miles;
a sternlight, 2 miles, A towing light, 2 miles;
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.
(c) In vessels of less than 12 meters in length:
a masthead light, 2 miles;
a sidelight, 1 miles;
a towing light, 2 miles;
a white red, green or yellow all-around light, 2 miles.
(d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed;
a white all-round light; 3 miles.

Rule 23
Power-driven Vessels Underway
(a)A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:
(i) a masthead light forward;
(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one;
except that a vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a
light but may do so;
(iii) sidelights: and
(iv) a sternlight.
(b) An air-cushion vessel when operating in nondisplacement mode shall, in addition to the
lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.
(c) A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, in addition to
the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red
light.
(d)
(i) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may in lieu of the lights
prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light and sidelights.
(ii) a power-driven vessel of less than 7 meters in length whose maximum speed does not
exceed 7 knots may in lieu of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an
all-round white light and shall, if practicable, also exhibit sidelights.
(iii) the masthead light or all-round white light on a power-driven vessel of less than 12
meters in length may be displaced from the fore and aft centerline of the vessel if centerline
fitting is not practicable, provided the sidelights are combined in one lantern which shall be
carried on the fore and aft centerline of the vessel or located as nearly as practicable in the
same fore and aft line as the masthead light or all-round white light.

Rule 24
Towing and Pushing
(a) A power driven vessel when towing shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical
line. When the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after
end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight;
(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight;
and
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be
seen.
(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a
composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed
in Rule 23.
(c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a
composite unit, shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical
line. When the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the after
end of the tow exceeds 200 meters, three such lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight.
(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule apply shall also comply with
rule 23(a)(ii).
(e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of this Rule,
shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight;
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters, a diamond shape where it can best be
seen.
(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be
lighted as one vessel,
(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the
forward end, sidelights;
(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end,
sidelights.
(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object, or combination of such vessels or
objects being towed, shall exhibit:
(i) if it is less than 25 meters in breadth, one all-round white light at or near the front end
and one at or near the after end except that dracones need not exhibit a light at or near the
forward end;
(ii) if it is 25 meters or more in breadth, two or more additional all-round white lights at or
near the extremities of its breadth;
(iii) if it exceeds 100 meters in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights
prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii) so that the distance between the lights shall not
exceed 100 meters.;
(iv) a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last vessel or object being
towed and if the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters an additional diamond shape where
it can best be seen and located as far forward as is practicable.
(h) When from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object being towed to
exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures
shall be taken to light the vessel or object being towed or at least indicate the presence of such
vessel or object.
(i) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normally engaged in
towing operations to display the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule, such
vessel shall not be required to exhibit those lights when engaged in towing another vessel in
distress or otherwise in need of assistance. All possible measures shall be taken to indicate the
nature of the relationship between the towing vessel and the vessel being towed as authorized
by Rule 36, in particular by illuminating the towline.

Rule 25
Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars
(a) a sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight.
(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20 meters in length the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of
this Rule may be combined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can
best be seen.
(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this
Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a
vertical line, the upper being red and the lower Green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in
conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule.
(d)
(i) A sailing vessel of less than 7 meters in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights
prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at
hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in
sufficient time to prevent collision.
(ii) A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this rule for sailing vessels, but
if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a
white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward
where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex downwards.

Rule 26
Fishing Vessels
(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and
shapes prescribed by this rule.
(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through the water of a
dredge net or other apparatus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit;
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lower white, or a
shape consisting of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the
other; a vessel of less than 20 meters in length may instead of this shape exhibit a basket;
(ii) a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vessel of less than
50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this
paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape
consisting of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other; a
vessel of less than 20 meters in length may instead of this shape exhibit a basket;
(ii)when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 meters horizontally from the vessel,
an all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear.
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this
paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
(d) A vessel engaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing may
exhibit the additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations.
(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this
Rule, but only those prescribed for a vessel of her length.

