Chapter

4
Therapeutic Massage Techniques

Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, you will be
able to:
Identify conditions under which
massage is and is not performed,
known as indications and
contraindications.
Identify areas of endangerment
that are beyond the scope of the
entry-level massage therapist.
Describe the basic anatomical and
directional terms in order to begin
work on the body.
Describe the basic Swedish
massage strokes that form the
foundation of therapeutic massage.
Outline and begin to incorporate
all six considerations of application
into the massage strokes.
Understand and perform skeletal
muscle palpation to identify
spasms.
Recognize the difference between
massage sequence and flow, and
begin to choreograph a massage
routine.
Discuss and demonstrate proper
body mechanics for massage and
bodywork.
Practice a full massage routine for
both table and chair.

73
 Key Terms
areas of endangerment (p. 76) hypertrophy (p. 79) rhythm (p. 81)
compression (p. 86) indications and contraindications rocking (p. 86)
considerations (p. 74) (p. 74) shaking (p. 86)
contusion (p. 79) massage flow (p. 88) skin rolling (p. 86)
cramps (p. 79) massage sequence (p. 88) spasm (p. 78)
cross-stretch (p. 86) massage therapists intent (p. 89) speed of the stroke (p. 81)
depth or depth of pressure (p. 80) Meissners corpuscles (p. 80) strains (p. 79)
direction (p. 81) muscle atrophy (p. 79) supine (p. 88)
duration (p. 81) nerve stroke (p. 86) tapotement (p. 85)
effleurage (p. 81) palpation (p. 76) thumb presses (p. 88)
fine tremulous (p. 86) petrissage (p. 83) vibration (p. 85)
frequency (p. 81) prone (p. 88) wringing (p. 86)
friction (p. 84)

INTRODUCTION
All Western-oriented massage, whether it focuses on relaxation or more highly skilled work, is based on
Swedish massage and the strokes first formulated by a Swedish fencing master. The term Swedish is often
used to refer to a light or relaxation massage, whereas the term therapeutic massage denotes a more
contemporary massage that is corrective or rehabilitative.
Certain considerations or elements dictate the specifics of each stroke, such as amount of pressure,
the speed with which it is applied, and the length of time the stroke lasts. Your ability as a massage thera-
pist to blend these considerations (or mechanics) with fluid movements creates a complete and fully sat-
isfying massage that will appeal to a variety of clients.
For the entry-level massage therapist, general guidelines specify conditions where massage is and is
not warranted, commonly known as indications and contraindications. Further, there are areas of the
body known as areas of endangerment that require advanced training and are, therefore, not within the
scope of this text. For safety reasons, these precautions must be understood early on in the therapists
training. However, all massage therapists should follow the old adage, When in doubt, dont and the
medical credo Do no harm.

Indications and Massage therapists often find themselves in situations where they must ask the seem-
Contraindications ingly simple question: Can this person receive a massage at this time? There are a few
guidelines to follow that clearly state instances in which, or conditions where, massage
is recommended (indicated) and instances in which, or conditions where, massage is
not recommended (contraindicated).

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S To complicate matters further, some conditions are

local contraindications (so the rest of the body may receive massage), while some
conditions may require a different massage modality.

Below are basic guidelines that will aid you in your decision. For an in-depth look
at possible ramifications of working with clients taking medications, see chapter 22.

Indications
As mentioned in the Introduction and Overview, there are numerous benefits to receiv-
ing a massage and just as many conditions for which massage is indicated. First and

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foremost, circulatory massage, such as Swedish massage, increases circulation. The in-
dividual cells of the body depend on an abundant supply of blood and lymph. These
fluids supply nutrients and oxygen to the body as well as carry away wastes and toxins.
So, massage simply helps promote overall good health.
Massage facilitates the smooth flow of energy and communication among the car-
diovascular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, lymphatic, and nervous systemscreating
homeostasis (constancy and balance in the body). With reference to the integumentary
system, massage can often enhance skin condition. Massage directly improves the func-
tion of the oil and sweat glands that keep the skin lubricated, clean, and cooled. Tough,
inflexible skin can become softer and more supple following massage. A healthier, more
youthful appearance may be the result.
Massage also aids recovery from soft tissue injuries, such as sprains and strains. The
growth and repair of tissues are accelerated by efficient circulation in the injured areas
and appropriate stimulation of the healing tissues. Therefore, massage therapy can of-
ten help accelerate and improve recovery as well as reduce discomfort from such in-
juries (see chapter 13).
Finally, massage can have a calming effect on people who are high-strung (Type
A personalities) and people who have become dependent on pharmaceuticals or alco-
hol for rest and relaxation (although it should never replace physician-prescribed med-
ications for diagnosed mental or emotional disorders). Massage balances the nervous
system by soothing or stimulating nerves and neural pathways, depending on which ef-
fect is needed by the individual at the time of the massage.
Common afflictions such as muscle tightness and tension, insomnia, and tension
headache caused by stress; spasms and cramps (charley horses) resulting from sports
activities; digestive disorders (including constipation and spastic colon) encouraged by
a hectic lifestyle; arthritis, asthma, fibromyalgia, sinusitis, and temporomandibular
joint dysfunction caused by certain pathologies; carpal tunnel syndrome and thoracic
outlet syndrome caused by repetitive motions; and postural imbalances caused by tem-
porary conditions such as pregnancy or genetic conditions such as scoliosis all warrant
massage (see Introduction and Overview, and chapter 5). Generally, anytime a massage
will be beneficial to the person and no underlying causes of concern such as disease or
circulatory problems exist, it is considered an indication.

Contraindications
Contraindications may be general or local, specific to certain modalities, or determined
by medication use. Circulatory massage is considered a total contraindication in situa-
tions in which any modification, modality, or location would result in unsafe condi-
tions. A circulatory massage is defined as any massage modality, such as Swedish, that
directly moves blood and lymph through the body, as opposed to an acupressure mas-
sage that works on meridians, and indirectly affects the blood and lymph system.
Anytime a client has a severe condition (e.g., severe insulin-dependent diabetes or
high blood pressure), total or full-body circulatory massage is contraindicated. Edema
due to any heart, lung, liver, or kidney dysfunction is a contraindication for massage. The
response to touch (reflex effect on nervous system) could make the disease worse. In car-
diovascular diseases, massage could dislodge a thrombus (blood clot), resulting in an
embolus (floating blood clot) and causing heart attack or stroke. Abnormally high body
temperature, often an indication of acute infection, is a contraindication for massage.
Modifications to massage such as refraining from working on a certain area (local)
can be made to allow massage to the rest of the body. For example, you should not mas-
sage distal to (or below) varicose veins so you do not further damage already compro-
mised veins, but you may proceed with massage on the rest of the body (or massage
proximal to, above, the veins). Never perform massage over open wounds, lesions, or
other potentially infectious sores.
Many grey areas exist in which the therapist must draw on training and practical
experience to make an educated decision as to whether or not the client may receive a

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 massage. In some cases, it might be a quality of life issue. A terminally ill client, as in the
case of a cancer or AIDS patient, would benefit from the touch of a skilled and compas-
sionate therapist. In other cases, under a doctors guidance, a client may receive a spot
or area-specificmassage to alleviate pain. If you question whether or not you should
massage a client or specific area, do not do so until you have further clarification from
another health care professional. It is far better to lose one massage than cause harm to
a client. If your gut says no, listen!
Depending on the situation, you may be able to switch to another modality, such
as Thai massage or Reiki. For example women who are breast cancer survivors may ben-
efit from Thai massage or shiatsu. A small amount of localized acupressure massage and
gentle stretching can be both relaxing and balancing for women emerging from a very
difficult time. Further, energy work can be an excellent alternative to circulatory mas-
sage. Again, conditions that are contraindicated for circulatory full-body massage (such
as lupus) may not be compromised by other modalities.
A client on anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen) or analgesics (aspirin and acetamino-
phen) may not be able to accurately assess pain levels during a massage. A client taking
muscle relaxants will have an altered sense of stretch response, prohibiting very deep
work. Circulatory massage is contraindicated for any client on an anticoagulant. Med-
ications that slow the clotting process would be compromised by massage that increases
blood flow.

