The document discusses key concepts about chemical equilibria:
1. It defines the equilibrium constant K and explains how to calculate K for different reaction types.
2. It states that K > 1 means products are favored and K < 1 means reactants are favored at equilibrium.
3. It explains that solids, pure liquids, and water are excluded from equilibrium constant calculations.
4. It provides strategies for solving chemical equilibrium problems, such as using the ICE method and determining when approximations can be used.
The document discusses key concepts about chemical equilibria:
1. It defines the equilibrium constant K and explains how to calculate K for different reaction types.
2. It states that K > 1 means products are favored and K < 1 means reactants are favored at equilibrium.
3. It explains that solids, pure liquids, and water are excluded from equilibrium constant calculations.
4. It provides strategies for solving chemical equilibrium problems, such as using the ICE method and determining when approximations can be used.
The document discusses key concepts about chemical equilibria:
1. It defines the equilibrium constant K and explains how to calculate K for different reaction types.
2. It states that K > 1 means products are favored and K < 1 means reactants are favored at equilibrium.
3. It explains that solids, pure liquids, and water are excluded from equilibrium constant calculations.
4. It provides strategies for solving chemical equilibrium problems, such as using the ICE method and determining when approximations can be used.
The document discusses key concepts about chemical equilibria:
1. It defines the equilibrium constant K and explains how to calculate K for different reaction types.
2. It states that K > 1 means products are favored and K < 1 means reactants are favored at equilibrium.
3. It explains that solids, pure liquids, and water are excluded from equilibrium constant calculations.
4. It provides strategies for solving chemical equilibrium problems, such as using the ICE method and determining when approximations can be used.
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South Pasadena AP Chemistry [Keep for Reference]
16 Chemical Equilibria BLUFFERS GUIDE
1. aA +bB + . . . rR +sS + . . . what you add. Stress means too much
or too little: chemical, heat, or room. [R] [S] r s Kc = [A]a [B] b and for gases: (PR ) r ( PS ) s Kp = (PA ) a (PB ) b
2. K > 1 products favored
K < 1 reactants favored
3. Excluded: solids; pure liquids; water (in
aqueous solutions) because their [ ]s do not change.
4. Convert from Kc to Kp Kp = Kc(RT)n where n = moles of gaseous product moles of gaseous reactant.
5. Typical question: Given Kc and the
starting concentrations of reactants, find concentrations of products at equilibrium.
Example: Kc for acetic acid = 1.8 x 10-5.
What is the equilibrium concentration of [H+] in a 0.100 M solution of the acid?
6. Equilibrium constant for a reverse
reaction = 1 K the value of the forward reaction.
7. Equilibrium constant for a doubled
reaction = K2.
8. When using Hesss Law:
Koverall = K1 x K2
9. Le Chteliers Principle: effect of changes
in concentration, pressure, & temperature. Equilibrium always shifts away from 10. If out of equilibrium: Calculate the reaction quotient (Q) similar to the way an equilibrium constant would be found. If: Q < K forward reaction occurs to reach equilibrium Q > K reverse reaction occurs to reach equilibrium
11. Problem solving:
Set up problems using the magic box (or ICE box) C = change or . Example: A B+C A B C initial 5.0 M 0M 0M
equilibriu m
row only follows the stoichiometry of
the equation.
Learn when to make an approximation
(needed for multiple choice questions!) 5% rule usually works when value of K is 103 smaller than value of known concentrations.
Example: A B+C K = 3.0 x 10 -6 if [A] = 5.0M initially; find [C] at equilibrium.
If greater than 5% use the quadratic
equation: (not usual on the AP exam) ax2 + bx + c = 0 b b 2 4ac x= 2a
Another easy to solve situation is the
perfect squares situation. Example: H2 + I2 2HI K = 3.5 x 102 Calculate [HI] when [H2] = [I2] = 0.10 M
