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SCJ2013DataStructure&Algorithms

IntroductiontoAbstractDataType
&C++
NorBahiahHjAhmad&Dayang
NorhayatiA.Jawawi
 Objectives
Attheendoftheclassstudentsareexpectedto:

UnderstandAbstractDataTypeconcept
ReviewC++programming
Declaringaclass,datamemberandfunctionmember
Creatingconstructoranddestructor
Passobjectasfunctionparameter
Returnobjectfromafunction
Arrayofclass
Pointertoclass

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 Abstraction
Abstractdatatype(ADT)
x Acollectionofdataandasetofoperationsonthedata
x Giventheoperationsspecifications,theADTsoperations
canbeusedwithoutknowingtheirimplementationsor
howdataisstored,
Abstraction
Thepurposeofamoduleisseparated fromits
implementation
Specificationsforeachmodulearewrittenbefore
implementation

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 Abstraction
Dataabstraction
x Focusesontheoperations ofdata(what youcandotoa
collectionofdata),notontheimplementationofthe
operations(how youdoit)
x developeachdatastructureindependentlyfromtherest
ofthesolution
Functionalabstraction
Separatesthepurposeofamodulefromits
implementation

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 InformationHiding
Informationhiding
Hidethedetailswithinamodule.
Tolimitthewaytodealwithmoduleanddata,so
thatothermodulecannotmodifythedata.
Makesthesedetailsinaccessiblefromoutsidethe
module.

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book
Abstracion of book

AbstractionExample

book
title
abstract to year attributes
author
publisher
price

getData()
print()
checkPrice() behavior
checkPublisher()

Abstraction of a book

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 Encapsulation
Theprocessofcombiningdataandfunctionsintoa
singleunitcalledclass.
Theprogrammercannotdirectlyaccessthedata.
Dataisonlyaccessiblethroughthefunctionspresent
insidetheclass.
Dataencapsulationisanimportantconceptofdata
hiding.

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 C++Classes
Aclassdefinesanewdatatype
Aclasscontainsdatamembersandmethods
(memberfunctions)
Bydefault,allmembersinaclassareprivate
Butcanbespecifiedaspublic
Anobjectisaninstanceofaclass

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 C++ClassDefinition
class clasName
{
public:
list of data member declaration; class member
list of function member declaration; declarations:
private:
data member
list of data member declaration;
list of function member declaration; and
}; // end class definition function
member

public :membersthatareaccessiblebyothermodules
private :membersthatarehiddenfromothermodulesand
canonlybeaccessedbyfunctionmemberofthesameclass.

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 ClassDefinitionforBook
class book
{ private:
// data member declaration as private
float price;
int year;
char author[20], title[25];
public:
book(); // Default constructor
// Constructor with parmeter
book(char *bkTitle,double bkPrice);
book(int = 2000);
// C++ function
void getData();
void print( );
float checkPrice( )const;
char * getAuthor();
~book() ; // destructor
}; // end book declaration
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 ClassMethods
Classmethodsconsistsof
Constructor
Destructor
C++functions.
const function

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 Constructors
Constructors
Usedtocreateandinitializenewinstancesofaclass
Isinvokedwhenaninstanceofaclassisdeclared
Havethesamenameastheclass
Havenoreturntype,notevenvoid
Aclasscanhaveseveralconstructors
However,compilerwillgenerateadefaultconstructorifno
constructorisdefined.