Rule 27
Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to
Maneuver
(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
(ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
 (iii)when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this
paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, except a vessel engaged in mineclearance
operations, shall exhibit:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and
lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
(ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of
these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond.
(iii)when making way through the water, a masthead light, sidelights and a sternlight in
addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i);
(iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs(i) and
(ii), the light, lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
(c) A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing
vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition to the lights or
shapes prescribed in Rule 24(a), exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraph (b)(i)
and (ii) of this Rule.
(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to
maneuver, shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(i),(ii) and (iii) of
this Rule and shall in addition when an obstruction exists, exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the
obstruction exists;
(ii) two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which
another vessel may pass;
(iii) when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or
shapes prescribed in Rule 30.
(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit
all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
(i) Three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and
lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
(ii) a rigid replica of the code flag "A" not less than 1 meter in height. Measures shall be
taken to ensure its all-round visibility.
(f)A vessel engaged in mineclearance operations shall in addition to the lights prescribed for a
power-driven vessel in Rule 23 or to the light or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule
30 as appropriate, exhibit three all-round green lights or three balls. One of these lights or
shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast head and one at each end of the fore yard. These
lights or shapes indicate that it is dangerous for another vessel to approach within 1000 meters
of the mineclearance vessel.
(g) Vessels of less than 12 meters in length, except those engaged in diving operations, shall
not be required to exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule.
(h) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring
assistance. Such signals are contained in Annex IV to these Regulations.

Rule 28
Vessels Constrained by their Draft
A vessel constrained by her draft may, in addition to the lights prescribed for power-driven
vessels in Rule 23, exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical
line, or a cylinder.

Rule 29
Pilot Vessels
(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:
(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and
the lower red;
(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight;
(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the light, lights,
or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.
(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes
prescribed for a similar vessel of her length.

Rule 30
Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground
(a) A vessel at anchor shall exhibit where it can best be seen:
(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball;
(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light prescribed in subparagraph (i), an
 all-round white light.
(b) A vessel of less than 50 meters in length may exhibit an all-round white light where it can
best be seen instead of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule.
(c) A vessel at anchor may, and a vessel of 100 meters and more in length shall, also use the
available working or equivalent lights to illuminate her decks.
(d) A vessel aground shall exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule and in
addition, where they can best be seen;
(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line;
(ii) three balls in a vertical line.
(e) A vessel of less than 7 meters in length, when at anchor not in or near a narrow channel,
fairway or where other vessels normally navigate, shall not be required to exhibit the shape
prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Rule.
(f) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length, when aground, shall not be required to exhibit the
lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (d)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.

Rule 31
Seaplanes
Where it is impracticable for a seaplane or a WIG craft to exhibit lights and shapes of the
characteristics or in the positions prescribed in the Rules of this Part she shall exhibit lights and
shapes as closely similar in characteristics and position as is possible.

Part D - Sound and Light Signals

Rule 32
Definitions
(a) The word "whistle" means any sound signalling appliance capable of producing the
prescribed blasts and which complies with the specifications in Annex III to these Regulations.
(b) The term "short blast" means a blast of about one second's duration.
(c) The term "prolonged blast" means a blast from four to six seconds' duration.

Rule 33
Equipment for Sound Signals
(a) A vessel of 12 meters or more in length shall be provided with a whistle, a vessel of 20
meters or more in length shall be provided with a bell in addition to a whistle, and a vessel of
100 meters or more in length shall, in addition, be provided with a gong, the tone and sound of
which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell, and gong shall comply with the
specifications in Annex III to these Regulations. The bell or gong or both may be replaced by
other equipment having the same respective sound characteristics, provided that manual
sounding of the required signals shall always be possible.
(b) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall not be obliged to carry the sound signalling
appliances prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule but if she does not, she shall be provided
with some other means of making an efficient signal.

Rule 34
Maneuvering and Warning Signals
(a) When vessels are in sight of one another, a power-driven vessel under way, when
maneuvering as authorized or required by these Rules, shall indicate that maneuver by the
following signals on her whistle:
one short blast to mean "I am altering my course to starboard";
two short blasts to mean "I am altering my course to port";
three short blasts to mean "I am operating astern propulsion".
(b) Any vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule by
light signals, repeated as appropriate, whilst the maneuver is being carried out:
(i) these signals shall have the following significance:
one flash to mean "I am altering my course to starboard";
two flashes to mean "I am altering my course to port";
three flashes to mean "I am operating astern propulsion".
(ii) the duration of each flash shall be about one second, the interval between flashes shall
be about one second, and the interval between successive signals shall not be less than ten
seconds.
(iii) the light used for this signal shall, if fitted, be an all-round white light, visible at a
 minimum range of 5 miles, and shall comply with the provisions of Annex I to these
Regulations.
(c) When in sight of one another in a narrow channel or fairway:
(i) a vessel intending to overtake another shall in compliance with Rule 9 (e)(i) indicate her
intention by the following signals on her whistle.
two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast to mean "I intend to overtake you on
your starboard side";
two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts to mean "I intend to overtake you on
your port side".
(ii) the vessel about to be overtaken when acting in accordance with 9(e)(i) shall indicate
her agreement by the following signal on her whistle:
one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, in that order.
(d) When vessels in sight of one another are approaching each other and from any cause either
vessel fails to understand the intentions or actions of the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient
action is being taken by the other to avoid collision, the vessel in doubt shall immediately
indicate such doubt by giving at least five short and rapid blasts on the whistle. Such signal may
be supplemented by at least five short and rapid flashes.
(e) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be
obscured by an intervening obstruction shall sound one prolonged blast. Such signal shall be
answered with a prolonged blast by any approaching vessel that may be within hearing around
the bend or behind the intervening obstruction.
(f) If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than 100 meters, one whistle only
shall be used for giving maneuvering and warning signals.