Areas of Areas of endangerment are areas of the body where no pressure or no deep application
Endangerment of pressure is recommended because of underlying structures such as nerves, arteries,
veins, and vital organs. Most areas of endangerment are located at joints, such as the
back of the knee (popliteal region) or inside of the elbow (cubital region). There are a
few instances where application of pressure to these areas is acceptable; however, this
application requires highly specific training that does not fall within the entry-level
massage therapists scope of practice. The Think About It in this chapter lists areas of
endangerment on the body. Figure 4.1 illustrates the location of these sites.

Directional Before working on the body, a complete understanding of body regions and directional
Terms terms is necessary. The body is discussed as it is held in anatomical position: standing
erect with head and feet forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward. The extrem-
ities refer to the hands, arms, feet, and legs. The torso (or trunk) is the body from the
chest cavity to the abdominal cavity, minus the head and neck. Medial refers to toward
the midline of the body, while lateral refers to away from the midline. In any circulatory
massage, work is done centripetally, which means toward the heart. See chapter 6 for a
detailed discussion of directional terms. Also, begin to familiarize yourself with the
muscles and their location and bony landmarks by reading chapters 8 and 9.

The Art of Simply stated, palpation is the art of observing with your eyes, touching with your
Skeletal Muscle hands, and identifying with your eyes and hands. When you palpate, you are using the
art of touch to evaluate the body. Although there are many types of body palpation, we
Palpation will focus on accessing the skeletal muscle structure and function. The purpose of the
massage therapists initial palpation evaluation is to determine whether skeletal mus-
cles and their connective tissue coverings are functioning normally or abnormally. This
will greatly assist you in determining the type of massage strokesas well as the
amount of pressure applied with the strokesthat are best suited to your client.
Detailed discussions of anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology can be found in part
2 of this text, but for our purposes here, a brief overview of anatomy and physiology re-

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 3 endangerment areas of the neck Figure 4.1
1 Inferior to ear (a) Areas of endangerment
2 Anterior
in the supine position.
3 Posterior Abdominal aorta
(b) Areas of endangerment
in the prone position.

(a) Axilla (armpit) Femoral triangle

2 endangerment areas of the elbow

1 Cubital (anterior)
Medial brachium 2 Ulnar notch (funny bone) Popliteal fossa

(b) (Back) kidneys

www.mhhe.com Chapter 4 Therapeutic Massage Techniques 77

 Think About It Areas of Endangerment

1. Inferior to the ear

Location: notch posterior to the ramus of the mandible
Structure of concern: facial nerve, external carotid artery, styloid process
2. Anterior triangle of the neck
Location: borders formed by SCM, trachea, and mandible
Structures of concern: carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve
3. Posterior triangle of the neck
Location: borders formed by SCM, trapezius, and clavicle
Structures of concern: brachial plexus, subclavian artery, jugular, brachiocephalic vein
4. Axilla
Location: armpit
Structures of concern: axillary, median, musculocutaneous, and ulnar nerves; axillary
artery
5. Medial brachium
Location: upper inner arm between biceps and triceps
Structures of concern: ulnar, musculocutaneous, and median nerves; superior ulnar
artery, brachial artery, basilic vein
6. Cubital area of the elbow
Location: anterior bend of the elbow
Structures of concern: median nerve, radial and ulnar arteries, median cubital vein
7. Ulnar notch of the elbow
Location: funny bone between the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the
olecranon process of the ulna
Structures of concern: ulnar nerve
8. Femoral triangle
Location: bordered by the sartorius muscle, adductor longus, and inguinal ligament
Structures of concern: femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, great saphenous vein
9. Popliteal fossa
Location: posterior aspect of the knee bordered by gastrocnemius and hamstring
Structures of concern: tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve, popliteal vein
10. Abdomen
Location: midabdomen
Structures of concern: aorta
11. Back (Kidneys)
Location: against the posterior abdominal wall at the level of T-12 to L-3 (under the
twelfth rib); the right kidney is slightly lower than the left
Structure of concern: kidney

veals that skeletal striated muscles are voluntary and controlled by conscious action of
the central nervous system. They are named for the action they do, the region of the
body they are found in, and their attachment sites to the skeleton. Skeletal muscles pro-
duce movement of body levers. Most massage procedures primarily affect skeletal mus-
cles and their connective tissue coverings.

E X A M P O I N T Normal muscle contraction is palpated as a slight increase in

tension as the muscle shortens.

The most commonly palpated muscle dysfunction is a spasm. Spasms are palpated
as an increase in muscle tension due to increased shortening (hypertonicity), which the

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client cannot release voluntarily. This muscle tension prevents lengthening of the mus-
cles involved. Injury, disease, or emotional stress are the usual causes of muscle spasms.
Cramps are involuntary muscle twitches; they are palpable as muscle swelling and
usually observable as quivering or palpitating of the muscle tissue. Convulsions are also
involuntary spasms of a muscle that usually present a series of jerking movements in
the muscle. Minor trauma to the body may cause a contusion or muscle bruise.

E X A M P O I N T Internal bleeding caused by the contusion will be palpable as

swelling due to inflammation.

Tetonic contracture of muscle tissue results in continuous muscular contractions due

to tonic or sustained spasm or fibrosis. It will palpate as a hardening of the muscle tis-
sue and is usually observable as persistent twitching or a quick jerking of the muscle.
The most common injuries to muscle tissue are strains (torn, overstretched, or hy-
potonicity) of muscles. Strains are palpated by the degree or grade of strain. Grade I is
an overstretching of only a few muscle fibers with minimal or no tearing of the fibers.
Grade I may or may not be palpable or visually observable. Grade II consists of a partial
tear in less than half of the muscle. Grade II strains show a thickening of the muscle tis-
sue (which is palpable), and there may be some bleeding where the overlying skin may
be discolored. Grade III presents tearing of up to 100% of the muscle. It is palpable by a
depression or bunching of the muscle with very observable skin discoloration.

EXAM POINT Strains occur mostly in the belly of the muscle or at

musculotendinous junctions.

Muscle atrophy is a wasting away of the tissue and is palpable by a decrease in the
overall width of the muscle. Hypertrophy is an increase or broadening of the muscle
due to vigorous activity or exercise. It is palpable by an enlargement of the muscle fibers.
Flaccid muscles diminish in breadth due to a lack of muscle activity or exercise. They
palpate as being very relaxed or without normal muscle tone.
The art of muscle palpation is a very important skill to develop as a massage ther-
apist. It requires an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the instruments
used in palpation. Recall that these instruments are your eyes and hands (primarily the
fingertips). In the clinical artistry of palpation, you must also be aware of how the act
of observation and touch may change the anatomy and physiology of the muscle tissue.

Methodology
Many methods of muscle palpation are available to the massage practitioner. They
range from intrusive to nonintrusive, active to passive, and very firm contact to little or
almost no pressure at all. Firm or heavy pressure may cause muscles to tighten as the
body responds to the force of the massage therapists hand. The information gathered
from forceful palpation may indicate more about the bodys defense mechanisms than
the actual condition of the muscle tissue and its connective tissue coverings.
Noninvasive, light palpation elicits no resistance from the body and more accu-
rately detects the condition of the muscle tissue.

TECHNIQUE EMPHASIS When you palpate, remember the acronym PALPATE,

or P ress Always Lightly, Perceive At T he Exterior.

To accurately detect the condition of a muscle, you use the encapsulated nerve end-
ings in your fingertips and pads to relay the information gathered to the brain. When

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 you palpate nonintrusively, you use Meissners corpuscles for fine touch (see chapter
9). These corpuscles are located at the papillae of the dermis right underneath the epi-
dermis (or outer covering of the skin).
Your goal in muscle palpation is to be like a dry sponge placed in a pool of water
where information is absorbed through your hands. You can then accurately and pre-
cisely access the condition of your clients skeletal muscular system and proceed to mas-
sage using the most beneficial and effective routine for that individual.