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 ConstructorProperties
Morethanoneconstructorcanbedeclared
Eachconstructormustbedistinguishedbythe
arguments.
book();
book(char *bkTitle,double bkPrice);
book(int = 2000);

Defaultconstructor:book();
Canhaveargument:
book(char *bkTitle,double bkPrice);

Canhavedefaultargument:
book(int = 2000); 13
 DefaultConstructorImplementation
Setsdatamemberstoinitialvalues
book::book()
{ price = 10.00;
strcpy (author,Dayang Norhayati);
strcpy (title, Learn Data Structure);
year = 2012;
} // end default constructor
Instancedeclaration:
book myBook;
InstancemyBook iscreatedwiththepricesetto
10.0,authorsettoDayang Norhayati,titlesetto
LearnDataStructureandyearsetto2012
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 ConstructorwithArgument
Implementation

book::book (char *bkTitle,double bkPrice)

{ strcpy (title, bkTitle);
price = bkPrice;
}

Instance declaration:
book myBook(NorBahiah,25.00);

Price is set to 25.00

Author is set to NorBahiah

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 ConstructorWithDefaultArgument
Implementation
book::book(int year);
// Constructor with default argument
{ price = 10.00;
strcpy (author,NorBahiah);
strcpy (title, Learn C++);
} // end default constructor

2 methods oftodeclareinstanceofaclass:
book myBook; // set year to default value, 2000
book yourBook(2009); // set year to 2009

Avoidambiguityerror whenimplementingconstructor
withdefaultargument
 Destructor
Destroysaninstanceofanobjectwhenthe
objectslifetimeends
Eachclasshasonedestructor
Thecompilerwillgenerateadestructorifthe
destructorisnotdefined
Example:~book();
book::~book()
{ cout << "\nDestroy the book with title "
<< title;
}

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FunctionMemberImplementation
void book::getData()
{ cout << "\nEnter author's name : ";
cin >> author;
cout << "\nEnter book title : ";
cin >> title;
}

Methodtocallthememberfunction:
Frommain() ornonmemberfunction
cout << myBook.getData() << endl;
const memberfunction cannotaltervalue
float book::checkPrice( )const
{ return price; }

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 ClassesasFunctionParameters
Classobjectscanbepassedtoanotherfunctionas
parameters
3methodsofpassingclassasparametertofunction
Passbyvalue
Passbyreference
Passbyconstreference
Passbyvalue Anychangethatthefunctionmakestothe
objectisnotreflectedinthecorrespondingactualargument
inthecallingfunction.

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 Passbyvalue
class subject
{
private:
char subjectName[20];
char kod[8];
int credit;
public:
subject (char *,char *,int k=3); friend function is
void getDetail(); used to pass object as
friend void changeSubject(subject); parameter and allow
};
subject:: subject (char *sub,char *kd,int kre) non-member function
{ strcpy(subjectName,sub); to access private
strcpy(kod,kd); member.
credit = kre;
}
void subject:: getDetail()
{
cout << "\n\nSubject Name : " << subjectName;
cout << "\nSubject Code : " << kod;
cout << "\nCredit hours : " << credit;
}

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 PassbyvalueContinued
// friend function implementation that receive object as
parameter
void changeSubject(subject sub); // receive object sub
{ cout << "\nInsert new subject name: "; Accessclass
cin >> sub.subjectName; member,
cout << "\nInsert new subject code: ";
including
cin >> sub.kod;
cout << "\n Get new information for the subject."; privatedata
sub. getDetail(); memberfrom
} sub.
main()
{ subject DS("Data Structure C++","SCJ2013");
DS.getDetail();
changeSubject(DS); // pass object DS by value
cout << "\n View the subject information again: ";
DS.getDetail(); // the initial value does not change
getch();
};

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 Passbyreference
Anychangesthatthefunctionmakestothe
objectwillchangethecorrespondingactual
argument inthecallingfunction.
Functionprototypeforfunctionthatreceivea
referenceobjectasparameter:useoperator&
functionType functionName(className & classObject)
{
// body of the function
{

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 PassbyReference
// pass by reference
// friend function that receive object as parameter
void changeSubject(subject &sub); // operator & is used
{ cout << "\nInsert new subject name: ";
cin >> sub. subjectName;
cout << "\nInsert new subject code: ";
cin >> sub.kod;
cout << "\n Get new information for the subject.";
sub. getDetail();
}
main()
{ subject DS("Data Structure C++","SCJ2013");
DS.getDetail();
changeSubject(DS); // pass by reference
cout << "\n View the subject information again: ";
DS.getDetail(); // the value within the object has changed
getch();
};