Rule 35
Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
In or near an area of restricted visibility, whether by day or night the signals prescribed in this
Rule shall be used as follows:
(a) A power-driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at intervals of not more
than 2 minutes one prolonged blast.
(b) A power-driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way through the water shall
sound at intervals of no more than 2 minutes two prolonged blasts in succession with an
interval of about 2 seconds between them.
(c) A vessel not under command, a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, a vessel
constrained by her draft, a sailing vessel, a vessel engaged in fishing and a vessel engaged in
towing or pushing another vessel shall, instead of the signals prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b)
of this Rule, sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes three blasts in succession, namely
one prolonged followed by two short blasts.
(d) A vessel engaged in fishing, when at anchor, and a vessel restricted in her ability to
maneuver when carrying out her work at anchor, shall instead of the signals prescribed in
paragraph (g) of this Rule sound the signal prescribed in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) A vessel towed or if more than one vessel is being towed the last vessel of the tow, if
manned, shall at intervals of not more than 2 minutes sound four blasts in succession, namely
one prolonged followed by three short blasts. When practicable, this signal shall be made
immediately after the signal made by the towing vessel.
(f) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a
composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and shall give the signals
prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule.
(g) A vessel at anchor shall at intervals of not more than 1 minute ring the bell rapidly for ten
seconds. In a vessel 100 meters or more in length the bell shall be sounded in the forepart of
the vessel and immediately after the ringing of the bell the gong shall be sounded rapidly for
about 5 seconds in the after part of the vessel. A vessel at anchor may in addition sound three
blasts in succession, namely one short, one long and one short blast, to give warning of her
position and of the possibility of collision to an approaching vessel.
(h) A vessel aground shall give the bell signal and if required the gong signal prescribed in
paragraph (g) of this Rule and shall, in addition, give three separate and distinct strokes on the
bell immediately before and after the rapid ringing of the bell. A vessel aground may in addition
sound an appropriate whistle signal.
(i) A vessel of 12 meters or more but less than 20 meters in length shall not be obliged to give
the bell signals prescribed in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this Rule. However, if she does not, she
shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
(j) A vessel of less than 12 meters in length shall not be obliged to give the above mentioned
signals but, if she does not, shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not
more than 2 minutes.
(k) A pilotage vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may in addition to the signals prescribed in
paragraph (a), (b) or (g) of this Rule sound an identity signal consisting of four short blasts.

Rule 36
Signals to Attract Attention
If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel, any vessel may make light or sound
signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may
direct the beam of her searchlight in the direction of the danger, in such a way as not to
embarrass any vessel Any light to attract the attention of another vessel shall be such that it
cannot be mistaken for any aid to navigation. For the purpose of this Rule the use of high
intensity intermittent or revolving lights, such as strobe lights, shall be avoided.

Rule 37
Distress Signals
When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals
described in Annex IV to these Regulations.

Exemptions

Part E - Exemptions

Rule 38
Exemptions
Any vessel (or class of vessel) provided that she complies with the requirements of the
International Regulations for the Preventing of Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of which is laid
or is at a corresponding stage of construction before the entry into force of these Regulations
may be exempted from compliance therewith as follows:
(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until 4 years after the date of
entry into force of these regulations.
(b) The installation of lights with color specifications as prescribed in Section 7 of Annex I to
these Regulations, until 4 years after the entry into force of these Regulations.
(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric units and
rounding off measurement figures, permanent exemption.
(d)
(i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 meters in length,
resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, permanent
exemption.
(ii). The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 meters or more in length,
resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, until 9
years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(e) The repositioning of masthead lights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(b) of
Annex I to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(f) The repositioning of sidelights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(g) and 3(b) of
Annex I to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(g) The requirements for sound signal appliances prescribed in Annex II to these Regulations,
until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(h) The repositioning of all-round lights resulting from the prescription of Section 9(b) of Annex I
to these Regulations, permanent exemption.

