Rapra Review Reports. Polymers in Bulding and Construction (Halliwell S.M., Report 154), 2002 PDF

Report 154 ISSN: 0889-3144
Polymers in Building
and Construction
S.M. Halliwell
Volume 13, Number 10, 2002
Rapra Review Reports

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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and
ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714
from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection
moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the
variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time
observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated
that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing Abstract
very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time
during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments
indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the
heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase
separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could
not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.
The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied
with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897
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Clariant Huningue SA.
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Huntsman Polyurethanes.
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and I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science &
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Polymers in Building and
Construction
S.M. Halliwell
(BRE)
ISBN 1-85957-362-2
Polymers in Building and Construction
Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2. The Building and Construction Industry .............................................................................................. 3
2.1 Industry Overview .......................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Recent Market Trends ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Regulations ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Distinct Technologies ......................................................................................................... 4
2.1.4 Environment Issues ............................................................................................................ 4
2.1.5 Outlook in the EU ............................................................................................................... 5
3. Key Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Mechanical Properties .................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Thermal and Insulating Properties .................................................................................................. 5
3.3 Weathering ...................................................................................................................................... 6
3.4 Permeability .................................................................................................................................... 6
3.5 Flammability ................................................................................................................................... 6
3.6 Environmental Impact .................................................................................................................... 7
4. Applications of Bulk Polymers ............................................................................................................... 8
5. Polymer Foams ........................................................................................................................................11
5.1 Special Foams ............................................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Application of Foams ................................................................................................................... 12
5.2.1 Polystyrene ....................................................................................................................... 12
5.2.2 PVC .................................................................................................................................. 13
5.2.3 Polyurethane ..................................................................................................................... 13
5.2.4 Phenol-formaldehyde ....................................................................................................... 13
5.2.5 Urea-formaldehyde ........................................................................................................... 13
5.2.6 Epoxy ................................................................................................................................ 14
6. Fibre Reinforced Polymeric Materials (FRPs) ................................................................................... 14
6.1 Materials Used .............................................................................................................................. 14
6.2 Key Properties of FRP Materials .................................................................................................. 15
6.2.1 Fire Performance .............................................................................................................. 15
6.2.2 Vandal Resistance ............................................................................................................. 15
6.2.3 Durability .......................................................................................................................... 16
6.2.4 Chemical Resistance ......................................................................................................... 16
6.3 Fabrication .................................................................................................................................... 16
6.3.1 Procurement ...................................................................................................................... 17
6.4 Application of FRPs in Construction............................................................................................ 17
7. Polymer Concrete .................................................................................................................................. 19
7.1 Polymer Impregnated Concrete .................................................................................................... 20
7.1.1 Applications ...................................................................................................................... 20
7.2 Polymer-Cement Concrete ............................................................................................................ 20
1
7.3 Polymer Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 21

7.4 Fibre Reinforced Concrete ............................................................................................................ 21
8. Adhesives and Sealants ......................................................................................................................... 22
8.1 Adhesives ...................................................................................................................................... 22
8.1.1 Thermoplastic Adhesives ................................................................................................. 22
8.1.2 Thermoset Adhesives ....................................................................................................... 23
8.1.3 Structural Adhesive Bonding ........................................................................................... 23
8.2 Sealants ......................................................................................................................................... 23
9. Legislation .............................................................................................................................................. 24
9.1 The Construction Products Directive ........................................................................................... 25
9.1.1 Harmonised European Standards ..................................................................................... 25
9.1.2 European Technical Approval .......................................................................................... 25
9.2 UK Building Regulations ............................................................................................................. 26
Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 27
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 29
Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 125
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2
1 Introduction The construction industry is very cautious about

changing well-tried methods, and justifiably requires
Polymers have become increasingly important as materials to have long, proven track records. It is also
engineering materials. Their range of properties and strictly regulated although levels of regulation vary
applications is at least as broad as that of other major from country to country so it has not been easily
classes of materials, and ease of fabrication frequently persuaded to switch to new materials. Sometimes,
makes it possible to produce finished items very however, the benefits of polymers are too great to be
economically. Some important industries such as those ignored, and in a growing number of areas they are
for fibres, rubbers, plastics, adhesives, sealants and making a big impact.
caulking compounds are based on polymers.
The most obvious of these is perhaps the use of PVC
Polymers, together with metals and ceramics, represent profiles for double glazed windows, doors and
the essential engineering materials in the construction conservatories, but far more examples exist under the
of buildings, vehicles, engines, household articles of skin, and sometimes even under the ground.
all kinds, etc. The rapid growth of these new
engineering materials during the last four decades is The construction and building industry faces major
due to the following main factors: challenges in the next millennium, and polymeric
materials provide cost effective solutions to many of
The availability of basic raw materials for their these including:
production, e.g., coal, oil, wood, agriculture and
forestry wastes Resolve the common defects in construction such
as seepage, chemical and environmental erosion
The ensemble of technical properties specific for and corrosion, floor pits, sagging, blistering,
polymers such as light weight, chemical stability, warpage, etc.
elasticity, etc.
Production of energy efficient materials and
Easy, efficient and flexible processing methods components
such as extrusion, thermal forming, injection
moulding, calendering, casting, etc. Minimise the cost of construction
The purpose of this review is to outline the nature, Make the building structure portable
culture and trends of the construction industry,
introduce the main types of polymers used in Improve the thermal and sound insulation of the
building and construction, highlight the properties building structure
which make them a suitable choice of material and
present several examples of their application. The Use environmentally friendly building materials
report also introduces the main regulatory constraints
on the industry. Reinforce historical structures and monuments.
The need for a high strength to weight ratio, modern

living styles and houses of high quality architectural
2 The Building and Construction features are also some crucial reasons for replacing
Industry conventional materials by polymeric materials.
The building and construction industry is second only

to packaging in its importance as a market for 2.1 Industry Overview
polymers in Europe, accounting for about 20% of
European plastic consumption over five million In the European Community the construction market
tonnes annually. Yet polymers, despite being the is around 400 billion in size representing around
fourth major class of building material used after steel, 1200 per head of population and 8.5% gross domestic
wood and cement, still represent a relatively small product (GDP). This value compares with roughly
proportion of the total volume of building materials similar figures for Japan and US markets, but lower
used (approximately 1%). per capita spend and a smaller share of GDP.
3
2.1.1 Recent Market Trends needs to retain a competence in older technologies as

well. Consequently, the construction industrys
In Europe, construction activity growth has continued technologies range from traditional labour intensive,
at around 1% per annum over the last few years with site based crafts to sophisticated technologies in, for
building growth in both new residential, repair and example, intelligent buildings.
maintenance plus private sector non-residential activity.
The drop in public sector building has slowed compared Many construction firms specialise in one technology
with the mid 1990s and the long term decline in civil or in a small group of technologies. Because many
engineering activity has now been reversed. clients require heavily one-off designs, projects tend
to bring together specialised firms to form a unique
Public non-residential building has remained low with project team. Therefore, in addition to individual
commercial and industrial work now improving in most specialised technologies, the industry uses general
countries. The private housing sector has been contractors, with or without independent design
recovering in a patchy manner. Civil engineering, consultants, to create an overall design and
particularly transport-related schemes, having management framework for individual projects.
performed very well at the end of the 1980s and early
1990s declined sharply in the mid 1990s, but is now Specific technology trends are affecting the
slowly recovering; the financing of projects is no longer construction industry; for example, computer aided
the sole prerogative of the public purse. Private design (CAD) systems are gradually integrating
investment is encouraged more and more into schemes traditionally fragmented processes. Prefabrication is
for the future. moving work away from construction sites into
factories. Electronic control and communication
Investment in transport, such as rail, is forecast to rise systems are providing a basis for intelligent buildings
sharply over the next few years. and infrastructures that are linking the industrys
products with its processes in ways that were
previously impossible. The industry is also developing
2.1.2 Regulations answers to the challenges of new environmental
criteria and providing solutions for the repair of
Although various EU regulations such as the Public environmental damage.
Procurement Directives and others on liability, health
and safety impinge heavily on the industry, the two of
particular relevance in the UK are the Construction 2.1.4 Environment Issues
Products Directive and The Building Regulations.
These regulations are covered in detail in Section 9 of The construction sector faces very great challenges and
this report. market opportunities from the emphasis on protecting
and improving the environment. In response, the
On a global basis, each country has its own building industry is providing solutions to environmental
regulations that must be adhered to. In addition, in the problems by developing new services and products,
US regulations may vary from state to state each state which have passive contributions, i.e., have little or no
has its own State Building Code - and so it is essential negative effect on the environment.
to check the relevant codes and standards. Information
on relevant regulations can be obtained from National Energy conservation remains a priority issue, as about
Government web sites. half of Europes energy consumption is related to
buildings. Designers and contractors are responding
to the need for more energy efficient buildings,
2.1.3 Distinct Technologies including the use of passive thermal techniques to
measure the thermal performance of buildings, which,
Modern buildings and structures make use of a in some countries, are required by law. The existing
multitude of specialised technologies. In recent years, stock of buildings has potential for refurbishment to
there has been rapid technological progress in the conserve energy. There is also likely to be increased
industry with respect to better construction methods use of materials, which require less energy in
and the manufacture of construction products. production. These changes will be accelerated if energy
However, the need to repair, maintain and alter the prices are increased through a carbon tax or other fiscal
existing built environment means that the industry energy conservation measures.
4
In some parts of Western Europe there is growing is its mechanical behaviour, that is, its deformation and
concern over the availability of natural resources for flow characteristics under stress. The stress-strain test
construction and the consequences of trying to meet is probably the most widely used mechanical test for
future demand. This focuses attention on making more engineering materials and thus can be used to
effective use of materials. Waste management and the characterise the stress-strain behaviour of polymers:
recycling of construction materials are now the subjects
of extensive R&D. This is slowly leading to a change Modulus the resistance to deformation as
in site practices and design principles, to minimise the measured by the initial stress divided by the
use of materials which are potentially damaging or elongation/initial length
cannot be recycled, and to facilitate ultimate demolition
and recycling in the future. Ultimate strength or tensile strength the stress
required to rupture the sample (maximum stress
The built environment epitomises to a large extent our that a material can withstand)
cultural heritage and conservation projects are
becoming a major task for the construction industry. Ultimate elongation the extent of elongation at
the point where the sample ruptures (maximum
strain that a material can withstand)
2.1.5 Outlook in the EU
Elastic elongation the elasticity as measured by
Construction demand depends on the availability of the extent of reversible elongation
investment capital and so on the economic growth of the
EU. Public expenditure and private sector activity are both Polymers vary widely in their mechanical behaviour
governed by such requirements. A recent EU sector depending on their structure. Depending on the
strategy study showed that social and economic changes particular combination of properties, a specific polymer
as well as the upgrading of environmental standards were will be used as an elastomer (rubber-like products),
generating a greater need for construction activity. Overall, rigid or flexible plastic, or as a fibre.
there are enormous needs for infrastructure investment in
Europe. In most areas there is a problem of housing quality
or a lack of housing stock, which should point to a growth 3.2 Thermal and Insulating Properties
area for the future. Commercial property is seen as an
area of weaker demand. If a polymer is heated to a sufficiently high temperature
reversible and irreversible changes in its structure will
Polymeric materials offer solutions to many of the occur. These changes may either be undesirable or they
issues posed, for example prefabrication, cleaner may be useful. The thermal stability of a polymer is
construction technologies, improved energy efficiency defined by the temperature range over which it retains
of buildings and design for re-use and recycling. its useful properties.
Thermal expansion of polymers is relatively large, they

tend to expand or contract more with temperature changes
3 Key Properties than metals. This must be considered in the design and
use of polymer components, particularly when employed
in conjunction with other engineering materials.
There are several key properties to consider when
specifying polymers for construction applications
some of these are unique to the type of use, others are The thermal conductivity (K factor) of polymers is
common to all industries. very low and thus the materials have found application
as insulators. Polymers may also have outstanding
electrical insulation properties. At ambient
temperature unfilled polymers have conductivites in
3.1 Mechanical Properties the range of 0.15-0.13 W/mC, and expanded
polymers (foams) have even lower values, for
The mechanical properties of polymers are of key example 0.03 W/mC in the case of polystyrene foam.
importance in all applications where polymers are used This can be compared with the thermal conductivity
as structural materials. However, the prime of aluminium which is about 240 W/mC and that of
consideration in determining the utility of a polymer copper is about 385 W/mC W/mC.
5
3.3 Weathering Complete inhibition of the degradation caused by

weather is not possible, but the life of a polymeric
The durability of a polymer and its resistance to material can be extended by choice of processing
weathering determine whether it is suitable for external stabiliser, pigmentation and light stabiliser. Indeed the
construction applications and which families of general world trend to an increase in the use of
additives need to be incorporated into its formulation. polymers in external applications has resulted from the
Weathering and ageing of polymers depends on the introduction of a wide variety of types of polymer, with
following factors: complex mixtures of basic polymer and various
additives, to give the required stability of properties in
Chemical environment, which may include such applications, i.e., service life.
atmospheric oxygen, acidic fumes, acidic rain,
moisture
3.4 Permeability
Heat and thermal shock
Polymers are often used as protective coatings, vapour
Ultraviolet light barriers, sealants, caulking compounds and proof
against gases and vapours; for this reason, their
High energy radiation
permeability, i.e., ability to allow gases and vapours to
pass through them is a very important property.
The resistance to weathering depends on the type of
polymer, its composition and structure, and on the Gas permeability depends both on the nature of the
synergistic effect of the conditions of exposure. polymer and the nature of the gas. Diffusion through a
polymer occurs by the small gas molecules passing
Although each component of weather affects any through voids and gaps between the polymer molecules.
polymer exposed to it, the more serious weathering The diffusion rate will thus depend to a large extent on
problem is the synergistic effect of these components. the size of the small molecules and the size of the gaps.
The first signs of changes due to weather appear on
the surface of the material, but with continued exposure
these changes extend into the material under the surface
layer. These changes may be in surface colour, the
3.5 Flammability
gradual formation of cracks, a decrease in transparency,
blisters, minor changes in shape or size, or changes in Given sufficient oxygen and heat, all organic polymers
the mechanical or electrical properties, or in the burn. All organic polymers evolve toxic products of
solubility. The course of these changes characterises combustion when burned, if only carbon monoxide.
each polymer and its stability. Figure 1 shows the Absolute fire safety of organic polymers does not exist.
brown discolouration of inadequately stabilised PVC Yet millions of tonnes of synthetic (plastics) and natural
rooflights due to chemical reactions within the polymer. (wood and wool) polymers are used annually without
presenting an unmanageable fire safety problem.
Most synthetic polymers burn in a manner different to

that of wood, for example. Some synthetics burn faster,
some slower; some give off more smoke, some less; a
few evolve more toxic gases, some less; and some melt
and flow while others char over extensively. However,
the general magnitude of combustibility is of the same
order for both synthetic and natural polymers. Both
burn yet both can be used safely without undue risk.
Basically two types of behaviour can be observed

during the combustion of organic polymers. With
thermoplastics, such as polyolefins, polystyrene and
acrylics, thermal decomposition of the polymer leads
to the formation of relatively large amounts of
Figure 1 combustible volatile products, which subsequently mix
with the surrounding air and burn in the gas phase above
Discolouration of rooflights (inadequately stabilised) the polymer, giving rise to so-called flaming
6
combustion. On the other hand, with some the risk of ignition and the subsequent flash-fire
thermosetting polymers (phenolics and polyethers) the propensity. The use of foamed polymers in the cavities
initial step in the combustion process is generally the of hollow masonry walls, such as perimeter insulation
splitting off of water or other non-combustible species around the foundation of a building, as insulation
to leave a loose carbonaceous matrix which then reacts under concrete slabs on the ground and for roof
with gaseous oxygen to give rise to non-flaming or insulation under certain conditions, is generally
smouldering combustion. without thermal barrier protection.
It is possible to retard burning by the use of suitable When used as interior wall and ceiling finish, polymeric
additives, although these generally generate smoke and, materials other than foamed polymer generally are not
under non-burning conditions, have a negative effect subject to any special requirements. As for any other
on the mechanical and other properties. material, plastics are subject to limitations on surface
spread of flame and often on the smoke generated, as
The reasons for the differences in combustion between measured by standard test procedures. These or special
polymers are various but in particular two factors limitations may be applied to plastics used as diffusers
should be noted: in lighting fixtures where it is often acceptable to have a
polymer which deforms and drops out of the fixture at
The higher the hydrogen to carbon ratio in the an elevated temperature still well below its ignition point.
polymer the greater is the tendency to burn Plastic laminates for countertops, kitchen cabinets, table
tops, etc., are not usually included in the definition of
Some polymers while burning emit blanketing interior finish, as regulated by building codes. However,
gases that suppress burning. even when it is not regulated by local code, the
flammability level should be limited to that encountered
Flammability is expressed in terms of the limiting when natural products are used in these applications.
oxygen index (LOI), which is the minimum percentage
of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere which will
support flaming combustion of a substance. The most
3.6 Environmental Impact
common route to improve the non-flammable
behaviour of polymer foams is the addition of flame-
retardants. There is still a widespread notion that products made from
renewable raw materials generally have less
Besides the LOI, other fire characteristics need to be environmental impact than those of industrially
known such as : manufactured materials. The environmental relevance of
products and services is assessed by means of eco-
Smoke generation balances. The Swiss material testing and research institute
(EMPA) prepared extensive environmental assessments
Toxic gas emissions for windows (aluminium, wood, PVC-U) and pipes (high
Flaming drips. density polyethylene, PVC-U, cast iron, stoneware). These
studies concluded that the environmental impact for the
Although polymers tend to have a higher ignition manufacture, use and disposal are the same for the
temperature than wood and other cellulosics, some are aforementioned polymeric construction products as they
easily ignited with a small flame and burn vigorously. are for products made of traditional materials.
The burning of some polymers is characterised by the
generation of large amounts of very dense, sooty, black An eco-balance comparing various floor coverings
smoke. Additives used to inhibit the flammability of reached the conclusion that, from an environmental
the polymer may increase smoke production. Smoke point of view, polyolefins, synthetic rubber and
generation from a polymer may vary depending on the PVC-P are equal, not only to one another but also to
nature of the polymer, the additives used, whether fire parquet and linoleum flooring, made largely from
exposure was flaming or smouldering, and what renewable resources.
ventilation was present.
The environmental impacts that can be saved by the
Building codes determine the required properties of recycling of waste materials are booked on the credit
a polymer (or indeed any material) for each side of the balance sheet. European legislation on
application type, for example a foamed polymer used domestic waste will ensure that from 2005 recycling
as interior wall insulation must be covered by a of post-consumer construction products will become
thermal barrier or another method used which reduces more economically attractive.
7
4 Applications of Bulk Polymers components, including window frames, fascia boards,

garage doors and even roofs, which can be coloured
Polymers have successfully found their way into a during manufacture and require no painting or
range of applications including pipes and fittings, maintenance, as illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.
foundations, roofing, flooring, panelling, roads,
insulation, cable sheathing and ducting as illustrated Windows, primarily manufactured from PVC-U,
in Table 1. represent one of the largest markets for polymers in
the European construction sector and one of the largest
They have brought many benefits to builders, designers single markets for bulk polymers. In fact, PVC-U
and building owners. First and foremost is their accounts for over 90% of polymer extrusions in the
resistance to environmental elements they neither rot profile and tube products area for Europe. Table 2
nor rust, require very little maintenance, and remove summarises properties of window profile manufactured
the need for painting. Timber-clad houses painted white from a variety of materials. The properties highlight
are appealing, but maintaining the finish by renovating the reasons why polymeric profile accounts for such a
and painting can become almost a full time job. Today, large proportion of this industry sector. The table also
there is a whole range of polymeric building shows why revision of Part L of the building regulations
Table 1 Estimated polymer consumption in the building and construction industry in Europe
2000/2001 (ktonnes)
Application LDPE HDPE PVC EPS PUR ABS/PS Other Total
Pipe and conduit 166 617 1447 25 30 2285
Wire and cable 46 22 175 10 253
Profile 950 950
Insulation 505 300 210 1015
Flooring 305 280 585
Film/sheet 300 100 400
Other 14 0 50 115 180 485
Total 512 639 3117 505 350 140 710 5973
Figure 2 Figure 3
PVC weatherboarding PVC window frame
8
Table 2 Relative property comparison for window profile materials

Fibre-reinforced
Property Wood Aluminium PVC-U Steel
plastics (FRP)
Tensile strength (longitudinal) (MPa) 41 0 6 138 45 207
Tensile strength (transverse) (MPa) 69 4 138 45 207
Modulus of elasticity (longitudinal) (GPa) 24 0.9 69 2.4 207
Thermal conductivity (W/m/C) 0.3 0.1 174 0.2 52
Corrosion resistance excellent good fair excellent poor
Resistance to weathering good poor good good good
Linear thermal expansion (10-6) (m/m/C) 3.1 0.94 7.2 21 3.9
Maintenance low high medium low high
for England and Wales (see Section 9.2), demanding

higher insulation values, favours polymeric options for
windows and doors.
PVC-U dominates the UK domestic replacement

window market and is the material of choice for most
homeowners approximately 80% of replacement
windows are PVC-U. Over 80% of the windows being
replaced are timber, with approximately 8% and 10%
being aluminium and steel respectively. In the new-
build market, the larger house-builders use
predominantly PVC-U (80%), whilst the smaller ones
still prefer timber. Figure 4
Swimming pool roof
Penetration into the commercial market is harder to
define. For simple replacement windows where the
windows are installed into an aperture, the penetration
of PVC-U is high. For more complex buildings, such construction methods, reducing both the amount of on-
as those involving curtain wall types of structures, site work and the level of skill required to carry it out.
PVC-U has made little impact. The need for PVC-U to They can be tailor-made for specific construction
have reinforcement and supporting structures means projects thereby saving time and cutting down on waste.
that aluminium systems still dominate, however, the
very recent introduction of fibre-reinforced polymer Polymerics have excellent strength to weight ratios.
(FRP) profiles could change this. Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) for example, is
extremely light but still capable of withstanding heavy
In addition to property benefits, the rising cost of some loads. It can be used as a substitute for heavier materials
traditional materials wood for instance now means to lighten the overall weight of major constructions.
that polymeric building products are often a lower cost
option. They are also versatile, making it easier to form Weight is a key factor, both in the transportation of
complex profiles and shapes, which gives architects materials to building sites, and the handling of them
more freedom in their designs. Figure 4 shows a PVC when they arrive. Polymeric products are easily
swimming pool roof. The roof forms a 4-sided transported and many jobs which once required heavy
pyramid, each side of which comprises over 100 3-D plant and machinery can now be carried out without it.
tinted PVC pyramidal sections. The design and material For example, long lengths of polymeric piping can be
were chosen to offer optimum light transmission and carried around a site by hand unlike the equivalent
energy efficiency of the structure. They often simplify concrete or clay pipes.
9
Polymerics have other special beneficial features. Rigid binding properties. Resins have been very successful
polyurethane and expanded polystyrene foams have in the renovation of large concrete or stone
excellent physical, thermal and acoustic properties for constructions. Their low viscosity enables them to fill
building insulation applications. Used as insulation in deep cracks and crevices, yet they set to form an
buildings they deaden noise as well as helping to reduce extremely tough, water resistant repair.
heat loss and, as a result, energy consumption and
heating costs. Pipes and pipefittings, an integral part of any building,
have been transformed through the use of polymerics.
According to the Association of Plastics Manufacturers Pipes made from PVC, polypropylene, polyethylene and
in Europe (APME), one kilogram of oil used in the polybutylene are now widely used to carry domestic and
manufacture of EPS thermal insulation will save the mains water, sewerage, gas and even underfloor heating.
equivalent of 75 kilograms of oil during every 25 years Plastic pipes have high corrosion resistance to the fluids
the house or building is standing. This is a very effective and chemicals they have to carry (including water), can
example of energy and environmental conservation. be used above ground, and are easily manufactured in a
range of shapes and sizes. Figures 6, 7 and 8 illustrate
Products based on foams are playing an increasingly the range of piping available.
important role in helping to meet European energy
conservation regulations for new buildings. The foams
Rigid polyurethane foam is used to insulate steel pipes,
can also be sandwiched between facing materials, such
enabling them to carry hot water supplies for district
as steel, to produce complete building panels. They
heating systems efficiently, while modern techniques
combine lightness, strength and insulation, are easy to
also allow deteriorating underground pipes made from
transport and simple to assemble. Figure 5 depicts
clay or concrete to be replaced or repaired using polymer-
polymer foam cavity wall insulation.
based resins, without having to dig up the road.
Boards of rigid polyurethane foam are used to insulate
the roofs of buildings. Once laid, they can be covered in On a wider scale, plastics will not significantly reduce
the traditional method with roofing felt, which in turn our demand for bricks, mortar and concrete, but it is
may be sealed with bitumen containing a thermoplastic clear that as the construction industry gains confidence
elastomer. The use of an elastomer (rubbery polymer) in new materials, their influence is likely to spread.
improves the flexibility of the felt, and increases its
resistance to cracking, particularly at low temperatures. The benefits of polymers can be summarised as follows:
Thermoplastic elastomers, together with polyurethanes (1) Cost

and epoxy resins are the critical ingredients in a wide Long service life
range of adhesives, sealants and coatings used
throughout the building and construction industry, Simpler methods of construction
providing strength, flexibility, weather resistance and Require less on-site machinery
Figure 5 Figure 6
Cavity wall insulation Plastic drainage pipes
10
Figure 7 Figure 8
Flexible hose to overhead piping system in office Polypropylene pipework
block refurbishment (Reproduced with permission from Pipex Ltd.)
(Reproduced with permission from Pipex Ltd.)
5 Polymer Foams
(2) Resistance to the elements
Do not rot or rust Polymer foams, also known as cellular polymers, cellular
Require low maintenance plastics or expanded polymers, are multiphase material
Do not require painting or priming systems that consist of a polymer matrix and a fluid
phase, usually a gas. Most polymers can be expanded
into cellular products, but only a small number have been
(3) Versatility
exploited commercially with polystyrene, PVC, phenol-
Ease of design/manufacture formaldehyde and polyurethane being the most widely
Tailor-made properties used in Europe for insulation purposes. Engineering
Wide range of applications structural foams have also been developed for load-
bearing applications the polymers used include
(4) Special properties polyolefins, polycarbonate and ABS. In some cases an
additional solid phase such as fibres or spheres (syntactic
Sound and thermal insulation
foams consist of hollow glass, ceramic or plastic
Strength to weight ratio microspheres dispersed throughout a polymer matrix)
Loadbearing capacity may be added to the foam. Figures 9 to 11 illustrate the
Chemical resistance construction uses of polymer foams.
Figure 9 Figure 10
PU foam sprayed onto windows PU foam insulation on tank
(Reproduced with permission from RIBCO Inc.) (Reproduced with permission from RIBCO Inc.)
11
Polymer foams may also be reinforced, usually with

short glass fibres, and also other reinforcements such
as carbon black. The reinforcement is usually
introduced into the basic components and is blown
along with them, to form part of and to reinforce the
cells. In these cases, it is not unusual to obtain increases
in mechanical properties, especially in thermosets of
400-500% with glass fibre content up to 50% by weight.
The main advantages of reinforcement, in addition to
increased strength and stiffness, are:
Improved dimensional stability

Improved resistance to extremes of temperature
Improved resistance to creep.
Figure 11
Syntactic foam insulation on pipework However, reinforced foams are heavier, may be more
(Reproduced with permission from Cuming Corporation) abrasive to moulds and machinery, and are likely to be
more costly than plain foams.
5.1 Special Foams

5.2 Application of Foams
Some special types of foam are:
5.2.1 Polystyrene
Structural foam
Syntactic foam Polystyrene (PS) foams are the most used foams of the
Reinforced foam. thermoplastic polymers. For the main types of construction
PS foams the following technologies are used:
The term structural foam designates components
possessing full-density skins and cellular cores, Moulded bead foam
similar to structural sandwich constructions, or to Extrusion.
human bones, whose surfaces are solid, but cores
are cellular. For structural purposes they have Extruded foam has a simple, more regular structure
favourable strength to weight ratios, because of their than moulded bead foam, and also better strength
sandwich type configuration. Frequently, they can properties and higher water resistance.
provide enhanced structural performance at reduced
cost of materials. PS foams have poor outdoor weathering; they resist
moisture well but deteriorate when exposed to direct
Structural foams may be manufactured by high or low sunlight for long periods of time this results in
pressure processes. High pressure processes produce yellowing of the polymer. PS foams are used in
denser, smoother skins with greater accuracy of fine construction as insulation, in particular perimeter
detail of a mould fine wood detail, for example, is insulation, roof insulation and masonry wall insulation.
used for simulated wood furniture and beams. Almost The requirements of perimeter insulation, applied
any thermoplastic or thermosetting foam can be below ground level along the edges of a concrete
formulated into a structural foam. foundation, are relatively high thermal resistance for a
given thickness, good moisture resistance and good
Syntactic foams employ preformed bubbles of glass, compressive strength. The product for roof insulation
ceramic or other compound embedded in a matrix of should have good dimensional stability and high
polymer instead of a blowing agent. In multi-foams flexural and compressive strength, and should
such preformed bubbles are combined with a foamed preferably be of a fire retardant grade. Masonry
polymer to provide both kinds of cells. Synthetic buildings can be easily insulated by placing foam board
wood for example is made with a mixture of between exterior and interior walls or by bonding the
polyester and small hollow glass spheres. foam directly to the wall.
12
5.2.2 PVC The behaviour of the foam in fire is not good,

although flame retardant grades are available by
The greatest use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam is adding halogenated compounds at the time of
where low flammability is a key requirement. It can be preparation.
produced either by a mechanical blowing process or
by one of several chemical blowing techniques. It has Rigid PU foams are used as thermal insulation over
almost completely closed cell structure and therefore a wide range of temperatures. Applications include
low water absorption. PVC foams are produced in rigid use as perimeter insulation, wall and roof insulation,
or flexible forms. Rigid PVC foam is generally used in curtain wall panels, low temperature insulation and
sandwich panel structures, whereas flexible PVC foam insulation of industrial pipe and storage tanks. PU
is used widely as the foam layer in coated fabric foam used in roof deck insulation has an additional
flooring. Some of the most important properties of PVC advantage over PS in that it can be hot mopped with
foam are: bitumen without damage to its structure. It is also a
very good core for sandwich panels and some
High tensile, shear and compressive strength structural components.
Does not crumble under impact or vibration
Low thermal conductivity
5.2.4 Phenol-formaldehyde
Low water vapour permeability
Resistance to termites and bacterial growth
Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) foam has:
Good chemical resistance.
Good chemical and thermal resistance
High resistance to water transmission and water uptake
5.2.3 Polyurethane
Good dimensional stability
The most commonly used techniques for producing High strength to weight ratio
rigid PU foams include: Less flammability than most foams.
Foam-in-place However, because of its high open-cell content it has

Spraying relatively low thermal resistance. Thermal insulation
efficiency can be improved by the application of a skin
Continuous slabbing.
of hot bitumen or other suitable material.
Foaming-in-place is a useful method for filling irregular

