Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University

EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

CHAPTER # 3 SALIENT-POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR AND MOTOR

1- Introduction
A cylindrical rotor synchronous machines has a uniform air-gap, therefore its reactance
remains the same, irrespective of the rotor position. However, a synchronous machine
with salient poles has non-uniform air-gap. Therefore, its reactance varies with the rotor
position. Consequently, a cylindrical rotor machine possesses one axis of symmetry (pole
axis or direct axis) whereas salient-pole machine possesses two axes of symmetry:
(i) field poles axis, called direct axis or d-axis and,
(ii) axis passing through the centre of the interpolar space, called the quadrature
axis or qaxis, as shown in Fig. 1.

Obviously, two mmfs act on the d-axis of a salient-pole synchronous machine i.e. field
m.m.f. and armature m.m.f. whereas only one m.m.f., i.e. armature mmf acts on the q-
axis, because field mmf has no component in the q-axis. The magnetic reluctance is low
along the d-axis and it is high along the q-axis.

1 Dr. AHMED MOSTAFA HUSSEIN

 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

Fig. 1, Direct and Quadrature axes

The equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of a salient pole alternator is shown in Fig. 2.

(a) Equivalent Circuit (b) Phasor Diagram

Fig. 2, Salient-Pole synchronous generator

The above facts form the basis of the two-reaction theory proposed by Blondel, according
to which
(i) armature current Ia can be resolved into two components Iad perpendicular to Ef and Iaq
along Ef as shown in Fig. 2 (b).
(ii) armature reactance has two components i.e. q-axis armature reactance Xaq and d-axis
armature reactance Xad.
If we include the armature leakage reactance XL which is the same on both axes, we get
the two components of the synchronous reactance in the d- and q-axes:

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

Xsd = Xad + XL and Xsq = Xaq + XL

  I R 
J I X
J I X
J I X
E
  I R 
J I X
X 
J I X
X 
E
  I R 
J I X
J I X
E
The last equation is represented in the phasor diagram of unsaturated machine shown in
Fig. 2 (b), knowing that IaRa // Ia & Ia XL Ia & Id Xad Id & Iq Xaq Iq

2. Phasor Diagram of Unsaturated Generator when is unknown

Since Ra is neglected, this phasor diagram is approximate.
step 1: from V draw the line AC perpendicular to the current OB
Step 2: on the line AC locate the points D and E such that AD represents the drop Ia Xsq
and AE represents the drop Ia Xsd
Step 3: determine the Q-axis by drawing the line OZ passing through the point D
Step 4: determine the value of Ef represented by OF by drawing EF perpendicular to OZ
step 5: then AG represents the drop Iad Xsd and GF represents the drop Iaq Xsq
C

E Q-Axis
Z
+ F

D Iaq Xsq

Ef Ia Xsq
Iaq G
90 - ( +)
Iad Xsd
O
V A

Iad B

D-Axis

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

Some basic information from the above phasor diagram (P.f. Lagging):
Direct Axis Analysis
   sin
 . 1
    ! sin  . 2
Quadrature Axis Analysis
   cos
 3
&'  ! cos 
   (4)
substitute from (3) into (2)
! sin( ) =    cos( + )
! sin( ) =    (cos  )*+ sin  sin )
dividing both sides over cos()
! tan  =    (cos  tan  sin )
tan (! +    sin ) =    cos 
   cos 
tan  =
! +    sin 
Once the load angle is determined, Ef can be obtained from (4)

Example (1):
A 3-phase alternator has a direct-axis synchronous reactance of 0.7 p.u. and a
quadrature axis synchronous reactance of 0.4 p.u. Draw the vector diagram for full-load
0.8 p.f. lagging and obtain (i) the load angle and (ii) the no-load per unit voltage.
V = 1 p.u.; Xsd = 0.7 p.u.; Xsq = 0.4 p.u.;
cos = 0.8; sin = 0.6 ; = cos1 0.8 = 36.9; Ia = 1 p.u.
   cos  1 0.4 0.8
tan  = = = 0.2581
! +    sin  1 + 1 0.4 0.6
= 14.47
 =  sin( + ) = 1 sin(14.47 + 36.9) = 0.78 6. 7.
&' = ! cos( ) +    = 1 cos(14.47) + 0.78 0.7 = 1.514 6. 7.

Example (2):
A 3-phase, Y-connected syn. generator supplies current of 10 A having phase angle of
20 lagging at phase voltage of 400 V. Find the load angle and the components of
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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

armature current Id and Iq if Xsd = 10 ohm and Xsq = 6.5 ohm. Assume that Ra to be
negligible.