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 const Parameter
Referenceparametercanbedeclaredas
const ifwedontwantanychangesbeing
donetothedatainthefunction.
Functionprototypeforfunctionthatreceivea
referenceobjectasparameter.
functionType functionName(const className & classObject)
{
// body of the function
{

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 const Parameter
void changeSubject(const subject &sub);
// operator const and & is used
{ cout << "\nInsert new subject name: ";
cin >> sub. subjectName;
cout << "\nInsert new subject code: ";
cin >> sub.kod;
cout << "\n Get new information for the subject.";
sub. getDetail();
}

In the example, data member for sub is trying to be changed.

Error will occur since parameter const cannot be modified.

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 ClassasReturnValuefromFunction
Syntaxfordeclaringfunctionthatreturnaclassobject
className functionName(parameter list)
{
// function body
}

Syntaxtocallfunctionthatreturnaclass
objectName = functionName();
where,
objectName,anobjectfromthesameclasswiththetypeof
classreturnfromthefunction.Thisobjectwillbeassignedwith
thevaluereturnedfromfunction
functionName():functionthatreturnclass

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 ClassasReturnValuefromFunction
Function that return a class object, Point
Point findMiddlePoint(Point T1, Point T2) Returntypeisaclass
{
double midX, midY;
midX = (T1.get_x() + T2.get_x()) / 2;
midY = (T1.get_y() + T2.get_y()) / 2;
Point middlePoint(midX, midY); CreateinstanceofPoint
return middlePoint;
ReturninstanceofPoint
}

Statement that call function that return a class

Point point1(10,5), point2(-5,5);
Point point3; // use defult argumen
// point3 is the point in the middle of point1 and point2
point3 = findMiddlePoint(point1,point2) CallfindMiddlePoint that
returnobjectandassignto
point3
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 Arrayofclass
Agroupofobjectsfromthesameclasscanbe
declaredasarrayofaclass
Example:
ArrayofclassstudentsregisteredinDataStructure
class
ArrayofclasslecturerteachingatFSKSM
ArrayofclasssubjectsofferedinSemesterI.
Everyelementinthearrayofclasshasitsown
datamemberandfunctionmember.
Syntaxtodeclarearrayofobjects:
className arrayName[arraySize];

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 Arrayofclass
class staff {
char name[20];
int age ;
float salary;
public:
void read_data() ;
{ cin >> name >> age >> salary;
void print_data()
{ cout << name << age << salary; }
} ;

main()
{ Declare20managersfrom
staff manager[20]; classstaff.Eachelementof
// declare array of staff managerhasname,age
} andsalary.

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 Arrayofclass
2methodstocallmemberfunctionformanager array.
1. Byusingarraysubscriptinordertoaccessmanagerin
certainlocationofthearray.
cin >> n ;
manager[n].read_data() ;
cout << manager[n].name << manager[n].age ;
manager[n].print_data() ;

2. By using loop in order to access a group of managers.

// read information for 10 managers
for ( int x = 0 ; x < 10; x++ )
manager[x].read_data();
// print information of 10 managers
for ( int y = 0 ; y < 10; y++ )
manager[y].print_data();
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 PassArrayofObjecttoFunction
class info
{
private:
char medicine[15];
char disease[15];
public:
void setMed() { cin >> medicine;}
void setDisease() { cin >> disease;}
char*getMedicine(){return medicine;}
char* getDisease() {return disease;}
};

Declaration of class info that store information about the disease and the
relevant medicine