PF foams achieve the highest classification as the result
voids or cavities, it is especially suited to high-rise
of fire tests and produces optical smoke obscuration
applications and gives good uniformity in density and
of less than 5%, compared with 50-90% for most
foam structure. The spraying technique allows thin
commercial grades of PS or PU foam.
layers of PU foam to be built up on large surface areas
and additional layers can be applied almost
immediately in consecutive passes to form a slab. The
slab produced after the slabbing process can be cut after 5.2.5 Urea-formaldehyde
curing, or formed to a specific shape and size.
The basic chemistry of the urea-formaldehyde (UF)
Chemically, rigid PU foams are the most complex of polymer is the same as that for other applications,
all foams this is because a considerable number of except that foams must cure at room temperature within
additives are used, such as blowing agents, catalysts, the first few minutes, as compared to adhesives or
surfactants, etc. The main advantages of PU over other mouldings which cure at high temperatures.
foams lie in its:
In the application of UF foam, its compatibility with
Low thermal conductivity (0.02 W/mC) adjoining materials must be considered. UF foam can
be easily peeled from PVC, PE, PS and polyesters
Good thermal resistance (up to 120 C)
and behaves as an inert material from the chemical
Low vapour permeability point of view. It sticks to butyl rubber but peels off
Light weight and strength asphalt papers, used in roofing or foundation water-
In situ foamability. proofing. Aluminium is discoloured but is not
13
corroded by UF foam, however copper noticeably 6 Fibre Reinforced Polymeric

tarnishes, zinc-plated steel corrodes slightly, and steel
is considerably rusted when brought into prolonged
Materials (FRPs)
contact with UF foam. Other additives have been used
to modify and tailor-make UF foam structures to give FRP materials consist of two or more distinct
specific characteristics such as very low density, physical phases, one of which, the fibrous, is
flexibility, etc. dispersed in a continuous matrix phase. FRPs offer
the designer a combination of properties not
available in traditional materials. It is possible to
UF foam deteriorates at a moderate to rapid rate so
introduce the fibres in the polymer matrix at highly
it has a short life compared with other building
stressed regions in a certain position, direction and
materials. The rate of deterioration depends on the
volume in order to obtain the maximum efficiency
conditions to which it is exposed. In residential
from the reinforcement, and then, within the same
applications, the factors most likely to accelerate
member to reduce the reinforcement to a minimal
degradation are high temperatures and high
amount at regions of low stress value. Other
humidities. Temperatures such as those encountered
advantages offered by the material are lightness,
in a roof space on a summer day cause rapid
resistance to corrosion, resilience, translucency and
deterioration. High humidity resulting from the flow greater efficiency in construction compared with the
of warm humid air from the living spaces into more conventional materials.
insulated cavities also causes accelerated
degradation. UF foams have a high water absorption
and a high water vapour permeability.
6.1 Materials Used
Deterioration of the foam leads to breakage of the
cell walls and shrinkage of the insulation, decreasing Thermosetting resins are most widely used in the
the foams ability to resist heat and air flow. It has a construction industry, the most common being the
tendency to undergo shrinkage on drying. polyesters and the epoxides.
Formaldehyde gas is produced and may be carried
into the living space by air infiltration and, at a A wide range of amorphous and crystalline materials
slower rate, can diffuse through the wall materials. can be used as the fibre. In the construction industry
When subjected to elevated levels of formaldehyde the most common fibre used is glass fibre (there are
for extended periods, occupants can react to the gas 4 classes of glass fibre: E-glass, AR-glass, A-glass
and may develop health problems. The severity of and high strength glass). Carbon fibre, of which there
the reaction (eye, nose and throat irritation) depends are 3 types (Type I, II, III) can be used separately or
on the formaldehyde concentration, the duration of in conjunction with the glass fibre as a hybrid to
the exposure and the sensitivity of the individual. increase the stiffness of a structural member or the
Most people are unaffected at concentrations below area within a structure, so that the stiffness exceeds
0.25 ppm most people can detect the smell of the the value possible using only glass fibre. Aramid fibres
gas at 0.1 ppm. can be used instead of glass fibres to give increased
stiffness to the composite.
Although the cancer risk of formaldehyde remains
controversial, UF foam usage is now banned in Bundles of filaments are called strands and these are
building applications. usually combined to form thicker parallel bundles
called rovings. Assembled rovings are used in
processes involving chopping of the fibres during the
production of a composite, e.g., sheet moulding
5.2.6 Epoxy compound (SMC), spray-up and continuous sheet
manufacture. Rovings are also manufactured by a
The technology of epoxy foam is similar to that of PU direct technique in which all the filaments needed in
foams, except that epoxies need the addition of a the final roving (up to 4800) are all drawn
foaming agent. simultaneously from one bushing. These rovings are
called direct rovings and are used in weaving,
Epoxy foams have very good chemical stability, pultrusion and filament winding. Strands may also
moisture resistance and thermal insulating properties, be twisted to form several types of yarn; rovings or
but because of the high cost their use in building yarns may be used either individually or in the form
construction is limited. of a woven fabric.
14
For structural applications it is mandatory to achieve 6.2.1 Fire Performance

some degree of flame retardance. Fire retardants are
usually incorporated in the resin itself or as an applied Given careful design and the right choice of resins,
gel-coat. Fillers and pigments are also used in resins additives and fillers, FRPs can be used to make
for a variety of purposes, the former principally to structures with better fire resistance than almost any
improve mechanical properties and the latter for other material. As an example, phenolics are used
appearance and protective action. within firewalls. FRPs generally are poor thermal
conductors, so they do not help the heat of a fire to
spread in the way that can occur with metals. The smoke
from fire can be a concern, and so careful choices need
6.2 Key Properties of FRP Materials
to be made for internal applications. Fire testing is
frequently performed. Figure 12 illustrates the
FRPs have many advantages in indoor, outdoor and excellent fire properties of glass fibre reinforced plastic.
infrastructure applications. First they are very strong In this fire test a cladding panel shows charring.
and rigid, offering an outstanding strength-to-weight
ratio. Secondly, they exhibit a high creep resistance in
the long term, excellent resistance to weathering and
temperature changes (no softening or brittleness), a
good resistance to UV radiation, humidity and
atmospheric pollution, and a high impact strength.
Moreover, these materials exhibit a low flammability
(depending on choice of resin), a good dimensional
stability and a good thermal resistance. Users benefit
from a wide range of possibilities in terms of colour
and aspect including natural colours for renovation
works and from great design flexibility. The
construction sector can use lightweight, easy to carry
prefabricated elements, which are easily and rapidly
assembled with no need for special handling equipment.
One of the advantages of using FRP materials is the

ability to define the final material properties by
selecting a unique combination of matrix materials,
reinforcing fibres and fibre directions to suit a particular
application. This enables the laminates to be optimised,
in order to produce economic and lightweight
structures. Fibres can be placed in the most
advantageous positions and orientations to carry the
applied loading and different fibres may be used in Figure 12
different locations.
Fire test on a FRP cladding panel
The benefits of FRPs are:
Lightweight As with all issues in design there is always a

compromise to be struck between the different material
Good specific mechanical properties properties needed for a project. If fire resistance is
Good durability in most environments absolutely critical then FRP can often be the most cost-
effective solution.
Readily formed into complex shapes
Modularisation
Low thermal conductivity 6.2.2 Vandal Resistance
Ability to tailor the mechanical properties by fibre High strength combined with low weight is one of the
choice and direction major advantages of FRP materials. This is derived
Aesthetics from two constituents:
15
Glass or carbon fibre reinforcement which binds It must be stressed that the resistance of reinforced
together and spreads any load over a wide area plastics to highly reactive chemicals is generally very
good. This explains their widespread use in the
Thermosetting resins cannot be softened or made chemical process equipment industry, where it is often
malleable by the application of heat. Consequently, difficult to find any other affordable, processable
composites resist well the impact damage of materials capable of withstanding the very harsh
mindless vandalism and do not readily distort or conditions. It is rare for reinforced plastics articles to
ignite, like thermoplastics, when attacked with a be attacked as rapidly as some common metals are
heat gun or incendiary device. when placed in contact with acids. A few chemicals
that are handled in chemical factories, such as
This makes composites ideal in a hostile or severe powerful oxidising agents, strong caustic alkalis,
environment, where structural integrity needs to be bromine and wet chlorine still pose severe problems
preserved without requiring an overtly large structural for general purpose organic matrix resins. Otherwise,
design, as would be the case with any other material. the well-informed selection of materials, in
consultation with the suppliers and after reference to
the relevant data banks, means that complete disaster
6.2.3 Durability is a very rare occurrence.
FRP materials have been used successfully over the
past 50 years in a wide range of applications in the
marine and civil engineering sectors in a diverse range 6.3 Fabrication
of applications that include pipes, tanks, slabs,
walkways, bridge decks, gratings, column reinforcing A wide range of different processes have developed
wraps and reinforcing bars for concrete. In many of for moulding of FRP parts ranging from very simple
these applications FRPs are exposed to one or more of manual processes such as hand lay to very sophisticated
the influences noted earlier. All FRP materials are highly industrialised processes such as SMC moulding.
durable inasmuch as they are water resistant, thermally Each process has its own particular benefits and
stable and cannot rust. Applications such as those listed limitations making it applicable for particular
are predicated in more stringent tests of durability. In
this respect, particular grades of high durability (5-20
year lifetime) FRP materials are available for particular
applications. For example, FRPs for concrete Table 3 Fabrication
reinforcing bars (known as re-bars in the industry) Processing route Typical components
incorporate alkali resistant glass fibres in order to
resist fibre attack by pore water, while composites Open moulding hand Cladding panels,
for marine applications incorporate a chemical bond and spray lamination radomes, garage doors,
at the fibre/matrix interface in order to resist water caravan parts
penetration. In almost all applications, the durability Vacuum infusion Strengthening of
of a FRP material may be enhanced by imposing a components, masts
conservative safety factor (2-4) on the design, and in
many such cases additional durability may be Pre-pregs Architectural mouldings,
infrastructure repair
achieved by the use of a protective coating and/or the
incorporation of light stabilisers and antioxidants. Compression moulding Electrical cabinets,
of SMC sectional water storage
panels, modular
6.2.4 Chemical Resistance components
Pultrusion Standard sections, access
A surprising number of reinforced plastics applications ladders, reinforcement
involve occasional or prolonged contact with chemicals. bars, roof trusses, space
Many reinforced plastics articles are routinely placed in frames, window profiles
contact with detergents, cleaning solvents, acids, alkalis,
strong oxidising agents, bleach, cleaning and degreasing Filament winding Pipes, wrapping of
agents, fuels, hydraulic and brake fluids, de-icers, paint columns
strippers (methylene chloride based ones are known to Continuous sheeting Cladding, roofing
be particularly damaging), lubricants, etching chemicals,
Centrifugal casting Pipes, tanks, masts, poles
flue gases, or food and drink.
16
Figure 13
FRP use in the construction industry
applications. The choice of process is important in order 6.4 Application of FRPs in Construction
to achieve the required technical performance at an
economic cost. According to the Association of European glass-fibre
producers (APFE) statistics, building and construction
The main technical factors that govern the choice of applications represent 30% of Europes overall FRP
process are the size and shape of the part, the market. The applications of FRP in the construction
mechanical and environmental performance and industry are outlined in Figure 13, together with an
aesthetics. The main economic factor is the number of indication of market share.
identical parts required or run length. This is because
FRP parts do not generally come as standard Fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) were first
components but are custom designed for a particular developed during the 1940s, for military and
application. Pultrusion and continuous sheeting are aerospace applications. Considerable advances have
exceptions but most processes will have an initial been made since then in the use of this material and
investment or set up cost that must be amortised over applications developed in the construction sector.
the length of the project. This is a major factor in the FRPs have been successfully used in many
choice of process and is one of the reasons for the construction applications including load bearing and
proliferation in processing methods. infill panels, pressure pipes, tank liners, roofs, and
complete structures where FRP units are connected
Table 3 summarises the types of component produced
together to form the complete system in which the
from common manufacturing processes.
shape provides the rigidity.
In the last decade, FRPs have found application in

6.3.1 Procurement
the construction sector in areas such as bridge repair,
bridge design, mooring cables, structural
There are certain composite parts such as pultrusions,
strengthening and stand-alone components. These
pipes and continuous sheeting that are available in
FRPs are materials often referred to as advanced
standard sizes so that, once manufacturers have been
composites and have properties considerably superior
located, specification and procurement is relatively
to those of earlier materials. In advanced composites,
straightforward. The vast majority of FRP parts are,
fibres with high strength and stiffness are used in
however, custom designed and moulded to meet the
relatively high volume fractions, whilst the orientation
needs of a particular application. There is a very wide
of the fibre is controlled to enable high mechanical
range of different manufacturing processes and very
stresses to be carried safely. The major advantage of
often companies will specialise in one or two processes.
It is rare to find a company that possesses every process these materials lies in their anisotropic nature. The
and material combination and with more than 2000 FRP reinforcement can be tailored and oriented to follow
moulders in the UK alone, procurement can be a the stress patterns in the component, leading to much
challenge. A useful source of information and advice greater design economy than can be achieved with
can be the raw material suppliers, particularly the resin traditional isotropic materials.
and reinforcement companies, who will often be willing
to advise on the choice of process and sometimes FRPs offer several important advantages over
recommend suitable moulders. traditional materials for construction projects:
17
Time saving low weight for fast construction in

time tight projects
Durability able to survive, especially in harsh

environments
Repair allow repair of structures in situ
Strengthening strengthening of structures in situ
Tailor-made properties where especially high

performance is needed in one direction
Appearance where a particular colour, shape or

texture is required Figure 14
Blast/fire where blast or fire resistance is required Architectural features
(Reproduced with permission from Lindman
Radio transparent Fibre-Craft)
Low maintenance in conditions where difficult

access makes maintenance hard
The main current areas of application of FRPs in

construction are:
Architectural features, i.e., non-structural elements

(Figure 14)
Bridges (Figure 15)
Cladding (Figure 16)
Column wrapping
Domes Figure 15
FRP bridge
Enclosures (Figure 17)
(Reproduced with permission from FaberMaunsell)
Fencing
Masts
Pipes
Refurbishment/strengthening existing structures

(Figure 18)
Roofing
Seismic retrofitting strengthening of a structure

with FRP to withstand earthquake activity
Structures including modular (Figure 19)
Tanks Figure 16
Towers FRP cladding
18
7 Polymer Concrete
As the worlds needs for housing, transportation and
industry increase, the consumption of concrete products
is expected to increase correspondingly. At the same
time, prudent management of energy and natural
resources demands ever higher levels of performance.
Although Portland cement concrete is one of the most
versatile construction materials, a clear need is
perceived for the improvement of properties such as
strength, toughness, ductility and durability. One
approach is to improve the concrete itself; another is
to combine technologies in order to make new
composites based on cement.
Figure 17
FRP swimming pool lining Polymers containing large amounts of filler, such as
polymer mortars and polymer concretes are
increasingly being used in buildings and other
structures. Polymer mortars are mainly used as
protective coatings on concrete, reinforced concrete,
and rarely on steel, while polymer concretes represent
a new type of structural material capable of
withstanding highly corrosive environments.
Some polymers are relatively cheap and completely

resistant to alkali attack by cement paste. They offer
hope in overcoming one of the main problems of fibre
reinforced concrete, which is the lack of ductility. The
material tends to crack rather than bend under
relatively modest loads. Apart from polymers, which
are only now being developed, interest is being shown
in natural and synthetic fibres, mainly to produce
asbestos-cement substitutes.
Figure 18
Strengthening with carbon fibre The development of concrete-polymer composite
(Reproduced with permission from Mouchel) materials is directed at both improved and new
materials by combining the well known technology of
hydraulic cement concrete formation with the modern
technology of polymers.
A wide range of concrete-polymer composites is being

researched, although only some of them are being
applied. The most important are:
Polymer impregnated concrete (PIC)

Polymer-cement concrete (PCC)
Polymer concrete (PC)
Fibre-reinforced concrete
Fibre-reinforced polymer concrete
Figure 19 PIC is precast and cured hydrated cement concrete

which has been impregnated with a monomer, which
FRP modular structure is subsequently polymerised in situ. This type of cement
19
composite is the most developed of polymer-concrete Bridge decking

products. PCC is a premixture of cement paste and
aggregate to which a monomer is added prior to setting. Tunnel lining support systems
PC is an aggregate bounded with a polymer binder.
This product may be produced on site. It is called a Pipes PIC supports about twice as much
concrete because according to the general definition, hydrostatic pressure as impregnated pipe
concrete consists of any aggregate bound with a binder.
The last two products are based on natural, metallic or Desalting plants
synthetic fibres as reinforcing agents. Fibre reinforced
polymer concrete comprises a polymer/concrete blend Beams ordinary reinforced beams and post-
reinforced with FRP. tensioned beams
Underwater habitats
7.1 Polymer Impregnated Concrete Dam outlets, offshore structures, underwater oil
storage vessels, ocean thermal energy plants
The largest improvement in structural and durability
properties has been obtained with this composite PIC must be considered a new complex material with
system. In the presence of a high polymer phase, the specific characteristics, which place it in a position,
compressive strength can be increased four times or from the viewpoint of quality and cost, between
more, water absorption is reduced by 9%, the freeze- traditional concrete and other groups of engineering
thaw resistance is enormously improved, and, in materials such as metals and ceramics.
contrast to conventional concrete, PIC exhibits
essentially zero creep properties.
7.2 Polymer-Cement Concrete
The ability to vary the shape of the stress-strain curve
presents some interesting possibilities for tailoring
Mixing various organic compounds with concrete
desired properties of concrete for particular structural
results in relatively modest improvement of strength
applications.
and durability. Common monomers such as methyl
methacrylate or styrene either interfere with the
PIC is generally prepared by impregnating dry precast
hydration process of the cement paste or are degraded
concrete with a liquid monomer, and polymerising the
because of the alkalinity of some of the cement
monomer in situ by thermal, catalytic or radiation
components. Polyester-styrene systems or epoxies can
methods. Some of the most widely used monomers for
be effective, though fairly high proportions are usually
polymer concrete systems include:
required if mechanical properties are to be improved.
Under the best conditions, compressive strength
Methyl methacrylate
improvements over conventional concrete of about
Styrene 50% are obtained with relatively high polymer
concentrations of about 30%. The incentive to attain
Butyl acrylate
improved premix concrete materials is that they can
Vinyl acetate be cast in place for field applications whereas PIC
Acrylonitrile requires a precast structure.
Methylacrylate
Most of the PCC composites are based on different
kinds of latices. A latex is a stable dispersion of fine
These monomers may be used alone or in mixtures. polymer particles in water, also containing some non-
Unsaturated polyester-styrene is a very common system polymeric constituents. The properties of the latex
for polymer-concrete composites. PICs based on epoxy formed and of the polymer or copolymer are very
polymers are more expensive although their properties dependent on how the various constituents are put
are superior. together. Latex type PCC possesses excellent bonding
to steel reinforcement and to old concrete, good
ductility, resistance to penetration by water and salt,
7.1.1 Applications and excellent durability under freeze-thaw cycling. The
properties of PCC are thus dependent on the type of
The most important applications of PIC are: polymer and/or its amount.
20
7.3 Polymer Concrete Flexural strengths, though much higher than for plain
concrete, are limited by the aggregate-matrix bond
PC may be considered as an aggregate filled with a strength and by disparities of the aggregate surfaces,
polymeric matrix. The main technique in producing which can induce stress concentrations.
PC is to minimise the void volume in the aggregate
mass so as to reduce the quantity of the relatively
expensive polymer necessary for binding the aggregate.
A wide variety of monomers, prepolymers and 7.4 Fibre Reinforced Concrete
aggregates have been used to produce PC, including
epoxy, polyester-styrene systems, methyl methacrylate The use of fibrous reinforcement to improve the
and furane derivatives. The polymer matrix enables strength and deformation properties of concrete is
some of the drawbacks of conventional concrete to be well established. The concept of fibre reinforcement
overcome: is to use the deformation of the matrix under stress
to transfer load to the fibre. Substantial
Formation of internal voids when alkaline Portland improvements in static and dynamic strength
cement is used properties can be achieved if the fibres are strong
and stiff, and loaded to fracture, provided there is a
On freezing, can readily crack due to water being minimum fibre volume fraction.
entrapped
Fibres currently used in fibre-concrete composites can
Alkaline cement can be chemically attacked and be broadly classified into two types:
deteriorated by acidic substances.
Low modulus, high elongation, e.g., polyamide,
Bond strengths to substrates are usually high, and in
polypropylene, polyethylene
spite of high cost, PC is particularly useful for
maintenance and repairs, especially when it is important
to avoid delay and inconvenience. High strength, high modulus, e.g., steel, glass,
asbestos, carbon, graphite
By carefully grading the aggregate, it is possible to
wet the aggregate and fill the voids by the use of as The characteristics of the fibre influence the properties
little as 7-8 wt% (~14-16% volume) polymer. With of the fibrous composite.
high degrees of packing, high compressive strength
can be obtained. Typical comparative properties are Among the synthetic fibres, polypropylene (PP) is one
given in Table 4. of the cheapest. PP exhibits fairly good mechanical
properties, a relatively high melting point (165 C), a
low density (0.91 kg/dm3), and good chemical stability.
Table 4 Typical properties of polymer In the case of chemical attack on PP reinforced concrete
concrete composites composite, the matrix will be destroyed long before
PP is affected. PP-cement composite has potential for
PCC PI C PC many end-use applications such as:
Compressive strength 35 138 131
(MPa) Planking, now served by wood
Tensile strength (MPa) 2.4 10.3 9.6
Cladding and light walling, where aluminium or
Shear strength (kPa) 861 - >4481
PVC are most popular at present
Youngs modulus 24 41 34
(MPa 10-3)
Rainwater goods
% water absorption 5.5 0.6 0.6
Freeze-thaw resistance 700/25 3500/2 1600/0 Non-pressure pipes in use for drainage and sewage
Acid resistance - 10 >20

Pressure pipes
improvement
Benefit/cost 1 2 4 Permanent shuttering.
21
8 Adhesives and Sealants There exists a considerable number of different types

of adhesives which are currently used, however, there
is no single system of classification for all products.
Animal and vegetable glues have been used as
The adhesives industry has generally employed
adhesives since the beginning of history they supply
classifications based on end-use, such as metal-to-metal
a good bond under dry conditions but fail if the joint
adhesives, paper and packaging adhesives, general
becomes wet. In addition they bond only certain
purpose adhesives, etc.
materials such as wood and paper. The introduction of
casein and blood glues was a marked improvement,
but it was the development of polymeric adhesives and
sealants that produced a significant advance. 8.1.1 Thermoplastic Adhesives
Adhesives and sealants are used in almost every phase Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) is not affected by low
of the building industry. The use of adhesives in temperatures or in sunlight and is unaffected by
construction began with the finishing trades flooring bacteria, fungi or insects. However, the adhesive
materials, wallpaper and roofing cements were the first will not sustain prolonged stress, particularly at
volume applications. Paralleling the growth of certain elevated temperatures. It swells slightly and
wall constructions has been the increase of a whole becomes opaque on long immersion in water, but
family of higher-performance speciality sealing recovers on drying.
compounds sealants. The term sealant was first used
to differentiate these new polymer based compounds Polyvinyl alcohol is commercially available in
from the older oil-based caulks. Modern usage, several types, the most common being the partially
however, has extended the meaning of the word, so hydrolysed grades, and the completely hydrolysed
that the term is now used to include all types of grades. The completely hydrolysed grades are
weatherproofing joint materials currently in use. soluble in hot water and have good film-forming
Polymer sealants are designed to prevent the passage characteristics as well as good general adhesive
of moisture, air and heat through all the joints and seams properties.
of a structure.
Polyvinyl acetals predominantly polyvinyl formal
which is used for electrical insulation and polyvinyl
8.1 Adhesives butyral which is used for fabrication of safety glass
laminate.
In recent years there has been a rapid development
of adhesive bonding as an economic and effective Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is not affected by alkalis
method for the fabrication of various components or aqueous solutions. PVC is often co-polymerised
and assemblies. The use of adhesives offers with other monomers to produce adhesives, e.g.,
advantages in comparison with traditional techniques vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymers which are
such as welding, riveting, bolting, etc. Some of the used in packaging and for fixing PVC to other
advantages are: materials such as paper, wood, leather or another
plastic.
The ability to join thin sheets, or dissimilar
materials Acrylics have outstanding outdoor durability, high
clarity and excellent light transmission.
An increase in design flexibility
Polyamides provide adhesives with good rust
An improved stress distribution in the joint which resistance. Strong and versatile protective
leads to an increase in fatigue resistance of the adhesives and coatings are produced by mixing
bonded component solutions of some polyamides with epoxy resins.
The coatings are hard, tough, flexible and strongly
A convenient and cost effective technique. adhering to a wide range of surfaces such as wood,
concrete, steel and many plastics.
When all the applications of adhesives are taken into
account, adhesive bonding must be considered as the Polycarbonates are sometimes used in hot melt
most widely used method of holding various materials adhesives but are mostly used in the joining of
together. materials which themselves are polycarbonates.
22
Polyurethane adhesives are most widely used for extrudable putty-like mastics. In the cured state, these
bonding elastomers, fabrics and thermoplastics sealants become transformed into elastomeric materials.
they are excellent for bonding rubber to metal.
Sealant is the name now given to the materials that
Cellulose is the principal component of nearly all have replaced putties and caulks. They contribute
forms of plant life. Cellulose nitrate is a general significantly to keeping out rain, air and dust, and even
adhesive, a pigment binder waterproof finish and improve the thermal performance of a wall. Sealants
lacquer; it deteriorates when heated and is highly are developing in conjunction with the construction
flammable. industrys increasing use of large panels. Movements
of these units caused by changes in temperature and
humidity necessitate new types of putties, as the old
8.1.2 Thermoset Adhesives ones are not able to cope with the larger joint
movements, especially after long periods of service.
Phenolic adhesives were originally developed for Sealants have to provide material continuity between
the bonding of wood at room temperature. They building elements while the joint may change in
have since been used in the bag moulding industry dimension by as much as 50% as it opens in winter
and in the manufacture of laminated wood beams and closes in summer. Figure 20 illustrates joining of
and other types of wooden articles. They can be panels with sealant.
used for metal bonding once the metal surface has
been prepared with an adhesive primer. Sealants are marketed in three main forms:
Epoxies bond well to metals, wood, glass and Putty-like mastics

ceramics. Non-cured tapes
Polyaromatics, polybenzimidazoles in particular, Cured gaskets.

are used for bonding metals and also for bonding
honeycomb sandwich type metal assemblies used The sealants in mastic form are employed in one-
in the aircraft industry. and two-component formulations. The main
advantage of one-component sealants are that they
require no mixing before application, and have an
8.1.3 Structural Adhesive Bonding extended pot life. Curing of the sealant depends on
the moisture content of the atmosphere; during dry
There is no generally accepted definition of a periods the curing process may be slowed down.
structural adhesive. Structural adhesives can be When applied, the sealant forms a skin in a few hours
considered as adhesives with high modulus and high and cures to a rubbery elastomeric material within
strength between relatively rigid adherends, so that a several days.
load bearing joint is formed, for example, in the case
of timber beams used as primary structural members.
They have also been used in the manufacture of
prefabricated panels where brick slips, or other
decorative facings, are bonded to epoxide resin
concrete backings. On-site application of the
technique has generally been unsuccessful since the
substrate preparation is vital and the length of time
that the adhesive requires to attain its full strength is
dependent on the temperature. At low temperatures it
may never reach its maximum strength.
8.2 Sealants
Modern sealants are composed of pigmented or Figure 20

unpigmented synthetic elastomeric polymers, which, in
the non-cured state, constitute pourable or easily Joining of panels with sealant
23
From the perspective of the rubber chemistry, there is polysulphides, polymercaptans, butyls, solvent based
a natural inclination to classify sealants in terms of their acrylics and latex caulks. Preformed gaskets are high
chemical composition or physical properties. Thus, the recovery elastomers that are precompressed into the
following sealant groups emerge: joint, hence the seal is dependent on the force exerted
on the joint by the gasket. As the joint opens, due to
Silicones substrate contraction, the gasket may fall out once
compression is reduced to zero. Adhesives may be
Polyurethanes
used to allow gasket operation under tensile loading.
Polysulphides Tapes can be high recovery (cured) or low recovery
Polymercaptans (uncured), and the stresses under load vary according
to the type of tape being used.
Chlorosulphonated polyethylenes
Polyacrylics Failure of sealants depends on the type of sealant used,
the installation and the service conditions. Adhesive
Polychloroprenes
failure, which is the loss of bond between the sealant
Butyl rubbers and its substrate is most common in mastic type
sealants. Mastic sealants are also subject to cohesive
Halogenated butyl rubbers
failure, which is denoted by failure within the body
Polyisobutylenes of the sealant, and spalling failure, where the overall
Polybutylenes strength of the sealant exceeds the cohesive strength
of the substrate. Deformable sealants can fail with a
Drying and non-drying oil based caulks. change in sealant shape due to flow. Failure can also
occur if there is a large joint movement before the
The most significant classification is based on the sealant is fully cured.
balance of properties that the architect or design
engineer would consider, separately and in Sealants can fail due to ageing and weather exposure.
combination, when specifying the requirements for a This type of failure is often characterised by
particular joint. These are: discolouration and crazing and/or stiffening of the
sealant surface and is a result of the individual or
Joint movement combined effects of solvent evaporation, ozone
Durability attack, migration of plasticisers, UV radiation, etc.
Failure can be prevented by introducing certain
Cost. additives such as adhesion promoters, fillers,
pigments, plasticisers, etc.
The shape and dimensions of the seal cross-section are
of primary importance in determining the movement Fillers such as carbon black and calcium carbonate
induced stresses and strains on the sealant and on the can improve the physical properties of the sealant.
substrate. The optimal geometry of a seal is twice as Plasticisers lower the modulus of elasticity and
wide as it is deep, but a ratio of one is more commonly increase ultimate elongation. Pigments such as carbon
used in practice to reduce the frequency of failure. black and titanium dioxide can be used to match the
Elastic sealants must be bonded on only two opposite colour of the sealant to the substrate, but they can
sides of the joint, allowing the bottom surface to deform change the sealants properties. Primers provide better
freely. The height and mass of the structure, wind loads, adhesion of the sealant to the substrate the more
moisture absorption, amount of shade, ambient elastic the sealant the greater the need for a primer.
temperature and colour of substrate dictate the
movement that building joints must undergo. The
higher the variation of load in the joint, the more elastic
the joint must be.
9 Legislation
The properties, and thus performance, of the sealant
are based on its components. Rubbery sealants that The construction industry is heavily regulated and is
have high recovery also have lower tear resistance. governed by many different standards and bodies. The
Deformable sealants have instantaneous elasticity two most important controls in the UK are the EU
under short-term loads, but will creep or flow under Construction Products Directive and the Building
long-term loading. These sealants include Regulations.
24
9.1 The Construction Products Directive as relevant national standards and otherwise
known as Euronorms
The primary function of the Directive is to ensure the
safety of constructions in all countries of the European European Technical Approval (ETA)
Economic Area. The Directive lays down certain Manufacture in compliance with a recognised
essential performance criteria for buildings under six national standard.
general headings:
Mechanical resistance and stability