Since Ra is neglected,
cos() = 0.9397, sin() = 0.342,
   cos  10 / 6.5 / 0.9397
tan     0.1447
!
   sin  400
10 / 6.5 / 0.342
= 8.23
   sin
  10 sin8.23
20  4.73 8
   cos
  10 cos8.23
20  8.811 8
&'  ! cos 
    400 / cos8.23
4.73 / 10  443.181 !
&' , ! 443.181 , 400
   10.8% 76
! 400
E
Now, if the armature resistance is not neglected: Q-Axis
C
Z
F
Iaq Xsq

Ef Ia Xsq
G

Iaq
V A
O Iad Xsd

I a Ra D
Iad B

D-Axis

step 1: from V draw the line AD parallel to the current OB to represent IaRa
step 2: at D draw the line DE perpendicular to the current OB
Step 3: on the line DE locate the points F and E such that DF represents the drop Ia Xsq
and DE represents the drop Ia Xsd
Step 4: determine the Q-axis by drawing the line OZ passing through the point F
Step 5: determine the value of Ef represented by OC by drawing EC perpendicular to OZ
step 6: then DG represents the drop Iad Xsd and GC represents the drop Iaq Xsq

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

Direct Axis Analysis

 =  sin( + ) . (1)
   = ! sin( ) +  ; sin( + ) . (2)
Quadrature Axis Analysis
 =  cos( + ) (3)
&' = ! cos( ) +  ; cos( + ) +    (4)
substitute from (3) into (2)
 cos( + )   = ! sin( ) +  ; sin( + )
   (cos  )*+ sin  sin ) = ! sin() +  ; (sin  )*+ + cos  sin )
dividing both sides over cos()
   ()*+ tan  sin ) = ! tan() +  ; (tan  )*+ + sin )
tan (! +    sin  +  ; )*+) =    cos   ; sin 

   cos   ; sin 
tan  =
! +    sin  +  ; )*+
Once the load angle is determined, Ef can be obtained from (4)

Example (3):
A 3-phase, star-connected, 50-Hz synchronous generator has direct-axis synchronous
reactance of 0.6 p.u. and quadrature-axis synchronous reactance of 0.45 p.u. The
generator delivers rated kVA at rated voltage. Draw the phasor diagram at full-load 0.8
p.f. lagging and hence calculate the open-circuit voltage and voltage regulation.
Resistive drop at full-load is 0.015 p.u.
Ia = 1 p.u.; V = 1 p.u.; Xsd = 0.6 p.u.; Xsq = 0.45 p.u. ; Ra = 0.015 p.u.
cos = 0.8; sin = 0.6 ; = cos1 0.8 = 36.9
   cos   ; sin  1 0.45 0.8 1 0.015 0.6
tan  = = = 0.274
! +    sin  +  ; )*+ 1 + 1 0.45 0.6 + 1 0.015 0.8
Then = 15.3
 =  sin( + ) = 1 sin(15.3 + 36.9) = 0.79 6. 7
&' = ! cos( ) +  ; cos( + ) +   
= 1 cos(15.3) + 1 0.015 cos(52.2) + 0.79 0.6 = 1.45 6. 7
&' ! 1.45 1
= = = 45% (76)
! 1
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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

For synchronous motor, the phasor diagram can be drawn as follows:

D-Axis

Iad B

V A
O
Iad Xsd
Iaq
G
Ef D Iaq Xsq

F Q-Axis
As Ra is neglected: Z
C
Direct Axis Analysis
 =  sin
 . 1
    ! sin . 2
Quadrature Axis Analysis
   cos
 3
&'  ! cos 
   4
substitute from (3) into (2)
! sin      cos

! sin      cos  )*+ , sin  sin 
dividing both sides over cos()
! tan      cos  , tan  sin 
tan !
   sin      cos 

   cos 
tan  
!
   sin 

Once the load angle is determined, Ef can be obtained from (4)

This case of Motor lead P.F. is similar to the case of Generator with Lag P.F.