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 PassArrayofObjecttoFunction
main()
{ info data[10];
for (int n = 0; n < 5; n++)
{ data[n].setMedicine);
data[n].setDisease();
}
cout <<"\nList of disease and medicine";
for (int n = 0; n < 5; n++)
cout << "\n" << data[n].getMedicine()<<
data[n].getDisease();
// pass the whole array to function
checkMedicine(data);
}

FunctioncheckMedicine(data) receivesanarrayofobject
info.Thisfunctionrequirestheusertoenterthenameofthe
diseaseandthefunctionwillsearchforthemedicinethatis
suitableforthedisease.
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 PassArrayofObjecttoFunction
Frommain(),statement checkMedicine(data);
callsthisfunction,wheredata isanarrayofobjectsfromclassinfo.
void checkMedicine(info x[])
{ char diseas[20];
int found = 0;
cout << "\nEnter the disease name: ";
cin >> diseas;
for (int n = 0; n < 5; n ++)
if (strcmp(diseas, x[n].getDisease()) == 0 )
{ cout << "\nMedicine for your disease: " << diseas
<< " is " << x[n].getMedicine();
found = 1;
break;
}
if (found == 0)
cout << "\nSorry, we cannot find the medicine for your
disease. Please refer to other physician.";
}

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 PointertoObject
Pointer storeaddressofavariable.
Pointercanalsostoreaddressofanobject.
Example
student student1; // create instance of
student
student* studentPtr = &student1;

CreateapointervariablestudentPtr and
initializethepointerwiththeaddressofinstance
student1

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 PointertoObject
2methodstoaccessclassmemberthrough
pointervariablestudentPtr :

1. (*studentPtr).print()
or
2. studentPtr ->print()

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 PointertoObject
// pointer to object void main()
#include <iostream.h> {
#include <string.h> student student1("Ahmad", 123123);
class student student student2("Abdullah", 234234);
{ cout << Address of the object";
private: cout << "\nAddress student1: "
char name[30]; << &student1
unsigned long metricNo; << "\nAddress student2 : "
public: // constructor << &student2;
student(char* nama,unsigned long num) student* ptr;
{ cout << "\n\nPointer value ;
no_metrik = num; ptr = &student1;
strcpy(name, nama); cout <<"\nPointer value for student1
} << ptr;
void print() ptr = &student2;
{ cout <<\nStudents name: << name; cout <<"\nPointer value for student2
cout <<\nStudents metric number: << ptr;
<< metricNo; ptr ->print();
} }
}; // end of student class

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 PointertoObject
ProgramOutput
Address of the object
Address student1: :0x0012ff68
Address student2: :0x0012ff44
Pointer value
Pointer value for student1:0x0012ff68
Pointer value for student2:0x0012ff44
Students name: Abdullah
Students metric number: 234234

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 PointertoObject
Operatornew canalsobeusedtoallocate
memoryforapointervariable.
Operatordelete destroysmemoryforapointer
variable.
void main()
{
student *ptr = new student("Ahmad", 123123);
ptr -> print();
delete(ptr);
ptr = new student("Abdullah", 234234);
ptr ->print();
delete(ptr);
}

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 ConclusionandSummary
AbstractDataTypeisacollectionofdataandasetofoperationson
thedata.
Abstractionimplementsinformationhidingandencapsulation,
wherebyothermodulescannottamperwiththedata.
InC++,abstractionisimplementedbyusingclass.
Inclassdeclaration,therearedeclarationofdatamembersand
functionmembers
Functionmembersconsistsofconstructor,destructor,c++
functionandconst function.
Objectcanbepassedasfunctionparameterbyvalueorby
reference.
Returntypeofafunctioncanalsobeaclass.
AnArrayandPointercanalsobedeclaredoftypeclass.

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 References
1. NorBahiah etal.Struktur data&algoritma
menggunakan C++.Penerbit UTM,2005
2. Richrd F.Gilberg andBehrouz A.Forouzan,
DataStructuresAPseudocode Approach
WithC++,Brooks/ColeThomsonLearning,
2001.

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