Introduction E X A M P O I N T Swedish massage was first formulated by Per Henrik Ling, a

to Massage Swedish gymnastic instructor and fencing master, in the early 1800s. Lings program
provided the foundation for modern-day therapeutic massage and physical therapy.
and Bodywork
Extensive travel through Asia gave Ling a background in martial arts and Eastern
bodywork practices that he incorporated into Swedish gymnastics. These movements
became the basis for body mechanics every Western-oriented therapist uses when
working at the massage table.

E X A M P O I N T Although a Swede formulated the massage techniques or strokes,

it was a Dutch physician, Johann Mezger, who was responsible for applying French and
Latin terms to these techniques or strokes.

These terms are still in use today.

E X A M P O I N T There are five basic Swedish massage strokes, all of which can be
used in the varied forms of therapeutic massage: effleurage, petrissage, friction,
tapotement, and vibration.

Additional strokes such as compression, skin rolling, rocking, and shaking are de-
rivatives of the basic five strokes. All of the massage strokes can be applied using one or
both hands.

Considerations in Applying Massage Strokes

Generally, the application of any massage stroke involves six elements or considera-
tions: depth, speed, rhythm, duration, direction, and frequency. Beginning massage
therapists will have to consciously work at incorporating these considerations into their
massage. With practice and experience, however, these considerations will become sec-
ond nature, and the mechanical feeling will evolve into one of fluidity.
Depth or depth of pressure is the amount of force a stroke applies to the tissue. Re-
gardless of what implement is used (thumb, heel of hand, or forearm), the amount of
force you apply to the tissue depends on the desired result. If the stroke is performed
with the intent of spreading lubricant, the depth of pressure will be less penetrating
than if the intent is to reach deep into the tissue and break up adhesions.
Depth of pressure should be increased gradually and with great care. Imagine a
friend giving you a high five as opposed to a punch in the arm. The high five is a
warm gesture that is amicably received, whereas the punch is startling. With the
punch, the body flinches, recoils, or withdraws in an attempt to protect itself. Mus-
cles react in the same manner; they contract to guard themselves. Muscle contrac-

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tion produces a protective mode that is counterproductive to effective work on the
muscle.
Depth of pressure also depends on the clients tolerance. What is deep pressure to
one client may not be deep to another. You should periodically ask your client about the
pressure. Always watch for signs of discomfort, such as the client making a fist, holding
the breath, or tightening facial muscles. Clients do not often verbalize pain; they believe
that you, as the trained professional, know what is best. Finally, depth of pressure may
change from one area of the body to another with the same client. Many people can take
a good deal of pressure on their back but very little pressure on their legs, for example.
Speed of the stroke is how fast or slow a stroke is performed. Depending on the de-
sired responserelaxation or invigorationany stroke may be applied slowly or
quickly. For example, compression applied with slow, rhythmic presses flushes lactic acid
out of a muscle, while compression done quickly pumps fresh blood into the muscle and
prepares it for action. In general, slow strokes soothe while fast strokes wake up.
Rhythm is the regularity or constancy with which a stroke is applied. As with speed,
rhythm can be slow or fast, depending on the desired result. Rhythm can speak to the over-
all tone of the massage; therapists must refrain from working in a herky-jerky fashion.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Recall the analogy of the massage session as a

dance; the massage therapist leads the dance through fluid steps in keeping with a
beat.

Duration is twofold; it can be the length of time each stroke lasts during its appli-
cation or the length of time the stroke remains on any given body part. Again, if the de-
sired result is relaxation, a slower and longer stroke is used. Longer, here, refers to the
amount of tissue traversed, for example, the entire leg from foot to top of thigh. Sec-
ond, the amount of time spent on any given area, such as the entire time spent on the
leg, denotes duration.
Direction is the path or track of the stroke. On the extremities, the direction is cen-
tripetally or toward the heart. (Blood flows to the heart through veins, which have one-
way valves. Pressure on these valves must be exerted in one direction only; hence,
application of any massage stroke pushing blood through these valves must be toward
the heart.) For example, effleuraging up the leg is applying effleurage from the foot, over
the lower leg, and over the upper leg to the upper thigh (toward the heart).
Frequency is the number of times each stroke is performed. In general, the rule of
threes applies: each stroke is performed three times before transitioning to another
stroke or area of the body. To spread lubricant, for example, effleurage is applied three
times, followed by transitioning to another stroke such as petrissage.

The Strokes
Definition
Effleurage is from the French word effleurer, meaning to glide. Effleurage is consid-
ered a warming and gliding stroke and is used in many different ways. This stroke is
demonstrated in figure 4.2. Effleurage is used to spread lubricant, to warm up the tis-
sues to prepare them for deeper work, to transition to other strokes or other areas of the
body, and to serve as a finishing stroke. Additionally, effleurage can be used during pal-
pation to subtly identify muscles and tendons. In this manner, you palpate with finesse
rather than poking or prodding.

EXAM POINT Given all of these applications, effleurage is considered the most
versatile stroke of all.

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 Figure 4.2
(a) One-handed effleurage. (b) Two-handed
effleurage. (c) Effleurage using ulnar side of
hand. (d ) Effleurage using thumb. (e) Forearm
effleurage. ( f ) Proper placement of hands for
effleurage on pectoralis. ( g) Effleurage using a
loose fist.

(a)

(b) (c)

(d) (e)

(f) (g)

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Application
Effleurage is applied with a flat hand, using the full palmar and finger surface, in a glid-
ing manner. As the hands glide over the body, they fully follow the contours of the body,
remaining in constant contact throughout the stroke. Any stroke that glides over the
bodywhether it is done with the hands, fingers, thumbs, forearms, or any other body
partis considered an effleurage stroke.

Considerations
The depth of an effleurage stroke can be light, moderate, or deep. As the stroke is first
applied and lubricant is spread, the depth is fairly light, graduating to more moderate
or deeper pressure as the tissue warms and the massage progresses. The speed with
which this stroke is applied depends on the intent (i.e., slow to soothe and relax or fast
to wake up the muscles). Effleurage is most often performed with constancy lasting an
even amount of time. As a general rule, effleurage at least three times at the beginning,
in between, and at the end of other strokes or parts of the body (to make sure the lubri-
cant is adequately spread, the tissues are warmed, and to provide a finishing stroke). On
the extremities, the direction is always toward the heartcentripetallyor with venous
(blood) flow. On the torso or the back, the direction is not restricted to moving toward
the heart.

Physiological Effect
Effleurage has the effect of calming down any nerves that may have become irritated.
Firmly applied effleurage accelerates blood and lymph flow, and improves tissue
drainage, which in turn reduces recent swelling. Rapid strokes, however, have the oppo-
site effect; muscle tone is increased and tissue is stimulated.

Definition
Petrissage is from the French word patrir, meaning to knead; petrissage is also re-
ferred to as milking or wringing (figure 4.3). This stroke is perhaps the hardest
stroke for new students to master since it involves the use of the C part of the hand (be-
tween the thumb and first finger, or the webbing) as the primary pressure point.
Petrissage almost always follows effleurage to further warm the muscle tissue. It can be
applied with two hands or one, and is done toward the heart on the extremities.

Figure 4.3 Two-handed

petrissage

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 Application
The C of the hand is used to push down into the muscle, grasp the muscle, pull it di-
rectly up off the bone, and release the tissue in a somewhat backward half-circle mo-
tion. In two-handed petrissage, both hands alternate in performing the same motion.
The movement is helped with proper body mechanics; bending your left knee helps
your left hand to drive down into the muscle, and bending your right knee helps your
right hand.