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

2. Power Developed by a synchronous Generator

If we neglect Ra the phasor diagram of salient pole generator is as shown in Fig. 4, and
hence the Cu loss, then the power developed (Pd) or the electromagnetic power (Pem) by
an alternator is equal to the power output (Pout). Hence, the per phase power output of an
alternator is
Pout = VIa cos() = power developed (pd) ...(i)

Fig. 4,
Now, as seen from Fig. 3,
Iq XSq = V sin ; Id XSd = Ef V cos ...(ii)
Also,
Id = Ia sin ( + ); Iq = Ia cos ( + ) ...(iii)
Substituting Eqn. (iii) in Eqn. (ii) and solving for Ia cos , we get
! ! !
 cos(<) = sin( ) + sin(2 ) sin(2 )
= 2= 2=
Finally, substituting the above in Eqn. (i), we get the 3-ph power
3 !&' 3 ! B (= = )
>?@A = sin( ) + CDE(2)
= 2 = =
As seen from the above expression and its representation shown in Fig. 5, the power
developed consists of two components, the first term represents the power due to
excitation and depend on Ef and the second term gives the reluctance power i.e. power
due to saliency. If XSd = XSq i.e. the machine has a cylindrical rotor, then the second term

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

becomes zero and the power is given by the first term only. If, on the other hand, there is
no field excitation i.e. Ef = 0, then the first term in the above expression becomes zero
and the power developed is given by the second term. It may be noted that value of is
positive for a generator and negative for a motor.

Fig. 5, power in salient-pole synchronous machine

Example (4):
A 3300-V, 1.5-MW, 3-, Y-connected synchronous motor has Xsd = 4 / phase and Xsq =
3 / phase. Neglecting all losses, calculate the excitation e.m.f. when motor supplies
rated load at unity p.f. Calculate the maximum mechanical power which the motor would
develop for this field excitation.
The phasor diagram of synchronous motor at unity p.f. is given below:
D-Axis
Iad
=0 B V
O Iad Xsd

Iaq G

Ef
Iaq Xsq
A
F Q-Axis

Z
D

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

Direct Axis Analysis

 =  sin( ) . (1)
   = ! sin( ) . (2)
Quadrature Axis Analysis
 =  cos( ) (3)
&' = ! cos( ) +    (4)
substitute from (3) into (2)
! sin( ) =    cos( )
dividing both sides over cos()
! tan  =   

  
tan  =
!
V= 3300/3 = 1905.256 V
1.5106 = 3 1905.256 Ia 1 Ia = 262.432 A
As proved above
   262.432 3
tan  = = = 0.41322
! 1905.256
= 22.45
Iad = Ia sin() = 262.432 sin(22.45) = 100.223 A
&' = ! cos( ) +    = 1905.256 cos(22.45) + 100.223 4 = 2161.75 !
Since all losses are neglected, then the output mechanical power = input power
3 !&' 3 ! B (= = )
>?@A = sin( ) + CDE(2)
= 2 = =
3 1905.256 2161.75 3 1905.256B (4 3)
>?@A = sin( ) + CDE(2)
4 243
>?@A = 3089015.37 sin( ) + 453750.1 +DE(2)
at = 22.45 Pout = 1.5106 as given rated power
To get the maximum power

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

F>?@A
=0
F
F>?@A
= 3089015.37 cos() + 2 453750.1 cos(2) = 0
F
As we know
cos(2) = 2 cos2 () - 1
F>?@A
= 3089015.37 cos() + 2 453750.1 {2 cos B() 1} = 0
F
1815000.4 )*+ B ( ) + 3089015.37 cos( ) 907500.2 = 0
)*+ B ( ) + 1.7019365 cos( ) 0.5 = 0
solving for cos() cos() = 0.2554435 (accepted) Or cos() = -1.95738 (rejected)
= 75.2
to get the maximum power, substitute the value of obtained in power eqn.
>?@A = 3089015.37 sin(75.2) + 453750.1 +DE(2 75.2) = 3.211 IJ

Example (5):
A 3-phase, 400 V (line), Y-connected, salient-pole synchronous generator supplies a
current with a phase angle of 30 lagging. If the load angle is 14, calculate
a) the direct and quadrature components of armature current,
b) the no-load voltage and the percentage regulation.
c) The output power
d) If the load current is kept constant but the phase angle becomes 10 lagging, find
the new values of the no-load voltage and the load angle.
Known that Xsd = 10 and Xsq = 6.5 , armature resistance to be negligible.