9.1.1 Harmonised European Standards
Safety in case of fire
Hygiene, health and the environment At the time of writing no Harmonised European
Standards actually exist, although approximately 2000
Safety in use such standards are in preparation.
Protection against noise
Energy economy and heat retention
9.1.2 European Technical Approval
The Directive is different from other New Approach
Directives in that the performance requirements apply A number of bodies have been notified by EU member
to the construction as a whole and not simply to each states for the purposes of being able to perform
individual component. This adds a considerable layer European Technical Approvals. In the UK, UKAS is
of complexity to the process of creating product recognised as the sole body for the accreditation of
standards, since it is first necessary to produce a series certification, testing and inspection bodies to the
of documents outlining the performance of the EN45000 standards. Those bodies in turn certify, test
buildings themselves, before it is possible to draft a and inspect companies systems and products. UKAS
series of standards which can be used to define the also accredits laboratories involved in the calibration
of measuring equipment. UKAS is licensed by the UK
performance characteristics of individual components.
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to use and
confer the national accreditation marks that symbolise
In practice, the definition of building performance has
Government recognition of conformity assessment
been encapsulated in a series of Eurocodes which
services. Information on UKAS and accredited
provide detailed guidance on the design methodology organisations is available from the UKAS website.
for structures. The Eurocodes cover all aspects of the UKAS accredited certification bodies and companies
design of structures and contain formulae and data that registered by UKAS accredited certification bodies are
can be used to calculate the key dimensions and other listed in the UK Register of Quality Assessed
design variables for any proposed construction. At the Companies published by The Stationery Office (TSO).
time of writing the programme of creation of the
Eurocodes is pretty well complete although several of
UKAS accredited certification, testing, calibration and
the codes have so far only been published in draft form.
inspection reduces the need for suppliers to be
assessed by each of their customers. UKAS
Member countries of the EU are free to decide the legal involvement in international groups provides for
status of the Eurocodes within their own territory to mutual recognition, further reducing the need for
some extent. Adoption of the codes as part of the multiple assessment of suppliers and consequently
national building regulations is optional, but countries helping to reduce trade barriers.
are required to recognise structures built to the codes
as having been adequately designed. In practice, of Because of the current state of flux in the relevant
course, this means that a series of standards have to be standards, technical approval by the British Board of
produced so that manufacturers have proper Aggrement (BBA), certification by BRE or by one of
benchmarks against which to judge their designs. the other bodies appointed by a member state to the
European Organisation for Technical Approvals
The Directive actually permits three methods of (EOTA) is at present the only straightforward means
compliance: of complying with the requirements of the Directive.
This will change as harmonised standards are issued
Manufacture in compliance with Harmonised and, eventually, EOTA will only become necessary in
European Standards (referred to in the Regulations cases where there is no relevant harmonised standard.
25
There is no separate Eurocode for polymer structures, as drainage and heat-producing appliances. They also
as there is for timber, concrete, masonry and apply to certain changes-of-use of buildings, such as
aluminium. The relevant Eurocode for the polymer the conversion of a single dwelling to flats. Some minor
industry is: building works such as installation of replacement
windows are exempt from the Regulations. Building
Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures work requiring approval includes:
Part 1 Basis of design The erection of a new building or re-erection of an

Part 2-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loads existing building
Part 2-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
The extension of a building
Part 2-3 Snow loads
Part 2-4 Wind actions The material alteration of a building
Part 2-5 Thermal actions
The material change of use of a building
Part 2-6 Construction loads and deformities imposed
during construction The installation, alteration or extension of a
Part 2-7 Accidental actions controlled service or fitting to a building.
Part 2-xx Actions on structures, actions from currents

The Approved Documents are published separately in
and waves
booklet form called Parts. They deal with specific
Part 3 Traffic loads on bridges subjects:
Part 4 Actions on silos and tanks
Part A Structural stability.
Part 5 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
Part B Fire Safety. The Regulations consider
aspects of fire safety in the construction of
9.2 UK Building Regulations buildings. Other aspects such as the management
of a premises may be dealt with under different
Building regulations are the legal and technical legislation.
requirements laid down by Parliament for controlling
the construction of building and building works in Part C Site preparation and resistance to moisture.
England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland
have their own sets of Building Codes. They apply Part D Toxic substances. Cavity Insulation.
when building works are carried out, unless the
works are specifically exempt (usually minor Part E Resistance to passage of sound.
operations). These Regulations are framed as basic
performance standards. The level of safety and Part F Ventilation.
standards acceptable are set out as guidance in the
Approved Documents. Compliance with the detailed Part G Hygiene.
guidance of the Approved Documents is evidence
that the Regulations themselves have been complied
Part H Drainage and Waste Disposal.
with. Alternate ways of achieving the same level of
safety are also acceptable.
Part J Heat producing appliances.
The Great Fire of London (1666) prompted the
government of the time to issue bye-laws to prevent Part K Stairs, ladders, ramps, guards, etc -
the spread of fire between buildings. Later Acts Protection from falling, collision and impact.
expanded their scope to deal with sanitation and public
health. In 1965 these building bye-laws were replaced Part L Conservation of fuel and power.
by National Building Regulations which exist to this
day. The regulations cover the erection of new Part M Access and facilities for disabled people.
buildings, the extension and alteration of existing
buildings and the provision of controlled services such Part N Glazing - materials and protection.
26
Different parts are significant for different applications EU European Union

for example, Part L has recently been revised and
now favours polymer window frames and doors which FRP fibre-reinforced plastics
have excellent insulation properties compared to those
GDP gross domestic product
from traditional materials.
HDPE high density polyethylene
Details of each document and how it applies to specific
products and materials can be found at: LDPE low density polyethylene
www.safety.odpm.gov.uk/breg/brads.htm.
LOI limiting oxygen index
PC polymer concrete
PCC polymer-cement concrete

Abbreviations and Acronyms
PE polyethylene
ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
terpolymer PF phenol-formaldehyde
APFE Association of European glass-fibre PIC polymer impregnated concrete

producers
PP polypropylene
APME Association of Plastics Manufacturers
in Europe PS polystyrene
BBA British Board of Aggrement PUR polyurethane
CAD computer aided design PVAc polyvinyl acetate
DTI UK Department of Trade and Industry PVC polyvinyl chloride
EMPA Swiss material testing and research PVC-P plasticised polyvinyl chloride
institute
PVC-U rigid polyvinyl chloride
EOTA European Organisation for Technical
Approvals SMC sheet moulding compound
EPS expanded polystyrene foam TSO The Stationery Office
ETA European Technical Approval UF urea-formaldehyde
27
28
References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database
Item 1 glazing, profiles, roofing, sealants and adhesives, cement,

Adhesives Age insulation, flooring and building panels. Civil engineering
45, No.7, July 2002, p.46 applications include membranes, road surfaces, building
CONSTRUCTION ADHESIVES: WHAT THE reinforcement and bridge building. An economic overview
FUTURE HOLDS of world markets is included, and the future outlook for
Lohman R J polymers in the Third Millennium concludes the report.
Chemquest Group Inc. EUROPE-GENERAL; NORTH AMERICA
New housing starts have maintained their number of Accession no.864194

builds in contrast to many other industry sectors.
Estimates for 2002 are between 1.5 and 1.6 million units Item 3
with single family units predicted at 1.27 million. This is China Plastic & Rubber Journal
the fifth straight year that single family units will have No.8-9, Aug.-Sept.2002, p.22/6
stayed between 1.23 and 1.30 units being built. DEVELOPMENT OF PLASTIC CONSTRUCTION
Additionally, the medium size house today is 15% larger MATERIALS IN CHINA
than ten years ago, but is built on a lot approximately
Construction material is one of the largest consumers of
11% smaller. These factors, plus the expanding rehab and
plastic products, including a large variety of applications
remodelling markets, have pushed construction adhesives
such as doors and windows, pipes, seals, thermal
usage to more than 1.4 billion US dollars annually. Over
insulation materials, furnishing and decorative materials.
the years, the use of adhesives has increased, construction
During the 10th Five-year Plan period, it is estimated
mastics and foamed adhesives in particular. Part of this
that plastic pipes and plastic doors and windows for
growth has resulted from constraints of lumber supplies,
various construction applications will have an average
which in turn initiated the gluing of sub-flooring to the
market share of 45% and 20% respectively throughout
joists. This construction technique has allowed for longer
China. The total demand for plastic pipes and plastic door/
spans without increasing the depth of the joist in more window bar sections will hit 1 million tonnes. In addition
recent years, the shortage of longer sizes of wood has led to furnishing and decorative materials, thermal insulation
to the development of various engineered wood laminated materials and other constructional plastic products, the
glued trusses for floor joists that are now finding total demand will hit 4 million tonnes.
increasing use. However, there are far more profound
CHINA
changes occurring in the emerging construction methods
that are not as apparent to the layman since the house Accession no.864054
exterior appearance shows no change. It is forecast that
the trend towards factory-built housing as well as the use Item 4
of other construction systems will continue to increase Rubber India
the use of adhesives within the construction industry, 54, No.6, June 2002, p.35-7
allowing it to grow faster than GDP. EPDM MEMBRANE - A MATERIAL FOR
USA IMPROVING WATERPROOFING SYSTEM
Accession no.866703 Banerjee B
Bihar Rubber Co.Ltd.
Item 2 The properties of EPDM, such as crack resistance, water

Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.113, 29 resistance and temperature resistance, which make it an
cm, 63Bu. ideal material for roofing applications, are described and
POLYMERS IN BUILDING AND compared with those of other roofing materials. Methods
CONSTRUCTION. A RAPRA MARKET REPORT of installing EPDM on roofs by ballasting, cold adhesive
Cousins K bonding and mechanical fastening are outlined and the
Rapra Technology Ltd. suitability of EPDM for lining effluent treatment plants,
canals, ponds and gutter and as garden roof systems is
Trends in the use of polymers in building and construction briefly discussed.
are discussed, with particular reference to European and INDIA
North American markets. The market report reviews the
Accession no.862258
ever-increasing role played by plastic and rubber
components in building and construction and also in other
civil engineering sectors, where they contribute Item 5
advantages in terms of durability and low cost installation. Journal of Industrial Textiles
Construction applications include pipe, windows, doors, 31, No.3, Jan.2002, p.205-17
Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited 29

USE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE TEXTILES IN TECHNIQUES OFFER EVEN MORE

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ATTRACTIVE VINYL APPLICATIONS
Isley F Forbis J T
Hexcel Schwebel Kroy Building Products Inc.
A niche in the textile industry provides high strength, high In the past decade, products manufactured from PVC have
modulus textile fabrics to the construction industry as a accounted for an ever-growing share of the exterior
potential replacement for more traditional building building products market. While rising lumber prices
materials such as wood, concrete, masonry and steel. The during the period contributed to this growth, the more
mechanical properties of fabrics made of aramid, carbon fundamental reason was the inherent advantage of vinyl
and glass fibres lend themselves to the needs of the design products in terms of greatly reduced maintenance costs,
engineer by providing high strength to weight, high long life and durability. Those who had the foresight to
stiffness to weight and extreme flexibility in use and recognise these advantages, and who acted on the
design. Combined with crosslinking resin systems to form opportunity, were rewarded with a very successful decade
a composite, the fabrics are being widely accepted by the of sales and revenue growth. Today, a similar opportunity
civil engineers serving the construction trades. Thousands is presenting itself in the next major area of growth for
of structures around the world have been repaired, vinyl products: fencing, railing and decks. Like vinyl
retrofitted or built of such fabrics in the past ten years. 7 siding, windows and accessories before them, these vinyl
refs. products are poised to make dramatic gains in market
USA share over the next few years. In this instance, however,
Accession no.860983 the growth is being fuelled by a number of additional
factors, including new extrusion and bending technologies
that enable fabricators to duplicate just about any design
Item 6 that can be created with traditional materials such as wood.
Applied Composite Materials These technologies, coupled with new and more cost-
9, No.4, July 2002, p.221-47 effective distribution systems, will translate into an
APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITES, OPTICAL exciting opportunity for those who recognise the potential
FIBRE SENSORS AND SMART COMPOSITES they offer. Details are given.
FOR CONCRETE REHABILITATION: AN
USA
OVERVIEW
Lau K-T; Zhou L-M; Tse P-C; Yuan L-B Accession no.860472
Hong Kong,Polytechnic University;
Harbin,Engineering University Item 8
Composites Part B: Engineering
Much research and developments in the field of concrete 33B, No.4, 2002, p.255-61
rehabilitation and repair by using fibre reinforced plastic STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
(FRP) materials have been successfully carried out in the PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE AXIALLY
last decade. There is no doubt that these materials have LOADED MEMBERS CONFINED WITH AFRP
been used to replace conventional steel reinforcements COMPOSITE SHEETS
for concrete structure with providing excellent structural Toutanji H; Yong Deng
durability and margin of safety. Until the last few years, Alabama,University
researchers from diverse disciplines have made vigorous
efforts to develop a structure able to measure its own The performance of concrete columns wrapped with
structural condition by using embedded optical fibre. aramid fibre-reinforced polymer composite sheets was
These structures are termed smart structures. However, studied. The confined and unconfined (control) specimens
smart structures have not yet been adopted fpr civil were loaded in uniaxial compression. Axial load and hoop
engineering applications. A brief review on the strains were measured in order to evaluate stress-strain
applications of FRP and optical fibre sensor in concrete behaviour, ultimate strength, stiffness and ductility of the
repair and structural health monitoring, respectively, is wrapped specimens. The results obtained showed that the
given. Further discussions on the potential use of smart external confinement of concrete by fibre-reinforced
composites for civil engineering applications are also polymer composite sheets could significantly enhance
addressed. 80 refs. strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity. An
analytical model developed earlier to predict the entire
CHINA; HONG KONG
stress-strain response of concrete specimens wrapped with
Accession no.860847 FRP composite sheets was applied. The performance of
the wrapped concrete specimens under severe
Item 7 environmental conditions such as wet-dry and freeze-thaw
Plastics in Building Construction cycles was also studied. 12 refs.
25, No.11, 2001, p.8-9 USA
VERSATILE VINYL: NEW FABRICATION Accession no.858453
30 Copyright 2003 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 9 SHAIRCO FIBERGLASS

Scrap Tire News SAUDI ARABIA
16, No.6, June 2002, p.12 Accession no.857817
RECYCLED RUBBER PRODUCTS REVIEW.
RECYCLED RUBBER ROOF TILES: AN
Item 12
ALTERNATIVE TO SLATE
Journal of Composite Materials
Monarity A
36, No.5, 2002, p.521-36
The Ecostar/Carlisle line of rubber roofing tiles uses FRP STRENGTHENED MASONRY BEAMS. I.
recycled scrap tyres to produce a lightweight and durable MODEL
alternative to shingle or slate. Examples of installations Kiss R M; Kollar L P; Jai J; Krawinkler H
are described. Budapest,Technical University; Stanford,University
ECOSTAR/CARLISLE; BRADCO SUPPLY CORP. A simple model is presented to predict the load-deflection
USA
curve of a fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) reinforced
Accession no.857875 masonry beam subjected to bending mid axial loads.
Delamination growth is modelled by a balance approach.
Item 10 It is shown that continuously growing delamination results
Engineer in highly non-linear behaviour. 15 refs.
291, No.7605, 14th June 2002, p.22-3 EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; USA
POWER CUT Accession no.856957
Johnsson E
The focus of this article is the push towards developing Item 13
houses that are more energy efficient, as well as 6th World Pultrusion Conference: A Stronger Profile
environmentally sound, and affordable. It highlights for the Future. Proceedings of a conference held
developments in the UK and Sweden, and discusses Prague, 4th-5th April 2002.
various actions and initiatives which are aimed at Leusden, EPTA, 2002, Paper 15, pp.8, 29cm, 012
conserving electricity and protecting the environment. HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT
US,ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION; PULTRUSION PROFILES FOR BUILDING AND
UK,ENERGY SAVING TRUST; UK,GOVERNMENT; PASSENGER TRAINS
CARBON TRUST; UK,NATIONAL ENERGY Knop S; Hoerold S; Sommer M; Schoewe H
FOUNDATION; UK,NATIONAL ENERGY ACTION; Clariant GmbH; BYK-Chemie GmbH; Exel
NORDIC TRABYGG; INTEGER (European Pultrusion Technology Assn.)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
A report is presented of the development, as the result of
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE;
WORLD a joint project between the above companies, of new
formulations for flame-retarding pultrusion profiles for
Accession no.857834
use in building and public transport applications. The
formulations include aluminium trihydrate and/or
Item 11 polyphosphates to achieve high flame retardancy with
Reinforced Plastics acceptable glass loadings. It is shown that, with selection
46, No.6, June 2002, p.40-3 of suitable fillers and the best additive combinations,
SHAIRCO - PROMOTING FRP IN SAUDI several formulations are available to fulfil standards for
ARABIA these applications. The parts are pigmented and exhibit
Sundaram S good coverage of the fibres and very good mechanical
The widespread use of GRP pipes in the Middle East in properties.
general, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in particular, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
is well known, but GRP lighting poles, airport check-in
counters and immigration desks are also popular in the Accession no.856333
Kingdom. The pioneer in this field is Saudi firm
SHAIRCO, a GRP processor with a turnover of 7m US Item 14
dollars in 2001. The companys major breakthrough in Adhesives Age
airport passenger handling systems came in 1981 when it 45, No.4, April 2002, p.40-1
supplied in excess of 9000 modular GRP seating systems BUYER BEWARE
for pilgrims in the Haj terminal complex at King Abdul Klosowski J; Yarosh K; Shingledecker R
Aziz International Airport at Jeddah. SHAIRCO ventured Dow Corning Corp.
into GRP lighting poles made by the centrifugal casting
process in 1981. The companys order book for lighting Sealant-related phenomena affecting building aesthetics,
poles for 2002 is already full. including fluid migration in cured sealants and dirt pick-

up, are discussed and guidelines are presented to aid in Item 17

the selection of a particular sealant for individual needs. PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings
Several recent studies, which conclude that the look of a of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.
sealant on a building is dependent on the specific brand, London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 17,
product formulation and its behaviour in a particular p.186-91, 21cm, 012
environment, are cited, which serve to emphasise the NEW GENERATION OF STABILISER SYSTEMS
importance of such factors when selecting a sealant FOR PVC PROFILES
capable of providing the required aesthetic finish. 6 refs. Schiller M; Fischer W; Cockett S
USA Chemson Group
Accession no.854634 (Institute of Materials)
Polyvinyl chloride window profile formulations
Item 15 containing organic-based and calcium-zinc stabilisers
Journal of Thermal Envelope & Building Science were produced and the performance of the stabilised PVC
25, No.4, April 2002, p.255-74 compounds compared. Properties evaluated included
PROTECTION OF FOAM PLASTIC THERMAL rheological properties, heat stability, colour, gloss,
INSULATION IN LOW SLOPED ROOFING mechanical properties, recyclability, plate-out and
SYSTEMS artificial weathering. 6 refs.
Booth R J; DeRushie C; Liu K EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Hansed Booth Inc.; CANMET; Canada,National WESTERN EUROPE
Research Council Accession no.852753
A discussion is presented on the protection of foam plastic
thermal insulation in roofing, the reasons why this Item 18
protection is required and what happens if the foam is not PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings
protected. Foam insulation systems considered include of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.
unfaced PS and faced polyisocyanurate and phenolic rigid London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 16,
foam systems having a range of densities. Studies of p.179-85, 21cm, 012
galvanised steel deck and fastener plate corrosion in roofs RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MELT FLOW AND
with and without condensation protection in Canada are MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED
presented and a comparison is made of the corrosion of PVC PROFILES FOR WINDOW APPLICATIONS
galvanised steel roof deck in contact with polyisocyanurate Cora B
and phenolic foam roof insulations. 18 refs. Rohm & Haas European Laboratories
CANADA (Institute of Materials)
Accession no.853543 The effect of the type of impact modifier on the melt flow
of a PVC window profile formulation as a function of
Item 16 shear rates encountered during extrusion was investigated
Polymer Composites and the relationship between the melt flow and mechanical
23, No.2, April 2002, p.153-63 properties of the profiles evaluated. A Rheoplast Capillary
PROTOTYPES FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS Rheometer with a pre-shearing device was employed to
BASED ON THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES investigate the melt viscoelastic properties of the
CONTAINING MIXED WASTE PLASTICS formulations and the performance of the formulations in
Xanthos M; Dey S K; Mitra S; Yilmazer U; Feng C terms of post-extrusion shrinkage, surface gloss and
New Jersey,Institute of Technology enthalpy relaxation discussed. 2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
Low density PE was melt blended with either automotive WESTERN EUROPE
shredder residue, carpet backing residue or mixtures
Accession no.852752
thereof and prototype blocks intrusion moulded therefrom.
These blocks were evaluated as a wood substitute in the
building industry by conducting tests to determine their Item 19
short-term and long-term mechanical properties, PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings
flammability, thermal conductivity and heavy metal and of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.
total organic carbon leaching behaviour. The performance London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 15,
of these prototypes was compared with that of wood and p.166-77, 21cm, 012
the composites containing carpet residue found to be STRUCTURE-IMPACT STRENGTH
favourable as replacements for wood thermal barrier RELATIONSHIPS OF PVC WINDOW PROFILES
components in a steel-based stud assembly. 11 refs. Hajji P; Marchand F; Gerard P; Gauthier C
USA ATOFINA; Lyon,Institut National des Sciences
Accession no.853502 Appliquees

(Institute of Materials) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Polyvinyl chloride window formulations containing, as Accession no.852747
impact modifiers, a novel acrylic resin, chlorinated PE or
an acrylic resin/chlorinated PE blend, were extruded at
different melt temperatures and the performance of these Item 22
impact modifiers compared in terms of processing PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings
window and intrinsic impact strength. The morphological of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.
properties of the extruded window profiles were London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 10,
determined before and after impact testing by means of p.124-32, 21cm, 012
SEM and atomic force microscopy and the relationship PVC WINDOW PROFILE MARKET IN CHINA
between the morphological properties and impact strength Fuji K; Ikenaga A; Makepeace S
of the profiles evaluated. 11 refs. Kaneka Corp.; Kaneka Belgium NV
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; (Institute of Materials)
WESTERN EUROPE
A brief overview of the PVC window profile market in
Accession no.852751 Asia and China is presented followed by statistics on the
market for PVC window profiles in this region with
Item 20 emphasis on China. Statistics are given on the supply/
PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings demand balance in China from 1998 to 2005, estimated
of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002. window profile material share in China for 2001,
London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 12, estimated growth of Chinese PVC window manufacturer
p.147-50, 21cm, 012 capacity distribution for 2001 and trend in impact modifier
THE CHALLENGES AHEAD addition level.
Guerin J M ASIA; BELGIUM; CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
Heywood Williams Group PLC EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
(Institute of Materials) Accession no.852746
The market challenges and opportunities facing the PVC
window industry are considered in the areas of product Item 23
development, new marketing areas, environmental PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings
concerns and the generation of a sustainable industry of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.
structure. London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 6,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; p.85-94, 21cm, 012
WESTERN EUROPE THE MARKET FOR PVC-U WINDOW AND
Accession no.852748 FOAM PROFILES - AN ANALYSIS OF SOME
KEY ISSUES AFFECTING COMPANY
PERFORMANCE
Item 21 Rigby M; Arnold G H
PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedings Rigby M.,Associates; Arnold G.,Associates
of a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002. (Institute of Materials)
London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 11,
p.133-46, 21cm, 012 The current market for PVC windows in Western Europe
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE WEATHERING is examined, paying particular attention to the UK market,
OF TIO2-PIGMENTED RIGID PVC TEST and the main issues facing the industry, particularly
SPECIMENS environmental issues, are discussed. Future developments
Schmelzer J; Haug C affecting the industry are also considered.
Kronos International Inc. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
(Institute of Materials)
Accession no.085274
The results are reported of an investigation into the
contribution made by titanium dioxide pigments, such as
Kronos 2220 and Kronos 2222, to preserving the quality Item 24
of rigid PVC window profiles subjected to accelerated Adhesives & Sealants Industry
and outdoor weathering. The effects of TiO2 pigment 9, No.2, March 2002, p.56
grade and type of stabiliser on weather resistance, of SILICONE SEALANT PLAYS KEY ROLE IN
processing on initial tristimulus values and of TiO2 IMPACT-RESISTANT GLAZING SYSTEMS
pigment grade and pigment concentration on tristimulus Dow Corning 995 Silicone Structural Sealant, a silicone
values and chalking behaviour of the profiles are discussed sealant with high tensile and shear strengths and excellent
and a comparison is made between artificial and outdoor adhesion to glass and common window frame materials,
weathering data. is reported to be playing a key role in laminated glass

designs, which are helping to reduce potential injury to PRODUCTS; KRAUSS-MAFFEI AG; ATOGLAS;
occupants of buildings and passers by. The window CENTRO ESPANOL DE PLASTICOS
systems also exhibit dramatically increased protection EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
from hurricanes and tornadoes, criminal trespass and GERMANY; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
bomb blasts. Accession no.851772
USA
Accession no.852265 Item 28
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
92, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.31-3
Item 25
ROOFS OF LIGHT
Plast 21
Benz V W
No.106, Nov.2001, p.43
Makroform GmbH
Spanish
SECONDARY PROCESSES IN THE EXTRUSION The extraordinary properties, which make polycarbonate,
OF PROFILES: AN IDEAL COMPLEMENT FOR such as Makrolon, particularly suitable for transparent
GUARANTEED QUALITY roofing, and the reasons for the success of polycarbonate
sheets in roof construction are considered. The regulations
The BEX 2-92-28V/2 twin-screw extruder and different
and standards, including those pertaining to fire behaviour,
items of post-extrusion equipment developed by
which polycarbonate must satisfy to be used in roofing
Battenfeld Extrusionstechnik for the production of plastics
applications, are also discussed. (Kunststoffe, 92, No.1,
window frame profiles are described.
2002, p.80-3)
BATTENFELD EXTRUSIONSTECHNIK GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.850984
Accession no.851774
Item 29
Item 26
Emerging Technologies for the New Millennium. SPE
Plast 21
Topical Conference held Montreal, Canada, 20th-21st.
No.106, Nov.2001, p.40
Sept. 2001.
Spanish
Brookfield, Ct., 2001, 27 cms., paper 8, p.51-6. 012
COMPOSITES IN THE REPAIR OF CONCRETE
WOOD COMPOSITES IN DECKING
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
An account is given of a study carried out by Universidad Quarmley J
Politecnica de Madrid in the use of carbon fibre-reinforced Principia Partners
epoxy resin composites in place of steel plates for the (SPE; INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS INSTITUTE)
repair of concrete structures. Stresses in the composites
The US market for wood composites in decking structures
and the composite/concrete interface were monitored
is discussed, with market data from Principia Partners.
using optic fibre and Bragg sensors.
The market for building materials used in decks, verandas
MADRID,UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA and porches is reported to have reached 5.4 billion US
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
dollars in 2000, representing a 6% increase over the 1999
market value. These materials were used to build, repair
Accession no.851773
or replace an estimated 3.2 million decks, porches,
verandas and balconies in the USA. The wood composite
Item 27 portion of the market is relatively young, and is growing
Plast 21 rapidly at the expense of traditional materials despite their
No.106, Nov.2001, p.37-9 initial high cost. Wood composites account for over 4%
Spanish of market volume related to deck boards and railing
BUILDING THE FUTURE systems. Forecasts for consumption of decking materials
Applications of plastics in building and related sectors are included and amongst the plastic deck board
are examined, and reference is made to developments by alternatives, wood composites will experience the greatest
a number of companies. Particular attention is paid to growth, followed by vinyl decking, it is claimed.
PVC, unsaturated polyester resins and composites, PS and USA
PU foams and polycarbonate and PMMA sheeting. The Accession no.847428
market for plastics in building applications in Spain is
reviewed, and statistics are presented for Spanish Item 30
consumption of plastics in this sector in 2000. Adhesives & Sealants Industry
BASF AG; BAYER AG; GE STRUCTURED 9, No.1, Feb. 2002, p.36

COMPOSITE WALL SYSTEMS ASSEMBLED COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE

WITH STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE REACTION-TO-FIRE CLASSIFICATION OF
BUILDING PRODUCTS USING CURRENT
Araldite 2015 epoxy resin structural adhesive is
NATIONAL AND FUTURE HARMONISED
supporting the fast assembly of durable glass-reinforced
EUROPEAN TEST METHODS
plastic sandwich construction wall systems at Norways
Briggs P
Marine Composites AS. The self-supporting walls are
Warrington Fire Research Centre Ltd.
used in the manufacture of hygienic hospitals and
(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.)
buildings used by food processing, electronic and
pharmaceutical industries. Araldite 2015 from Vantico A description is given of new European reaction-to-fire
was chosen for the project because of its ease of handling test methods and performance criteria, which will replace
and performance characteristics, which include the ability current national methods required by building regulations.
to produce resilient bond lines that can withstand exposure A comparison is also made of British and European
to corrosive marine environments as well as extremes of classifications for 60 building products, including roof
temperature. Brief details are given of the project and the assemblies. 17 refs.
use of structural adhesives. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
VANTICO INC.; MARINE COMPOSITES AS WESTERN EUROPE
NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.845176
Accession no.847414
Item 34
Item 31 Retec 2001. Hot Colors, Cool Plastics. Conference
Reinforced Plastics proceedings.
46, No.2, Feb.2002, p.50-1 Marco Island, Fla., 23rd-25th Sept.2001, p.162-72
COMPOSITES AID RENOVATION OF RUSSIAN SHADING WITHOUT SHADE: NEW
CITY INTERFERENCE PIGMENTS ALLOW A
Borisovitch K S; Nikolaevitgh U V WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE REFLECTION AND
TRANSMISSION
This article relates in detail the story of how the Russian Rosenberger S; Aumann S
company Stoic Ltd. has developed composite street Merck KgaA; EM Industries Inc.
furniture (such as traffic lights and lamp-posts) over the (SPE,Color & Appearance Div.)
last five years for the sympathetic renovation of the city
of St. Petersburg. The company has mostly used glass- Shading of transparent surfaces is becoming more and
reinforced unsaturated polyester. more important due to increasing energy costs for air
conditioning and lighting. In speciality glazing there is
STOIC LTD.; SIEMENS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; now spectral-selective material available which can help
RUSSIA; WESTERN EUROPE to both reduce these costs and conserve energy. It is also
Accession no.845701 often desirable to prevent solar heat from transmitting,
while admitting as much daylight as possible. These are
often contradictory requests. In plastics, additives -
Item 32 pigments, dyestuffs and metals - are currently used for
Adhesives Age shading purposes. These shading additives are compared
45, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.16-8 for their effectiveness. A wavelength selective system for
HOUSE PARTY plastic is required, which allows most of the visible light
Schwartz J to get through, while most of the IR portion of the sunlight
An analysis is made of the building industry market in is reflected. Recent developments in new multi-layer
the USA and its effect on the adhesives industry. pigments allow a spectrally selective translucent glazing
Representatives from a number of companies involved for plastic applications. These additives/pigments can be
in the adhesives industry give their views on the current used inexpensively and conveniently. An overview of
state and future outlook for adhesives in their particular these new developments is presented.
sectors. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
USA
Accession no.845252 Accession no.845060
Item 33 Item 35
Flame Retardants 2002. Proceedings of a conference Modern Plastics International
held London, 5th-6th Feb. 2002. 31, No.11, Nov.2001, p.44-5
London, Interscience Communications Ltd., 2002, GROWTH IS STEADY IN THIS MAMMOTH
Paper 23, p.217-26, 24 cm, 012 END-MARKET

