Applied Mathematics E-Notes, 6(2006), 119-125 c ISSN 1607-2510

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Oscillation Criteria For Systems Of Dierence

Equations With Variable Coecients

Ozkan
Ocalan

Received 12 April 2005

Abstract
In this paper, we obtain sucient conditions for oscillation of all solutions of
the system of dierence equations with variable coecients

X
N
xi (n + 1) xi (n) + pij (n)xj (n l) = 0 ,
j=1

where {pij (n)} are real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N and l Z+ . Furthermore,
we shall establish sucient conditions for oscillation of all solutions of the system
of neutral dierence equations with variable coecients

X
N
(xi (n) + cxi (n ak)) + pij (n)xj (n l) = 0
j=1

where {pij (n)} are real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N and k, l Z+ .

1 Introduction
In the present paper, we investigate the oscillatory properties of the system of dierence
equations with variable coecients
N
xi (n + 1) xi (n) + pij (n)xj (n l) = 0 , i = 1, 2, ..., N (1)
j=1

where {pij (n)} are real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N and l is positive integer.
Furthermore, we shall establish sucient conditions for the oscillation of all solu-
tions of neutral system of dierence equations with variable coecients
N
(xi (n) + cxi (n ak)) + pij (n)xj (n l) = 0, (2)
j=1

Mathematics Subject Classifications: 39A10

Department of Mathematics, Kocatepe University, ANS Campus, 03200, Afyon, Turkey

119
120 Oscillation of Dierence Equations

where {pij (n)} are real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N and a = 1 and k, l are positive
integers, is the first order forward dierence operator, i.e, x(n) = x(n + 1) x(n).
We define that a solution x(n) = [x1 (n), x2 (n), ..., xN (n)]T of equation (1) oscillates
if for some i {1, 2, ..., N } and for every integer n0 > 0, there exists n > n0 such that
T
xi (n)xi (n + 1) < 0. A solution x(n) = [x1 (n), x2 (n), ..., xN (n)] is nonoscillatory if it is
not eventually the trivial solution and if each component xi (n) has eventually constant
signum.
Oscillation theory of dierence equations has attracted many researchers. In recent
years there has been much research activity concerning the oscillation of solutions of
delay dierence equations. For these oscillatory results, we refer to the [1 8] and
the references therein. In [4] Agarwal and Grace established oscillation criteria for
the higher order systems of dierence equations with constant coecients. Further, in
[5] Chuanxi, Kuruklis and Ladas studied oscillatory behaviour of systems of dierence
equations with variable coecients. In this paper, we obtain sucient conditions for
the oscillations of all solutions of (1) and (2).
We shall need the following lemma which is given in [8] (See also [7]).
LEMMA 1. Let k be a positive integer and let {pn } be a sequence of non-negative
real numbers such that
k1
pn+j > 0 for all large n,
j=0

Assume that {xn } is a solution of the following dierence inequalities

xn+1 xn + pn xnk 0 , n = 0, 1, 2, ...

such that

xn > 0 for n k,

Then the dierence equation

an+1 an + pn ank = 0, n = 0, 1, 2, ...

has a solution {an } such that

0 < an xn for n k

and

lim an = 0.
n

2 Oscillations of Equations (1) and (2)

In this section, we shall establish sucient conditions for the oscillations of all solutions
of equations (1) and (2).

O. Ocalan 121

THEOREM 1. Let {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N and let l be a
positive integer. If every solution of the equation

z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z(n l) = 0 (3)

oscillates, where

N
p(n) = min pii (n) |pji (n)| > 0, (4)
1iN
j=1, j=i

then every solution of (1) oscillates.

PROOF. Assume that equation (1) has a nonoscillatory and eventually positive
T
solution x(n) = [x1 (n), x2 (n), ..., xN (n)] . Then, there exists an integer n0 0 such
that xi (n) > 0 for n n0 , i = 1, 2, ..., N. If we let
N
w(n) = xj (n),
j=1

then
N N N
w(n + 1) w(n) = pii (n)xi (n l) pij (n)xj (n l)
i=1 i=1 j=1, j=i
N N N
pii (n)xi (n l) + |pji (n)| xi (n l).
i=1 i=1 j=1, j=i

Therefore, from the above inequality that we find the following

N N
w(n + 1) w(n) + pii (n) |pji (n)| xi (n l) 0
i=1 j=1, j=i

or

w(n + 1) w(n) + p(n)w(n l) 0 , n n1 n0 . (5)

By the eventually positivity of x1 (n), x2 (n), ..., xN (n), we conclude that w(n) is even-
tually positive. Then by Lemma 1, we see that

z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z(n l) = 0

has a positive solution {z(n)} for n n1 , which contradicts to our hypothesis and
completes the proof.
REMARK 1. It is shown in [8] that, if
n1
1 kk
lim inf p(i) > ,
n k (k + 1)k+1
i=nk
122 Oscillation of Dierence Equations

then every solution of equation (3) oscillates.

Thus, we have the following corollary is immediate.
COROLLARY 1. Let p(n) be as in (4) and let l be a positive integer. If
n1
1 kk
lim inf p(i) >
n k (k + 1)k+1
i=nk

holds, then all solutions of equation (1) oscillate.