Considerations
By its very nature, the depth of pressure of the petrissage stroke is somewhat deeper
than that of other strokes. The speed and duration with which the stroke is performed
depend on intent (the desired result being waking up the tissue). In two-handed petris-
sage, the rhythm is usually consistent between the two hands. Again, the direction on
the extremities is always toward the heart. The frequency depends on the surface area
covered (generally, it is performed more times on larger muscle groups such as the
quadriceps or thigh muscles).

Physiological Effects
Kneading promotes the flow of tissue fluids and encourages increased blood flow by va-
sodilation. These effects help reduce swelling and resolve inflammation. Rigorous or
deep kneading decreases muscle spasms by resetting the muscle spindles and allowing
for lengthening of tissues shortened by injury.

Definition
Friction comes from the Latin word frictio, meaning to rub; friction often follows
petrissage.

E X A M P O I N T Friction is the best stroke to break up adhesions (or muscle

spasms) since it sinks deep into the muscle tissue and works to break apart and realign
muscle fibers (figure 4.4).

Figure 4.4 Friction with

the thumb

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Application
Friction can be done with the thumbs (most common), the heel of hands, and the el-
bows. This stroke is applied in a parallel (in the direction of the fibers) or cross-fiber
(across the direction ofor perpendicular tothe fibers) direction, or circular mo-
tion. It is performed with little or no lubricant.

Considerations
Unlike effleurage, the success of friction depends on not gliding over tissue; therefore,
depth is important and movement is isolated to the underlying muscle and tendon fibers.
As mentioned earlier, friction can be applied in three ways: (1) parallel, (2) cross-fiber,
or (3) in a circular motion. The rhythm is constant, the speed is slow, and the duration is
kept to a minimum as the stroke is intense. The frequency with which this stroke is used
depends on your clients needs; suffice it to say, however, that you would not want to do a
deep frictioning massage on the entire body!

Physiological Effects
Friction is aimed directly at the site of injury to mobilize muscle; separate adhesions in
muscle, tendon, or scar tissue; and restore fibers to a more normal alignment for freer
movement.

Definition
Tapotement is derived from the Old French term tapir, meaning light blow. Tapote-
ment is a percussion stroke with the blow being immediately pulled off the muscle as
soon as the hand strikes the tissue. There are six types of tapotements: hacking/quack-
ing, beating, cupping, slapping, tapping, and pincement (pinching).

Application
Hacking/quacking are performed using the ulnar side (little finger side) of the hand in
alternating blows with the wrists kept loose. Beating is performed with the ulnar side of
the hand and loose fists. Cupping is performed with the palmar side of the hand in con-
cave position. Slapping is performed with the palmar side of the with usually more fin-
ger surface than palm. Tapping and pincement are both performed using the fingertips.

Considerations
Depending on which of the six tapotements is used and where, the six considerations
of application will vary. Tapotements are not performed over the kidneys or bony sur-
faces.

Physiological Effects
The many variations of tapotement are stimulating initially but can become sedating
with prolonged use. In this case, tapotements promote relaxation, desensitize irritated
nerve endings, and break up congestion in the lung.

Definition
Vibration comes from the Latin term for shaker; vibration is a stroke that ranges from
quick shaking to rhythmic rocking. It is an excellent stroke to both wake up tissue and
encourage a client to let go of a limb that is unconsciously held in partial contraction.

Application
Performed with two hands enveloping the muscle and quickly oscillating back and
forth, vibration is a preparatory stroke that increases circulation to get the muscle ready
for sports competition. Both fingertips and hands can be used to apply continuous
movement.

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 Considerations
Vibration can be done lightly or vigorously for varying lengths of time. As with the
other strokes, use and application depend on the clients needs.

Physiological Effects
Vibration decreases hypertonicity in muscles by interrupting or distracting the recep-
tors in the surrounding tissue or joint. It also stimulates nerve fibers and facilitates neu-
romuscular reeducation or rehabilitation techniques.

Additional Strokes
There are other strokes that some massage professionals consider to be derivatives or
extensions of the five basic Swedish strokes. Other professionals consider these to be
strokes in their own right. These strokes often are labeled for the modality with which
they are associated, such as sports massage.
Compression is performed with the fist most often but can be applied with thumb,
flat hand, elbows, or feet. Compression is performed by pushing directly down into the
tissue and may be accompanied by a slight twist (figure 4.5).
Skin rolling is a stroke that addresses the skin and connective tissue. Skin rolling is
performed by picking up the skin and connective tissue between the fingers and thumbs
and rolling the tissue over the thumbs (figure 4.6).
Rocking is a stroke often used at the beginning and end of the massage to gently
soothe the client by affecting the nervous system. Both hands are placed on the body,
one on the lower cervical/upper thoracic area and one on the low back; then they gen-
erate a gentle, rocking motion.
Although shaking is similar to rocking, it is considered a gentler stroke than vibra-
tion. Shaking can encourage letting go when a client is unconsciously holding onto
tension, which can make it difficult to work on a body part.
Fine tremulous is classified by some texts as a shaking stroke, while others list it
with vibration. Fingertips are gently placed on the skin with a light, quick, and steady
vibration movement stroking downward or outward.
Nerve stroke is a finishing stroke done with the fingertips of both hands lightly
stroking down in an alternating fashion. It is sometimes considered an energy technique.
Wringing, a form of petrissage, is actually considered a sports massage stroke. As
figure 4.7 shows, this stroke involves a twist (see chapter 13).
Cross-stretch (figure 4.8) is a myofascial release stretch that begins tissue release.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.5
(a) Compression with back of fist. (b) Direct-sustained pressure with thumb (a compression). (c) Compression broadening (also
known as broadening/lifting).

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 Figure 4.6 Skin rolling

Figure 4.7 Wringing

Figure 4.8 Cross-stretch (a

myofascial release
technique)

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 Thumb presses originate from Eastern modalities such as Thai massage and shi-
atsu and are used to hold pressure points. Thumb presses are performed with the pad
of the thumb close to the nail (but not the nail).
Today, massage therapists who have furthered their education and extended their
practice beyond the basic Swedish strokes perform what is often called therapeutic mas-
sage. Such a practice uses the full compliment of strokes or techniques. As you further
your studies in both Western therapeutic massage and Eastern modalities, you can
blend these techniques for an all-encompassing massage and bodywork session. As you
will learn in the sections that follow, massage is an artful dance balancing simplicity
with complexity in the integral flow of life.

Sequence As a beginning massage student, you must concentrate on the technical aspects of the
and Flow strokes and the body mechanics that help to deliver those strokes. However, as soon as
you are comfortable with the application of strokes, turn your attention to the flow and
intent of the massage.
Although a massage can be organized in many ways in terms of sequence or order,
it is the flow that unifies the massage. Transitioning from one massage stroke to another
or from one body part to another requires fluid movements. A great massage is the re-
sult of planning and feeling. The therapists intent is to offer to the client a full hour
(or whatever the time frame is) of focused work that is nothing short of an artful per-
formance. Using dance as an analogy for the massage, the dance steps falling in a cer-
tain order is the sequence, with one number flowing into the next to create the overall
performance and work of art. Massage students should view themselves as choreogra-
phers of a wonderful dance that without their compassion and spirit would be nothing
more than a conglomeration of strokes. Without this choreography, a therapist can be
technically correct but not deliver a massage that is memorable and complete.
Descriptive terms for the massage sequence are mechanical, technical, thorough,
efficient, organized, and logical. Descriptive terms for the massage flow are centered,
fluid, connected, focused, transitional, and passionate.