ANNEX I
Position and Technical Details of Lights and Shapes
1. Definition
The term "height above the hull" means height above the uppermost continuous deck. This
height shall be measured from the position vertically beneath the location of the light.
2. Vertical Positioning and Spacing of Lights
(a) On a power driven vessel of 20 meters or more in length the masthead lights shall be placed
as follows:
(i) the forward masthead light, or where only one masthead light is carried, than that light, at
a height above the hull of not less than 6 meters, and, if the breadth of the vessel exceeds 6
meters, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so however that the light
 need not be placed at a greater height above the hull than 12 meters;
(ii) when two masthead lights are carried the after one shall be at least 4.5 meters vertically
higher than the forward one.
(b) The vertical seperation of masthead lights of power driven vessels shall be such that in all
normal conditions of trim the after light will be seen over and separate from the forward light at
a distance of 1000 meters from the stern when viewed from sea level.
(c) The masthead light of a power-driven vessel of 12 meters but less than 20 meters in length
shall be placed at a height above the gunwale of not less than 2.5 meters.
(d)A power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may carry the uppermost light at a
height of less than 2.5 meters above the gunwale. When however a masthead light is carried in
addition to sidelights and a sternlight, then such masthead light or all-round light shall be
carried at least 1 meter higher than the sidelights.
(e) One of the two or three masthead lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel when engaged
in towing or pushing another vessel shall be placed in the same position as either the forward
masthead light or the after masthead light; provided that, if carried on the aftermast, the lowest
after masthead light shall be at least 4.5 meters vertically higher than the forward masthead
light.
(f)
The masthead light or lights prescribed in Rule 23(a) shall be so placed as to be above and
clear of all other lights and obstructions except as described in subparagragh (ii).
When it is impractical to carry the all-round lights prescribed by Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28
below the masthead lights, they may be carried above the after masthead light(s) or
vertically in between the forward masthead light(s) and after masthead light(s), provided
that in the latter case the requirement of Section 3(c) of this Annex shall be complied with.
(g) The sidelights of a power-driven vessel shall be placed at a height above the hull not greater
than three quarters of that of the forward masthead light. They shall not be so low as to be
interfered with by deck lights.
(h) The sidelights, if in a combined lantern and carried on a power-driven vessel of less tha 20
meters in length, shall be placved not less than 1 meter below the masthead light.
(i) When the Rules prescribe two or three lights to be carried in a vertical line, they shall be
spaced as follows:
(i) on a vessel of 20 meters in length or more such lights shall be spaced not less than 22
meters apart, and the loweest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required,
be placed at a height of not less than 4 meters above the hull;
(ii) on a vessel of less tha 20 meters in length such lights shall be placed not less than 20
meters apart and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be
placed at a height of not less than 2 meters above the gunwale;
(iii) when three lights are carried they shall be equally spaced.
(j) The lower of the two all-round lights prescribed for a vessel engaged in fishing shall be at a
height above the sidelights not less than twice the distance between the two vertical lights.
(k) The forward anchor light prescribed in Rule 30(a)(i), when two are carried, shall not be less
than 4.5 meters above the after one. On a vessel of 50 meters or more in length this forward
anchor light shall be placed at a height of not less than 6 meters above the hull.
3. Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights
(a) When two masthead lights are prescribed for a power-driven vessel, the horizontal distance
between them shall not be less than one half of the length of the vessel but need not be more
than 100 meters. The forward light shall be placed more than one quarter of the length of the
vessel from the stern.
(b) On a power driven vessel of 20 meters or more in length the sidelights shall not be placed in
front of the forward masthead light. They shall be placed at or near the side of the vessel.
(c) When the lights prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 are placed vertically between the
forward masthead light(s) and the after masthead light(s) these all-round lights shall be placed
at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 meters from the fore and aft centerline of the vessel