Va = 400/3 = 230.9 231 volt

Taking the voltage scale as each 20 V is represented by 1 cm

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

Therefore, Va represented by the vector OA= 11.5 cm as shown in the phasor diagram,
The current vector OX1 is drawn at 30 lag the voltage vector OA
Draw the vector OQ at 14 to represent the quadrature axis and Ef1 must lie on this line
Draw the vector AZ OX1 and intersect the quadrature axis OQ at point B,
Vector AB = 3.9 cm = 78 volt that represent the voltage drop IaXsq
Then Ia = 78/6.5 = 12.0 A ------------------------- (1)
a) Iad = Ia sin(14+30) = 8.34 A ##
Iaq = Ia cos(14+30) = 8.63 A ##
Draw the vector AC that represent IaXsd = 12.010 =120 V = 6.0 cm
From point C draw CD OQ, then the no-load voltage Ef1 is represented by the vector
OD = 15.3 cm = 306 V ##
Regulation = (306 231)/231 = 32.46% ##

G Z

H C
F Q
D
Ef2
B
Ef1
14
O
10 A
30
X2

X1

The output power is given as

3 !&' 3 ! B K= , = L
>?@A = sin 
CDE2 
= 2 = =

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

400 400B
3 306 3 (10 6.5)
>?@A = 3 sin(14) + 3
CDE(28)
10 2 65
>?@A = 5128.82 + 2022.34 = 7151.16 J
Now if the angle between voltage and current is decreased to 10 lag and the armature
current is kept constant at 12 A as obtained from eqn. (1)
Draw the vector AF = AB = 3.9 cm = 78 V and the current vector OX2
Draw the vector AG = AC = 6 cm = 120 V and the current vector OX2
Draw the vector OF that represent the new quadrature axis
The new load angle is FOA = 18 #
then the no-load voltage Ef2 is represented by the vector OH = 13.8 cm = 276 V #

Another solution (Analytical solution)

From phasor diagram,
IaqXsq = Va sin()
400
sin(14)
3
 = = 8.6 8
6.5
But Iaq = Ia cos(+)
8.6
 = = 11.96 8
cos (30 + 14)
Iad = Ia sin(+) = 11.96 cos (30+14) = 8.31 A
Ef1 = Va cos() + IadXsd = (400/3) cos(14) + 8.3110 = 307.2 V

3. Parallel Operation of Alternators

The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with
common bus-bars is known as synchronizing. Generally, alternators are used in a power
system where they are in parallel with many other alternators. It means that the alternator
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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

is connected to a live system of constant voltage and constant frequency. Often the
electrical system, to which the alternator is connected, has already so many alternators
and loads connected to it that no matter what power is delivered by the incoming
alternator, the voltage and frequency of the system remain the same. In that case, the
alternator is said to be connected to infinite bus-bars.
For proper synchronization of alternators, the following four conditions must be satisfied
1. The terminal voltage (effective) of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus-bar
voltage.
2. The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency (= PN/60) equals
bus-bar frequency.
3. The phase of the alternator voltage must be identical with the phase of the bus-bar
voltage.
4. The phase angle between identical phases must be zero.
It means that the switch must be closed at (or very near) the instant the two voltages have
correct phase relationship.
Condition (1) is indicated by a voltmeter, conditions (2), (3) and (4) are indicated by
synchronizing lamps or a synchronoscope.
The synchronizing lamp method is consists of 3 lamps connected between the phases of
the running 3-ph generator and the incoming generator as shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6 synchronizing generators to work in parallel

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

In 3-phase alternators, it is necessary to synchronize one phase only, the other two phases
will then be synchronized automatically. However, first it is necessary that the incoming
alternator is correctly phased out i.e. the phases are connected in the proper order of R,
Y, B and not R, B, Y etc.
Lamp L1 is connected between R and R, L2 between Y and B (not Y and Y) and L3
between B and Y (and not B and B) as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7, lamp light sequence corresponding to generator sequence

Two sets of star vectors will rotate at unequal speeds if the frequencies of the two
machines are different. If the incoming alternator is running faster, then voltage star
RYB will appear to rotate anticlockwise with respect to the bus-bar voltage star RYB at a
speed corresponding to the difference between their frequencies. With reference to Fig. 7,
it is seen that voltage across L1 is RR to be increasing from zero, and that across L2 is
YB which is decreasing, having just passed through its maximum, and that across L3 is