Sequence
The client can be positioned on the massage table either prone (face down) or supine
(face up). The decision to start either prone or supine may be dictated by many fac-
tors, such as the needs or desires of the client, the purpose of the massage, time param-
eters, and so on. In general, starting prone works well for most situations since many
clients complain of back, shoulder, and neck pain. It is a good idea to address your
clients chief complaint first, then work on other areas of the body (time permitting).
A typical massage in prone position would begin with work on the back, followed by
right leg and foot, then left leg and foot. You can also work on the right foot and leg,
then left foot and leg, followed by the back. Starting with the feet and legs allows for
application of a heat pack to the back, thereby warming the tissues before working
deeply. With Eastern modalities, the work is from the feet up to the crown chakra; the
client is turned supine, and work begins on the left foot and leg, followed by right foot
and leg, right hand and arm, left hand and arm, chest, neck, and head and face.
A common sequence for beginning massage in the supine position would be to
start with the face, head, and neck, followed by the chest, right hand and arm, left hand
and arm, left foot and leg, and right foot and leg.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Some therapists choose to work in either a

clockwise or counterclockwise direction when working in the supine position (i.e., right
hand and arm, right foot and leg, left foot and leg, left hand and foot). The client is then
turned prone to work on the back, feet, and legs.

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Flow
It is simplistic to say the massage must follow a logical sequence to flow. It is more ac-
curate to say the individual parts must relate to the whole via the therapists ability to
make smooth transitions. Keep in mind that the sequence emanates from what the
clients body tells you. Work may move around the body within one session, depending
on what the body requires; sometimes, the work will be light, sometimes deep. At times,
you may need to ease up on a certain area, move to another body part, and then come
back to the area of concern when it is better tolerated or accepted by the clients body.
Such an intuitive approach creates a wonderful flow.
All massage therapists approach their work from a nurturing perspective; the very
nature of massage requires the therapist possess compassion, concern for others, well-
being, and a desire to heal. Whereas the sequence can be considered the more
impersonal side of massage, the flow can be regarded as the personal side. Many clients
choose a particular therapist because they feel a certain connectedness or a bond with
that person. Indeed, the massage becomes infused with the therapists personality, phi-
losophy, and spirituality: this is also known as the massage therapists intent.
Strive to maintain continuity throughout the massage by remaining in contact
with the clients body as much as possible. Contact here is both physical and mental. It
is impractical to always have physical contact; however, it is imperative you maintain
mental contact by staying focused on the massage. Resist all interruptions or distrac-
tions, such as thinking about what you are doing later that day or what errands you
have to accomplish on your way home. A client can tell if your attention is elsewhere.

Whether you are performing massage at the table, chair, or on the mat, it is most im- Body Mechanics
portant to use proper body mechanics at all times. Proper body mechanics ensure that
the least amount of stress possible is placed on your body at any given moment. This is
especially important if you are working in a setting in which you perform four or five
massages back to back. Following proper body mechanics guidelines will also set the
stage for a long career in massage therapy. In addition to these guidelines listed below,
please read the section in chapter 6 entitled Prevention and Healthy Living for further
discussion of maintaining good posture at home and work, proper lifting techniques,
and improving sleeping habits. See also the section entitled Biomechanics and Mas-
sage in chapter 6 for further recommendations of proper positioning during massage.
Remember, whatever the methodology, good body mechanics have their foundation in
working from your center of gravity and establishing balance.

Guidelines
First, and foremost, find your center of gravity. If you are unaware of its presence in
your body, develop a feel for it through yoga, Tai chi, martial arts, dance, gymnastics,
or a similar practice.

E X A M P O I N T In the martial arts and Eastern modalities, the center of gravity is

called the hara or tuntein.

If you are familiar with yoga and chakras, your center of gravity is found between
the solar plexus and sacral chakras.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Remain centered and grounded in this center of

gravity at all times by breathing into and out of this area.

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 Any and all movements should emanate from this center as well. Keep weight equally
balanced over the pelvis and legs, with knees soft, when standing symmetrically.
When you are standing asymmetrically, such as when performing effleurage up the
leg from the side of the table, always keep your weight balanced between your front and
back legs with emphasis on the back foot and leg; this corresponds to the yoga asana of
the Warrior (Virabhdrasana). (See chapter 19 for further information). Do not allow
the knee to bend more than 90 degrees, moving past the ankle, as this could cause in-
jury to the knee. Although this is the basic posture for Swedish massage at the side of
the table, please note that other modalities (such as Lomi lomi) involve specific foot-
work that has you dancing or flying around the table, yet operating from a very sta-
ble, balanced position.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Weight on each foot is spread across what is

referred to in yoga as the tripod of the foot.

Draw an imaginary line from the big toe edge, horizontally across to the little toe
edge, down to the center of the heel, and back up to locate the tripod. Refer to figure 4.9
for some examples of body mechanics. Figure 4.10 illustrates the tripod points.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Keep the back relatively straight and lengthened

by imagining space between each vertebra, rather than straight and stiff in a military
fashion.

Shoulders should remain over or slightly in front of hips. The length in the back
should continue up through the cervical spine. Remember, the head can weigh up to 6
pounds; occasionally look up and straight ahead rather than down at the body you are
working on to lessen neck strain.
Shoulders should be relaxed and down.

TECHNIQUE EMPHASIS Avoid drawing the shoulders up toward the ears

using the upper trapezius.

This action will create tired shoulders after a long day. If using the forearm in a
technique, keep the shoulder over or slightly behind the elbow to avoid putting pres-
sure on or damaging the shoulder joint.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Further, recognize that the strength of each stroke

flows from the floor up through your legs, torso, shoulder, and down your arms. Elbows are
kept soft, not locked or hyperextended.

The pad toward the tip of the thumb is used for all work, not the nail tip or first joint.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S If using the thumb for gliding, especially if deep

gliding work is done, keeping the thumb joints and wrist in alignment is of the utmost
importance.

With developed palpation and usage skills, the elbow is a great substitute for the
thumb. Some therapists also find it more comfortable to use a knobble of a T-Bar for
holding pressure points. When using the heel of the hand, do not put undue pressure
on a hyperextended wrist.

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(a) An example of good body mechanics at the table (b) An example of poor body mechanics at the table
This therapist is perfectly balanced, keeping shoulders relaxed The therapist is off balance, having thrown her weight onto the
and down and slightly in front of hips. Her weight is on the back front leg. Shoulders are drawn up, showing tension; elbows are
leg and foot, and her head is up. locked with wrists in hyperflexion; and head is down, creating
strain on the neck and shoulders.

(c) An example of good body mechanics at the chair (d) An example of poor body mechanics at the chair
This therapist is perfectly balanced, keeping shoulders over hips, The therapist is off balance; torso is concave, shifting his center
weight on the back leg and foot, and head up. of gravity (hara) backward.

Figure 4.9

If you perform any of the bodywork modalities such as Thai massage or shiatsu,
you will likely be working on the floor on a dense mat. In this case, it is still important
to acknowledge and work from your center of gravity, which is relatively close to the
floor. Keep your back as straight as possible without being rigid, with shoulders
slightly in front of the hips. Weight can be shifted forward to move a part of the
clients body via a lunge (one knee on the floor, one knee off with a 90-degree bend).
For any pressure-point holding, position your body above the point with thumbs,
wrists, elbows, and shoulders soft and in alignment. Do not allow your head to drop;
this will help to prevent the neck muscles from becoming tired.
Remember that the objective of the Eastern modalities is to work effortlessly but
effectively by using your body positioning and moving the clients body, rather than
using sheer strength from your upper body. For example, with the client in prone po-
sition on the mat, cup the front of the shoulder and draw it back against your thumb,
which is positioned along the vertebral border of the scapula. With this technique, less

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 Figure 4.10 Digits (IV)
To find the tripod of the foot, draw an
imaginary line on the bottom of the II
Hallux (great toe)
foot from the ball of the foot under III I
the big toe, over to the little toe
IV
edge, down to the center of the heel,
and back up to the ball of the foot.
V
Head of
metatarsal I
Transverse arch
Head of
metatarsal V
Abductor digiti
minimi
Abductor hallucis
Medial longitudinal
arch
Lateral longitudinal
arch

Lateral malleolus

Calcaneus

pressure tends to be put on individual joints (such as the thumb) as you are not push-
ing into the rhomboid attachments at the scapula. Working in this fashion in the East-
ern modalities, use the clients body to his or her advantage. It is common in Thailand
to massage from sunrise to sunset as a normal workday!