Defosse M are being used by Isoltema in its Elotene waterproofing

Strips and Ekobit waterproofing and sealing tapes. D-
Among plastics end-markets, the size of the building and
KX220 has been used by Isoltema in the development of
construction market is topped only by packaging. An
roofing products for the Colonial Stadium in Australia.
estimated 23 to 27% of all plastics is used in a construction
application. Plastics are used for many reasons, but chief ISOLTEMA SPA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
among them are long life and the low cost of installation,
WESTERN EUROPE
use and maintenance. According to the American Plastics
Council, total sales and captive use of plastics in the Accession no.836854
building and construction market in the US grew by 8%/
yr between 1995 and 1999, a rate higher than even those Item 38
in packaging and medical. That rate is due to increase, as Canadian Plastics
strength in US housing starts continues to confound 59, No.8, Aug.2001, p.16/8
experts awaiting a steep drop in home starts amid the slow CONSTRUCTION BOOM
economy. In Western Europe, plastics use in construction Macdonald C
topped 8.3 million tonnes last year. The European Plastics
This article discusses the booming demand in North
Converters association notes that compared to other
America for wood alternatives (plastic lumber), for
materials, plastics often fare better in environmental
construction applications such as decking, and other
assessments. Most plastic building products can be easily
outdoor structures. It reports that there appears to be
recycled, as the majority are single-material applications
unlimited opportunity and very few hurdles for both
such as pipe and window frames. Details are given.
veterans and new-comers to the segment, and that
AMERICAN PLASTICS COUNCIL; BAYER AG; phenomenal market growth is forecast over the coming
VINYL INSTITUTE; VKE; HT TROPLAST; GE four years.
STRUCTURED PRODUCTS; SOLVAY
USA
PLASTIC LUMBER TRADE ASSOCIATION;
CASCADES RE-PLAST INC.; PLASTIVAL;
Accession no.840720
SUPERWOOD CANADA INC.; CANADIAN
PLASTIC LUMBER; CPI PLASTICS GROUP LTD.;
Item 36 ROYAL GROUP TECHNOLOGIES INC.; GSW
European Plastics News THERMOPLASTICS CO.; BRITE
28, No.6, June 2001, p.53-4 MANUFACTURING INC.; NEXWOOD
HIGH PROFILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES LTD.; POLYMER SHEET
Vink D APPLICATIONS INC.; PULTRONEX CORP.; PENN
STATE UNIVERSITY; ASTM; TREX
HT Troplast of Germany has, through a series of
CANADA
acquisitions, become Europes largest plastic window
profile manufacturer. Following its purchase of KBE in Accession no.836817
1999, it acquired Kommerling in October 2000. It now
boasts a 23% share of the European window profile Item 39
market through its KBE, Knipping, Kommerling and Popular Plastics and Packaging
Trocal brands. Despite a poor year for the German 46, No.11, Nov.2001, p.71-4
construction market, and rising raw material prices, the SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PLASTICS
company announced a turnover of 676 million euros in AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
2000, of which more than half came from outside Srivastava A; Aggarwal R K; Singh P
Germany. Troplast has steadily reduced its reliance on Sant Longowal,Institute of Engineering & Technology;
the home market. Germany is still responsible for around Punjab,University
a quarter of business, but five years ago it accounted for
The recent earthquake and the subsequent population shift
70%. Some company information is presented, including
has invited the attention of technocrats and engineers to
details of a non-PVC (PP) window frame.
seek a readily constructible building material as an
HT TROPLAST alternative to conventional materials to provide shelters
WESTERN EUROPE
to disaster victims. The present hue and cry from
environmentalists about massive deforestation, stringent
Accession no.840706
guidelines on health hazards from the dust pollution for
construction workers, and extra cost of secondary
Item 37 operation on decoration and finishing are the supporting
Adhesives Age factors for new materials to replace cement, timber and
44, No.10, Oct. 2001, p.45 iron. The large demand of makeshift post boxes,
THROUGH THE ROOF temporary research laboratories, survey camps, traffic
booths, transit accommodation, office accommodation,
Kraton D-KX220 polymer and Kraton D-1184 polymer

refreshment booths, cyber cafes, toiletries and vaccination the purpose of repairing historically important stone
booths are increasing the need for a structural material of buildings and monuments. Data are given on the
high strength and low weight ratio, and high class properties of the original and restored stone. 10 refs.
decorative value. The prevailing challenges could possibly Articles from this journal can be requested for translation
be resolved through manmade plastics. In the present by subscribers to the Rapra produced International
scenario, they have already been accepted as a Polymer Science and Technology.
construction material in structural, non-structural, coating, Accession no.833359
finishing and decorative applications. The present
development of plastics as construction materials are
discussed. 21 refs. Item 43
Injection Molding
INDIA
9, No.10, Oct. 2001, p.42-3
Accession no.835658 MARKET SNAPSHOT. BUILDING &
CONSTRUCTION
Item 40 Chitwood A
Adhesives & Sealants Industry
An analysis is made of the US building and construction
8, No.4, May 2001, p.48-53
market and statistics are presented on the outlook through
US SEALANT STANDARDS IN BUILDING
to 2010 for new housing units, which are expected to
CONSTRUCTION. CURRENT STANDARDS AND
decline by about 5% this year but rebound by 3% in 2002,
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY
according to the National Association of Home Builders.
Clutter E T
Trends in resins exhibiting higher heat resistance materials
Schnee-Morehead Inc.
and products requiring little or no maintenance are
Details are given of the US standards regarding sealants identified but do not take into account the impact of the
in the construction industry. Mention is made of standards events of September 11 on the US economy.
developed by the American Society for Testing and US,NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME
Materials, and the American Architectural Manufacturers BUILDERS
Association. USA
USA Accession no.833144
Accession no.835549
Item 44
Item 41 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
Plastics Additives & Compounding 78, No.793, March 2001, p.86-7
3, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.32-4 French
AEI PUTS TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS IN THE RUBBER PROFILES PLAY THE SEALING CARD
PIPELINE Muret B
SNCP
The range of specialised products developed by AEI
Compounds for the building industry is described. These Applications of rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers in
products include insulation and sheathing for electrical extruded sealing profiles for the building industry are
power and communication cables, flexible sheathing for examined, and French standards relating to such seals are
construction site cabling and specialised compounds for reviewed.
the manufacture of hot water pipe and fittings for AFNOR
plumbing and heating systems. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
AEI COMPOUNDS LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Accession no.831348
WESTERN EUROPE
Adhesives Age
Item 42 44, No.9, Sept.2001, p.s7-8
Plasticheskie Massy EASIER DOES IT
No.9, 2000, p.38-41 Valero G
Russian
Home builders and professional building trades want
LOW-TEMPERATURE CURING MATERIALS
quality construction adhesives sold at competitive prices,
BASED ON ALKOXYSILOXANES
are easy to install and will not delay any finishing work.
Osipchik V S; Olikhova Yu V
Experts say adhesives offer better assembly than
The possibility was studied of using products based on traditional mechanical methods because the load of the
alkoxysiloxanes as low-temperature curing materials for joint is evenly distributed rather than on just a few

fastening points. Adhesives for drywall and floor Chantasatrasamy N; Sinsermsuksakul R

coverings are the most widely used products in the Thai Plastic & Chemicals
housing market. Prompted by environmental regulations,
The use of PVC wood, which includes PVC foam and
manufacturers continue to squeeze VOCs, a contributor
PVC/wood flour composite, as an alternative to wood and
to smog, out of their products.
wood-like products is discussed. Compared with
USA
traditional products, the PVC wood is shown to exhibit
Accession no.829673 improved termite resistance and weathering resistance,
lower moisture absorption and ease of installation. It is
Item 46 demonstrated that PVC wood can be nailed, screwed,
Adhesives Age sawed, cut and bonded like wood by conventional tools
44, No.9, Sept.2001, p.s6 without any special skills being required. The bending
BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD strength of PVC wood is lower, but it can still be used for
Valero G decorative applications, i.e. cornices, doors and siding. 5
refs.
Builders and contractors are reluctant to abandon
THAILAND
traditional solvent-based adhesives and sealants.
Nonetheless, glue makers say they are developing new, Accession no.829655
environmentally friendly formulations that either equal
or exceed solvent-containing adhesives in such areas as Item 49
bonding and quick-tack ability. High-solids are replacing Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
solvent-based products in those instances where water- Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 566
based products do not work. PU technology is starting to DEVELOPMENT OF HOLLOW STRAND
replace some solvent-based products because it offers PLASTIC FOAM
excellent adhesion strength, flexibility, green grab, a long Grinshpun S; Schaller M
working time and is VOC-compliant. Dow Chemical Co.
USA (SPE)
Accession no.829672 The production and potential applications of a novel
extruded foam structure are described. A polymer gel
Item 47 containing a dissolved blowing agent is extruded through
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology an array of annuli forming hollow strands or tubes, which
7, No.3, Sept.2001, p.138-41 expand and coalesce to form a hollow strand structure. In
NEW OPPORTUNITIES WITH WOOD-FLOUR- comparison with solid foam structures of similar
FOAMED PVC composition, the hollow strand foam exhibits excellent
Patterson J compressibility and recoverability. In addition, by
Rohm & Haas Co. combining hollow strand foam with solid strand material,
the properties may be varied. Applications include impact
A major disadvantage of composites of wood with energy absorbers; high impact packaging with built-in
thermoplastics materials is a relatively high specific drainage; levelling insulating board for concrete surfaces;
gravity compared with those of many natural wood combined thermal and acoustic insulation; and the ability
products. A PVC-wood composite, for example, has a to produce foams from polymers which are otherwise
specific gravity of about 1.3 g/cc. The manufacture of difficult process. 3 refs.
cellular PVC-based wood composites was studied and the USA
properties that were achieved as the foam density was
Accession no.829403
reduced were examined. Overall, even with densities as
low as 0.6 g/cc, the physical properties should be adequate
for many wood replacement applications. The composites Item 50
also exhibited the aesthetics of wood and economics that Composites Part A: Applied Science and
were favourable compared with those of both rigid and Manufacturing
cellular PVC. 6 refs. 32A, No.9, 2001, p.1345-55
USA DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN RULES FOR
RETROFITTING BY ADHESIVE BONDING OR
Accession no.829656
BOLTING EITHER FRP OR STEEL TO RC
BEAMS OR SLABS IN BRIDGES AND
Item 48 BUILDINGS
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology Oehlers D J
7, No.3, Sept.2001, p.134-7 Adelaide,University
PVC WOOD: A NEW LOOK IN CONSTRUCTION
Bonding plates to reinforced concrete (RC) structures is a
Chetanachan W; Sookkho D; Sutthitavil W;
mechanically efficient form of retrofitting that is also

inexpensive and unobtrusive. However, bonding plates to Item 53

RC structures is an extremely complex engineering Reinforced Plastics
problem, as research has shown that bonded plates are prone 45, No.7/8, July/Aug.2001, p.44/50
to about 30 mechanisms of failure. The various techniques USE OF COMPOSITES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
of plating now available for retrofitting are described, some INFRASTRUCTURE
of the various failure mechanisms that can occur and the Garden H
development of their design rules are illustrated, and the Taylor Woodrow Construction Ltd.
choices between adhesive bonding and bolting, and
Composites have successfully been used in the
between steel and FRP plating, are discussed. 10 refs.
rehabilitation of concrete, cast iron and steel elements.
AUSTRALIA
This article discusses how composites have been used to
Accession no.829098 meet programme and site working constraints in
restoration work and also looks at some new build
Item 51 applications. One example is CFRP strips used to reinforce
Composites Part A: Applied Science and a crack in a boiler cell/duct cell wall of a power station. A
Manufacturing number of cast iron beams were in need of strengthening
32A, No.9, 2001, p.1339-43 in a garage structure beneath a residential housing
FIBRE COMPOSITE BRIDGE DECKS - AN development. A rehabilitation scheme was designed based
ALTERNATIVE APPROACH on CFRP strips bonded to the tension flanges of the beams.
Davey S W; Van Erp G M; Marsh R EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Southern Queensland,University WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828523
Initial results of a study into the structural behaviour of a
new type of fibre composite bridge deck are presented.
The deck, which uses a particulate filled resin core, can Item 54
be produced at costs similar to steel and concrete decks. Cellular Polymers
The manufacturing method is suitable for both small- and 20, No.3, 2001, p.211-29
large-scale production runs, and does not require large RESEARCH INTO THE CAUSES OF FIRE -
up-front investments. Aspects of the design and method SEARCHING FOR NEW INSIGHT OR
of manufacture are presented together with test results CONFIRMING OLD PREJUDICES?
for two different size decks. 8 refs. Prager F H; Sasse R H
AUSTRALIA Bayer AG; RWTH
Accession no.829097 The course of the 1996 fire at Dusseldorf airport is
discussed with reference to the report by the expert
commission. Polymeric materials involved included
Item 52
expanded PS and PVC. A detailed analysis of the report
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
reveals that there is reason to doubt the conclusions
Manufacturing
reached concerning ignition risk and the initial phase of
32A, No.9, 2001, p.1329-38
the fire. In addition, there are marked inconsistencies
DEVELOPMENT OF PULTRUDED COMPOSITE
between material-specific and test-based knowledge on
MATERIAL HIGHWAY GUARDRAIL
the one hand and the conclusions and recommendations
Bank L C; Gentry G R
arrived at on the other. The role of the insulation in the
Wisconsin-Madison,University; Georgia,Institute of
suspended ceiling (interlevel) area, classified as non-
Technology
combustible, was incorrectly assessed in practically every
FRP composite materials are being used to develop products respect. A risk-focussed identification of the potential
for use as highway appurtenances, such as sign supports, origin of the fire is considered and the relevance of purely
luminaire supports and guardrails (crash barriers). These material-specific data is highlighted. 36 refs.
structures, located alongside highways and roads, are EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
subjected to vehicular impacts and must be designed to be WESTERN EUROPE
crashworthy to ensure the safety of the driving public. Accession no.827368
An ongoing ten-year research and development programme
funded by the US Federal Highway Administration and
the US Department of Transportation (DOT) to produce a Item 55
crashworthy composite material highway guardrail system Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
is reviewed. An overview of the research and development 7, No.2, June 2001, p.61-6
to a patented pultruded composite material guardrail is ENHANCED WEATHERABILITY OF EXTERIOR
provided. 25 refs. PVC BUILDING PRODUCTS
Girois S; Schipper P S
USA
ATOFINA Chemicals Inc.
Accession no.829096

The development of a new generation of organotin EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

maleate heat stabilisers is discussed. The improved NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
lachrymatory behaviour of the new technology compared Accession no.824821
with standard organotin maleates is described and the
good weathering performance in PVC capstock compared Item 58
with the conventional organotin mercaptide during natural UTECH 2000. Proceedings of a conference held The
ageing is considered. The economics of a pure PVC Hague, Netherlands, 28th-30th March 2000.
capstock solution are reported. 8 refs. London, 2000, Construction Session, Paper 2, pp.2, 012
USA BUILDING WITH COMPOSITE PANELS: THE
Accession no.825287 ARCHITECTS VIEWPOINT
Bronsvoort A
Architektenburo Bronsvoort
Item 56
(Crain Communications Ltd.; European Isocyanate
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
Producers Association)
40, No.4, 2001, p.407-21
MODELING RECYCLED POLYMERIC MATRIX A discussion is presented on how to bridge the gap between
COMPOSITES: A SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENTAL what the building industry can do and what does the
SOLUTION architect want and the need for direct consultation between
Avila A F the architect and the building industry. A practical example
Minas Gerais,Universidade Federal of how a sandwich panel met the requirements of the
architect and the building industry is presented and the
The potential use of fully recycled melt-blended matrices
dependence of the future of modern architecture on the
in polymeric matrix composites was assessed, together
capabilities of the building industry is briefly considered.
with their application in the construction of low cost
housing for developing countries. A two-step EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
homogenisation process was proposed. The melt-
blended matrix was homogenised by applying the Accession no.824820
concentric spheres model under weak interface
conditions and the linear function of transformation. The Item 59
overall composite effective properties were estimated European Plastics News
from the composite cylinder assemblage model under 28, No.7, Jul./Aug. 2001, p.37
weak interface condition for each lamina. Finite element BUILT TO LAST
simulation of beam problem was performed to evaluate Sall K
the possible application of recycled polymeric matrix
The building industry is reported to be benefiting from
composites in the construction of low cost housing. The
technology transfer in the use of composite technology.
results were compared with those for conventional
Key industries such as telecommunications, aerospace,
materials. 22 refs.
marine and offshore industries have all contributed to
BRAZIL
developments within the construction industry. From the
Accession no.824994 telecommunications industry, the use of radome self-
supporting spherical structures, has led to developments
Item 57 in modular temporary accommodation such as that
UTECH 2000. Proceedings of a conference held The required for research in wilderness areas, and for the
Hague, Netherlands, 28th-30th March 2000. construction of mosque domes and other unsupported
London, 2000, Construction Session, Paper 3, pp.3, 012 roofing structures. The marine and offshore industries
CONTINUING GROWTH OF URETHANE have lent technology relating to fire performance and
CORED SANDWICH PANELS corrosion resistance, whilst the aerospace industry has
Trew P contributed radar absorbing materials which are used in
EPIC cladding applications in the construction industry.
(Crain Communications Ltd.; European Isocyanate WESTERN EUROPE
Producers Association) Accession no.824419
The rapid growth in the use of PU cored sandwich panels
in the UK and the reasons for this growth are discussed. Item 60
The role of EPIC in the rapid rise in the use of these Plastics News(USA)
sandwich panels and the main challenges facing the 13, No.18, 2nd July 2001, p.1/23
sandwich panel industry, namely environmental and fire NEW YORK PIPE PLAN CLOGGED
performance, are examined. The effect of European Toloken S
harmonisation on the industry and the future of the Disputes between legislators, plumbers unions and
industry are also considered. state agencies in New York are reported regarding the

use of plastic pipes in buildings. Plumbers unions and Item 63

some legislators are arguing that plastic pipe is Composite Structures
dangerous and toxic, and are advancing legislation that 52, Nos.3-4, April 2001, p.467-74
would restrict its use even more than the current code. VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A FIBRE-
On the other hand, the state agency that writes New REINFORCED POLYMER BRIDGE
Yorks building codes favours allowing much more SUPERSTRUCTURE
plastic pipe to be used. Fears centre on the fire hazard Aref A J; Alampalli S
problem and smoke toxicity which inhibits fire Buffalo,State University of New York; New York
fighting. State,Department of Transportation
USA
Dynamic response of the first fibre-reinforced polymer
Accession no.824359 composite bridge built in the US is studied using
experimental modal tests and validated finite element
Item 61 models. This slab bridge was manufactured with a
FIRE HAZARDS, TESTING, MATERIALS AND longitudinal joint, in the form of a shear-key, and was
PRODUCTS. Proceedings of a conference held connected in the field using epoxy resins. Long-term
Shawbury, UK, 13th March 1997. performance of such joints is critical for future
Shawbury, 1997, paper 8, p.1-5, 012 applications of similar designs. At the same time the shear-
FIRE HAZARD AND MODELLING key details are not visible, once joined, and cannot be
Chitty R inspected using routine inspection procedures. Hence,
Fire Research Station experimental modal analysis is used to evaluate the
(Rapra Technology Ltd.) integrity of the longitudinal joint. A finite element model
validated with field test data is developed to further study
Deterministic models for the movement of smoke, namely the effect of the longitudinal joint degradation on vibration
zone models and computational fluid dynamics/field characteristics of the structure. The finite element analysis
models used in the design of fire safety systems in is also used to evaluate the modal-based techniques for
buildings are described and some of the principle zone future inspections. Results indicate that the longitudinal
and field models are listed. Some of the potential pitfalls, joint is performing as intended, and only high degradation
which may be encountered when using these models, are of the joint can be detected using the measured vibration
highlighted and some guidelines on solution procedures characteristics of the bridge. 18 refs.
are presented. Model validation/verification is also briefly
USA
considered. 22 refs.
Accession no.822835
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Plastics in Building Construction
25, No.6, March 2001, p.10-2
Item 62
AAMA AND VINYL WINDOWS
FIRE HAZARDS, TESTING, MATERIALS AND
Walker R
PRODUCTS. Proceedings of a conference held
American Architectural Manufacturers Assn.
Shawbury, UK, 13th March 1997.
Shawbury, 1997, paper 5, p.1-8, 012 The PVC window certification programme and standards
FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF VARIOUS operated by the American Architectural Manufacturers
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Association, which require mandatory testing of air
van de Weijgert J C A infiltration, water penetration, structural performance to
TNO windload and forced entry resistance, are described.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.) Statistics on the U.S. housing market are presented and
the threat to increased growth for vinyls from competitive
Several features relating to fire safety are explained in
materials and from environmental activists is discussed.
order to through some light on the behaviour of
USA
construction materials during fires and measures to
increase fire safety are outlined. Tentative fire tests for Accession no.821762
GRP beams and pipes exposed to standard fire
conditions and GRP panels exposed to hydrocarbon fire Item 65
conditions are described and some requirements for the Modern Plastics International
application of GRP in building applications are 31, No.6, June 2001, p.54-5
summarised. 15 refs. WOOD COMPOSITES IN DECKING. THE VIEW
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FROM PRINCIPIA
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Key findings are reported from a market study by
Accession no.822904 Principia on wood composites in decking structures, and

from discussions with Principias director, Jim Morton. the advantages, particularly to the environment, of
Details include market size, growth rate, key applications, alternative insulating concrete forms, which use recycled
materials substitution trends, consumption data, number foam or composites of Portland cement, over conventional
of producers, and forecasts for the industry. insulating concrete forms are considered. The types of
PRINCIPIA insulating concrete forms available are described, with
USA emphasis on the Rastra building system, which is
Accession no.820151 composed of planks or panels made of a composite of
cement and Thastyron, a 85 to 86% recycled post-
consumer PS waste and cement. Finally, the advantages
Item 66 and disadvantages of using recycled PS foam and
Modern Plastics International composite materials of Portland cement and recycled
31, No.6, June 2001, p.45-7 plastics in insulating concrete forms are examined and
ITS ONE HOT MARKET FOR PROFILE characteristics of both systems outlined. 10 refs.
EXTRUDERS
RASTRA USA
Mapleston P
USA
The North American market for wood-filled composites Accession no.818701
is discussed, with reference to market size and growth
rates, applications, processing considerations and
Item 69
equipment developments. The wood composite profile
British Plastics and Rubber
business for building and construction is put at 320,000
Nov.2000, p.42
tonnes last year in North America alone, the leading
GERMAN COMPANIES DOMINATE PVC
market, and volume is expected to more than double by
BUILDING PROFILES
2005, with decking representing over 60% of demand.
NORTH AMERICA It is explained here that, at present, German companies
Accession no.820149 are dominating the PVC building profiles industry, with
other major players tending to be Belgian or UK-based.
This article examines the PVC building profile industry
Item 67
as a whole, and looks at the current and recent activities
Adhesives & Sealants Industry
of some of the key players within it.
8, No.5, June/July 2001, p.48-9
NEUTRAL SILICONE SEALANT SYSTEMS VEKA; HT TROPLAST; APPLIED MARKET
SUPPORT ADVANTAGES IN PROCESSING AND INFORMATION; KOEMMERLING; DECEUNINCK;
END PRODUCTS HEYWOOD WILLIAMS; FORBO HELMITIN;
Schmidt A ALUPLAST; LAPEYRE GROUP; ERG-PROFIL;
Wacker Silicones Corp. BOWATER WINDOWS; LB PLASTICS; PLASTMO
LTD.; ROYAL EUROPA SP.Z.O.O.; REHAU;
Wacker Silicones Corp. has developed a range of neutral-
SCHUCO INTERNATIONAL AG; THYSSEN
cure alkoxy systems, a new generation of silicone sealants
POLYMER; TESSENDERLO GROUP; ACTUAL
that release an alcohol (methyl or ethyl) as they cure. They AUSTRIA; BELGIUM; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPE-
have been designed for use in the building sector, where GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
their advantages in processing and performance make FRANCE; GERMANY; HUNGARY; POLAND; UK; WESTERN
them suitable for use in high-tech applications such as EUROPE
window construction and for sealing both indoor and Accession no.818312
outdoor joints. Product characteristics and performance
advantages are discussed. Item 70
USA Composites Part B: Engineering
Accession no.820127 32B, No.4, 2001, p.309-22
STRENGTHENING STEEL BRIDGE SECTIONS
Item 68 USING CFRP LAMINATES
Plastics in Building Construction Sen R; Liby L; Mullins G
25, No.7, Apr. 2001, p.9-12 South Florida,University
USING RECYCLED AND COMPOSITE The feasibility of using carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy
MATERIALS IN INSULATING CONCRETE resin laminates to repair steel composite bridge members
FORMS was investigated. Six specimens, each consisting of a 6.1m
Ragsdale T J; Boser R long W8 X 24 wide flange A36 steel beam acting with a
Illinois,State University 0.114m thick by 0.71m wide reinforced concrete slab,
The market for insulating concrete forms for poured-in- were first loaded past yield of the tension flange to
place concrete walls in the USA is briefly discussed and simulate severe service distress. The damaged specimens

were then repaired using 3.65mm lengths of 2 or 5mm spent during the next decade. Remodelling grows at about
thick CFRP laminates bonded to the tension flange (with 2-3% per year. However, with current economic
a two-part epoxy adhesive FR 1272) and tested to failure. conditions, remodelling activity has eased this year.
The results indicated significant ultimate strength gains Replacement products such as vinyl siding and windows
but more modest improvement in the elastic response. are in favour this year because of rising energy costs.
Non-linear finite element analyses were in good HARVARD UNIVERSITY
agreement with the experimental results. The results USA
showed that it was feasible to strengthen steel composite Accession no.816645
members using CFRP laminates. 13 refs.
USA Item 74
Accession no.817889 Polimeri
22, No.1, 2001, p.5-13
Item 71 Croatian
Plastics News International APPLICATION OF PLASTICS IN BUILDING
July 2001, p.31 AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
DECORATIVE LATTICE MAKES USE OF Jelcic Z
RECYCLATE MAPIT
Viscount Plastics has released a range of new plastic lattice A review is presented of the use of plastics in building and
products for domestic and commercial applications. The civil engineering applications. Plastics and traditional
lattice, which carries the EcoScreen brand name, is building materials can be used to complement the
designed for use in gardens and outdoor structures. performance of each other, providing energy efficient
EcoScreen is manufactured using a combination of solutions. In particular, the use of expanded polystyrene in
selected recycled and new materials. The benefits of the civil engineering applications is examined, where its high
plastic lattice compared to traditional timber lattice strength, rigidity and heat distortion temperature is
include superior strength and durability, as well as improved by the use of cement or concrete layers. 151 refs.
resistance to mildew and insect attack. CROATIA
VISCOUNT PLASTICS Accession no.815363
AUSTRALIA
ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.
Item 72 Volume 75. Conference Proceedings.
Plastics News(USA) Orlando, Fl., Fall 1996, p.290-1
13, No.11, 14th May 2001, p.1/10 SEALANT RHEOLOGY AND ITS PRACTICAL
STANDARDS SET FOR LUMBER MEASUREMENTS
Malik T
ASTM has formally approved a standard for recycled
Goodrich B.F.
plastic lumber decking. The Standard Specification for
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Polyolefin-Based Plastic Lumber Decking Board covers
plastic lumber that is greater than 50% resin by weight. Studies were carried out on the dynamic mechanical
Of the 70-90m US dollars decking market, plastic lumber behaviour of different polyurethane and silicone
now accounts for a 30-40% market share. Test methods construction sealants. The effect of accelerated weathering
are now specified for compressive qualities, density, was correlated with the sealant performance by
flexural and shear properties, thermal expansion, creep monitoring the changes in their storage and loss moduli.
and fastener withdrawal. The results revealed that different sealants were much
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND stiffer than most of the polyurethanes at low temperatures.
MATERIALS Some of the polyurethane sealant displayed
USA decomposition and reversion at higher temperatures and
Accession no.816772 stiffness at lower temperatures after 1000 hours of UV
weathering. It was demonstrated that dynamic mechanical
Item 73 analysis is a very good method for characterising the
Plastics News(USA) sealants and could be used to predict the performance of
13, No.7, 16th April 2001, p.5 the sealant. 0 refs.
HARVARD STUDY: REMODELLING HOLDS ITS USA
OWN Accession no.815232
DeRosa A
The 180bn US dollars remodelling market in the US is Item 76
expected to surpass new construction in terms of dollars Focus on Plastics Additives

No.32, Dec.2000, p.7 CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY; COMPOSITE

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION PROVIDES SOLUTIONS INC.
CUSTOMERS FOR ADDITIVES USA
Accession no.811013
This article speculates on the future of additives within
the building and construction industry, forecasting that
one day the industry will embrace reinforced plastics in a Item 79
big way, and there will be more opportunities for the Plastics and Rubber Weekly
additives business as a result. 13th April 2001, p.14
RHONE-POULENC WOOD AND METAL NO LONGER IN THE
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRAME
NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; Bagshaw S
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Both the pipe and window construction sectors have
Accession no.813111
profited from the boom in house construction and
increased use of plastics as a replacement for both wood
Item 77
and metal. BPFs Pipes Group says it is challenging copper
Vinyltec 2000. Conference proceedings.
in the hot and cold water sector and has a current market
Philadelphia, Pa., 11th-12th Oct.2000, p.137-46
share of 35-40%. Omnico says it has seen its business
TWIN SCREW EXTRUDERS - APPLICATIONS
grow by over 40% in the last four years. A major part of
IN THE FENESTRATION, FENCING, DECKING
that has come from the flat plastic sector such as fascia
AND RAILING MARKETS
boards, soffit boards and cladding. Environmental
Brown T
concerns inevitably dog the construction sector. The PVC
ExtrusionTek Milacron
windows business is combating this through increasing
(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Philadelphia Section)
the use of recycled plastics.
Profiles are reported to be the fastest growing US plastics EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
processing sector during the 1990s, and of the many WESTERN EUROPE
different extruders currently available, the counter- Accession no.810139
rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder is the most
commonly used for rigid PVC extrusions, it is reported. Item 80
Extruder technology is being driven by developments in Adhesives Age
vinyl materials such as solid vinyl, cellular PVC and 44, No.2, Feb.2001, p.15-8
woodflour/plastic composites, where increased output HOUSE OF BLUES?
rates and the ability to process a wider variety of custom Schwartz J
formulations is required. The design and operation of
counter-rotating intermeshing twin screw extruders is The US National Association of Home Builders reports
described, with reference to the advantages it affords in that 2000 housing starts were approximately 1.5 million,
growth markets such as windows, decking, fencing and down 200,000 from the previous year and the lowest
railing. 15 refs. figure in three years. ChemQuest Group attributes the
decline to high interest rates, but it is possible that the
USA
recent decision by the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates
Accession no.811303 from 6.5 to 6% could stimulate more buying activity.
Adhesives and sealants formulators are keeping a close
Item 78 eye on the US builder market as it represents
Composites International approximately 17% of adhesive sales in that country.
Nos.43/44, Jan./April 2001, p.54/60 Industry members offer mixed opinions over how much
English; French the sluggish economy will affect sales to this key sector.
COMPOSITES PENETRATE THE MARKET Details are given.
It is now commonly accepted by architects, engineers and US,NATIONAL ASSN.OF HOME BUILDERS;
interior decoration designers in the building industry that CHEMQUEST GROUP INC.; OSI SEALANTS INC.;
the mechanical strength and characteristics of composite FREEDONIA GROUP
materials make them first-class materials. Their design USA
flexibility, along with almost non-existent maintenance Accession no.809477
requirements are winning over structural and
infrastructural designers as well as those in charge of
Item 81
decorative components, trim and fittings for residential
buildings. Several types of application are representative
91, No.2, Feb.2001, p.35-6
of these developments.
English; German
REICHHOLD CHEMICALS INC.; SOLID SURFACE MATERIALS