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

BY which is increasing and approaching its maximum. Hence, the lamps will light up one
after the other in the order 2, 3, 1; 2, 3, 1 or 1, 2, 3.
Now, suppose that the incoming machine is slightly slower. Then the star RYB will
appear to be rotating clockwise relative to voltage star RYB (Fig. 7). Here, we find that
voltage across L3 i.e. YB is decreasing having just passed through its maximum, that
across L2 i.e. YB is increasing and approaching its maximum, that across L1 is
decreasing having passed through its maximum earlier. Hence, the lamps will light
up one after the other in the order 3, 2, 1 ; 3, 2, 1, etc. which is just the reverse of the first
order. Usually, the three lamps are mounted at the three corners of a triangle and the
apparent direction of rotation of light indicates whether the incoming alternator is running
too fast or too slow (Fig. 8). Synchronization is done at the moment the uncrossed lamp
L1 is in the middle of the dark period. When the alternator voltage is too high for the
lamps to be used directly, then usually step-down transformers are used and the
synchronizing lamps are connected to the secondaries.
It will be noted that when the uncrossed lamp L1 is dark, the other two crossed lamps
L2 and L3 are dimly but equally bright. Hence, this method of synchronizing is also
sometimes known as two bright and one dark method.

Fig. 8,
It should be noted that synchronization by lamps is not quite accurate, because to a large
extent, it depends on the sense of correct judgment of the operator. Hence, to eliminate
the element of personal judgment in routine operation of alternators, the machines are
synchronized by a more accurate device called a synchronoscope as shown in Fig. 9. It
16 Dr. AHMED MOSTAFA HUSSEIN
 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

consists of 3 stationary coils and a rotating iron vane which is attached to a pointer. Out
of three coils, a pair is connected to one phase of the line and the other to the
corresponding machine terminals, potential transformer being usually used. The pointer
moves to one side or the other from its vertical position depending on whether the
incoming machine is too fast or too slow. For correct speed, the pointer points vertically
up.

Fig. 9 Synchronoscope
Consider two alternators with identical speed/load characteristics connected in parallel as
shown in Fig. 10. The common terminal voltage V is given by

Fig. 10, Two synchronous generators operate in parallel

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

The circulating current, Ic, under no-load condition is

Example:
Two 3-phase alternator operating in parallel have induced e.m.fs on open circuit of 230
0 and 230 10 volts and respective reactances of j2 and j3 . Calculate
(i) terminal voltage (ii) currents and (iii) power delivered by each of the alternators to a
load of impedance 6 (resistive).
Z1 = j 2.0, Z2 = j 3.0, Z = 6.0; E1 = 230 0 and E2 = 230 10= 226.5 + j 39.9

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

(iii) P1 = V I1 cos(1) = 223.214.73cos(14-7.3) = 3265.283 W/ph

P2 = V I2 cos(2) = 223.222.63cos(7.3-3.4) = 5039.32 W/ph

Example
Two synchronous generators operate in parallel to deliver a total load of 36000 kW at
0.866 p.f. lag. Both machines are rated as follows:
Machine I: 30000 kVA, 13.2 kV, Y connected, Xs=0.775 pu
Machine II: 12250 kVA, 13.2 kV, Y connected, Xs= 1.0 pu
Determine for each machine:
the kW, the kVA, the kVAR, the current, the p.f, the power angle and emf.

the phase voltage = 13.2/3 = 7.621 kV and is taken as a reference

For Load:
36000 1000
= = 1818.2352 8
3 13.2 1000 0.866
 = 1818.2352 30
For machine I:
30000 1000
P(QAR) = = 1312.16 8
3 13.2 1000

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

13.2 1000/3
ST RP = = 5.808
1312.16
 P = 0.775 5.808 = 4.5012
For machine 2:
12250 1000
B(QAR) = = 535.799 8
3 13.2 1000
13.2 1000/3
ST RP = = 14.224
535.799
 P = 1.0 14.224 = 14.224
Then we can calculate the actual current for the two generators as:
SB 14.22490
P =  = 1818.2352 30 = 1381.164 308
SP + SB 4.501290 + 14.22490
SP 4.501290
B =  = 1818.2352 30 = 437. 07 308
SP + SB 4.501290 + 14.22490
Since the synchronous impedance of both machines is pure reactance, the power factor of
both machines is similar to that of the load. This means
6. WP = 6. WB = 6. WX? = cos(30) = 0.866 YZ[
>P = 3 13.2 1000 1381.164 0.866 = 27.245346 IJ
>B = 3 13.2 1000 437.07 0.866 = 8.653732 IJ
As check if we add P1 and P2, we must obtain the load power
27.245346 + 8.653732 = 35.9 MW which is very near to 36 MW
sin(1) = +DE (2) = sin(30) = 0.5
\P = 3 13.2 1000 1381.164 0.5 = 15.788825 I!8;
\B = 3 13.2 1000 437.07 0.5 = 4.996381 I!8;