Table Massage Set the massage table to the proper height after meeting with the client and determin-
Sequence ing the appropriate type of massage or modalities you may include. A general rule of
thumb is fingertips or knuckles should brush the top of the table as you stand next to
it; set it on the higher side for lighter work or smaller bodies and on the lower side for
deeper work or larger bodies. Having discussed any recent concerns with the client or
reviewed previous session notes, you are ready to choreograph that dance with your
client and fully envelop your client in the massage experience. Be sure to familiarize
yourself with the basic strokes, elementary anatomy, indications and contraindications,
and basic safety precautions before beginning to practice a full sequence.
The sequence described here does not illustrate any spinal deviations and is per-
formed with lubricant, except for the deep tissue sculpting move down the back. It
starts with basic thumb glides; this stroke can later evolve into thumb stripping once
you have learned about muscle physiology and understand frictioning along or across
muscle fibers. Time frames are mentioned only as a guide to help the new student gauge
time; the time will be shorter for new students using only a couple of the basic strokes
and longer if the client has specific issues, such as a low back or shoulder problem.
Finally, this sequence includes a few pressure points with the work on the feet and
hands, abdominals, shoulders, and neck and face taken from Thai massage. It is a great
way to begin blending more Eastern-style modalities with Western therapeutic mas-
sage. Those who are not comfortable with (or do not choose to work in Eastern modal-

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 Figure 4.11 Client
positioned prone

ities) may simply omit these points. Stretches, based on Eastern and Western principles
of movement (see chapters 13 and 19), are not included here but can be added after you
become proficient with the strokes, techniques, and draping.
In the sequence, you are the choreographer whothrough knowledge, skill, and
intentchoreographs the dance and creates the art of massage.

Prone
Ask your client to sit in the middle of the table, then lay on her side, using the arms to
support her weight while lying down (figure 4.11). Have her turn onto her stomach
with her face in the face cradle. Place a bolster under the ankles and adjust the drape
(see chapters 2 and 3 for information concerning positioning, draping, and bolstering).

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Begin each massage by taking a few moments to

center yourself through deep breathing and focus on the client in front of you.

Deep, rhythmic breathing by you, the therapist, throughout the massage will help
you maintain your focus, connect with your client, and facilitate the flow of the mas-
sage (see chapter 19).

Feet and Legs (Approximately 10 Minutes)

Figure 4.12 illustrates the prone sequence for feet and legs. Gently place your hands on
the clients heels to initiate touch. Undrape the clients right leg. Effleurage the entire foot
and leg several times to spread the lubricant and warm the tissues. Work on the bottoms
of the feet using alternating one-handed petrissage, horizontal and vertical thumb glides,
and static pressure on acupressure points (six points: starting under the middle toe,
move one thumbs width down toward the heel for point 2, move one thumbs width
down for point 3, move one thumbs width over toward the arch for point 4, move one
thumbs width up for point 5, move one thumbs width up to just under the big toe for
point 6). Use compression/broadening on the heels, followed by sliding the ulnar side of
the hand back and forth over the Achilles heel. Follow with hand over hand up the gas-
trocnemius and soleus. Petrissage the center, medial, and lateral aspects of the lower leg
from ankle to just below the knee; follow with thumb glides, stopping to friction any
spasms. Use compression/broadening and effleurage to complete the lower leg.

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(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

Figure 4.12 Effleurage from foot to leg

(a) Compression on bottom of foot. (b) Acupressure points on bottom of foot. (c) Effleurage entire foot coming off toes.
(d ) Compression on heel. (e) Gliding with ulnar side of hand along Achilles tendon. ( f ) Effleurage on calf. ( g) Petrissage on calf.
(h) Thumb glide and friction on calf. (i ) Petrissage on calf with knee bent.

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(j) (k) (l)

(m) (n) (o)

(p) (q)

Figure 4.12 Effleurage from foot to leg (continued)

( j ) Compression broadening on calf. (k) Effleurage on thigh. ( l ) Effleurage on IT band. (m) Thumb glide on hamstrings. (n) Thumb
glide on IT band. (o) Loose-fist compression on hamstrings. ( p) Compression on gluteals. (q) Thumb glide on gluteals.

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 Effleurage up the leg (no pressure on the back of the knee) to transition to the
thigh. Use the back of a loose fist (with pressure) to glide from just above the knee to
the buttock. Petrissage the center, medial, and lateral aspects of the thigh, follow with
thumb glides, and friction all of the hamstring muscles. Follow with compression/
broadening and wringing.
Work on the buttocks (gluteal muscles) can be done over the drape with compres-
sions, holding points just off the sacrum on the gluteus maximus, and beating (tapote-
ment). After you have become more proficient with strokes and draping, work on the
gluteals undraped (see chapter 13).
To finish, effleurage the entire foot and leg once again, giving it a gentle rocking
motion (with no pressure) coming down the leg. Cover with the drape. With the pal-
mar surface of your hand on either side of the knee, stroke away from the knee over the
towel toward the foot and toward the buttock; follow with a forearm roll in the same
fashion and finish with hacking/quacking. Perform the same movements on the left leg.

Back (Approximately 20 Minutes)

Figure 4.13 illustrates the back sequence. Draw the drape down to the low back/pelvic
crest. Place your right hand at the inferior angle of the scapula; cross your left arm over
your right arm and place your left hand on the flesh of the buttocks (gluteals) with fin-
gers pointing laterally. Perform a myofascial stretch. Switch. Standing at the head of the
table, place your fists on either side of, but not directly on, the spine between the shoul-
der blades; apply direct pressure for a deep tissue sculpting move (a technique per-
formed without lubricant). Ask your client to inhale and exhale; allow your fists to slide
down as the muscle melts. Change to the ulnar side of the fist before your wrists
break over and finally to the palmar surface of your hand at the pelvis; hold traction.
With lubricant, effleurage the entire back several times. Effleurage on one side of
the spine (over the paraspinals) with one hand placed on top of your other hand; fol-
low with the same movement on the other side. Compress the quadratus lumborum of
the low back with fist or forearm; thumb glide crest to twelfth rib. Effleurage the area.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Follow your hand up on the last effleurage and turn

around to thumb glide down the quadratus lumborum from twelfth rib to crest.

Move to the opposite side of the table; with palmar surface of the hand, glide later-
ally and medially over the right quadratus lumborum. This last stroke draws your hand
over to the left quadratus lumborum and puts you in position to work on the left quad-
ratus lumborum. Repeat all movements.
From the head of the table, effleurage the entire back as a transition. Step to the
right side of the table; with fingertips, glide up the paraspinals and over the lattisimus
attachment. If your client has a normal range of motion or is quite flexible, grasp her
elbow and hand or wrist; gently draw the elbow directly out and place the hand on the
low back. This position allows the scapula to be more visible and accessible for work. If
the client is not comfortable with her hand on the low back, allow the arm to remain on
the table and slightly draw the elbow out. With right fingers under shoulder at the pec-
toral attachment and left hand at vertebral border of scapula, traction out. Release and
friction attachments at inferior angle of the scapula.
Thumb glide intercostals and up under the scapula. Stepping to the head of the table
on the clients left side, use one or both thumbs to glide and friction rhomboid attachments
along the vertebral border of the scapula and spine; thumb glide rhomboids. Stepping back
to clients right side, carefully remove the clients hand from the low back and lower the arm
off the table. Compress the infraspinatus; use thumb glide and friction. Glide your hands
down the arm to pick it up and place back on the table. Step to the head and palpate the
supraspinatus. Step to the left side of the client and petrissage the right upper trapezius,
flowing over to the left. Perform the same movements on the left shoulder.

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(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

Figure 4.13
(a) Effleurage on back. (b) Effleurage down paraspinals. (c) Forearm compression on quadratus lumborum. (d ) Thumb glide on
quadratus lumborum. (e) Acupressure points along pelvis. ( f ) Effleurage up paraspinals. ( g) Clients hand on low back raises
scapula for traction. (h) Thumb work on rhomboid attachments. ( i ) Loose-fist compression on scapula.