THEOREM 2. Assume that {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N ,
a = 1 and that k, l are positive integers. Suppose also that 0 c < 1. If every
solution of the equation

z(n + 1) z(n) + (1 c) p(n)z(n l) = 0 (6)

is oscillatory, where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of equation (2) oscillates.
THEOREM 3. Assume that {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N, a = 1
and that k, l (l > k) are positive integers. Suppose also that c > 1. If every solution of
the equation

1c
z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z (n (l k)) = 0 (7)
c2

oscillates, where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of equation (2) oscillates.
THEOREM 4. Assume that {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N , a = 1
and that k, l are positive integers. Suppose also that c = 1. If every solution of the
equation
1
z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z(n l) = 0 (8)
2
oscillates, where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of equation (2) oscillates.
THEOREM 5. Assume that {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N ,
a = 1 and that k, l are positive integers. Suppose also that 1 c < 0. If every
solution of the equation

z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z(n l) = 0 (9)

oscillates, where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of equation (2) oscillates.
T
PROOF OF THEOREMS 2-5. Suppose that x(n) = [x1 (n), x2 (n), ..., xN (n)] be
a nonoscillatory and eventually positive solution of (2), a = 1. Then, there exists an
integer n0 0 such that xi (n) > 0 for n n0 , i = 1, 2, ..., N. We let
N N
z(n) = xi (n) + c xi (n ak) (10)
i=1 i=1

O. Ocalan 123

Then, we have
N N
z(n + 1) z(n) + pij (n)xj (n l) = 0.
i=1 j=1

So, as in Theorem 1, we have for n n1 n0

z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)w(n l) 0. (11)

It is clear that {z(n)} and {w(n)} are positive sequences, we see from (10) that if
a = 1 and 0 c < 1, then eventually z(n) = w(n) + cw(n + k), and we get eventually,

w(n) = z(n) cw(n + k) z(n) cz(n + k) (1 c)z(n),

therefore, we get eventually,

w(n l) (1 c)z(n l). (12)

If a = 1 and c > 1, then,

1
w(n) = (z(n + k) w(n + k))
c
1 1
= z(n + k) 2 (z(n + 2k) w(n + 2k))
c c
1 1
z(n + k) 2 z(n + k)
c c
c1
= z(n + k),
c2
therefore, by using above inequlity, we get eventually,
c1
w(n l) z(n (l k)). (13)
c2
Now, we take the a = 1 and c = 1. Then, by (10) eventually,

z(n) = w(n) + w(n + k),

so eventually,

w(n) = z(n) w(n + k)

z(n) w(n)

and we have eventually,

1
w(n) z(n). (14)
2
Now, we take the a = 1 and 1 c < 0. Then, by (10) eventually,

z(n) = w(n) + cw(n + k)

124 Oscillation of Dierence Equations

and we have eventually,

w(n) = z(n) cw(n + k)

and so eventually,

w(n) z(n)

and we have eventually,

w(n l) z(n l) (15)

Next, from the above we have the following

(i) If a = 1 and 0 c < 1, then, by (11) and (12), we obtain eventually,

z(n + 1) z(n) + (1 c)p(n)z(n l) 0,

(ii) If a = 1 and c > 1, then, by (11) and (13), we obtain eventually,

c1
z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z(n (l k)) 0,
c2

(iii) If a = 1 and c = 1, then, by (11) and (14), we obtain eventually,

1
z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z(n l) 0.
2
(iv) If a = 1 and 1 c < 0, then, by (11) and (15), we obtain eventually,

z(n + 1) z(n) + p(n)z(n l) 0.

Thus, the rest of the proof is a slight modification of the proof of Theorem 1.
The following corollaries are immediate.
COROLLARY 2. Let {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N , k and l be
positive integers, a = 1 and 0 c < 1, if
n1
1 1 kk
lim inf p(i) > ,
n k (1 c) (k + 1)k+1
i=nk

where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of (2) oscillates.

COROLLARY 3. Let {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N , k and l be
positive integers, a = 1 and c > 1, if
n1
1 c2 (l k)lk
lim inf p(i) >
n k c1 (l k + 1)lk+1
i=nk

where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of (2) oscillates.


O. Ocalan 125

COROLLARY 4. Let {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N , k and l be

positive integers, a = 1 and c = 1, if
n1
1 kk
lim inf p(i) > 2
n k (k + 1)k+1
i=nk

where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of (2) oscillates.

COROLLARY 5. Let {pij (n)} be real sequences with i, j = 1, 2, ..., N , k and l be
positive integers, a = 1 and 1 c < 0, if
n1
1 kk
lim inf p(i) > ,
n k (k + 1)k+1
i=nk

where p(n) is defined in (4), then every solution of (2) oscillates.

References
[1] R. P. Agarwal, Dierence Equations and Inequalities, Marcel Dekker, New York,
2000.
[2] R. P. Agarwal and P.J.Y. Wong, Advanced Topics in Dierence Equations, Kluwer,
Dordrecht, 1997.
[3] R. P. Agarwal, S.R. Grace and D. ORegan, Oscillation Theory for Dierence and
Functional Dierential Equations, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands,
2000.
[4] R. P. Agarwal, S.R. Grace, The oscillation of systems of dierence equations, Appl.
Math. Lett., 13(2000), 17.
[5] C. X. Qian, S. A. Kuruklis and G. Ladas, Oscillations of systems of dierence
equations with variable coecients, J. Math. Phy. Sci., 25(1)(1991), 112.
[6] L. H. Erbe and B. G. Zhang, Oscillation of discrete analogues of delay equations,
Dierential Integral Equations, 2(3)(1989), 300309.
[7] I. Gyori and G. Ladas, Oscillation Theory of Delay Dierential Equations with
Appllications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991.
[8] G. Ladas, Ch. G. Philos and Y. G. Sficas, Sharp Conditions for the oscillation
of delay dierence equations, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Simulation,
2(2)(1989), 101111.