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 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

Salman Bin Abdel-Aziz University

]<f<e<^<^q<
College of Engineering
]<<
]<<
Department of Electrical Engineering
^e]<]<<
^e]<]<<
EE3360 Electrical Machines II
Sheet 3(Salient-pole Synchronous Machines) ^j]<j]
1- On a certain salient-pole synchronous generator, Xsd = 0.9 pu and Xsq=0.6 pu. The
machine is operating at full load, 0.8 p.f. lag. Calculate the value of excitation
voltage in terms of the terminal voltage. Calculate also the load angle and the
direct and quadrature component of current. Neglect Ra.
[16.9 pu, 19.4, 0.833 pu and 0.555 pu]
2- A 20 MVA, 3-phase, star-connected, 50-Hz, salient-pole has Xd = 1 p.u.; Xq =
0.65 p.u. and Ra = 0.01 p.u. The generator delivers 15 MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging to
an 11-kV, 50-Hz system. What is the load angle and excitation e.m.f. under these
conditions? [18; 1.73 p.u]
3- A salient-pole synchronous generator delivers rated kVA at 0.8 p.f. lagging at
rated terminal voltage. It has Xd = 1.0 p.u. and Xq = 0.6 p.u. If its armature
resistance is negligible, compute the excitation voltage under these conditions.
[1.77 p.u]
4- A 20-kVA, 220-V, 50-Hz, star-connected, 3-phase salient-pole synchronous
generator supplies load at a lagging power factor angle of 45. The phase
constants of the generator are Xd = 4.0 ; Xq = 2 and Ra = 0.5 . Calculate
(i) power angle and (ii) voltage regulation under the given load conditions.
[(i) 20.6 (ii) 142%]
5- A 3-phase salient-pole synchronous generator has Xd = 0.8 p.u.; Xq = 0.5 p.u. and
Ra = 0. Generator supplies full-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging at rated terminal voltage.
Compute (i) power angle and (ii) no-load voltage if excitation remains constant.
[(i) 17.1 (ii) 1.6 p.u]

21 Dr. AHMED MOSTAFA HUSSEIN

 Electrical Engineering Department Salman Bin Abdulaziz University
EE 3360 Electrical Machines (II) College of Engineering

6- A 3-phase alternator has a direct-axis synchronous reactance of 0.7 p.u. and a

quadrature axis synchronous reactance of 0.4 p.u. Draw the vector diagram for full-
load 0.8 p.f. lagging and obtain (i) the load angle and (ii) the no-load voltage.
[(i) 16.5 (ii) 1.553 p.u]
7- A 3-phase, star-connected, 50-Hz synchronous generator has direct-axis synchronous
reactance of 0.6 p.u. and quadrature-axis synchronous reactance of 0.45 p.u. The
generator delivers rated kVA at rated voltage. Draw the phasor diagram at full-load
0.8 p.f. lagging and hence calculate the open-circuit voltage and voltage regulation.
Resistive drop at full-load is 0.015 p.u. [15.3 & 1.448 p.u & 44.8%]
8- A 3-phase, Y-connected syn. generator supplies current of 10 A having phase angle of
20 lagging at 400 V. Find the load angle and the components of armature current Id
and Iq if Xd = 10 ohm and Xq = 6.5 ohm. Assume armature resistance to be
negligible. Then calculate the no-load voltage and the percentage regulation.
[8.23 & 4.73A, 8.81A & 443V, 10.75%]
9- Two three-phase, 6.6 kV, Y-connected, alternators supply a load of 3000 kW at 0.8 p.f.
lagging. The synchronous impedance per phase of machine A is 0.5+j10 and of
machine B is 0.4+j12 . The excitation of machine A is adjusted so that it delivers
150 A at a lagging p.f. The load is shared equally between the two machines.
Determine the current, p.f., induced emf and load angle of each machine.

10- Two synchronous generators operate in parallel to deliver a total load of 36000 kW
at 0.866 p.f. lag. Both machines are rated as follows:
Machine I: 30000 kVA, 13.2 kV, Y connected, Xs=0.775 pu
Machine II: 12250 kVA, 13.2 kV, Y connected, Xs= 1.0 pu
Determine for each machine:
the kW, the kVA, the kVAR, the current, the p.f, the power angle and emf.

22 Dr. AHMED MOSTAFA HUSSEIN