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(j) (k) (l)

(m) (n) (o)

(p) (q) (r)

Figure 4.13 (continued)

( j ) Thumb glide on infraspinatus. (k) Thumb glide on supraspinatus. ( l ) Forearm work on trapezius. (m) Forearm work across
rhomboids. (n) Forearm work to pelvis. (o) Forearm work up back. ( p) Loose fists on trapezius. (q) Thumb glide on upper trapezius.
(r) Finger glides on levator scapulae.

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 Effleurage the entire back from the head of the table. Sit on a stool or chair placed
at the clients head.

TECHNIQUE EMPHASIS Draw the drape up to keep the client warm while
working the upper trapezius and neck.

Effleurage the upper trapezius and neck. Use the back of loose fists to further ef-
fleurage. Hold pressure points across the trapezius (using both thumbs, simultaneously
hold points nearest the neck, move laterally and hold two more points, move laterally
and hold two more points, then move back medially on same points). Effleurage. Glide
the palmar surface of your left hand up the neck to the occipital ridge and hold the
ridge. With your right thumb, glide from occiput to levator attachment at the scapulae;
move laterally and glide from the occiput over the trapezius. The palmar surface of your
right hand glides over the shoulder and up the back of the neck to the occipital ridge to
position your left thumb to perform the same movements on the left side of the neck.
Effleurage the trapezius and neck.
Stand up; move the drape slightly back to effleurage the entire back in completion
of the prone position.

Turning the Client

Remove the bolster from under the clients ankles and any other bolstering.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Reach across the client and pick up the towel; hold

it up, pinning the edge closest to you between the table and your thigh so that it does not
move with the client as she turns over.

Ask the client to roll over by rolling toward you (and the side on which the drape
is held up) and move down the table so her head is on the table rather than in the face
cradle. Some clients will roll over on the side that is easiest for them, so make sure you
stand and hold the drape up on the side that will not exacerbate an injury. For exam-
ple, in the prone position, if the client has a right arm or shoulder injury, stand on his
right side and ask him to roll over toward you using his left arm. In the supine position,
if the client has a right arm or shoulder injury, stand on his left side so he will roll onto
his left arm (rather than onto the injured right arm). If using a sheet for a top drape,
reach across the client and draw the sheet up to a tent so that the client can easily and
comfortably roll over under the sheet. Reposition the drape and place the bolster under
the clients knees.

Supine
Feet and Legs (Approximately 8 Minutes)
Figure 4.14 illustrates the supine sequence for feet and legs. Begin again at the feet. Un-
drape the left leg. As with the prone position, all strokes are performed with venous
flow. Effleurage the foot and leg to spread lubricant and warm the tissues. Use alternat-
ing one-handed petrissage and thumb glides between the metatarsals of the foot. Use
finger circles around the ankles followed by hand over hand up the shin. There is not
much to work on the lower leg; petrissage the medial gastrocnemius again and thumb
glide up the tibialis anterior muscle. Effleurage again, gliding up to do a figure eight
around the knee: starting above the knee, do three circles toward the knee (similar to a
compression/broadening stroke), slide down alongside of the knee and below the knee.
Do three circles toward it.
Effleurage up the thigh; petrissage the thigh. Use the back of alternating loose fists
to glide from above the knee to the hip, covering each of the quadriceps, adductors, and

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Figure 4.14 Client
positioned supine
(a) Thumb glides between
metatarsals. (b) Hand-over-
hand effleurage up lower leg.
(c) Petrissage medial aspect
of lower leg. ( d ) Thumb glide
up lateral aspect of lower leg.
(e) Figure eight around knee.
( f ) Loose fist on quadriceps.
( g) Figure eight with loose
fists.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f) (g)

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IT band. Follow with thumb glides and stripping, compression/broadening, or wring-
ing. Effleurage up the entire leg with a gentle rocking motion (no pressure) coming
down. Move to the right leg and repeat the movements.

Abdominals and Intercostals (Approximately 1 to 2 Minutes)

Although many massage schools do not teach abdominal massage today, it is well worth
your while to familiarize yourself with these techniques. Figure 4.15 illustrates the abdom-
inal sequence. Drape the client as shown; this provides privacy for female clients while al-
lowing easy access to the abdomen and rib cage area. Always massage in the direction of
peristalsis (normal rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the digestive tract) or in a
clockwise direction, beginning with palmar circles and followed with more specific work
done with the fingertips. Lightly hold six points on the abdomen (1 and 2 are either side of
the navel, 2 and 3 are just to the side of the navel, and 5 and 6 are just below the navel). Use
thumbs to glide and friction between ribs; be careful not to damage the xiphoid process.

Hands and Arms (Approximately 8 Minutes)

Figure 4.16 illustrates the sequence for hands and arms. Effleurage the clients right
hand and arm several times to spread lubricant and warm the tissues. Use alternating
one-handed petrissage on the palm and thumb glide between the metacarpals. Turn

Figure 4.15
(a) Abdominal area undraped
for work. (b) Palmar circles
on abdomen. (c) Finger drag
in direction of peristalsis.
(d ) Hand glides across
abdomen. (e) Work on
intercostals.

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

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Figure 4.16
(a) Effleurage up arm.
(b) Effleurage the length of
clients arm, ending at the
back of the neck.
(c) Acupressure points on
palmar surface of hand.
(d ) Thumb glide on posterior
aspect of forearm. (e) Thumb
glide on anterior aspect of
forearm. ( f ) Thumb glide
down triceps. ( g) Shoulder
stretch. (h) Shoulder
traction.

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

(f) (g) (h)

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the hand over: slip your little finger in between the clients middle and ring finger, and
your fourth finger between the clients ring and little finger. Slip your other little fin-
ger between the clients middle and index finger, and your ring finger between the
clients index finger and thumb. Open the palm of the hand and work with thumb
glides; hold acupressure points (unlike the foot, these points are held two at a time:
hold 1 and 2 at the palm heel, move one thumbs width toward the fingers for 3 and
4, move one thumbs width toward fingers for 5 and 6, and move back down). Release
the fingers and hold the hand with one of your hands; draw the forearm up to a 45-
degree angle, elbow resting on the table. Use one-handed petrissage on the forearm,
alternating hands. Thumb glide and friction the forearm.
Step up next to the clients shoulder.

T E C H N I Q U E E M P H A S I S Place your left knee (the knee closest to the head of

the table) on the table under the sheet; lay the clients arm over your leg.

This allows you to use both hands at once to petrissage the upper arm and is actu-
ally a very stable position. If you are not comfortable standing on one leg, allow the arm
to remain on the table and draw the elbow out slightly; effleurage and petrissage the arm,
being careful not to place any pressure over the elbow. Drop your knee off the table, hold-
ing the elbow with your right hand. Use your left hand to glide around the deltoid cap.
Switch hands, holding the elbow now with your left hand and use your right hand to glide
down the triceps. Glide with the palmar surface of your hand down the triceps brachii,
teres minor and major, and latissimus dorsi, and back up; gently traction the arm and re-
place it on the table. Move to the clients left side and perform the same movements.

Chest (Approximately 1 to 2 Minutes)

Figure 4.17 illustrates the sequence for chest. Effleurage the chest (pectoralis) with fin-
gers pointing toward the sternum (not down toward the breasts), out over shoulders,
around the back of the upper trapezius, and up the back of the neck. Repeat several
times; give the neck a gentle traction as you draw the hands up the neck. Thumb glide
from clavicles downward slightly (staying on the pectoral muscle and above the
breasts). Work one side of the sternum and then the other. Step to the clients left, lay
the right arm out to the side, and glide with your fingertips over the pectoralis from

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.17
(a) Effleurage across pectoralis. (b) Finger glide across pectoralis. (c) Pectoralis stretch.