in the athwartship direction
4. Details of location of direction-indicating lights for fishing
vessels, dredgers and vessels engaged in underwater
operations
(a) The light indicating the direction of the outlying gear from a vessel engaged in fishing as
prescribed in Rule 26(c)(ii) shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 meters and
not more than 6 meters away from the two all-round red and white lights. This light shall be
placed not higher than the all-round white light prescribed in Rule 26(c)(i) and not lower than the
sidelights.
(b) The lights and shapes on a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations to indicate
the obstructed side and/or the side on which it is safe to pass, as prescribed in Rule 27(d)(i) and
(ii), shall be placed at the maximun horizontal distance, but in no case less than 2 meters, from
the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) and (ii). In no case shall the upper of these lights
and shapes be at a greater height than the lower of the three lights or shapes prescribed in Rule
227(b)(i) and (ii).
5. Screens for sidelights
The sidelights of vessels of 20 meters or more in length shall be fitted with inboard screens
painted matt black, and meeting the requirements of Section 9 of this Annex. On vessels of less
than 20 meters in length the sidelights, if necessary to meet the requirements of Section 9 of
this Annex, shall be fitted with inboard matt black screens. With a combined lantern, using a
single vertical filament and a very narrow division between the red and green sections, external
screens need not be fitted.
6. Shapes
(a) Shapes shall be black and of the following sizes:
(i) a ball shall have a diameter of not less than 0.6 meter;
(ii) a cone shall have a base diameter of not less than 0.6 meter and a height equal to its
diameter;
(iii) a cylinder shall have a diameter of at least 0.6 meter and a height of twice its diameter;
(iv) a diamond shape shall consist of two cones as defined in (ii) above having a common
base.
(b) The vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1.5 meter.
(c) In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length shapes of lesser dimensions but commensurate
with the size of the vessel may be used and the distance apart may be correspondingly reduced.
7. Color specifications for lights
The chromaticity of all navigation lights shall conform to the following standards, which lie
within the boundaries of of the area of the diagram specified for each color by the Internatioinal
Commission on Illumination (CIE).
The boundaries of the area for each color are given by indicating the corner coordinates,
which are as follows:
(i) White:
x: 0.525 0.525 0.452 0.310 0.310 0.443
y: 0.382 0.440 0.440 0.348 0.283 0.382
(ii) Green:
x: 0.028 0.009 0.300 0.203
y: 0.385 0.723 0.511 0.356
(iii)Red:
x: 0.680 0.660 0.735 0.721
y: 0.320 0.320 0.265 0.259
(iv)Yellow:
x: 0.612 0.6188 0.575 0.575
y: 0.382 0.382 0.425 0.406
8. Intensity of lights
(a) The minimum luminous intensity of lights shall be calculated by using the formula:
I=3.43X106xTxD2xK-D
where I is the luminous intensity in candelas under service conditiions,
T is threshold factor 2x10-7 lux,
D is range of visibility (luminous range) of the light in nautical miles,
K is atmospheric transmissivity. For prescribed lights the value of K shall be 0.8, corresponding to a meteorological visibility
of approximately 13 nautical miles.
(b) A selection of figures derived from the formula is given in the following table:
Range of visibility (luminous range) Luminous intensity of light
of light in nautical miles in candelas for K=0.8
D I
1 0.9
2 4.3
3 12
4 27
5 52
6 94
Note: The maximum luminous intensity of navigation lights should be limited to avoid undue
glare. This shall not be acheived by a variable control of the luminous intensity.
9. Horizontal sectors
(a)
(i) In the forward direction, sidelights as fitted on the vessel shall show the minimum
required intensities. The intensities shall decrease to reach practical cut-off between 1
degree and 3 degrees outside the prescribed sectors.
(ii) For stern lights and masthead lights and at 22.5 degrees abaft the beam for sidelights,
the minimum required intensities shall be maintained over the arc of the horizon up to 5
degrees within the limits of the sectors prescribed in Rule 21. From 5 degrees within the
 prescribed sectors the intensity shall decrease by 50 percent up to the prescribed limits; it
shall decrease steadily to reach practical cut-off at not more than 5 degrees outside the
prescribed sectors.
(b) All-round lights shall be so located as not to be obscured by masts, topmasts or structures
within angular sectors of more than 6 degrees, except anchor lights prescribed in Rule 30, which
need not be placed at an impracticable height above the hull.
10. Vertical sectors
(a) The vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted, with the exception of sailing vessels underway
shall ensure that:

(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angle from 5 degrees above
to 5 degees below the horizontal;
(ii) at least 60 percent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 7.5 degrees
above to 7.5 degrees below the horizontal.
(b) In the case of sailing vessels underway the vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted shall
ensure that:
(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5 degrees above
to 5 degrees below the horizontal;
(ii) at least 50 percent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 25 degrees
above to 25 degrees below the horizontal.

(c) In the case of lights other than electric these specifications shall be met as closely as
possible.
11. Intensity of non-electric lights
Non-electric lights shall so far as is practicable comply with the minimum intensities, as
specified in the Table given in Section 8 of this Annex.
12. Maneuvering light
Nonwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2(f) of this Annex the maneuvering light described
in Rule 34(b) shall be placed in the same for and aft vertical plane as the masthead light or
lights and, where practicable, at a minimum height of 2 meters vertically above the forward
masthead light, provided that it shall be carried not less than 2 meters vertically above or below
the after masthead light. On a vessel where only one masthead light is carried the maneuvering
light, if fitted, shall be carried where it can best be seen, not less than 2 meters vertically apart
from the masthead light.
13. High-speed craft*
(a) The masthead light of high-speed craft may be placed at a height related to the breadth of
the craft lower than that prescribed in paragraph 2(a)(i) of this annex, provided that the base
angle of the isosceles triangles formed by the sidelights and masthead light, when seen in end
elevation, is not less than 27.
(b) On high-speed craft of 50 meters or more in length, the vertical separation between foremast
and mainmast light of 4.5 meters required by paragraph 29a)(ii) of this annex may be modified
provided that such distance shall not be less than the value determined by the following
formula:
y = (a+17)C/1000 +2
where:
y is the height of the mainmast light above the foremast light in meters;
a is the height of the foremast light above the water surface in service condition in meters:
is the trim in service condition in degrees;
C is the horizontal separation of masthead lights in meters.
* Refer to the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, 1994 and the International Code
of Safety for High-Speed Craft, 2000
14. Approval
The construction of lights and shapes and the installation of lights on board the vessel shall be
to the satisfaction of the appropriate authority of the State whose flag the vessel is entitled to
fly.

ANNEX II
Additional Signals for Fishing Vessels Fishing in Close
Proximity
1. General
The lights mentioned herein shall, if exhibited in pursuance of Rule 26(d), be placed where they
can best be seen. They shall be at least 0.9 meter apart but at a lower level than lights
prescribed in Rule 26(b)(i) and (c)(i). The lights shall be visible all around the horizon at a
distance of at least 1 mile but at a lesser distance than the lights prescribed by these Rules for
fishing vessels.
2. Signals for trawlers
(a) Vessels engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic gear, may exhibit:
(i) when shooting their nets; two white lights in a vertical line;
(ii) when hauling their nets; one white light over one red light in a vertical line.
(b) Each vessel engaged in pair trawling may exhibit:
(i) by night, a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the
pair;
(ii) when shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come fast upon an
obstruction, the lights prescribed in Rule 26(a) above.
3. Signals for purse seiners
Vessels engaged in fishing with purse seine gear may exhibit two yellow lights in a vertical line.
These lights shall flash alternately every second and with equal light and occultation duration.
These lights may be exhibited only when the vessel is hampered by its fishing gear.

ANNEX III
Technical Details of Sound Signal Appliances
1. Whistles
(a) Frequencies and range audibility The fundamental frequency of the signal shall lie within the
range 70-700Hz. The range of audibility of the signal from a whistle shall be determined by
those frequencies, which may include the fundamental and/or one or more higher frequencies,
which lie within the range 180-700Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of 20 meters or more in length, or 180-
2100Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of less than 20 meters in length and which provide the sound
pressure levels specified in paragraph 1(c) below.
The range of audibility of the signal from a whistle shall be determined by those frequencies,
which may include the fundamental and/or one or more higher frequencies, which lie within the
range 180-700 Hz (+/- 1 percent) and which provide the sound pressure levels specified in
paragraph 1(c) below.
(b) Limits of fundamental frequencies. To ensure a wide variety of whistle characteristics, the
fundamental frequency of a whistle shall be between the following limits:

(i)70-200 Hz, for a vessel 200 meters or more in length;