Reimer H U quality at an affordable price to be used in various

DuPont de Nemours GmbH applications within building industries. The pultrusion
process is explained in general, and some features of the
The invention of solid surface materials made of minerals
material are shown. The need for standardised
and acrylic-acid ester has had a lasting impact on the world
construction methods and materials is discussed. The use
of design: such was the conclusion reached by a recent
of pultruded profiles in large load carrying constructions
study carried out by a design association. According to
like bridges and multi-storage houses is shown. The
the study, solid surface materials rank number three,
different possibilities of connections are also discussed,
directly behind personal computers and the internet.
and the use of pultrusion within a novel bridge decking
Emphasis is placed on DuPonts Corian material, which
system is shown.
is said to offer architects, interior designers and interior
DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
fitters an unusual combination of aesthetic, practical and
SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
technical advantages, enabling them to implement even
highly unusual design concepts. (Translated from Accession no.807698
Kunstoffe 91, 2001, 2, p.78/82).
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Item 84
WESTERN EUROPE Plastics News(USA)
Accession no.809456 12, No.51, 19th Feb.2001, p.4
SIDING MAKERS KEEP SHAKY MARKET
COVERED
Item 82
DeRosa A
Advanced Materials & Composites News
23, No.5, 5th March 2001, p.1-3 In the US PVC siding sector, excess capacity exists and
AMBIENTE PURSUES DISASTER RESISTANT consolidation will continue in this maturing market.
HOUSING Owens Corning acquired FibreBoard and Amerimark in
1997 and, in early 2000, streamlined operations by closing
Ambiente Housing is developing composite panel homes
the main production plant for the OC brand of siding.
for enhanced disaster resistance. The Ambiente Housing
The company now has an estimated 323m US dollars in
System, winner of the top ACE Award at the CFA 2000
extrusion sales. Vinyl siding currently represents 50% of
Show in Las Vegas last September, is a panellised modular
the entire siding market. Alcoa Building Products is
building system, which combines high technology
relaunching its injection moulded siding. CertainTeed has
materials with advanced engineering to create an
introduced Millennium siding with a SmartWall System
environmentally conscious product of superior
that adjusts to seasonal temperature changes.
architectural design and detail. The company is part of
USA
the Abersham Technology Group in Norwich, Norfolk,
England which has been pursuing the technology for these Accession no.807015
houses for over ten years. Details are given.
AMBIENTE HOUSING SYSTEMS; ABERSHAM Item 85
TECHNOLOGY GROUP Plastics News(USA)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PUERTO 12, No.51, 19th Feb.2001, p.4
RICO; UK; WESTERN EUROPE SIPS HOMES HELP RISING ENERGY COSTS
Accession no.809334 SLIP
DeRosa A
Item 83 A Southern colonial home costs just 85 cents per day to
FRC 2000. Conference proceedings. heat and cool, thanks to its unusual structure: moulded
Newcastle upon Tyne, 13th-15th Sept.2000, p.90-5 expanded PS sandwiched between two oriented strand
USE OF PULTRUDED POLYMER BASED FIBRE boards. Otherwise known as Structural Insulated Panels,
REINFORCED PROFILES IN CIVIL or Sips, the product is gaining popularity quickly, thanks
ENGINEERING to skyrocketing energy costs. Great Lakes Insulspan
Knudsen E S manufactured the panels for use in the walls, roof and
Fiberline Composites AS first floor of the Atlanta show home. The ease of building
(Institute of Materials; Newcastle,University; Sips homes addresses the construction industrys current
Institution of Mechanical Engineers) labour shortage.
As production methods have developed and raw material GREAT LAKES INSULSPAN
USA
prices of especially carbon fibres have decreased, the use
of complex composite materials in applications like Accession no.807014
bridges and buildings has increased. The pultrusion
process offers a production method that enables polymer Item 86
based composite profiles with a sufficiently high material Plastics News(USA)

12, No.51, 19th Feb.2001, p.1/31 Harris L A; Riffle J S

COMPOSITES GET ALL DECKED OUT Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University
Bregar B (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
North American demand for wood/plastic composites, There has been a dramatic increase in fibre reinforced
pegged at 700 million pounds in 2000, should more than polymeric composites in infrastructure and construction
double by 2005. Decking accounts for about 60% of the designs. Adhesive design and characterisation for such
total. The driver for composite decks is the demand for applications are described. Load bearing adhesives are
lower-maintenance exterior products that look good. The desirable because mechanical fasteners can create stress
composite decking market is expected to grow 25% this concentrations that diminish the strength and lifetime of
year to about 225m US dollars. Waste wood fibres are polymeric composite structures. Structural civil adhesives
combined with plastic, usually PE, PVC or PP, to make should display properties such as low viscosities for in
the weatherproof lumber. Recycled or virgin plastic can situ application at construction sites, reduced volatiles to
be used. ensure worker safety; Tgs high enough to avoid creep
NORTH AMERICA under environmental conditions, moisture resistance;
Accession no.807006 good adhesion to substrates and cyclic deformation
durability that meets the requirements necessary for
structural applications. Rubber-toughened thermosets are
Item 87 described comprised of methacrylate functionalised PPO
Asian Plastics News oligomers and vinyl ester resins containing less styrene
March 2001, p.15 than normally used. 7 refs.
TIPCOS NATURAL APPROACH
USA
Rambhia A
Accession no.802799
Tipco has developed a jute-phenolic composite for doors
and windows. The new product, Tipwood, is a pultruded
Item 90
composite which features heat resistance, flame
Composites International
retardance, high strength-to-weight ratio, and resistance
No.42, Nov./Dec.2000, p.70-7
to fatigue, corrosion, water, UV and termites. The
English; French
company supplies Tipwood in long stocks of various cross
CARBON-FIBRE STRUCTURAL
sections and can also supply ready-made doors, door
REINFORCEMENT
frames and pallets. Tipco has recently come up with
another concept of modular furniture from Tipwood. For the maintenance of civil engineering structures,
TIPCO INDUSTRIES LTD. carbon fibre fabrics are an alternative to standard
INDIA techniques involving bonded sheet metal. A research
Accession no.807001 project carried out within the framework of the building
and civil engineering industry involved the development
of a special composite called TFC, multidirectional
Item 88 carbon-fibre fabric. The epoxy resin component in TFC
Kunststoffe Plast Europe plays a double role as the matrix coating the carbon fibre
91, No.1, Jan.2001, p.42-4 and as the bonding adhesive. The fabric can be applied
HEAT MANAGEMENT by a single operator, who unwinds the desired length from
Albus S a roll. Once the fabric has been placed over the resin, it is
The importance to the economy and ecology of rigid PU roller-pressed. TFC was first used in November 1996 for
foam as thermal insulation in building applications is the repair of prefabricated prestressed concrete beams that
discussed and illustrated by its constructional and physical are part of an overpass on the A10 motorway between
benefits when employed in pitched roofs, flat roofs, walls, Paris and Chartres.
window frames and flooring. (Kunststoffe, 91, No.1, FREYSSINET INTERNATIONAL
2001, p.97-101) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.802205
Accession no.806705
Item 91
Item 89 Composites International
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. No.42, Nov./Dec.2000, p.65-9
Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. English; French
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.21-2 CARBON FIBRE IS A NATURAL CHOICE IN
RUBBER MODIFIED DIMETHACRYLATE BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
ADHESIVES ACTIVITIES

The use of carbon fibre in the building and civil dispersants; and Rhoca Jet liquid accelerators for shotcrete
engineering industry is growing. Projects in the US applications and Rhoca Stab soil stabilisation systems.
involving the use of carbon fibre for the repair and USA
maintenance of bridges have burgeoned. Cables made Accession no.801427
from carbon fibre composite perfected by Tokyo Rope
have been used to suspend the deck of a bridge located at
Herning in Denmarks Jutland area. A recent Item 94
Restructuration Corp. project in the US demonstrates the Popular Plastics and Packaging
use of carbon fibre to reinforce structures already extant 46, No.1, Jan. 2001, p.62-7
within buildings. In Japan, a three-dimensional roof BUILDING MATERIALS BASED ON POLYMERS
structure has been made using carbon fibre composite - AN OVERVIEW
cylindrical tie rods that are linked together by spherical Srivastava A; Aggarwal R K; Singh P
joints made of a light alloy. Sant Longowal,Institute of Engineering & Technology;
Punjab,University
WORLD
Accession no.802204 This overview of building materials based on polymers
examines the properties of plastics and the advantages
that they afford over traditional building materials in the
Item 92
construction industry. Particular benefits examined
Modern Plastics International
include their weight/strength ratio, insulative properties,
30, No.12, Dec.2000, p.62/6
cost reduction, corrosion and moisture resistance, and
WOOD-FIBRE COMPOSITES BUILD
durability. The use is discussed of polymer concrete, PVC
PROMISING ROLE IN EXTRUSION
as a substitute for wood, acrylic glazing, epoxy and PU
Leaversuch R D
coatings, and composite materials. 34 refs.
The extrusion of profiles in which a plastic is used to INDIA
encapsulate wood fibre is entering a new and promising Accession no.801403
stage. On the polymer side, the long-preferred material
of choice, reclaimed PE, is now being supplemented by
virgin PE, PVC and PP. Additive technology is also being Item 95
utilised in more ambitious ways. Wood-fibre composites Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
are spawning novel construction profiles including 77, No.786, May 2000, p.33-6
decking, fencing, railing, window, corner post and French
framing. Most processors have depended heavily on PLASTICS AND BUILDING: POTENTIAL FOR
conical, twin-screw counter-rotating extrusion CONCRETE GROWTH
equipment supplied by ExtrusionTek Milacron. A shift Forest J P
in processing methods is now likely to affect some key The economic position of the French building industry is
sectors. This involves inline or direct extrusion of wood- examined, and statistics are presented for consumption
plastic composite profiles and dispenses with pre-drying of plastics in this sector and for trends in the prices of
of wood. building materials. Some factors limiting the use of
WORLD plastics in building are discussed.
Accession no.801783 BENETEAU; THERMOPLASTIQUES COUSIN-
TESSIER; FEDERATION FRANCAISE DU
Item 93 BATIMENT; CSTB
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Cranbury, N.J., 1998, pp.6. 27 cms. 2/1/01 WESTERN EUROPE
RHODIA, INNOVATIVE CHEMICAL
Accession no.800883
TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
Rhodia Inc. Item 96
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
The range of additives from Rhodia Inc. for use in mortars,
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 406
concrete and civil engineering applications is described.
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF
Characteristics and applications are described for the
SANDWICH PANELS BASED ON PET FOAMS
Rhoximat PAV series of redispersible latex polymers for
Xanthos M; Dhavalikar R; Tan V; Dey S K; Yilmazer U
use in cement or plaster-based mortars; Rhoximat
New Jersey,Institute of Technology
additives for concrete, which include grades CS 60 SL a
(SPE)
nanometric silica slurry for precast and pumped concrete,
and RH 90 XL liquid biopolymers for use as anti- Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP) foams of density 0.2-
sedimentation agents in concrete; Rhoximat H-224 organo 1.0 g/cu cm, produced by extrusion from virgin and
silicone water repellents; Rhodoline defoamers and recycled material using physical or chemical blowing

agents, were evaluated as the low density core in sandwich DIN 18195 (PT1)
panels with impregnated M/F paper or extruded sheets of
Version 2000. Photocopies and loans of this document
glass fibre-reinforced PETP as facings. The flexural and
are not available from Rapra.
shear stiffness of the laminates was determined by variable
span three-point bending. The thermal and moisture WESTERN EUROPE
stability of the panels were also determined and compared
Accession no.794058
with competitive sandwich constructions. The bending
properties were comparable to those of wooden panels,
whilst having superior water resistance and good thermal Item 100
stability. The panels are comparable to competitive rigid Advanced Materials & Composites News
foam products, and have building and construction 22, No.19, 2nd Oct.2000, p.1-3
applications. 11 refs. MARIN COUNTY CIVIC CENTER
USA
REHABILITATION UNDERWAY WITH FRP
COMPOSITES
Accession no.799921
Details are presented in connection with the structural
strengthening of Marin County Civic Centre in California
Item 97
(originally completed in 1962). The building is being
Adhesives Age
made more resistant to potential seismic damage, with
43, No.11, Nov.2000, p.35/9
the use of fibre-reinforced composites.
BUILDING MATERIALS
Shah S SIKA CORP.; HEXCEL CORP.
USA
ChemRex Inc.
Accession no.792022
The construction market is very important for the
adhesives and sealants industry. Sealants based on
polymeric materials like PU, silicones, modified silicones Item 101
and polysulphides dominate this sector. Movement Journal of Advanced Materials
capability is the most important property for sealing 32, No.4, Oct.2000, p.16-23
modern construction materials. Property data are PRINCIPLES AND ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE-
presented. 1 ref. FILLED COMPOSITE TUBES
Mirmiran A; Naguib W; Shahawy M
USA
Cincinnati,University; Florida,Dept.of Transportation
Accession no.799046
An alternative to conventional reinforced and prestressed
concrete is proposed that consists of FRP tube filled with
Item 98 concrete. The tube is a pour form, protective jacket and
Insulation Journal reinforcement for concrete. The principles and
Nov./Dec.2000, p.20-2 characteristics of the system and its design issues are
COOLEST OF CUSTOMERS? described. A fibre element model is developed and
Heath P compared favourably with test results. The parametric
Kingspan Insulation Ltd. study shows that full confinement, high strength concrete
The House Builders Federation has issued statements and thick jackets increase the sectional capacity. It is also
criticising the UK Governments proposed upgrading of shown that the system with an equivalent reinforcement
standards of insulation and energy efficiency for new ration of only 1.4% performs better than a 6% reinforced
homes as contained in two Building Regulations/ concrete section or than a prestressed concrete section
Standards consultation papers. This article discusses wall, with 33% more concrete area. 8 refs.
roof and floor insulation, and examines the reasons behind USA
the frosty reception of housebuilders. Accession no.791443
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 102
Accession no.797110 Polymer International
49, No.10, Oct.2000, p.1232-55
Item 99 TOXIC PRODUCT YIELDS AND HAZARD
Berlin, 2000. NALOAN ASSESSMENT FOR FULLY ENCLOSED DESIGN
DIN 18195 (PT1). WATER-PROOFING OF FIRES
BUILDINGS - PART 1: PRINCIPLES, Purser D A
DEFINITIONS, ATTRIBUTION OF BRE Ltd.
WATERPROOFING TYPES Fires in multi-compartment buildings often occur in
Deutsches Institut fuer Normung ev enclosed spaces or in enclosures opening into other rooms

or corridors. Where such fires occur in relatively small FRP COMPOSITE REPAIR MATERIALS FOR
enclosures, with limited external venting, the growth of CONCRETE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
the fire itself remains restricted. If large vents are present Kliger H S
opening into large enclosed spaces or to the outside, Kliger H.S.,& Associates Inc.
flashover may occur. In either case these fires are likely to
The various FRP composite repair material systems for
become oxygen vitiated, producing large amounts of smoke
concrete infrastructure now in use are described, together
and toxic products. Fire-retarded (FR) and non-FR
with where they are used and what their relative
materials behave differently in these situations from the
advantages may be, and relating how the material
well-ventilated conditions in most standard tests, with
properties may be used by the civil engineering
smaller differences in toxic product yields. The main hazard
community. Emphasis is placed on composite wet lay-
to building occupants is the rapid contamination of building
up or precured bond bonding/wrapping to the outside
spaces by toxic smoke. Visual obscuration and irritancy of
surface of concrete. Composite grids and rebar are also
smoke impedes escape efficiency, affecting escape
mentioned, but only as they are used as repair materials;
behaviour and slowing travel speeds. This may be followed
most of their use is expected to be in new construction.
by incapacitation, primarily due to exposure to asphyxiant
Repair refers to all supplemental reinforcement. Steel
gases (mainly CO and HCN) and death. A series of full-
is still the primary internal reinforcement for the concrete
scale fire tests conducted in enclosed test rigs and buildings
structure. Composite supplemental reinforcement either
is reported, in which detailed measurements of smoke, heat,
prevents radial deformation (as in the case of seismic
toxic gases and time to detection are made, enabling
retrofit of columns) or increases the load capacity of a
assessment of time to incapacitation using fractional
structural beam, slab or wall by assuming the added dead
effective dose methodology. Also described are hazard
or live loads and keeping the stresses in the steel bars
analyses for fires in which an active suppression was used.
below a limit set by the building or highway code. The
Results are presented on the relationship between plume
composite can also bring a deteriorated structure back
oxygen and CO concentrations, and between CO and HCN
to original strength. 4 refs.
yields. The effects of interactions between fuel type and
USA
load, ventilation and building enclosures are discussed, with
their implications for choice of design fires appropriate to Accession no.789825
different fire scenarios. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Item 105
WESTERN EUROPE Advanced Materials & Composites News
Accession no.791411 22, No.17, 4th Sept.2000, p.5
CERF PANKOW AWARD GOES TO COST-
Item 103 SAVING STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE
Plastics in Building Construction REHABILITATION PROJECT WITH FRP
24, No.9, 2000, p.5-6 COMPOSITES DECK
URETHANE PROVIDES SECURE ROOF
PENETRATIONS Details are given of a rehabilitation project for an old
Colbert J A steel truss bridge carried out in 1999 in New York State.
A 140-foot span, built in 1940, carries state route 367
Commercial roofing contractors and building managers over Bentley Creek in Chemung County. It had been
that are plagued by the time, labour and ongoing posted with a 14-ton weight restriction due to excessive
maintenance required to seal roof penetrations - pipes, dead load and some section loss due to rust where the
beams and supports - have found a solution to this problem paint protection had failed. The old pony truss bridge
in a simple system that uses solid PU curbs and a pourable was given new life with the installation of a new fibre
PU elastomer sealant. The ChemCurb System, developed reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bridge deck. The
and patented by Chem Link, replaces the use of metal scope of the work was limited to deck removal and
pitch pans and coal tar pitch to seal roof penetrations from replacement, minor steel repairs, and cleaning and
water. The systems ChemCurb moulded PU curbs and painting of the structural steel. By replacing the original
Pro Pack pourable PU sealant use Mondur MR polymeric concrete deck and its numerous courses of asphalt
MDI and Multranol 9143 polyether polyol from Bayer as wearing surface with a lightweight glass fibre FRP
the urethane components. Details are given. composite deck, the dead load was reduced by 265 tons.
CHEMLINK INC.; BAYER AG With this burden taken off, the bridge is able to carry
USA any legal load. The state removed all weight restrictions
Accession no.789954 without having to do major steel repair work. A
thorough cleaning and painting will protect the steel
Item 104 in future years.
SAMPE Journal USA
36, No.5, Sept./Oct.2000, p.18-24 Accession no.787541

Item 106 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

Macplas WESTERN EUROPE
25, No.219, June 2000, p.51-4 Accession no.787138
Italian
NEW FRONTIERS FOR EPS Item 109
Summaries are given of papers presented at a conference Insulation Journal
on expanded PS (EPS) held in Milan by AIPE Sept./Oct.2000, p.20
(Associazione Italiana Polistirolo Espanso) on 9th May FLEECE MEMBRANE
2000. Topics covered include techniques for the Stevens Roofing Systems
manufacture of elasticised EPS panels for floating floors, A membrane (Stevens EP-Fleece), which combines 1.14
recycling processes, and production control in EPS or 1.52mm reinforced TPO membrane with a non-woven
processing. polyester fleece, has been introduced by Stevens Roofing
AIPE; ASSOCOMAPLAST; AMD; NUOVA Systems. The membrane can be mechanically fixed or
IDROPRESS; PROMASS fully adhered in both new and refurbishment applications
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; and may be installed on a wide variety of substrates. It
WESTERN EUROPE
meets various Factory Mutual windstorm classification
Accession no.787214 ratings, UL Class A fire ratings and EPA Energy Star
ratings for reflective roofing materials.
Insulation Journal WESTERN EUROPE
Sept./Oct.2000, p.24-5 Accession no.787137
LONGEVITY IS THE KEY
The results are reported of a research study conducted by Item 110
the Swedish SP Institute comparing different commercial Insulation Journal
rooflining membranes, which suggests that one of the Sept./Oct.2000, p.7
roofing membranes may prove deficient in the long term. CORROSION SOLUTIONS
Two types of material, namely flash-spun, microporous Bullen J
nonwovens made from HDPE (Tyvek) and microporous Isothane
PE films, were exposed to accelerated heat ageing for 12
The problem of wall tie corrosion in buildings is
weeks and to accelerated UV ageing for a further 14 days
highlighted and its solution by injecting PU foam into
and their air permeability and water resistance evaluated.
the wall cavity is demonstrated. The benefits of this
The effects of heat and UV ageing on the vapour
solution, which include insulation of the property to
permeability of Tyvek to determine the impact of exposure
Building Regulation standards and improved weather
time on its breathability were also examined. Tyvek was
resistance, are also indicated.
found to perform better than the microporous film over
the long term. WESTERN EUROPE
SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING & RESEARCH Accession no.787129
INSTITUTE
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE Item 111
Accession no.787139 Advanced Materials & Composites News
22, No.16, 21st Aug.2000, p.4-5
COMPOSITE SOLUTIONS PUSHES
Item 108
COMPOSITES SEISMIC STRENGTHENING
Insulation Journal
STRATEGY TO HOSPITALS
Sept./Oct.2000, p.20-1
USE UP THAT DEAD SPACE Composite Solutions has begun a campaign to educate
Vulcanite healthcare administrators on the advantages of FRP
composite retrofit solutions, mainly for hospitals. The
The use of Vulcanites Vulcatherm Foilthane SB insulation
company licenses CFRP composite technology from the
to create a warm roof construction, which can transform
the dead space in a loft into an extra room, is University of California to structurally retrofit major
demonstrated. Roofboards of this insulation, which buildings of all kinds to resist seismic events. Tests have
consist of an aluminium foil autohesively bonded to both shown the benefits of using composite materials to satisfy
sides of a CFC free, rigid PU foam during manufacture, performance requirements of existing columns and walls,
enable heat loss to be reduced to about 8%. An example primarily those of reinforced concrete or masonry.
of the use of these roofboards in the construction of an Composites retrofitting can typically be implemented at
executive house in Sheffield is given. a cost saving of 30-50% compared to the options currently

proposed using traditional material approaches, the aluminium and PVC. The research was carried out by
company claims. three public research bodies in Austria, Netherlands and
COMPOSITE SOLUTIONS INC. Germany, and results of each are shown to be substantially
USA in agreement. The results of the Austrian report are
Accession no.785048 discussed with reference to the energy required for
manufacture, and pollutants emitted in production and
maintenance of window frames. All three studies showed
Item 112 that PVC was not quite the environmental enemy it is
Adhesives Age often made out to be, and that the environmental impact
43, No.7, July 2000, p.18/20 of wood is not as negligible as previously thought.
CONSTRUCTION - BUILDING A FUTURE
WESTERN EUROPE
Valero G
Accession no.784708
Construction is the second-largest industry segment for
non-pressure sensitive adhesives, representing
Item 115
approximately 20% of total US volume and growing by
over 3%/year. Of the 14 market segments for construction,
90, No.5, May 2000, p.8-10; p.41-4
an estimated two-thirds of total volume is generated from
English; German
flooring and dry-wall products. The primary formulative
REACTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS TO
technologies for flooring adhesives are low-solvent,
FIRE
waterborne and PU. Because they contain no water, PU
Antonatus E
adhesives are considered ideal for use with thin flooring
BASF AG
materials that may cup when exposed to moisture.
CHEMQUEST GROUP INC. The reaction to fire of building products will soon be
USA classified throughout Europe by standardised test
Accession no.785022 procedures and a uniform classification system. Plastics
producers and processors are called upon to help design
this new system as it affects plastics and to press ahead
Item 113 with the development of products that satisfy the new
Journal of Industrial Textiles demands.
30, No.1, July 2000, p.63-82 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
UTILISATION OF VINYL COATED POLYESTER WESTERN EUROPE
FABRICS FOR ARCHITECTURAL Accession no.784137
APPLICATIONS
Seaman R; Bradenburg F
Seaman Corp. Item 116
Reinforced Plastics
The use of vinyl coated polyester fabrics in architectural 44, No.6, June 2000, p.44-5
applications, such as air-supported structures and tension HOME SWEET HOME?
membrane structures, is reviewed and the performance Jacob A
properties of these fabrics for such applications are discussed.
Properties considered include tensile strength, uniaxial and This article examines the concept of the customised
biaxial elongation, dimensional stability, coating adhesion, composite house - and takes a detailed look at a patented
tear strength, weldability, seam strength, non-wicking, UV two-storey prototype house-structure manufactured by
light and weathering resistance, flame resistance, cleanability, PDG Domus of the USA to show-case the concept. The
aesthetics and fungus and mildew resistance. Methods of construction, the costs, and the benefits are discussed fully.
achieving these performance properties by proper selection PDG DOMUS CORP.; ASHLAND
of the base fibre, fabric weave, coating and coating process USA
are also indicated. (Techtextil North American Symposium Accession no.783680
2000, March 22-24, Atlanta, GA).
USA
Item 117
Accession no.784875 Scrap Tire News
14, No.8, Aug.2000, p.16
Item 114 RUBBER USE IN ROOFING PRODUCTS
Macplas International GROWS
No.9, Aug.2000, p.35 Programmes that give preference in specifications to
WINDOWS AND DOORS recyclable building materials, and promote recycling in
Life cycle studies have been carried out on three materials building construction overall, are increasingly being
used to manufacture doors and window frames: wood, launched by US national and local government agencies.

EcoStar, an environmental manufacturer of recycled Item 120

rubber roofing products, uses waste from manufacturers Kunststoffe Plast Europe
of car hoses, shoes, tyres and several other rubber 90, No.4, April 2000, p.38-40
products, along with industrial waste plastics, to make a COLOURFAST WINDOW PROFILES. HEAT-
proprietary polymer known as Starloy, the main ingredient RESISTANT COMBINATIONS OF ASA AND ABS
in EcoStars Majestic Slate Tile. The tiles, which are 100% Hennenberg F
recycled content, are injection moulded using a special
The suitability of ASA and ABS as alternatives to PVC
formula that protects the integrity of the rubber, while
for window profiles is demonstrated. The properties of
producing a lightweight, durable roofing product.
these styrene copolymers are compared with those of
ECOSTAR INC. unplasticised PVC as are the costs of profiles made from
USA
PVC, ASA and ABS. The extrudability of these styrene
Accession no.782541 copolymers is also considered.
Item 118 WESTERN EUROPE
Plastics and Rubber Weekly Accession no.779485
No.1845, 14th July 2000, p.10
COMPOUNDERS GO FOR WOOD Item 121
Smith C Kunststoffe Plast Europe
Wood-filled plastics is one of the hottest markets in the 90, No.4, April 2000, p.35-7
building sector. The US lumber industry is currently POLYPROPYLENE - AN ALTERNATIVE?
leading the move towards extruded wood products, driven WINDOW PROFILE MATERIAL IN PP
largely by the construction industrys demand for decking COMPOUND
and sidings. Cincinnati Extrusion hopes to become a Brenner E
significant player in this sector and has developed a wood The suitability of PP as an alternative to materials, such
extrusion system of its own, which is claimed to be able as wood, aluminium or PVC, for window profiles is
to handle composites with wood contents of up to 85%. examined. The processability and quality requirements
Davis-Standard has shown a newly developed direct are considered and the properties of a coextruded PP
compounding and extrusion line for wood products. Its window profile are compared with those of PVC window
new Woodtruder technology is said to be able to process profiles.
a wet wood feed. AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.780132
Item 122
Item 119 Insulation Journal
European Plastics News May/June 2000, p.14
27, No.7, July/Aug.2000, p.27-8 NOT TAKING IT FAR ENOUGH
BUILDING UP THE MARKET
This article provides information on new UK guidance
Warmington A
on fire safety measures that will meet the requirements
Plastics offer a wide range of advantages in construction of Building Regulations, which is given in Approved
applications, but have not made progress in all Document B (Fire Safety) 2000. Details of the Document
applications in all markets. This is partly due to the highly are presented.
fragmented customer base which also varies greatly from ROCKWOOL
country to country. The construction market is also a EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
conservative one and plastics must show a real, proven WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
benefit over existing materials to succeed in this sector. Accession no.778851
The pipes and profiles industries are growing at a rate of
about 4%/year in Europe and both are facing similar Item 123
consolidation pressures. Relatively low growth, Plastics in Building Construction
fluctuating raw material prices and consumer pressure on 24, No.7, 2000, p.5-6
prices during difficult years for construction have all XEPS USED WITH CONCRETE SYSTEMS
contributed to squeezing pipe producers margins.
The use of Styrofoam insulation from Dow Chemical is
CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS described with reference to applications by the companys
LTD.; APPLIED MARKET INFORMATION LTD. co-marketing customers. Styrofoam is a rigid, extruded,
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
polystyrene foam insulation with a closed cell structure
Accession no.780079 resulting in a high compressive strength and resistance to

water penetration. Its use in a variety of building SPHERHOME; PH INDUSTRIES

applications is described, with particular reference to EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
energy efficient, lightweight insulating and waterproofing WESTERN EUROPE
structures. Accession no.777581
DOW CHEMICAL CO.
USA Item 127
Accession no.778543 Composites-French/English
No.38, April/May 2000, p.46-7
English; French
Item 124
POLYMER COMPOSITES AS A WAY FORWARD
Composites-French/English
FOR CONSTRUCTION
No.38, April/May 2000, p.90-2
Halliwell S M
English; French
BRE,Centre for Building Fabric
CRAY VALLEY - THERMOSET COMPOSITE
MATERIALS AND THE BUILDING AND This article discusses the use of composites in building
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY and architectural applications, and considers the
advantages these materials have over more traditional
This article explores the use of thermosetting composite
construction materials. The future use of composites in
materials for building and construction, highlighting the
buildings is also considered.
outstanding properties and benefits of these materials, and
looking in particular at a school renovation project which MAUNSELL STRUCTURAL PLASTICS
involved the use of phenolic resin panels made by Uniject EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
SA of France.
Accession no.777578
UNIJECT SA
WESTERN EUROPE Item 128
Accession no.777595 Composites-French/English
No.38, April/May 2000, p.43-4
English; French
Item 125
COMPOSITES IN THE BUILDING AND
Composites-French/English
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: VARIETY IS THE
No.38, April/May 2000, p.70-1
NAME OF THE GAME
English; French
FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) This article examines the many uses of composite
COMPOSITES IN CONSTRUCTION: A NORTH materials within the building and construction industry,
AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE highlighting the properties which make these materials
such an excellent choice. Figures on Europes composites
This article discusses the acceptance of the use of fibre-
market are also included.
reinforced polymer (frp) composite materials in the
building industry in North America, and looks at the Cerf APFE; VETROTEX
EUROPE-GENERAL
(Civil Engineering Research Foundation) Composite
Durability Program, which is the centre-piece of an effort Accession no.777577
to understand and meet construction end-users needs for
information about frp composites. Item 129
US,MARKET DEVELOPMENT ALLIANCE; Macplas International
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS; No.5, May 2000, p.147-8
CIVIL ENGINEERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION ROYAL INSULATION
NORTH AMERICA
This article reports on the use of a thermal insulation and
Accession no.777583
ventilation system based on special PU panels, which was
used in the reconstruction and restoration of the Palazzo
Item 126 Reale in Milan, an ancient building which suffered fire
Composites-French/English damage in the 18th century and bombing during the
No.38, April/May 2000, p.62-3 Second World War.
English; French EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
SPHERHOMES INNOVATIVE SIDE BUILDINGS WESTERN EUROPE
The Spherhome self-supporting dome structure Accession no.777470

accessory building is highlighted in this article. A brief
description of the thermoplastic and composite dome is Item 130
given, and its possible uses are drawn to our attention. Plastics in Building Construction