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 sternum to shoulder, changing to a flat hand over the shoulder joint. Maintaining con-
tact with the shoulder, walk around to the other side, slide the hands down the arm to
place it back on the table. Repeat the movements on the left side of chest (pectoralis).

Neck and Head (Approximately 10 Minutes)

Figure 4.18 illustrates the sequence for neck and head. Effleurage the shoulders and up
the back of the neck several times. Slip your hands and arms under the back as far as you
can reach (palms are up, fingers press up, and hands are on either side of the spine). Draw
hands up slowly, stopping at the occipital ridge and gliding out laterally. Carefully pick
up the clients head and turn to it the left. With the back of the right fist, glide up and
down the neck and trapezius (keep the ulnar side of the fist on the table for a guide).
Thumb glide. Turn the clients head back to neutral before turning it to the right. Repeat.
With fingertips starting at the superior angle of both scapula, press and hold these
points; continue to move medially and up the back of the neck, back of the head, and
over the top of the head (switch to the thumbs to press across the top of the head). With
thumbs, press two points on the forehead, gliding down to the temples for thumb cir-
cles. Repeat two more times. Press under the cheekbones at the nostrils, gliding up to

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure 4.18
(a) Effleurage across upper trapezius. (b) Effleurage up levator scapulae. (c) Effleurage scalenes. (d ) Effleurage over clavicles.
(e) Thumb glide on levator scapulae. (f ) Effleurage levator scapulae and scalenes.

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the temples and doing thumb circles; press at the chin and glide up to the temples for
thumb circles. Massage all over the scalp with fingertips. Starting in prayer position
on the forehead (palms together, heels of hands on the clients forehead), open your
hands as you glide down the sides of the forehead (figure 4.19). Repeat two more times.
Effleurage across the shoulders and up the back of the neck a few times. Gently slide
the clients head laterally with left ear to left shoulder, back to neutral, and right ear to
right shoulder (figure 4.20).

TECHNIQUE EMPHASIS For a calming finish, pause for a moment with your
hands cupping the clients shoulders.

At this timedepending on your spiritual inclinationssilently say a prayer or ask

for healing (figure 4.21). You can repeat the Thai phrase Na-A Na-Wa Rokha Payati
Vina-Santi, which loosely translates as May I do no harm and bring healing to this
client.

(g) (h) (i)

Figure 4.18 (Continued)

( g) Finger pressure on occipital ridge. (h) Acupressure points on upper back. ( i ) Acupressure points up back of neck.

Figure 4.19
(a) Acupressure points on
forehead. (b) Thumb circles
at temples.

(a) (b)

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Figure 4.19 (Continued)
(c) Acupressure points above
upper lip. (d ) Acupressure
points on chin. (e) Effleurage
up sides of face. ( f ) Ear pull.
( g) Scalp massage.

(c) (d)

(e) (f) (g)

Figure 4.20
(a) Neck traction.

(a)

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 Figure 4.20 (Continued)
(b) Lateral neck stretch.
(c) Lateral neck stretch with
added pressure.

(b) (c)

Figure 4.21 Prayer on

forehead

Being able to perform a memorable chair massage routine is a great asset to any massage Chair Massage
therapist. Many therapists prefer to work with the chair rather than the table and will cre- Sequence
ate an entire one-hour routine all done on the chair. Others use chair massage as a modal-
ity because it is versatile and adaptable: it can be delivered in short sessions, performed By: Peter Joachim,
almost anywhere (office, school, or social gatherings), is done with clothing on, andal- LMT, NCTMB
though the experience is enhanced with the use of a massage chairit does not need
equipment per se. Chair massage can also be a great marketing tool (see chapter 21).
The basics of a chair massage are depicted in figure 4.22. Your own techniques or
movements can easily be added to this 10-minute routine.
The client is placed comfortably on the chair after you have made any necessary ad-
justments in the seat, chest plate, and face cradle. Care should be taken with seniors or
clients who have knee problems; the chairs are not always the easiest to sit on and even
more difficult to get up from. Offer the appropriate assistance as needed for the client
to get on and off the chair.
As with any other massage routine, begin by rubbing your hands together to warm
them and doing some deep breathing to center and focus. Maintain focus throughout
the massage, just as you would when working on a client on a table or mat.

www.mhhe.com Chapter 4 Therapeutic Massage Techniques 107

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

Figure 4.22
(a) Begin with centering and grounding. (b) Begin routine with moderate petrissage to upper trapezius. (c) Apply palm presses down
and up back on both sides of spine. (d ) Continue applying palm presses. (e) Apply presses up paraspinals with lightly closed fists.
( f ) Continue work on paraspinals. ( g) Thumb friction along paraspinals. (h) Draw clients right arm down. ( i ) Place clients hand on
low back.

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(j) (k) (l)

(m) (n) (o)

((p(1)) (p(2)) (p(3))

Figure 4.22 (Continued)

( j ) Place left thumb on vertebral border of right scapala. (k) Right hand cups clients right shoulder and draws it back onto left thumb.
Release arm gently and let it hang. Repeat sequence (to this point) on left side. ( l ) Working from the front, simultaneously apply
equal pressure to both shoulders to relax the trapezius. (m) Apply pressure to acupressure points laterally along upper trapezius. (n)
Apply light petrissage to back of neck. (o) Apply finger tapping (tapotement) to upper back. (p) Conclude routine with gentle nerve
strokes down entire back.

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 Chapter The profession of massage therapy is both exciting and rewarding. Many therapists re-
Summary port they have a calling to the profession. Whether this calling emanates from within or
beyond, it is the driving force that creates the desire to heal and show compassion for
others. No matter which discipline within the field of massage you choose, it will be one
in which you as the therapist can infuse your core beliefs into your work.
From the very beginning of your training as a massage therapist, you must educate
yourself as to the potential benefits and hazards of performing massage on certain
clients. Recognizing that grey areas existthat cut-and-dried answers to massage ques-
tions do not always existshould encourage you to further your studies and help you
in developing clinical reasoning.

6. The definition of tapotement is:

Applying Your Knowledge a) a warming stroke.
b) a percussion stroke.
Self-Testing
c) a slow, soothing stroke.
1. Any stroke that glides along the body is considered a(n) d) a kneading stroke.
_____ stroke.
a) Effleurage 7. Frequency as one of the six considerations indicates:
b) Petrissage a) the number of times one gets a massage.
c) Tapotement b) the number of times a particular stroke is done (e.g.,
effleurage three times).
d) Vibration
c) the total number of times a client is scheduled
2. Which is not one of the six considerations of massage during treatment.
strokes? d) the setting for electric stimulation known as
a) Rhythm E Stim.
b) Direction 8. If it is not a good idea to do a massage, it is called:
c) Frequency a) indication.
d) Aura b) contraindication.
3. Skin rolling c) beneficial.
a) is a valuable connective tissue technique. d) area of endangerment.
b) is applied with force. 9. The term centripetal refers to:
c) determines body fat composition. a) away from the heart.
d) smoothes out wrinkles. b) toward the heart.
4. The definition of prone is: c) on the extremities only.
a) face up. d) against venous flow.
b) face down. 10. The term medial refers to:
c) side-lying. a) toward the head.
d) None of the above is correct. b) toward the feet.
5. Petrissage is also known as: c) toward the midline of the body.
a) kneading. d) toward the outside of the body.
b) pulling.
c) compressing.
d) a pet massage.

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 B. A 20-year-old client informs you that she tests positive
Case Studies/Critical Thinking for HIV but has been told by her physician that she does
not have AIDS. You do not have any indication that she
could be considered as falling into the high-risk category
A. A friend of yours who is in his mid-forties complains of of someone who uses drugs or has multiple sexual
middle- and lower-back pain and asks you to work on him. partners. Would you work on this client? If so, under
You are aware that he has an irregular heartbeat for which what conditions?
he sees a cardiologist and takes prescribed medication.
Otherwise, he is physically active and in good health.
Would you work on him? If so, under what conditions?

References for information in this chapter can be found in Quick Guide C at the end of the book.

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