(ii)130-350 Hz, for a vessel 75 meters but less than 200 meters in length;
(iii)250-700 Hz, for a vessel less than 75 meters in length.
(c) Sound signal intensity and range of audibility A whistle fitted in a vessel shall provide, in the
direction of maximum intensity of the whistle and at a distance of 1 meter from it, a sound
pressure level in at least one 1/3rd-octave band within the range of frequencies 180-700Hz
(+/-1%) for a vessel of 20 meters or more in length, or 180-2100Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of less
than 20 meters in length, of not less than the appropriate figure given in the table below.
Length of Vessel 1/3-octave band level at 1 meter in dB Audibility range
in meters referred to 2 x 10-5 N/m2 in nautical miles
200 or more 143 2
75 but less than 200 138 1.5
20 but less than 75 130 1
120*1
Less than 20 115*2 0.5
110*3

*1 When the measured frequencies lie within the range 180-450Hz

*2 When the measured frequencies lie within the range 450-800Hz
*3 When the measured frequencies lie within the range 800-2100Hz
The range of audibility in the table above is for information and is approximately the range at
which a whistle may be heard on its forward axis with 90 percent probability in conditions of still
air on board a vessel having average background noise level at the listening posts (taken to be
68 dB in the octave band centered on 259 Hz and 63 bB in the octave band centered on 500 HZ).
In practice the range at which a whistle may be heard is extremely variable and depends
critically on weather conditions; the values given can be regarded as typical but under
conditions of strong wind or high ambient noise level at the listening post the range may be
much reduced.
(d)Directional properties. The sound pressure level of a directional whistle shall be not more
than 4 dB below the prescribed sound pressure level on the axis at any direction in the
horizontal plane within +/- 45 degrees of the axis. The sound pressure level at any other
direction in the horizontal plane shall be not more than 10 dB below the prescribed sound
pressure level on the axis, so that the range in any direction shall be at least half the range on
the forward axis. The sound pressure level shall be measured in that one-third octave band
which determines the audibility range.
(e)Positioning of whistles. When a directional whistle is to be used as the only whistle on a
vessel, it shall be installed with its maximum intensity directed straight ahead.
A whistle shall be placed as high as is practicable on a vessel, in order to reduce interception of
the emitted sound by obstructions and also to minimize hearing damage risk to personnel. The
sound pressure level of the vessel's own signal at listening posts shall not exceed 110 dB (A)
and so far as practicable shall not exceed 100 dB (A).
(f)Fitting of more than one whistle. If whistles are fitted at a distance apart of more than 100
meters, it shall be so arranged that they are not sounded simultaneously.
(g)Combined whistle systems. If due to the presence of obstructions the sound field of a single
whistle or of one of the whistles referred to in paragraph 1(f) above is likely to have a zone of
greatly reduced signal level, it is recommended that a combined whistle system be fitted so as
to overcome this reduction. For the purposes of the Rules a combined whistle system is to be
regarded as a single whistle. The whistles of a combined system shall be located at a distance
apart of not more than 100 meters and arranged to be sounded simultaneously. The frequency
of any one whistle shall differ from those of the others by at least 10 Hz.
2. Bell or gong
(a)Intensity of signal. A bell or gong, or other device having similar sound characteristics shall
produce a sound pressure level of not less than 110 dB at a distance of 1 meter from it.
(b)Construction Bells and gongs shall be made of corrosion-resistant material and designed to
give clear tone. The diameter of the mouth of the bell shall be not less than 300 mm for vessels
of 20 meters or more in length. Where practicable, a power-driven bell striker is recommended
to ensure constant force but manual operation shall be possible. The mass of the striker shall
be not less than 3 per cent of the mass of the bell.
3. Approval
The construction of sound signal appliances, their performance and their installation on board
the vessel shall be to the satisfaction of the appropriate authority of the State whose flag the
vessel is entitled to fly.

ANNEX IV
Distress Signals
1. Need of Assistance
The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distress and need
of assistance:
(a) a gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;
(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;
(c) rockets or shells, throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals;
(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group
...---... (SOS) in the Morse Code;
(e) a signal sent by radio telephony consisting of the spoken word "Mayday";
(f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by N.C.;
(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or something resembling
a ball;
(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);
(i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light;
(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-colored smoke;
(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;
(l) the radiotelegraph alarm signal;
(m) the radiotelephone alarm signal;
(n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio beacons;
(o) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems.
2. The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the
purpose of indicating distress or need of assistance and the use of
other signals which may be confused with any of the above signals
 is prohibited.
3. Attention is drawn to the relevant sections to the International
Code of Signals, the Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual and
the following signals:
(a) a piece of orange-colored canvas with either a black square and circle or other appropriate
signal (for identification from the air);
(b) a dye marker.

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