24, No.6, 2000, p.6 Details are given of an analysis of the repair of an historic
XEPS INSULATIONS RECEIVE ICBO stone pillar using a polymethyl methacrylate-based binder.
ACCEPTANCE FOR DIRECT-TO-STEEL DECK The presence of discolouration was analysed using a
APPLICATIONS combined TGA/differential thermal analysis/mass
spectrometry technique in conjunction with FTIR, SEM,
Dow Chemical Co.s Styrofoam, Deckmate and Deckmate
X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. 7 refs.
Plus brand insulation has been accepted by the Evaluation
USA
Service group of the International Conference of Building
Officials, (ICBO), it is reported, for use directly on steel Accession no.776102
roof decks. The rigid, extruded polystyrene foam
insulation products have previously received code Item 133
acceptance for direct application on steel decks from the Advances in Plastics Technology. Conference
Evaluation Service groups of Building Officials and Code proceedings.
Administrators International, and Underwriters Katowice, Poland, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 9
Laboratories Inc.. Their use eliminates the need for a NEW GENERATION CPE MODIFIER FOR PVC
labour-intensive thermal barrier. Brief property data are WINDOW PROFILES
included. Kim A; Gerlach D
DOW CHEMICAL CO.; INTERNATIONAL DuPont Dow Elastomers SA
CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS (Poland,Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry)
USA
PVC is an outstanding material for the production of rigid
Accession no.776965
extruded goods, such as pipes or profiles. However due,
to its high glass transition temperature, it has shortcomings
Item 131 in impact strength. It has therefore to be modified to
Journal of Testing & Evaluation provide impact strength at ambient and low temperature.
27, No.4, July 1999, p.249-65 Impact modifiers provide consistently ductile behaviour
NEW DYNAMIC WIND LOAD CYCLE TO over a broad temperature range. The requirements for
EVALUATE MECHANICALLY ATTACHED impact strength depend on the end use - there are weight
FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE ROOFS drop or slow fracture toughness tests for pipes, and
Baskaran A; Yin Chen; Vilaipornsawai U notched (fast) impact tests for window profiles. Additional
Canada,National Research Council needs for outdoor use are weathering and ageing stability
A report is presented on progress towards developing test - in particular the maintenance of colour, gloss, and impact
procedures for certifying roofing systems under dynamic strength over extended periods. Last but not least, the
wind loads by the National Research Council of Canadas processor seeks products with sufficient processing
Special Interest Group for Dynamic Evaluation of Roofing latitude - products which are easy to formulate and run
Systems(SIGDERS). Wind tunnel investigations were reliably on a wide range of extruders and tools. A short
carried out using two flexible roofing membranes, PVC overview is given of principles and mechanisms of impact
and EPDM. Using the wind tunnel pressure records as modification. The different products used are discussed
source data and comparing the membrane responses of and positioned, and the possibilities for chlorinated PE
PVC with EPDM, SIGDERS developed a dynamic load (CPE), a product growing strongly in the profile industry,
cycle. With input from industries, building owners and are expanded upon. 5 refs.
roofing associations, the developed load cycle was SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
generalised and extended to evaluate the ultimate strength
Accession no.775955
of flexible membrane roofs. To validate the newly-
developed load cycle, several membrane roofing systems
were investigated and then reported separately. The Item 134
SIGDERS load cycle in a laboratory mimicked failure Plastics Network
modes similar to those observed in the field. 23 refs. No.8, 2000, p.35-8
CANADA ALTERNATIVES TO PVC USE IN BUILDINGS
Accession no.776393 Details are given on materials that can be specified as
alternatives to PVC in major uses in building, including
Item 132 flooring, pipes and ducts, electrical and information cables,
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry windows, building membranes, guttering, underground
59, Nos.1-2, 2000, p.601-9 drainage and cladding. The alternatives included in the
APPLICATION OF TGA/DTA/MS TO THE article are HDPE, EPDM, MDPE, polyethylene, linoleum,
HISTORIC PRESERVATION OF STONE rubber, wood and polypropylene. 4 refs.
Gembinski C; Charola A E; Price B; McGhie A R UK CLAY DRAINAGE PIPE CO.; PIRELLI; DELTA
Pennsylvania,University; Philadelphia,Museum of Art ENERGY CABLES LTD.; SIEMENS; DATWYLER

CHINA; DENMARK; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN than 100% of the water will not function. The factors to
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; evaluate when considering a wet seal application are
NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; SPAIN; SWITZERLAND; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE presented, including a discussion about how to properly
seal various types of joints when wet sealing. Finally other
Accession no.773368
considerations that may affect the performance and
longevity of the wet seal are outlined. 4 refs.
Item 135 USA
Journal of Testing & Evaluation
Accession no.772291
27, No.2, March 1999, p.159-63
EIFS SEALANT JOINT RESTORATION
Yarosh K F Item 137
Dow Corning Corp. Composites Part B: Engineering
31B, No.2, 2000, p.87-96
The successful performance of exterior insulation and STRENGTHENING CONCRETE BEAMS FOR
finish systems (EIFS) is related directly to the sealants SHEAR USING CFRP MATERIALS:
used to weatherseal the EIFS and adjacent materials to EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT APPLICATION
EIFS. With millions of square feet of EIFS installed, METHODS
proper restoration of EIFS joints can help ensure long- Taljsten B; Elfgren L
term watertight performance of the EIFS wall. A new test Lulea,University of Technology; Stabilator AB
method that closely parallels ASTM C 1135 - Test Method
for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Different methods and tests for the application of CFRP
Sealants, is currently under consideration by ASTM Task fabrics and tapes to concrete beams are presented. The
Group C 24.20.12. This new test method allows sealant purpose of the tests are twofold; to study the shear force
joints to be evaluated in many conditions to more closely capacity of the beams both before and after strengthening;
simulate actual field conditions. Emphasis is placed on and to examine three different ways of applying the
types of EIFS joint failure and possible causes for failure. fabrics. These are: two hand lay-up systems, one vacuum
Different restoration methods are discussed with particular injection system and one prepreg system. The total
attention to the use of sealants to overlay failed sealant number of beams tested is eight. The test results prove
joints. A modification to the test method under review by that a very good strengthening effect in shear can be
ASTM Task Group C 24.20.12 is used to evaluate various achieved by bonding fabrics to the face of concrete beams.
joint conditions with EIFS, including standard square However, a lot of energy is released at failure, which leads
joints, hourglass-shaped joints, overlay joints with wet to brittle failures. The tests also show that the techniques
sealants and overlay joint with performed sealants. 3 refs. which use hand lay-up are preferable as compared to other
USA systems, even though the fibre weight fraction is
considerably less. However, the vacuum injection system
Accession no.772305
is the most environmentally friendly method. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
Item 136 EUROPE
Journal of Testing & Evaluation Accession no.771734
28, No.2, March 2000, p.131-5
REMEDIAL SEALANT PROCEDURES FOR
FIXED GLASS AND CURTAIN WALLS Item 138
Beers P E; Yarosh K F Composites and Plastics in Construction. Conference
Glazing Consultants Inc.; Dow Corning Corp. proceedings.
Watford, UK, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 30
A commonly prescribed remedy for fixed glass (non- POLYMER COMPOSITES IN CONSTRUCTION -
operable windows) and curtain walls experiencing water THE WAY AHEAD
leakage is to install new exterior sealants throughout the Halliwell S M; Moss R
system. This is commonly referred to as wet sealing. BRE Ltd.
This method is commonly used on both new construction (Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE)
with water leakage problems and existing construction
with aged sealants. Unfortunately, this repair solution is Fibre-reinforced plastics have been used in the
not always as easy as it sounds as there can be several construction industry for several decades for mainly
complex details that must be addressed. When wet architectural applications e.g. cladding. Polymer
sealing, the design concept of a system originally composites offer the architect, designer, structural
designed to collect and drain water is changed to a barrier engineer and building owner many advantages over
system. With a barrier system, the concept is that all water traditional construction materials. Advanced polymer
will be shed at the exterior surface. Accordingly, if any composites originally designed for the aerospace and
water is to penetrate the outside face it will lie trapped military applications have superior properties that offer
inside the assembly. Therefore a retrofit that stops less potential benefits to the construction industry. Advanced

composites can be used for many different applications TWI

such as sandwich panels, modular units, structural (Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE)
components, reinforcing bars, and repair and
Sandwich structures for the construction industry have
strengthening of structures. The advantages of advanced
been used for a number of years. The sandwich structure
composites, recent developments in design and examples
consists of a laminated material in which the outer skins
of current and potential applications are examined. 4 refs.
are relatively thin, strong and dense, whereas the cores
are usually weaker than the skin material. The objective
WESTERN EUROPE
is to obtain a structure which is strong and stiff as a result
Accession no.769306 of its design and construction, but at the same time is
lightweight and has the desirable attributes which are not
Item 139 achievable when using the materials separately. Sandwich
Composites and Plastics in Construction. Conference structures have found high volume and niche applications
proceedings. in transportation, aerospace, marine/offshore and the
Watford, UK, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 29 construction industry, aided by comparative requirements
PLASTIC AND COMPOSITE WINDOWS - THE and transfer of technology. In many applications, materials
WAY AHEAD are required to have fire resistance, and/or heat transfer
Kent R for protection of people, equipment and increasingly the
Tangram Technology Ltd. surrounding environment by not emitting any fumes.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE) Sandwich structures can utilise a variety of materials and
configurations, and therefore can provide a cost effective
Windows primarily manufactured from PVC-U represent
solution for many engineering problems including that
one of the largest markets for plastics in the European
of fire protection. In such applications structures are
construction sector and one of the largest single markets
required to conform to mandatory fire regulations. Such
for bulk polymers. In fact, PVC accounts for over 90%
regulations relate to smoke and toxic fume transmission.
of plastics extrusions in the profile and tube products areas
There is a need therefore for a low-density core material
for Europe. This category of plastics profiles and tubes
which can be used for fire resistant sandwich panels.
excludes the usage of materials for pipe where the majority
Emphasis is placed on the use of one such product, a
of the materials used are polyolefins (HDPE, LDPE and
lightweight material known as Barrikade, which can be
a variety of other similar products). In 1998 the production
incorporated in sandwich structures. Barrikade is low cost,
of plastics profiles and tube products exceeded 1.3 million
fire resistant and easily machinable without the
tonnes and nearly 90% was used in the construction
disadvantages of traditional core products. Polymer
industry with window applications using 56% of the total
foams, ceramic foams, honeycomb cores (aluminium,
production (over 700,000 tonnes). Other plastics materials
Nomex) and wood etc. have a number of disadvantages
used in construction profiles include PE, PP and PS, but
when using them as core products. None fulfil the criteria
these are all minor in comparison with PVC-U in the
that many engineers require (density, cost, good
sector as defined. The average annual volume growth for
insulation, no spread of flame, non-toxic). 4 refs.
PVC applications is forecast to be 4% for the next five
years and PVC is here to stay as materials material in
WESTERN EUROPE
construction and window applications. On a European
scale PVC-U windows accounted for 37% of all the Accession no.769301
windows produced in 1998, whereas in the UK this was
doubled as PVC-U accounts for approximately 75% of Item 141
the total windows produced. This does not mean that the Composites and Plastics in Construction. Conference
market is stable and new materials are now appearing proceedings.
that could challenge or at the very least change, the Watford, UK, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 22
dominance of PVC-U in the manufacture of window FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES
frames. 2 refs. FOR BLAST RESISTANT CLADDING
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Alderson A
WESTERN EUROPE CIRIA
Accession no.769305 (Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE)
Since the terrorist bomb attacks in London and
Item 140 Manchester, blast resistance for key commercial and
Composites and Plastics in Construction. Conference government buildings has become increasingly important,
proceedings. to ensure the safety of personnel and enable business to
Watford, UK, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 25 be resumed as quickly as possible with the minimum
HEAT INSULATION AND FIRE RESISTANCE disruption. Blast resistant facades are one way of
USING COMPOSITE MATERIALS achieving this. As the result of a three-year collaborative
Burline P project between Pera and the Construction Industry

Research and Information Association, CIRIA, Watford, UK, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 18
lightweight blast resistant cladding panels, composed of ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURAL
fibre reinforced polymeric materials, have been STRENGTHENING WITH ADVANCED
successfully manufactured and validated. This has been COMPOSITES
achieved by transferring and adapting technology used Keble J
in the aerospace/defence industries to provide a simple Weber & Broutin UK Ltd.
and economic manufacturing process using low cost (Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE)
materials to provide a high performance product. The
The basic fibres used for advanced fibre composites are
work was supported by the DTI through their Carrier
embedded into a matrix and applied externally as a
Technology Programme and 22 organisations who
reinforcing element to existing structures. The different
participated in the project, representing manufacturers,
types of fibre composites, the demands imposed upon the
raw material suppliers, the construction industry, and
substrate, the correct choice of the adhesive matrix and
testing and assessment organisations. Details are given
examples of practical strengthening of structures with
of the project, completed in July 1998, and the further
advanced composites are outlined. Structural
development work undertaken since then by Mech-Tool
strengthening involves the use of both prefabricated fibre
Engineering. Aspects covered include the background to
laminates and fibre sheets for manual lamination to civil
the project, performance criteria for the panels to meet
engineering structures. Advanced composites have the
construction industry requirements, design methodology
ability for multiple uses and can be used for structural
to meet the blast resistance requirements, manufacturing
tensile bending strengthening, shear reinforcement,
process, and testing to validate the performance of the
embrace reinforcement, explosion and blast resistance.
panels and the computer model.
The diversity of modern high-performance fibres, the
advances in resin matrix compounds, the large number
WESTERN EUROPE
of fibre strand orientation and type of fibres makes the
Accession no.769298 use of advanced composites so attractive to engineers.
Ultimately the choice of which composite to use depends
Item 142 upon the structure, the choice of fibre and the direction
Composites and Plastics in Construction. Conference of the fibres. Types of fibre include carbon fibre, aramid,
proceedings. E glass and AR glass fibre, and polyester fibre. All of
Watford, UK, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 20 these fibres have their use in the construction industry
REINFORCED PLASTICS CLADDING PANELS and must always be viewed with the end use in mind.
Halliwell S M
BRE Ltd. WESTERN EUROPE
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE) Accession no.769294
Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) are being proposed for an
increasing variety of construction applications where
Item 144
long-term durability with minimal maintenance is
Composites and Plastics in Construction. Conference
required, coupled with their mechanical properties of high
proceedings.
strength at low weight. Glass fibres are the principal form
of reinforcement used for plastics in construction
FRP MATERIALS FOR REINFORCING AND
applications because they offer a good combination of
STRENGTHENING CONCRETE STRUCTURES
strength, stiffness and price. In 1974, BRE surveyed GRP
Clarke J L
cladding systems in several relatively new buildings
Concrete Society
chosen to include a representative cross-section of the
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE)
ways of using GRP in this application. In 1997 the
buildings were revisited to investigate durability of the Fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs) have been used for many
cladding. The aims were to determine how far the use of years in the aerospace and automotive industries, where
GRP had been successful, and also to find out what their high strength and low weight has shown distinct
problems occurred with the GRP panels. This information advantages over traditional materials such as aluminium
could then be used to aid development and structures in and steel. They are slowly being adopted by the
the future. The findings of the 1997 survey, and the key construction industry either as construction materials in
issues identified, are discussed. 5 refs. their own right, or for use in conjunction with traditional
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; materials. They are being used as reinforcement or for
WESTERN EUROPE prestressing tendons in concrete structures, where, if
Accession no.769296 correctly formulated, they should prove more durable than
conventional steel in aggressive environments. There is
Item 143 a rapid increase in the use of FRP materials for repair and
Composites and Plastics in Construction. Conference strengthening of concrete and other structures. FRP
proceedings. materials are being used to form complete structures. A

general overview of the use of the materials in various applications depends upon the spread of that confidence
concrete-related applications is presented. throughout the industry as a whole. Some of the work
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; that has contributed to the advance in knowledge is
WESTERN EUROPE discussed, with emphasis on the following projects: the
Accession no.769293 ROBUST project, funded under the DTI-LINK structural
composites programme, provided the opportunity to study
the effects of different reinforcement upon beams of length
Item 145
from 1.0 m to 18.0 m. Mouchel Consulting has recently
developed a technique for application of stressed
proceedings.
composite plates to structures. This was applied in early
1999 to Oxfords Hythe Bridge. This is believed to be the
USE OF HIGH MODULUS CARBON FIBRES
first application of stressed composites to a cast iron
FOR REINFORCEMENT OF CAST IRON
structure in the world, and was the winner of the 1999
COMPRESSION STRUTS WITHIN LONDON
British Construction Industry Award for small projects.
UNDERGROUND - PROJECT DETAILS
Hill P S; Smith S; Barnes F J
WESTERN EUROPE
DML Composites
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE) Accession no.769290
The use of Mitsubishi K13710 pitch-based ultra-high

Item 147
modulus carbon fibres for the strengthening of cruciform
cast iron struts in a vent shaft on London Underground
proceedings.
East London tube line. The carbon composites are applied
using DMLs patented resin infusion technique and this
MATERIALS IN USE AND DEVELOPMENTS IN
application represents the culmination of four years of
MARKETS
research and development. It is the largest strengthening
Dufton P; Watson M
scheme conducted to date using this technique. 160
Rapra Technology Ltd.; Construction Best Practice
infusions are completed, equating to a linear length of
Programme
almost 1 km of carbon reinforcement with a weight
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE)
approaching two tonnes. The design of the strengthening
scheme and the validation of the technique are described, Natural polymers and composites have long been used in
together with a review of the final installation of the construction in the form of wood plus plant by-products
material on site. The benefit of the high stiffness of the such as straw, hemp and others. Today, the construction
ultra-high modulus carbon fibre combined with the ease market arguably takes the second highest quantity of
of use of composite materials enables strengthening to plastics after packaging, and uses elastomers for seals,
take place with no disruption to the workings of the flexible jointing, coverings and insulation purposes.
London Underground Railway and minimum interference Various segments of the building construction and wider
with the 140 year-old structure. civil engineering sector are examined in which plastic
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; and rubber components play an increasingly important
WESTERN EUROPE role. The role of these components is briefly described
Accession no.769292 and a review of the widening scope for their use is given.
The wide range of applications, some relatively mature
with others much more recent, shows the opportunities
Item 146
for polymeric materials in both structural and cosmetic
or protective elements.
proceedings.
Watford, UK, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 13 WESTERN EUROPE
STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED ADVANCED
Accession no.769280
COMPOSITE PLATES FOR THE REPAIR AND
STRENGTHENING OF STRUCTURES
Darby J; Taylor M; Luke S; Skwarski A Item 148
Mouchel Consulting ARC 99. Conference proceedings.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; BRE) Detroit, Mi., 9th-11th Nov.1999, p.411-5
PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF
The understanding of the behaviour of advanced
AUTOMOTIVE SHREDDER RESIDUE/
composite materials when used for the strengthening of
POLYETHYLENE PROTOTYPES FOR
structures has advanced significantly over recent years,
BUILDING APPLICATIONS
such that specialist designers experienced in the
Xanthos M; Yilmazer U; Dey S K; Mitra S; Feng C
techniques are now confident of its use in critical
New Jersey,Institute of Technology
situations. Nevertheless, growth in the number of
(SPE,Plastics Recycling Div.)

Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) is evaluated as a window and door material demand from 1987 through to
potential additive in polymer composites for building 2002 are included.
applications. Prototype blocks are prepared by the USA
intrusion process using various ratios of ASR and LDPE, Accession no.766705
and evaluated for their leaching characteristics,
mechanical and thermal properties. The leachable heavy
metal and total organic carbon contents of as received Item 151
ASR as well as of ASR/LDPE prototype blocks are Adhesives Age
determined at different pH values. Encapsulation of ASR 43, No.2, Feb.2000, p.21-4
by LDPE during moulding significantly reduces leachable BUILDING CONFIDENCE
content. In an effort to reduce the leachable content Schwartz J
further, the ASR/LDPE pellets are processed in two stages It is predicted that demand for construction adhesives,
by precompounding in a volatilising twin-screw extruder. which are used in the building and remodelling of homes,
Devolatilisation and homogenisation decrease the will grow 2.5% per year to 5.7 billion pounds by 2003.
leachable heavy metal content by 98% on average in Construction adhesives represent about 17% of total
comparison to the as-received ASR. 3 refs. global glue sales. Due to regulatory issues, there has been
USA a movement to reduce or eliminate the amount of solvent
Accession no.768706 in adhesive formulations. Solventborne adhesives are
expected to lose market share over the next five to 10
years. CARB has said it is going to lower the limit for
Item 149
VOCs from 40% to 15% for construction adhesives.
Flame Retardants 2000. Conference proceedings.
Observers report that major home improvement stores
London, 8th-9th Feb.2000, p.69-76
have cut back on the number of construction adhesive
MECHANISMS AND PERFORMANCE OF
brands they sell.
MOLYBDENUM, TIN, ZINC AND BORON
USA
ADDITIVES AND COMPARATIVE
FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE RESULTS IN Accession no.764533
HALOGENATED POLYMERS INCLUDING
WIRE & CABLE AND CONSTRUCTION Item 152
PRODUCTS Insulation Journal
Cook P M; Musselman L L Nov./Dec.1999, p.22
FVI GREEN LEARNING CURVE WITH KINGSPAN
(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME;
European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant This article supplies details of two tried and trusted
Chemicals Assn.) insulation products from Kingspan Insulation.
Thermapitch TP10 sarking insulation for pitched roofs
Optimisation of flame retardant chemistry and consists of a rigid polyurethane core with a tri-laminate
morphological modification of the additive can result in foil/kraft/foil facing on both sides. It has an accredited
improved efficiency of low-smoke flame retardant thermal conductivity of 0.019W/mK. Thermataper TT40
additive systems. Important application areas have been tapered roof insulation is designed for use under partially
developed for this cost reduction technology in wire and bonded built-up felt roofing systems and has a thermal
cable compounds, adhesives, PVC and insulation conductivity of 0.025W/mK. The core is a high
materials and comparative application data is presented. performance HCFC-free rigid urethane insulant with zero
15 refs. ODP.
USA KINGSPAN INSULATION
Accession no.768657 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.763870
Item 150
Polymer News
25, No.2, Feb.2000, p.63 Item 153
PLASTICS DEMAND IN WINDOWS AND Insulation Journal
DOORS Nov./Dec.1999, p.12-3
Freedonia Group Inc. PURFECTION IN A PANEL
Borland S
The Freedonia Group Inc. has published a market study
Building Sciences
on the US demand for plastics in the manufacture of
windows and doors, which indicates that demand in the This article supplies a comprehensive assessment of the
USA will grow 5.6% annually, reaching 1.2 billion pounds features and advantages of rigid polyurethane insulation
in 2002. Market trends are forecast and statistics for panels. The panels can improve the performance and

reduce the costs of buildings. The growth in the use of shingles that have the appearance of cedar-wood. Full
factory made insulated PUR panels is due to their thermal details of the new product are provided. The PP shingles
performance. The panels have a number of advantages are said to weather better than PVC, which is the usual
over their more traditional counterparts. Polyurethane material chosen for this sort of application.
panels outperform site-insulated panels with respect to ALCOA BUILDING PRODUCTS; MONTELL;
insulation performance, continuity, speed of erection and TARGOR; BOREALIS
minimising the level of uncontrolled air leakage. ASIA; DENMARK; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN
WALES,UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORTH AMERICA;
SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.763869
Item 157
Item 154 Plastics in Building Construction
Plastics News(USA) 23, No.12, 1999, p.6-9
11, No.50, 31st Jan.2000, p.21 HIGHER REFLECTIVITY OF SINGLE PLY
ABS COMPOSITE SIDING PRICEY, BUT ROOFING SHOULD HELP COOL DOWN CITIES
DURABLE The importance of reducing the reflectance of roofing as
This article highlights a new ABS composite siding from a means of reducing the costs of excessive heat in cities,
Reynolds Building Products of Dallas, USA. While the is briefly discussed, and the use of lighter high reflectivity
material is thicker than traditional PVC sidings, it is more single-ply roofing is suggested. The replacement of dark
flexible, making it easier to use in cold climates, it is roofs and road surfaces with lighter materials would
reported. Full details are given. reduce the costs involved in cooling buildings and reduce
the incidence of smog, it is claimed. The highest
REYNOLDS BUILDING PRODUCTS; NORANDEX/
reflectances of 70-83% are obtained through the use of
REYNOLDS DISTRIBUTION CO.; OWENS
white single-ply membranes such as PVC or white coated
CORNING; TOLEDO
USA EPDM.
USA
Accession no.762963
Accession no.759558
Item 155
Plastics Engineering Item 158
56, No.1, Jan.2000, p.39-42 International Composites Expo 99. Conference
PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF PETP proceedings.
FOAM LAMINATES FOR BUILDING/ Cincinnati, Oh., 10th-12th May 1999, session 12-C
CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS PVC DECKING BOARDS AND DOCKS
Xanthos M; Dey S K; Yilmazer U Kampmann J H
New Jersey,Institute of Technology MEA Engineers Inc.
(SPI,Composites Institute)
This article describes the production of high-density and
low-density PETP foams and presents data on their Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use in the building industry
flexural properties. The data is part of an R&D project is controlled and classified by ASTM D 4216. Other codes
with the overall objective of developing technologies for and standards relating to material properties and building
producing multi-layered sandwich structures based on a applications are briefly described. The design and testing
foamed core of post-consumer recycled PETP and of extruded PVC sections for deck and dock planking is
intended for use as high-performance panels in building/ described, for extrusions intended to be direct
construction applications. 8 refs. replacements for 50 by 150 mm wooden boards, including
USA prototype fabrication, determination of material and
product properties, the preparation of design and
Accession no.760599
specifications, product fabrication, and final proof testing.
USA
Item 156 Accession no.759507
29, No.6, June 1999, p.31-2
CEDAR-LIKE SHINGLES ARE A TARGET FOR Item 159
POLYPROPYLENE Plast 21
Defosse M T No.84, Sept.1999, p.51
Spanish
This article reports on a new development from Alcoa RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS FOR
Building Products of the USA - injection moulded PP INSULATION AND SCAFFOLDING

Developments in the use of Bayers rigid PU foams in Item 162

the building industry are reviewed. These include thermal Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
insulation panels manufactured by Linzmeier and 31, No.4, Oct.1999, p.334-52
components used in a lightweight roof scaffolding system MODIFICATION OF A BITUMEN WITH
developed by Listel Facade. VARIOUS POLYMERS FOR USE IN BUILT-UP
BAYER AG; LINZMEIER J.,GMBH; JARKIM; ROOFING MEMBRANES
MEFRAN; LISTEL FACADE Fawcett A H; McNally T; McNally G M
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Belfast,Queens University
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Blends of three commercially-used polymers with a 100%
Accession no.758801 penetration grade Nynas bitumen at levels between 9%
and 29% w/w were prepared using a Z-blade mixer. The
Item 160 polymers were atactic PP/EPM, alpha-olefin copolymers
Macplas International and SBS. The morphology, thermal and dynamic
No.6, May 1999, p.87-8 mechanical properties of these blends were examined
REINFORCEMENT FOR MASONRY using fluorescence optical microscopy, DSC and DMTA.
This article discusses the use of composites in building The blends prepared with these polymers displayed low
applications. It lists the reasons for using structural temp. flexibility and an onset of flow at high temps. The
composites in civil engineering projects, and then former characteristic was required for use in cold
highlights the use of composite materials for the environments, the latter feature being a critical property
reinforcement and consolidation of a masonry structure when the membrane was manufactured and later when
situated in the gardens of one of the oldest villas in the applied by the torching process on a roof. The different
region of Cassino in Italy. blends were shown to function in a manner which
CASSINO,UNIVERSITA rendered them suitable for the production of built-up
CHINA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; roofing membranes. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE
Item 161 Item 163

Construction & Building Materials Advanced Materials & Composites News
13, No.5, July 1999, p.253-62 21, No.22, 15th Nov.1999, p.1-2
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF POLYMER LARGEST FIRP BEAMS IN WORLD MADE FOR
CONCRETE SWISS BUILDING
Abel-Fattah H; El-Hawary M M
Kuwait,University Information is presented in some detail on the
development of what is reported to be the largest FRP
The flexural behaviour of polymer concrete (PC) made with glulam beam system ever made. The beams, a joint project
different types of resins is evaluated. A total of 54 beams is between Swiss company Zollig Holzleimbau AG and the
tested under four-point loading (36 singly reinforced and Wood Science & Technology Institute of Corvallis,
18 unreinforced) to examine different parameters that Oregon, are said to consist of C12 Spruce low grade wood
influence the behaviour of polymer concrete in flexure. laminations reinforced with a pultruded Kevlar aramid
The beams are made of resins widely used in concrete repair fibre and epoxy vinyl ester reinforcing strips.
works in the Gulf region. Three types of polymer resins
are investigated: two types of epoxy from two different ZOLLIG HOLZLEIMBAU AG; WOOD SCIENCE &
manufacturers and one polyester. The parameters studied TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
include the percentage of polymer in the concrete mix (three
percentages are used: 9, 12 and 15%), and the reinforcement Accession no.755206
ratio (p = 0, 0.0042 and 0.0116). The results show that the
modulus of rupture and ultimate compressive strains for Item 164
PC are much higher than that of ordinary Portland cement Kunststoffe Plast Europe
concrete. The beams showed a very ductile behaviour and 89, No.8, Aug.1999, p.12-4
high ductility factors are obtained. The test results are English; German
compared with the equations used in the ACI design method HIGH SPEED EXTRUSION
and several recommendations are made to modify some of Endrass B
those equations to become more suitable for the flexure Schwarz Extrusionswerkzeuge GmbH
design of PC. 17 refs.
The market for main window profiles has changed. The
KUWAIT
trend is now towards ever higher production rates. The
Accession no.757040 demands this is making on the various areas of extrusion,

and the limits of the technology, are described and FIRM HOPES TO TURN SCHOOL WASTE INTO
assessed. (Translated from Kunststoffe p.48-50) WALLS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Acohido B
WESTERN EUROPE
Rastra Technologies manufacturers prefabricated wall
Accession no.753237 panels composed of recycled PS and cement. The panels
incorporate cement and, in place of gravel, recycled PS
Item 165 chips to create a type of insulated concrete form. The PS
Adhesives Age filler material is 100% recycled and accounts for about
42, No.9, Sept.1999, p.78 85% of the final product by volume. The company is
WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY investigating sourcing the PS from used lunch trays.
Alpha Window Systems is a manufacturer of its own RASTRA TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
insulated glass used in the production of its custom steel-
reinforced vinyl windows and patio doors. The company Accession no.751298
serves Long Island and the five boroughs of New York,
selling direct to consumers, handling all installations and Item 168
offering a 40-year warranty on its windows. A significant Plastics News(USA)
increase in business required Alpha Windows to find a way 11, No.36, 25th Oct.1999, p.8
to simplify the glass sealing process to speed up production CONSTRUCTION SECTOR LOOKS BRIGHT
and reduce lead times. The company had been using a FOR PLASTIC
polyisobutylene (PIB) two-component polysulphide sealant Bregar B
process that required placing the window in a press between Eagle Pacific Industries and CertainTeed, two
the PIB and polysulphide applications for a 24-hour cure construction sector leaders, claim plastics growth should
cycle. The glass also had to be cleaned after the sealant hold up, even if a recession slows down the building
was applied. The temperature of the insulated glass room industry, thanks to new markets such as vinyl decking
had to be maintained at 70 deg.F. Alpha Window Systems and fencing and plastic pipe for drinking water. PVC pipe
has changed to a hot-melt butyl insulated glass sealant, has moved into new recession-proof markets such as
eliminating the glass cleaning step in its glass conduit to protect fibre-optic cables. The overall decking
manufacturing process and speeding up lead time. Details market has grown about 8%/year in the 1990s.
are given.
EAGLE PACIFIC INDUSTRIES INC.;
ALPHA WINDOW SYSTEMS LTD.; GRACO INC. CERTAINTEED CORP.
USA USA
Item 166 Item 169

Polymers for Advanced Technologies Elastomers Times
10, No.9, Sept.1999, p.525-7 No.21, 1999, p.2
UV CURING POLYMER MATERIALS FOR PORSCHE GETS A NEW ROOF
MAKING LASER GLASS
The new roof of Porsches Boxster plant near Stuttgart,
Jian-Fang Li; Shou-Zhong An; Du-Xin Li; Yong Jiao
Germany, has been quickly and successfully renovated
Shanxi,University; Taiyuan Century Hologram Co.
with Alkorflex sheeting from Alkor Draka Handel.
Epoxy acrylate was synthesised by reacting epoxy resin with Alkorflex modified PE sheeting inherits much of its
acrylic acid in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt. exceptional ignition resistance and weatherability from
The effects of photoinitiators, such as benzoin dimethyl ether, extensions of DuPont Dows CPE chemistry.
benzoin n-butyl ether and benzophenone, on the curing rate PORSCHE AG; ALKOR DRAKA HANDEL GMBH
were studied. Suitable UV-curing polymer materials for EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
manufacture of laser glass (laser holograms replicated onto WESTERN EUROPE
a glass plate) for decorative building applications were Accession no.751192
selected. The laser glass thus manufactured exhibited no
visual physical changes and no losses in optical performance Item 170
after accelerated life tests. 3 refs. Advanced Materials & Composites News
CHINA 21, No.20, 18th Oct.1999, p.4
Accession no.752038 CFRP COMPOSITE REPAIRS OF
DETERIORATED OR UNDERDESIGNED
REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE DESERT
Item 167
Plastics News(USA) External Reinforcement applied 4,000 square feet of
11, No.30, 13th Sept.1999, p.18 QuakeWrap carbon fibre and epoxy resins to strengthen

a portion of an underground utility tunnel where the PROFILES

reinforcing steel was damaged by corrosion. In another
MuCell microcellular foam technology from Trexel is now
project, over 15,000 square feet of QuakeWrap was used
being used commercially for the first time in Europe.
to strengthen more than 50 columns and beams in a
Dumaplast, a Belgian company, is using the technology
parking garage which had shown signs of distress from
in the full-scale production of PVC extrusion profiles for
corrosion.
interior applications, hollow-wall claddings and ceilings.
EXTERNAL REINFORCEMENT INC. The MuCell technology uses supercritical fluids of
USA
atmospheric gases to create evenly distributed and
Accession no.751173 uniformly sized microscopic cells throughout
thermoplastic polymers. The process allows Dumaplast
Item 171 to foam thin product cross sections of less than 0.5mm,
Plastics in Building Construction while maintaining desirable surface qualities and physical
23, No.10, 1999, p.6-7 properties.
PLASTICS CONTINUE AS FASTEST GROWTH DUMAPLAST
MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
AND DOORS IN U.S. WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.749174
An analysis is presented of trends in window and door
materials in the US for residential and non-residential
Item 174
sectors with particular reference to a study by the
PVC 99. Conference proceedings.
Freedonia Group. Plastic windows and doors are
Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.233-8
forecasted to rise 7% per year to 2003, and are the fastest
TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND
growing material. The development of composite
STANDARDISATION FOR THE USE OF SPREAD
materials using wood fibres and plastic resins will provide
PVC PRODUCTS IN INDOOR APPLICATIONS
competition to PVC in higher-end residential applications,
Howick C
it is stated, while wood will remain predominant in interior
European Vinyls Corp.(UK) Ltd.
residential doors and steel for the majority of exterior entry
(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)
. Market shares for materials are indicated, and the market
as a whole is discussed in terms of demand and growth New developments have taken place in the use of spread
rates. PVC products for indoor environments - principally for
FREEDONIA GROUP INC. flooring and wall covering. These have been both
USA technical developments such as the use of additives of
Accession no.750808 lower inherent volatility, and also through the
standardisation process with the appearance of new and
amended product standards that list specific requirements
Item 172 for the emission of certain products into the indoor air.
Plastics and Rubber Weekly This is in addition to safety requirements. European
No.1807, 8th Oct.1999, p.7 Standard EN233 (domestic wall coverings) contains a
CHECKING RISING DAMP clause relating to vinyl chloride monomer and the RAL
Today, around 40,000 tonnes of PE damp-proof membrane standard in Germany includes a maximum level for total
are installed in new-build projects every year. Despite its volatile organic chemicals. These standards and other
apparent simplicity, the damp proof membrane is also related pieces of legislation are discussed. The future will
likely to be the most critical building component installed. see the meeting of the technical progress with the
Even though the cost of installing quality assured DPM standardisation process in the form of specified test
is a negligible part of the end-cost of any construction methods for the analysis of spread products. These will
project, some merchants and site contractors are not include methods such as Headspace gas chromatography,
insisting on material which meets the UK standard, the use of test cells such as the Field Laboratory Emission
PIFA6/83A:1995, and this could spell disaster if the DPM Cell and other analyses. A comparison of methods, and
fails at a later date. some results from PVC and competitive materials, are
discussed. The impact of the tests on future products for
PIFA
both indoor applications, and the related application of
WESTERN EUROPE spread automotive leathercloth are assessed. 11 refs.
Accession no.749268 EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

European Plastics News
26, No.9, Oct.1999, p.27 Item 175
DUMAPLAST DEVELOPS MICROCELLULAR PVC 99. Conference proceedings.

Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.200-9 Item 177

IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF WOOD-GRAIN Insulation Journal
FOIL COATED PVC-U WINDOW PROFILES, Aug.1999, p.16/22
AND THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL SEALING WARMTH INSIDE FROM OUT
WEATHERING AND ABRASION Swan A L
Newman C J; Gardiner D CCS Scotseal
UK,Building Research Establishment
The Building Regulations 1990 (amended 1994) set out
(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)
to reduce energy consumption in buildings and
Foil coatings are now widely used on PVC-U windows to consequently the CO2 emissions which are a principal
give wood-grain finishes. PVC-U is notch-sensitive, and thus cause of the greenhouse effect. As a result, one of the
scratches or a brittle surface layer can affect its impact most important criteria by which a building is now judged
resistance. The impact resistance of foil coated profile is its walls ability to retain heat, expressed as its U-
material is compared with that of uncoated material, value. The statutory U-value required for new buildings,
including the effect of weathering and scratching. Specimens and extensions and refurbishments for which adherence
are taken from a broad range of foil coated window profiles, to Building Regulations is required, is 0.45 W/sq.mK.
some of which have matching faces without foil coatings. There are three principal places in a building where
Impact resistance is evaluated using a multi-axial failing insulation can be applied but one of the most cost-effective
weight test. Some of the specimens are artificially weathered means of achieving efficient insulation is by applying an
prior to impact testing using a Xenon arc weathering external insulation system. The advantages of this
machine. Other specimens are abraded in a controlled approach and the benefits that designers, and building
manner. The effects of these treatments on impact resistance owners and operators can derive from it are described.
are then analysed. Specimens with laminated foil coatings EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
show a satisfactory performance when new, but scratching WESTERN EUROPE
or artificially weathering causes a substantial drop in impact Accession no.747859
resistance. In these tests, no equivalent reduction in impact
resistance is produced in uncoated specimens, or those with
Item 178
transfer foils. This indicates that PVC-U windows with
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1997, pp.189,
laminated foil coatings may be more susceptible to impact
30cm. Rapra Industry Analysis Report Series.
damage in service than uncoated windows. It is concluded
POLYMERS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
that the relevant British Standard, BS 7722, should be
MATERIALS IN USE AND RECENT
enhanced to incorporate a test for impact strength retention
DEVELOPMENTS IN MARKETS
for surface coated profiles following weathering. 12 refs.
Dufton P
WESTERN EUROPE This report examines the various segments of the building,
Accession no.747892 construction and wider civil engineering sector in which
plastic and rubber components are playing an increasingly
important role. It describes the role of these components
Item 176
and gives a review of the widening scope for their use in
Insulation Journal
both structural and cosmetic or protective applications.
Aug.1999, p.24-6
Details are given of the main materials in use, and key
COMBAT COLD
markets are examined and trends in usage and applications
Lynch G
noted. In addition, data on supply and demand is provided
Combat Polystyrene Group Ltd.
where possible, and comment is offered about the effect
Whether it is for new built or refurbishment, insulation on, and the implications for, both rubber and plastic
and energy efficiency are at the top of the agenda when it processors.
comes to specification. When designing the external walls WORLD
of a building, it is generally accepted that insulation Accession no.747807
positioned to the outer skin, often as part of a composite
panel, is beneficial both in terms of preventing heat loss
and ensuring the comfort of the living space. PS is a cost- Item 179
effective, easy-to-use and environmentally friendly Plastics in Building Construction
insulant which can be used on its own or as one element 23, No.9, 1999, p.2-3
of a system. Two major types are available; expanded PS BUILDING MATERIALS INDUSTRY
and extruded PS. The advantages and disadvantages of ESTIMATED TO REACH 71.5 BILLION US
each in different situations are described. DOLLARS IN 2003
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; This article supplies details of the expected growth in the
WESTERN EUROPE US building materials industry which is estimated to reach
Accession no.747860 71.5 billion US dollars in 2003. The article supplies

separate figures for the projected growth in the markets the two largest geographical markets, North America and
of different segments of the industry, including roofing, Germany, penetration is said to be over 40% and 50%
siding, doors, windows, and interior piping. Only the respectively. Processors are aware that future sales growth
market for residential house sidings is forecast to remain will depend on offering unique products, including the
fairly static, with roofing being the largest growth use of composites materials and taking advantage of
segment. possible US legislation regarding the energy efficiency
USA of buildings, by offering thermally efficient products.
Accession no.747588 Product developments are reviewed.
NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE
Plastics News International
Sept.1999, p.44
MAJOR WALL-CLADDING PROJECT FOR Item 183
POLYCARBONATE Focus on Plastics Additives
No.14, 1999, p.3-4
The Millennium Dome has a diameter of 320m and a ADDITIVES MARKETS IN EUROPE
circumference of 1km. The wall cladding consists of two
different grades of GE Structured Products Lexan Construction activities take about 20% of all plastics and
polycarbonate sheet. The bottom half is constructed from they account for the major share of PVC. Window frames,
Exell 8mm sheet and the top half features Thermoclear doors, cladding, pipes, flooring and cable are just some
16mm screen printed sheet. The roof light closure and of the outlets for impact modifiers, mineral fillers and
the roof fabric is glazed with Exell D sheet. The roof stabilisers. With all the mineral fillers, plasticisers,
consists of woven glassfibre cloth coated with DuPonts modifiers and other additives going into vehicles, the
Teflon fluoropolymer dispersion. prospects for future vehicle sales can be crucial for
additives and resin suppliers.
GE STRUCTURED PRODUCTS; DUPONT CO.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.747162
Item 184
Item 181 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres
Journal of Advanced Materials 51, No.3, April 1999, p.10-3
31, No.3, July 1999, p.23-36 French
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DARPA/BIR COMPOSITES AND CONSTRUCTION
COMPOSITE ARMY BRIDGE: PHASE 1 Anslijn R
ACCOMPLISHMENTS CRIF
Kosmatka J B; Policelli F J
Applications of composites in building and civil
California,University at San Diego
engineering are examined, and reasons for the limited use
An overview is presented of the development program of of composites in these markets are discussed. The
an all Composite Army Bridge, which is intended for use advantages of resin transfer moulding, pultrusion and
as a lightweight short-span mobile bridge and should filament winding in the production of components for
weigh and cost less than existing metal bridges. Aspects these areas of application are reviewed.
covered include performance requirements, design issues, BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
structural analysis, fabrication, developmental WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
experimental studies, including wear surface and roadway Accession no.742552
deck testing, and full-scale composite treadway testing.
11 refs. Item 185
USA Materiaux & Techniques
Accession no.745950 87, Nos.1/2, Jan./Feb.1999, p.61
French
Item 182 PVC WATERPROOFING MEMBRANES
Modern Plastics International A brief account is given of a project for the renovation of
29, No.9, Sept.1999, p.70/79 a sports stadium in Lyon using Sarnafil S 327 PVC
PROCESSORS FOCUS ON DIFFERENTIATION waterproofing membranes.
IN WINDOW PROFILES
SARNAFIL SRL; SOPREMA SA
Defosse M EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
The need for product differentiation in the window WESTERN EUROPE
industry is discussed as the market reaches maturity. In Accession no.742547

Item 186 GROWTH SEGMENT IN ROOFING

Injection Molding
US demand for roofing products is forecast to advance 2.1%
7, No.7, July 1999, p.58
per annum through 2003, reaching 288 million squares valued
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
at 11.8 billion US dollars. This represents a deceleration from
Freedonia predicts relatively mild 3% annual growth in the 1993-1998 period, when brisk construction of new housing
injection moulding construction demand through 2006. bolstered the residential roofing market and office and
The company says that pipe fittings present the best commercial building aided demand for new non-residential
opportunity for this market, while plumbing fixtures, roofing. Through 2003, the replacement segment of demand,
shower heads, faucet and shower handles, and lighting which accounts for approximately three quarters of the US
fixture diffusers are expected to grow at a slower pace. roofing market, will provide better opportunities than new
Building and construction markets are typically roofing. For non-residential roofing markets, most segments
dominated by extruded products, such as window will experience slower growth. These and other trends are
stripping and vinyl siding. But moulded offerings are presented in Roofing, a new study from Freedonia; some
making some headway with introductions such as the eco- statistics are presented.
shake shingle from Re-New Wood, which is moulded
FREEDONIA GROUP INC.
from recycled PVC and wood filler. Nailite, International
USA
also offers a line of moulded wood-like shake for
exteriors, which is finding favour in severe weather Accession no.741657
locations. Resin usage figures for 1997 from SPI indicate
that ABS and SAN are popular in exterior products for Item 189
weatherability (235 million lb), while PS for indoor Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
moulded products was 499 million lb. Other prominent 64, No.3, March 1999, p.114-23
resins include PVC, chlorinated PVC and ASA. Italian
FREEDONIA GROUP INC. FOAMS KEEP OUT THE COLD
USA Modini G
Accession no.741802 Applications of PS and PU foams in thermal insulation
for buildings are examined. Methods used in the
Item 187 production of PS foams are described, and the thermal
Plastics in Building Construction conductivity and compression strength of these materials
23, No.8, 1999, p.9-12 are discussed. PU foams produced by Bayer and PS foams
METHODS OF INSTALLATION AND THE produced by BASF, Dow Chemical and EniChem for
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TWO SHORT thermal insulation applications are reviewed.
SPAN COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGES BAYER AG; BAUELEMENTE LINZMEIER;
Richardson D; Dumlao C; Henderson M; Foster D PUREN-SCHAUMSTOFF GMBH; PAZEN-
Martin Marietta Materials Inc.; Lockheed Martin EUROTEC; ENICHEM SPA; BASF AG; DOW
Missiles & Space; LJB Inc. CHEMICAL CO.
Two FRP composite highway bridges are described. The EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
first bridge was installed on the Idaho National EUROPE-GENERAL
Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL)
Accession no.740594
Transportation Complex outside Idaho Falls, Idaho.
INEEL is 9.1 m long, 5.5 m wide, and 914 mm deep. The
second bridge is the Butler County Bridge in Ohio. The Item 190
Butler County Bridge, named TECH 2 1, was installed Plastics in Building Construction
on a highway off Route 128. TECH 21 has a traffic count 23, No.7, 1999, p.8
of 1,000 and is expected to increase to 2,000 with the FRP COMPOSITE USED FOR COVERS IN
bridge growing from a one-lane to a two-lane bridge. WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS
TECH 21 is 10.1 m long, 7.3 m wide and 838 mm deep. It is reported here that a structural enclosure in a waste
Design, manufacturing, installations and testing of both treatment plant has been constructed from a chemical-
bridges are discussed. 4 refs. resistant isopolyester composite resin. Fiberglass
USA Structures & Tank Co. of the USA made the enclosure.
Accession no.741658 Full details are given.
FIBERGLASS STRUCTURES & TANK CO.;
Item 188 ASHLAND CHEMICAL CO.; INTERPLASTIC
Plastics in Building Construction CORP.;
23, No.8, 1999, p.4-5 USA
MEMBRANES TO CONTINUE AS FASTEST Accession no.737713

Item 191 Item 194

Reinforced Plastics Antec 99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
43, No.7/8, July/Aug.1999, p.34-8 New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3588-91. 012
CANADAS INFRASTRUCTURE BENEFITS PROPERTY/PROCESSING ENHANCEMENT VIA
FROM FRP IMPROVED LOW-TEMPERATURE FUSION
Redston J FOR RIGID PVC CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS
ISIS Canada Rapacki S R
Rohm & Haas Co.
Despite the lack of codes and standards, FRP has
(SPE)
unofficial sanction in Canada where its benefits are being
proven in the rehabilitation of existing structures, as well Impact property development in RPVC construction
as new projects. Field applications equipped with fibre products is highly dependent on the type of impact
optic monitoring technology are helping to promote modifier used and its contribution to processing. With
confidence in composites. Applications include the increasing attention being paid to all aspects of production,
rehabilitation of bridge decks and columns. New particularly machine utilisation and cost effectiveness of
structures, such as Joffre Bridge, have been constructed raw materials, maintaining performance properties
using CFRP reinforcements for concrete instead of steel. remains critical. It is discussed how impact modifier
CANADA selection can influence processing and the levels of other
Accession no.737538 ingredients, and through these effects, influence the
performance properties of articles like siding and window
Item 192 profile.
Reinforced Plastics USA
43, No.7/8, July/Aug.1999, p.4 Accession no.733964
EYECATCHER PRESENTS POTENTIAL OF
COMPOSITES IN CONSTRUCTION Item 195
Antec 99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
A team of architects, pultruders and materials suppliers has
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3236-40. 012
developed a transportable residential/office building with
MODIFICATION OF CEMENT USING POST
GRP profiles forming its structural elements. Facade panels
INDUSTRIAL RECYCLED ACRYLONITRILE
are fitted between the load bearing profiles as opposed to
BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS) LATEX POWDER
being placed on the outside of the building. The panels, in
Palos A; DSouza N A
the shape of FRP channel plates, are filled with Aero-Gel
North Texas,University
insulation material and are partly transparent.
(SPE)
FIBERLINE AS; JAKEM
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE Polymer latex modification of cement has increased the
Accession no.737520 ductility of the resultant concrete. However, practical
application of the concrete is limited since latex is used
Item 193 in a liquid form. In contrast, the use of post-industrial
Antec 99. Volume III. Conference proceedings. recycled ABS powder (rABS) is examined. Pullout tests
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3750-3. 012 indicate an increase in adhesive bond strength between
TESTING OF RECYCLED PETP REBAR CHAIR the polymer-modified mortar and steel re-bar.
Jenkins T Thermogravimetric analysis is carried out to examine the
Santa Clara,University influence of the latex on the kinetics of degradation. The
(SPE) results indicate a novel approach of using (rABS) in
cement modification. 8 refs.
Small chairs for supporting reinforcing steel in concrete USA
slabs are moulded from recycled PETP. The performance
Accession no.733699
of these chairs is tested relative to plastic chairs available
on the market. Four tests are used to evaluate the chairs.
The tests are designed to evaluate impact, compression Item 196
and UV degradation strengths of the chairs, as well as the International Polymer Science and Technology
adhesion between the PETP and concrete. The recycled 25, No.10, 1998, p.78-81
PETP chairs perform better than commercial chairs under POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE DOUBLE
compression, but do not allow for flow of the concrete. MODULE FOR THE GLAZING OF INDUSTRIAL
The impact performance of recycled chairs is very BUILDINGS AND GREENHOUSES
comparable to the commercial chairs. UV results are Kokoev M N; Fedorov V G
embedded in the impact and compression tests. The development of an airtight, transparent, double-
USA walled module that is suitable for the glazing of industrial
Accession no.733997 plants and buildings and also of greenhouses for the

commercial production of vegetables is described. The of PVC and other plastics in pipes and building
polymeric material used is PETP and the module is applications.
designed for manufacture by the blow extrusion CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS;
technique. Advantages and disadvantages of such modules TOWNSEND P.,ASSOCIATES
are discussed. 4 refs. (Full translation of Plast.Massy, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK;
No.4, 1998, p.34) WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
RUSSIA Accession no.732467
Accession no.733380
Item 200
Item 197 Urethanes Technology
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri 16, No.2, April/May 1999, p.16
63, Nos.11/12, Nov./Dec.1998, p.718/27 PHENOLIC PANEL HOMES?
Italian Urey C
TRANSPARENT SHEETING FOR BUILDING American Structural Composites has introduced a new
AND ARCHITECTURE modular home system based on glass-reinforced phenolic
Modini G resin panels. The panels include an internal truss system
Applications of transparent PMMA and polycarbonate for added strength and can be filled with polyisocyanurate
sheeting in building and related sectors are examined by foam for insulation. The panels are produced on a
reference to the range of products manufactured by Elf continuous lamination line and a variety of surface
Atochem, GE Structured Products and Rohm. Data are textures can be integrated into the surface of the panels
presented for the properties of PMMA and polycarbonate as they are being made.
compared with those of glass. AMERICAN STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES INC.
ALTUMAX; ELF ATOCHEM SA; GE STRUCTURED USA
PRODUCTS; ROHM GMBH; BAYER AG Accession no.730626
GERMANY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 201
Accession no.732500
Urethanes Technology
16, No.2, April/May 1999, p.10
Item 198 EAST BLOCKS FOAMS
Macplas Reed D
23, No.202, Oct.1998, p.65-6
A Bulgarian firm, Polynor, has developed a building block
Italian
with integral rigid PU foam insulation. The company has
DISCONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF CURVED
applied for patent protection for its asymmetric block
FOAMED PANELS
design which it says eliminates thermal bridging and so
Mariani V
gives more energy efficient structures. Both brick and
Impianti OMS SpA
concrete facings can be used as required. Because the
The structure and properties of curved building panels foam is primarily closed cell, it does not absorb or transmit
comprising metal skins and PU foam cores are examined, water by capillary attraction and water vapour
and foaming and moulding processes used in their transmission is low. Property data are presented.
manufacture are described. POLYNOR LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.730623
Accession no.732477
Item 202
Item 199 Composite Structures
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri 44, Nos. 2-3, Feb-March 1999, p.155-61
No.10, Oct.1998, p.678-83 DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
Italian CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH ADVANCED
PVC IN WATER PIPES COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Hero F Toutanji H A
Centro di Informazione sul PVC Alabama,University
The West European market for PVC in water pipes is The durability performance of concrete columns confined
examined on the basis of studies undertaken by Corporate with fibre-reinforced polymer composite sheets was
Development Consultants and Philip Townsend studied. Columns were wrapped around with four different
Associates. Statistics are presented for the consumption types of FRP composite wraps, i.e. GRP and CFRP made

with two different epoxy resins. The confined and (Crain Communications Ltd.)
unconfined specimens were subjected to two
The replacement of asbestos-based flat and curved roof
environmental conditions, i.e. room temperature, wet and
panels has provided the opportunity to replace poorly-
dry cycling. For the wet and dry exposure, the specimens
insulated roofs with energy-efficient insulating elements,
were placed in an environmental chamber in which they
obtained foam-backing various facings (fibrous-concrete,
were subjected to 300 cycles of wetting and drying. Sea
painted steel etc.) with a low-density PU rigid foam. The
water was used for the wet cycles and hot air at 35C
innovative equipment supplied recently to manufacture
average for the dry cycles. After every 30 cycles, pulse
curved insulated roof panels using a very compact, highly
velocity and weight changes were measured. At the end
automated plant based on rotating mould carrier is
of 300 cycles the stress-strain behaviour of the samples
described.
was obtained in order to evaluate their strength, stiffness,
and ductility, which were compared to the performance WESTERN EUROPE
of the unconditioned samples (room temperature
Accession no.729039
exposure). Results show that both epoxy systems
produced similar results in the unconditioned specimens,
with respect to strength, ductility, and failure behaviour. Item 205
However, specimens wrapped with polyoxy- Utech Asia 99. Conference proceedings.
propylenediamine/epoxy resin GRP experienced Singapore, 16th-18th March 1999, Building &
reduction in both strength and ductility on wet/dry Construction Paper 2. 43C6
exposure. CFRP showed no loss of properties with either BETTER QUALITY AND HIGHER
epoxy resin. 18 refs. PRODUCTIVITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF
USA SANDWICH PANELS
Accession no.729200 Willmeroth G
Hennecke Maruka Asia Pte.Ltd.
(Crain Communications Ltd.)
Item 203
Utech Asia 99. Conference proceedings. From the 1.2 to 1.3 million tons of PU raw materials used
Singapore, 16th-18th March 1999, Building & in civil engineering in 1998, a high percentage is
Construction Paper 4. 43C6 accounted for by sandwich panels, particularly panels with
COMPARISON OF CONTINUOUS VS. profiled sheet steel facings generally known as metal
DISCONTINUOUS PANEL PRODUCTION composite elements. Compared to the conventional
Chua D building methods they offer many advantages, which are
Hennecke Maruka Asia Pte.Ltd. particularly exploited in industrial construction and cold
(Crain Communications Ltd.) storage depots. Light, yet solid, they allow rapid, safe
and economic construction of buildings with first-class
When investing in sandwich panel plants, all planning is thin-walled thermal insulation. Metal composite elements
preceded by a decision of general principle: which type can be assembled all year round in any type of weather.
of production technique is the most suitable one, either This method is particularly suitable for improving
continuous or discontinuous production. This question peoples supplies of perishable foodstuffs, especially in
cannot be easily answered. Many parameters have to be the Far East. A gap-free chain of cold-storage facilities
kept in mind. Rigid PU foam is the best insulation material from producer to consumer can easily be achieved. The
available. No matter whether produced in continuous or vast majority of sandwich panels is produced on large
discontinuous operation, metal composite elements and continuous double conveyor plants featuring a high degree
insulation sheets with a core made of PU rigid foam are of automation. Patented VarioCast technology, developed
extremely valuable in many respects. The processes are by Bayer and Hennecke, constitutes a new plant concept
compared. which enables environmentally-friendly manufacture of
SINGAPORE composite elements with considerably improved quality,
Accession no.729040 while reducing moulding cycle times by up to 30% and
optimising density distribution throughout the whole
element.
Item 204
Utech Asia 99. Conference proceedings. SINGAPORE
Singapore, 16th-18th March 1999, Building & Accession no.729038
Construction Paper 3. 43C6
INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR Item 206
MANUFACTURING INSULATED CURVED Utech Asia 99. Conference proceedings.
ROOFS FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Singapore, 16th-18th March 1999, Building &
Taverna M; Spanio G Construction Paper 1. 43C6
Cannon Group MAXIMISING THE VERSATILITY OF

POLYURETHANE AT KUALA LUMPUR 75, No.12, 1998, p.A25-7

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PVC AND PHENOLICS LEAD THE GROWTH
Evans D A C OF RESINS IN A VERY DYNAMIC MARKET
ICI Polyurethanes (Asia-Pacific) Pte.Ltd. Porwal S K
(Crain Communications Ltd.) Technology Solutions International
PU is rapidly becoming the material of choice for specifiers In 1997, the building and construction industry consumed
in the construction industry. Its outstanding versatility and 21% of all plastic resin sales in North America. Sales of
insulation properties, combined with integral strength, low plastics to the sector have risen from 11.88 billion lb in
maintenance and aesthetic qualities, enable it to meet and 1992 to 17.12 billion lb in 1997. PVC accounts for more
exceed the criteria set for projects of international standing. than half of all plastics consumed, with major growth
The new world class airport in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, coming from piping, siding, windows and doors. Among
is one such project where the specifications for technical thermosets, phenolics represent over 54% of all
and aesthetic elements were extremely demanding. The vast consumption. New developments and growth
size and scope of the project with all its facilities to be opportunities are discussed.
built from zero, together with the fast-track construction USA
schedule, required first rate materials. It is shown how PU
Accession no.728630
was able to meet the specifications for several different
applications within the In-Flight Catering Facility, where
insulation, hygiene and durability are all critical factors in Item 209
maintaining a smooth operation. Kunststoffe Plast Europe
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; 89, No.2, Feb. 1999, p.36-7. (Translated from
WESTERN EUROPE Kunststoffe 89 (1999), 2, pp.104-5).
Accession no.729037 IMPROVED INSULATING PANELS IN
PENTANE-BLOWN RIGID PIR FOAMS
Schmidt H; Calgua E
Item 207
Elastogran GmbH
International Polymer Processing
14, No.1, March 1999, p.10-20 Elastogran is reported to have developed pentane-blown
UTILISATION OF RHEOLOGY CONTROL TO polyisocyanurate formulations with considerably reduced
DEVELOP WOOD-GRAIN PATTERNED PVC/ levels of halogen-free flame retardants, but which still
WOOD FLOUR COMPOSITES pass the specified fire tests for use in thermal insulation
Yong Lak Joo; Myung Ho Cho panels in building applications. New polyester polyols
Hanwha Group (Lupraphen) have been developed especially for these
The effects of wood flour and plasticiser on the rheology pentane-blown formulations which contain isocyanurate.
and extrusion of PVC-based wood-plastic composites Details are given of PIR rigid foam insulating panels with
were investigated. The intention was to determine an flexible outer layers, their flame retardant properties and
optimal pair of PVC-based wood-plastic composites that dimensional stability.
would exhibit substantially different rheological EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
behaviours so that patterns similar to wood grain can be
developed inside and on the surface of the product when Accession no.726071
the two compounds are extruded together. Experiments
were performed on a single screw extruder, an Item 210
intermeshing, co-rotating twin screw extruder and an Kunststoffe Plast Europe
intermeshing, counter-rotating twin screw extruder. Only 89, No.2, Feb. 1999, p.34-6. (Translated from
the counter-rotating, twin screw extruder gave wood Kunststoffe 89 (1999), 2, pp.100-3)
pattern both inside and on the surface as well as complete PLASTICS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
plasticisation. Considerable rheological, compounding Hasemann W; Weltring R
(DOP content, wood flour content and optional acrylic Institut fuer das Bauen mit Kunststoffen
impact modifier content), Tg, and processing data are
given. Mechanical properties need to be improved before A review is presented of the use of plastics in the German
the composites can be used for door frames and windows. building industry, together with some statistics of the
22 refs. industry in general. The German building industry is said
to have been in decline since the mid-1990s following
KOREA
the boom caused by the reunification of the country.
Accession no.728752 Examples of plastic construction materials in competition
with traditional materials are given, and recent
Item 208 developments in plastics construction products are
Modern Plastics Encyclopedia described. Factors such as their economic and ecological

advantages will increase market share at the expense of construction of the roofing, and the stadium seating was
traditional materials, it is stated. 12 refs. injection moulded by Grosfillex in a UV stabilised
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; propylene copolymer.
WESTERN EUROPE ALKOR DRAKA; FILLON; SMAC ACIEROID SA;
Accession no.726070 GROSFILLEX; BRAAS GMBH
Item 211
Insulation Journal Accession no.721774
March/April 1999, p.11-5
TO PROTECT & SAVE Item 214
Weigand E Chimica e lindustria
Bayer AG 80, No.4, May 1998, p.507-8
Italian
This article discusses the contribution of PU rigid foam CHEMISTRY AGAINST THE EARTHQUAKE
thermal insulation in environmental protection and the Portesani M
saving of the worlds resources. The insulation of a pitched
roof and the insulation of a floor are described to Details are given of a programme undertaken by Sacen
demonstrate the primary energy consumption as well as of Italy to restore the basilica of St. Francis at Assisi
certain possible effects on the environment, such as following earthquake damage in September 1997. The
greenhouse warming, acidification and nutrification materials used included composites and mortars and
potential. epoxy resin structural adhesives produced by Mapei.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; MAPEI SPA; SACEN
WESTERN EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.724489
Accession no.721773
Item 212 Item 215

Adhesives & Sealants Industry Kunststoffe Synthetics
6, No.1, Feb. 1999, p.32-3 No.7, 1994, p.20-1
SO THE SWALLOWS CAN RETURN NEXT German
YEAR...EPOXY INJECTION SYSTEM PLASTICS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
STABILISES FAMOUS MISSION Verding K J
The choice of Power-Fast amine-based epoxy resin General Electric Plastics has constructed a show building at
adhesives for the restoration of a stone church San Juan its European headquarters in Bergen op Zoom to demonstrate
Capistrano founded in 1776. The mission is constructed the use of a wide variety of plastics in construction. This
from sandstone and volcanic tuff, and was destroyed in follows a similar project in the USA in 1989.
1812 by an earthquake. The Power-Fast epoxy injection
GENERAL ELECTRIC PLASTICS; ROYAL
gel system was chosen for its fastening strength and odour-
PLASTICS GROUP OF TORONTO
free benefits. It is used to install stainless steel pins in the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
walls to stabilise them. NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
POWERS FASTENERS INC. Accession no.721553
USA
Macplas International
Item 213 Nov. 1998, p.52-3
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques DISCONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF CURVED
No.768, May 1998, p.30-3 PANELS
French Mariani V
STADE DE FRANCE: PLASTICS IN THE FINAL Impianti OMS
Delannoy G The discontinuous production of curved panels is
An examination is made of applications of plastics in the described with reference to polyurethane foam-core
Stade de France, a football stadium constructed for the modular elements used to cover insulation in building
1998 World Cup in France. An underground PVC applications. Advantages of the use of this product are
geomembrane produced by Alkor Draka was installed as outlined, and details of the foaming plant are given.
a barrier to gases permeating from the site, which was EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
previously occupied by a factory operated by Gaz de
France. PVC sheeting produced by Braas was used in Accession no.720548

Item 217 fire performance, theory of fire performance, fire tests,

Macplas International the future, the European market, the cone calorimeter,
Nov. 1998, p.40-1 design of the walkway panels to Class 0 and their fire
BUILDING FOR ENVIRONMENT resistance. 21 refs.
The environmental impacts of some plastic based building
WESTERN EUROPE
components are examined, and recycling schemes, life
cycle analyses and energy conservation projects are Accession no.718989
described. Details are given of PVC window frame
recycling projects and studies to determine their Item 220
environmental impacts, life cycle analyses of floor Plastics News(USA)
coverings, and the development of energy efficient heating 10, No.51, 1st Feb.1999, p.9
systems. UREY C
WESTERN EUROPE
Owens-Corning has introduced a new structural insulation
Accession no.720545 panel using its brand of expanded polystyrene foam. The
article supplies details of the advantages and construction
Item 218 of the panels. The foam portions of the panels are
Surface Coatings International manufactured by Owens Corning, and the finished product
82, No.2, Feb. 1999, p.77-83 is produced by Insulspan Inc., of Pittsfield, Michigan,
CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES OF SILICONE through a licensing agreement. The panels have recently
RESINS gained momentum in the home-building business.
Mayer H OWENS-CORNING; INSULSPAN INC.
Wacker-Chemie GmbH USA
Details are given of the use of water repellent silicone Accession no.718300
resin coating systems for exterior masonry in the
construction industry. The chemistry of silicones is Item 221
discussed. Plastics News(USA)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; 10, No.51, 1st Feb.1999, p.8
WESTERN EUROPE ASC UNVEILS PHENOLIC MODULAR HOME
Accession no.720397 SYSTEM
Urey C
Item 219 American Structural Composites Inc. of Reno, Nevada
Handbook of Polymer Composites for Engineers. has introduced a new modular home system based on
Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., 1994, p.262- glass-reinforced phenolic panels. The article supplies
80. 627 details of the construction and advantages of the panels
WALKWAYS AT TERMINAL 2, HEATHROW which include an internal truss system for added strength
AIRPORT: DESIGNING FOR FIRE and can be filled with foam for insulation. A variety of
PERFORMANCE surface textures can be integrated into the surface of the
Berry D panels as they are being made. The panels are extremely
Edited by: Hollaway L strong, lightweight, and cost about 20% less than a
(BPF) traditional stick-built structure. The company plans
commercial production of the panels by March of this
In the mid-1970s, Terminal 2 at Heathrow was being
year.
extensively redeveloped. One of the objectives was to
give passenger arrivals on the first floor access to ground AMERICAN STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES INC.
USA
level without mingling with passengers checking in on
the ground floor, which was becoming increasingly Accession no.718299
crowded. For this reason, two external walkways were
planned leading from first to ground level. Terminal 2 Item 222
was a prize-winning design and had a brick facade, and it Plastics News(USA)
was proving difficult to come up with a design of walkway 10, No.51, 1st.Feb.1999, p.1/9
which blended in with the original design. It was therefore ALCOAS NEW SLANT ON SIDING: INJECTION
decided to come up with a contrasting design which was MOULDED PP PANELS
obviously a subsequent addition to the original building. Urey C
At that time GRP was making great advances and some
new buildings were being distinctively clad with GRP This article supplies details of a new product, Cedar Heights
panels. It was therefore decided to try to design the siding panels from Alcoa Building Products of Sidney, Ohio.
walkways in GRP. Aspects of the design described include The company used a block of machine cut cedar to build the

original mould. The panels, which are three-quarters of an Item 225

inch thick, are made of injection moulded polypropylene, Advanced Composite Materials
and boast three-dimensional features which are difficult to 7, No.4, 1998, p.395-401
produce in an extruded product. Cedar Heights is the first PULTRUDED CFRP RODS FOR GROUND
such product intended for the whole home. ANCHOR APPLICATIONS
ALCOA BUILDING PRODUCTS Sumitani A; Kikuchi M; Sotooka M; Akimoto H;
USA Ozawa N
Accession no.718291 Komatsu Ltd.; Komatsu Plastics Industry Co.Ltd.
CFRP rods with spiral surface indentations were developed as
Item 223 tension elements in prestressed concrete and as anchor tendons
Modern Plastics International in place of conventional prestressing steels. The indented-type
29, No.2, Feb.1999, p.34/6 CFRP rods had sufficient bonding strength to concrete without
PVC SHELTERS HOLD PROMISE FOR sacrificing the high TS. As a low cost manufacturing process
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES for the advanced composite, the pultrusion processing method
Snyder M R was used to make CFRP rods continuously. Ground anchors
using the pultruded CFRP rods were installed for slope
Western Profiles of Winnipeg has produced a DIY kit to stabilisation at Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, in March 1998. 9 refs.
build a 16x20ft housing-worthy shelter made entirely of
JAPAN
recycled PVC at a base price of about 3500 US dollars.
The houses are made by assembling hollow tongue-and- Accession no.713761
groove PVC planks fastened with screws into a framework
of structural members. The concept could help meet a Item 226
serious housing shortage in developing countries. Plastics News International
WESTERN PROFILES Jan./Feb.1999, p.24/6
CANADA VALVE GATING TECHNIQUE FOR LARGE
Accession no.714488 MOULDINGS
The floor of the new Telekom telephone booth in Germany
Item 224 is injection moulded in foamed polycarbonate using a hot-
Plastics Technology runner system with a special gating technique. The 60 kg
44, No.13, Dec.1998, p.46-8 body is injection moulded in one piece from foamed
PVC WINDOW PROFILES: HOW HIGH CAN polycarbonate in a mould weighing 185 tonnes. The other
OUTPUT GO? injection moulded parts required to complete the booth
Schut J H are made of foamed PC and weigh between 2.9 and 15.6
kg. The moulds ranged from 6.9 to 20 tonnes in weight.
In the past two years, many PVC window profile Due to the foaming polycarbonate with its expanding
producers have doubled output rates, first by increasing agent, high injection moulding speeds are required. The
line speeds, then by extruding two strands instead of one. injection moulding points have to be closed immediately
It is possible that an output of 2,000 lb/hr may be soon be following the injection process so that the pressurised
achieved - double what is considered high output today. molten mass does not escape from the cavity. The hot
As more processors increase output, the more the runner system from Incoe is described.
competition grows. Big European processors are looking
INCOE INC.
to the USA for growth. Plunging resin prices also squeeze EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
domestic processors margins. This has resulted in intense WESTERN EUROPE
pressure to boost extruder power, streamline dies, multiply Accession no.713560
strands, add extra calibrators and water tanks, lengthen
cooling sleeves, automate takeoff and handling, and speed
tool changes on shorter production runs. A review of Item 227
developments in the area of window profile extruders is Vinyltec 98. Retec proceedings.
presented. East Brunswick, N.J., 13th-14th Oct.1998, p.96-100.
42C382
ACTUAL OF AMERICA INC.; AMERICAN
ACHIEVING LOW GLOSS IN VINYL SIDING
MAPLAN CORP.; DAVIS-STANDARD CORP.;
WITH ACRYLIC IMPACT MODIFICATION
KRAUSS-MAFFEI CORP.; MILACRON PLASTICS
Szamborski G
TECHNOLOGIES GROUP; TECHNOPLAST
Rohm & Haas Co.
INTERNATIONAL INC.; UNIPLAST
(SPE,Vinyl Div.)
INTERNATIONAL INC.; VOBAU GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; PVC siding has grown rapidly during the last decade to
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
reach a prominent position in the North American housing
Accession no.714080 market both in remodeling and in new construction. PVC

has captured the majority share of the cladding market styrene-acrylate terpolymers (ASA) for construction and
and has virtually eliminated aluminum siding and is building applications. Modifications to improve
significantly challenging other construction materials used weathering resistance are discussed, and include blending
for house siding, including wood, composites, etc. and coextrusion.
Features such as low maintenance, weatherability, relative GE PLASTICS
ease of installation, and impact resistance, have elevated USA
PVC siding to an annual volume of nearly 1.7 billion lb. Accession no.711727
An additional feature for siding is to have house siding
appear natural and not plastic. The homeowner desires
the look of wood in a PVC siding. Such a feature is not Item 230
given for PVC because it typically tends to be glossy as a Adhesives Age
result of the relatively high melt temperatures developed 41, No.12, Dec.1998, p.20
during extrusion. The surface gloss of the extrusion can EPOXY INJECTION GEL SYSTEM SECURES
be reduced in several ways, including mechanical means BRICK FACADE
and by the formulation additive approach. Mechanically, It was found that a building in New York City had been
embossing is commonly used for obtaining a wide variety built without any wall ties to fasten the facade to the
of wood grain textures designed to disrupt the panel building core and sections were pulling away. To correct
surface to effect light scattering. Among additives used the problem, engineers recommended pinning the brick
in the formulation, mineral fillers, immiscible polymeric facade to the concrete block wall and specified the Power-
additives, certain types of lubricants, and even high Fast epoxy injection gel system developed by Powers
molecular grades of PVC resin have been used to attain Fasteners. Epoxy is injected into a stainless steel mesh
some level of gloss reduction. These approaches generally screen tube, which is then inserted into a drilled hole.
show a downside in cost and/or performance, as in reduced When a threaded rod is pushed into the screen to spread
impact strength, tooling wear and plateout. However, there the epoxy, Power-Fast bonds to the base material and
is one type of additive that can impart gloss reduction expands into hollow areas to form a solid key lock.
without the acrylic impact modifier specifically designed POWERS FASTENERS INC.
to produce a low gloss extruded surface finish. 5 refs. USA
Accession no.713518
Item 231
Item 228
Advanced Materials & Composites News
Materials World
21, No.1, 4th Jan.1999, p.1-3
7, No.2, Feb.1999, p.78-9
CARBON FIBRE TECHNOLOGY USED TO
BUILDING ON THE SUCCESS OF COMPOSITES
REPAIR THE PARKING STRUCTURE AT
Brookes A; Potts A; Wilson M
PITTSBURGH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Advanced Composites Group; Taylor Woodrow
Construction Carl Walker Construction Group has recently completed
what is believed to be the worlds largest installation of
The practicalities of using advanced composite materials
carbon fibre reinforcement for strengthening structural
to construct large and long span structures are being
concrete at the 2,000-car parking garage for Pittsburgh
explored in a two-year research project being funded
International Airport. Carbon fibres are laminated with
through the DETRs Partners in Technology programme.
an epoxy resin matrix and externally bonded to steel rebar
Low temperature moulding technology from Advanced
reinforced concrete structural members to increase their
Composites Group allows designers and manufacturers
strength and load carrying capacity.
to use LTM composite materials on the construction site,
away from autoclaves and composites manufacturing WALKER C.,CONSTRUCTION GROUP INC.
USA
shops.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Accession no.709424
WESTERN EUROPE
Insulation Journal
Item 229 Nov./Dec.1998, p.18
Plastics in Building Construction INSULATE, STRENGTHEN & REFURBISH
23, No.2, 1998, p.4-6
Problems of structurally defective housing stock due to
ASA POLYMER BLENDS FOR CONSTRUCTION
cavity wall tie failure and poor building standards, coupled
MARKETS
with the need to insulate old properties to the new Building
Excerpts are published from a talk given by Terry Regulations, can be tackled using a PU structural foam
Carothers of GE Plastics on the use of acrylonitrile- which can insulate, strengthen and refurbish, all in one

step. The two-part system is mixed at the point of injection and an analysis of how the industry is changing is
and reaches correct formulation inside the wall cavity. presented, covering how this will lead to increasing
The PU structural foam bonds to the entire wall area, is interest in these materials from clients, designers and
eight times stronger than wall ties, has a 25 year minimum contractors and how opportunities can then be taken by
lifetime and insulates the property to Building those in the composites industry. Detailed examples are
Regulations. included of how substantial advances have been made in
ISOTHANE LTD. providing confidence that high quality advanced
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; composite materials are suitable for life in the
WESTERN EUROPE infrastructure. 15 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE

Insulation Journal
Nov./Dec.1998, p.14-5 Item 235
PUMP IT IN PUMP IT UP Vinyl Retec 97: Plastic Systems for the Building
Trafford L Industry. Retec proceedings.
Owens Corning Atlanta, Ga., 14th-15th Oct.1997, p.251-7. 42C382
USE OF ACRYLIC FILM LAMINATES IN
This article discusses cavity wall insulation and how it
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION
can help increase energy efficiency and reduce harmful
PRODUCTS
gas emissions. For partial fill applications, Owens Corning
Kozak S L
recommends Polyfoam Plus Cavityboard as the ideal
Polymer Extruded Products Inc.
solution for the partial fill of new masonry cavity walls,
(SPE,Vinyl Div.)
as an external wall insulation and for thermal insulation
of masonry walls by dry lining. The product is a CFC- This paper fully discusses the use of acrylic film laminates
free, closed cell, rigid extruded PS board with rebated on PVC building products to protect them from UV
edges. radiation which damages their appearance and physical
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; characteristics. It highlights Korad acrylic film laminate
WESTERN EUROPE from Polymer Extruded Products Inc. of the USA. Section
Accession no.709405 headings include: an introduction, Korad acrylic films,
mechanisms of protection, PVC formulations with Korad
laminates, design concepts with Korad laminates, existing
Item 234
applications in the European market, and potential US
Designed for Life: Composites 94. Publication
applications.
No.293/8. Conference proceedings.
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Birmingham, 22nd-23rd Nov.1994, p.59-73. 627
COST-EFFECTIVE ADVANCED COMPOSITE Accession no.706771
STRUCTURES DESIGNED FOR LIFE IN THE
INFRASTRUCTURE Item 236
Head P R Vinyl Retec 97: Plastic Systems for the Building
Maunsell Structural Plastics Ltd. Industry. Retec proceedings.
(BPF) Atlanta, Ga., 14th-15th Oct.1997, p.63-72. 42C382
The third of a trilogy of papers presented at BPF ASA BASED POLYMER BLENDS FOR
Composites Congresses over a period of 12 years BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION MARKETS
reporting the developments in the design and application Carothers T W
of advanced composite materials in the construction GE Plastics
industry. In this period interest in the construction market (SPE,Vinyl Div.)
has grown enormously, fuelled by the need to improve It is explained that weatherability of ABS can be improved
durability, reduce site labour costs and construction time by removing the source of instability - the polybutadiene
and improve safety. In the USA, Europe and Japan many rubber - with a more saturated rubber that lacks the reactive
demonstration structures have been built using carbon, site susceptible to oxidative attack. Rubbers commonly
aramid and glass fibres to reinforce and prestress concrete used for this purpose are EPDM and polybutyl acrylate.
in place of steel. Emphasis is placed on developments in These materials are referred to as AES and ASA
Britain which have lead to the construction of a number respectively. This paper discusses the following aspects of
of landmark advanced composite structures over the last ASA resin: commercial uses, weathering, physical property
four years. Many material suppliers, manufacturers, retention, erosion resistance, and colourability. 12 refs.
machinery suppliers and those in advanced composites USA
research are not familiar with the construction industry Accession no.706758

Item 237 monomer that functions as a plasticiser for metallocene-

Profiles 98. Conference proceedings. based PE and PP. The plasticising effect allows
Neuss, Germany, 24th-26th Feb.1998, paper 17. metallocene PE and PP to be processed on the same
42C382 equipment that processes PVC. The resulting
STRUCTURE OF THE PLASTIC BUILDING metallocenes can be used in wall covering, roofing, siding,
PROFILE INDUSTRY ceiling tiles and geomembranes. The products are said to
Jones T differ from PVC in that they have less toxicity when
Applied Market Information Ltd. destroyed, have increased flexibility and prevent
(Applied Market Information Ltd.; European Plastics migration of chemicals because of superior bonding.
News) Details are given.
This is made up of a series of copies of overhead CHEMECOL
USA
projections providing information on the structure of the
plastic building profile industry in Western Europe. It Accession no.705952
covers: plastics processing, number of processors, average
throughput of processors, profile extrusion manufacture, Item 240
building profile extrusion operations by country, polymer Pigment & Resin Technology
demand for building profiles, the emergence of leading 27, No.6, 1998, p.382-3
groups, and key supply characteristics of individual WATER-BASED PAINT SYSTEMS AID MARKET
country markets. RECOVERY
SOLVAY; ELF ATOCHEM; VEKAPLAST; REHAU;
Difficult market conditions in the building paints industry
ALPHACAN; KOEMMERLING; PLASTIVAL;
have forced manufacturers to take decisive action,
PROFEX; LVM
according to Frost & Sullivans latest study of this sector.
BENELUX; CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; ITALY; NORTH AMERICA; Changes which initially threatened the industry have
SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE become the key driving force behind the latest technical
Accession no.706753 developments, which now contribute to recovering overall
revenue growth rates of 2.6%. The emergence and growth
of new paint systems, such as waterborne paints, high
Item 238 solids, radiation cured and powder coatings, mean that
Profiles 98. Conference proceedings. manufacturers can offer the stability, application and
Neuss, Germany, 24th-26th Feb.1998, paper 8. 42C382 performance end-users demand while lowering solvent
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS FOR content. In the decorative paints industry, water-based
GLAZING SEALS - AN OPPORTUNITY FOR paints have been very successful as a cleaner alternative
THE PVC PROFILES EXTRUSION INDUSTRY to solvent-based paints. Powder coatings have also
van der Loo L L H enjoyed rising popularity, particularly as facade coverings.
DSM Thermoplastic Elastomers Waterborne paints are particularly popular in the DIY
(Applied Market Information Ltd.; European Plastics market, largely because consumers tend to like to be seen
News) using green products while industries are far more
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) have made concerned about performance and price. Alternative
considerable progress this decade as seals in the rigid PVC technologies have had considerably less success in making
profiles industry, and their influence is still growing. This inroads in the market for industrial paints, primarily
paper takes a detailed look at the present status of TPE because there remains scepticism over the performance
profiles in the window gasket industry. they can deliver. Details are given.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FROST & SULLIVAN LTD.
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
Accession no.706744 UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.705735
Item 239
Plastics News(USA) Item 241
10, No.41, 23rd Nov.1998, p.9/41 Plastics and Rubber Asia
FIRMS TECHNOLOGY COULD MOVE 13, No.82, Oct.1998, PU Asia, p.20-1, contained within
METALLOCENES INTO CONSTRUCTION 13, No. 82, Oct. 1998
Esposito F MANIK FLIES INTO KLIA
Sulaiman W
A new plastics technology firm claims its patented liquid
monomer materials can push metallocene-based plastics The use of PU cored sandwich panels at the new Kuala
into the construction market, taking 10% of PVCs overall Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is the first time such
business by 2010. Chemecols technology creates a liquid a Malaysian-made product has been used on the walls of

buildings. Involvement in this prestigious project puts Item 244

Manik Prestasi on the world map of international airport Rubber and Plastics News 2
designers, suppliers and installers of the external building 20, No.2, 26th Oct.1998, p.4
envelope. Manik was chosen to make the composite ARIZ. DEVELOPER AIMS TO BUILD LOW-
insulated panels for buildings that would house the COST HOMES USING SCRAP TYRES
activities of national flag carrier Malaysia Airlines (MAS). Moore M
The award of the contract in 1996, with no previous
An Arizona developer, Richards Development, is seeking
experience at all in PU processing, was a big step for
partners for a project to build low-income housing using
Manik. Details are given.
scrap tyres as the main structural material. The houses
MALAYSIA
are based on the Earthship design, a self-sufficient,
Accession no.704728 environmentally friendly entity. In the Earthship design,
load-bearing walls are made of steel-belted radial tyres
Item 242 packed with up to 300 pounds of rammed earth apiece.
Kunststoffe Plast Europe RICHARDS DEVELOPMENT INC.
85, No.1, Jan.1995, p.27-8 USA
BUILDING WITH PLASTIC MATERIALS Accession no.702634
Hasemann W; Weltring R
Plastics have a very wide range of application in the Item 245
building industry. Except in very exceptional cases, for Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres
many years virtually nothing has been built without 49, No.8, Nov.1997, p.77-9
plastics. The diversity of their properties and the French
possibility of adapting these properties to the job at hand PLASTICS IN THE SUNSHINE OF BANDOL
have enabled plastics to gain a real advantage over other Gailliez E
building materials. Whilst as early as 1959 the value of A review is made of topics discussed at a conference on
plastics materials was a considerable 5% of all materials, the ageing of polymers held in September 1997 by Station
by 1971 it had surpassed 12% and is now over 20%. After dEssais de Vieillissement Naturel de Bandol, the natural
the packaging industry, the building industry is the second ageing testing station at Bandol in the South of France.
largest consumer of plastics in Germany - even bigger Results were presented of studies of the photoxidative
than the automotive industry. Aspects examined include degradation of PVC window frame profiles, polyolefins
thermal insulation saving fuel, plastics pipes, the use of stabilised with hindered amine systems, EPDM and
fibre composite materials to support bridges, renovation impact modified PP for use in automotive applications,
and waterproofing and the development of innovative and PVC/nitrile rubber blends.
building products using recycled plastics. Illustrations BANDOL,STATION DESSAIS DE
may be found in Kunststoffe, 85, No.1, 1995, p.93/6. VIEILLISSEMENT NATUREL; 3V SIGMA SPA;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORP.
WESTERN EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Accession no.704440 ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.702514
Item 243
Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Spring Item 246
1997. Conference proceedings. Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
Pittsburgh, Pa., 23rd-26th March 1997, p.77-87. 6A1 No.762, Oct.1997, p.45-9
SILYL TERMINATED POLYETHERS FOR French
CONSTRUCTION SEALANTS BUILDING: PS FOAM FIGHTS IN THE
Hashomoto K INSULATION MARKET
Kaneka America Corp. Lavabre S
(ADHESIVE & SEALANT COUNCIL) Developments in the use of PS foams and other plastics
This paper discusses the use of silyl terminated polyethers materials in acoustic and thermal insulation in the building
as a raw material in construction sealants. Section industry are examined. Trends in the French building
headings include: introduction, polymer design, basic sector and their influence on the consumption of insulation
properties of silyl terminated polyethers, properties of materials are discussed, and statistics are presented for
construction sealants, the condition of the Japanese the West European market for insulation materials in the
construction sealant market, and a summary. 9 refs. building industry.
JAPAN; USA TUBULAM; BASF AG; DOW CHEMICAL CO.;
Accession no.703518 PROMO PSE; PLATRES LAFARGE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Item 249

GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE- International Composites Expo 98. Conference
GENERAL
proceedings.
Accession no.702494 Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 6-B. 627
REHABILITATION OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Item 247 USING ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND
International Composites Expo 98. Conference ADHESIVES
proceedings. Mosallam A S
Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 7-B. 627 California,State University
DESIGN OF A FOUR POSTER HOUSE: AN (SPI,Composites Institute)
INNOVATIVE FRP STRUCTURAL SYSTEM The results obtained from a pilot study for developing
Hogansen G E; Tyng A G; Wilson R J; Lavine C; innovative techniques for seismic repair and rehab of
Keener C C steel beam-to-column welded moment connections are
E.T.Techtonics Inc. described. The research work includes both full-scale
(SPI,Composites Institute) connection tests, as well as finite element numerical
The proposed design and analysis of an FRP structural modelling using ANSYS software. In this programme,
the feasibility of using a combination of polymer
system for use in a state-of-the-art house designed
composites, high-strength adhesives, high-strength
by internationally acclaimed architect, Anne Griswold
bolts and nuts, as well as conventional steel stiffeners
Tyng, is investigated. The proposed structural system
is explored for repair/retrofit steel frame connections.
is constructed of carbon and glass fibre tubular shapes.
The primary system investigated is in the form of
A case study provides an overview of the potential
attaching three-dimensional graphite/epoxy composite
use of FRP components in challenging residential
stiffening to the flanges of both beams and columns.
projects of this type. Design criteria and site issues
Two detailed groups are tested, namely, composite
concerning the house are addressed. A three-
stiffener with high-strength adhesives only, and bolted
dimensional computer analysis has been developed composite stiffeners.
to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design.
USA
Advantages derived from using FRP in comparison
Accession no.702110
to traditional materials such as wood, concrete and
steel are evaluated.
USA Item 250
Accession no.702116 International Composites Expo 98. Conference
proceedings.
Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 4-B. 627
Item 248 FATIGUE AND FAILURE EVALUATION OF
International Composites Expo 98. Conference MODULAR FRP COMPOSITE BRIDGE DECK
proceedings. Lopez-Anido R; Howdyshell P A; Stephenson L D;
Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 6-C. 627 Ganagarao H V S
ONE PIECE CONSTRUCTION FLOWGRIP FRP West Virginia,University; US,Army Construction
PLANK FLOORING IMPROVES SAFETY IN Engineering Research Lab.
INDUSTRIAL WORK AREAS (SPI,Composites Institute)
Freeman J
Load cycling fatigue and strength evaluations for modular
Redman Fisher Engineering Ltd.
fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite decks are
(SPI,Composites Institute) presented. The FRP composite deck is made of pultruded
FlowGRiP one-component FRP construction panels are components that are bonded and interlocked. Emphasis
developed in direct response to feedback from existing is on the presentation of an innovative fatigue
and potential FRP users. The design criteria also takes experimental qualification programme for FRP composite
account of the increasingly important issue of safety in bridge decks. Fatigue live loads are computed based on
the workplace. The resulting panel not only builds on the AASHTO highway bridge specifications. Variations of
advantages of existing FRP flooring, but can improve strain and deflection measurements with number of cycles
safety in the workplace. An attempt is made to illustrate and mode of failure after load cycling are used to
the primary areas in which the one-piece FRP construction characterise the fatigue and strength performance of the
panel can make a valid contribution towards improving FRP deck. Limitations in applying the existing AASHTO
safety in the workplace. highway bridge specifications to fatigue design of FRP
composite decks are discussed. 4 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE USA

Item 251 Item 253

International Composites Expo 98. Conference International Composites Expo 98. Conference
proceedings. proceedings.
Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 22-E. 627 Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 22-B. 627
CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF FRP-REINFORCED FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND
GLULAM BEAMS EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE
Dagher H J; Breton J; Shaler S; Abdel-Magid B FRP REINFORCED REPLACEMENT RAFTERS
Maine,University; Winona,State University USED IN THE WINGSPREAD PROJECT
(SPI,Composites Institute) Tingley D A; Gai C; Cheng P
Wood Science & Technology Institute Ltd.
Twelve 22 ft. long glulam beams are tested for creep in 4 pt
bending in a controlled environment and a stress of 25%
above the allowable design stress. This is an ongoing test Replacement rafters for the historical Wingspread building
commenced in May 1997, and is scheduled to continue for near Racine, Wisconsin, are designed using triaxial CFRP
one year. The beams are Douglas fir and Western hemlock reinforced laminated veneer lumber (LVL) to resist
and are reinforced with 0%, 1% or 3% E-glass FRP on the uniaxial tensile loads in the longitudinal direction of the
tension side. A wood bumper strip is added to the tension rafters. A three-dimensional finite element model, with
face to protect the FRP layers. Mid-span deflections and the CFRP reinforcement faced-bonded to the LVL, is
wood moisture content are reported for the first five months developed to evaluate stress distributions. One full-scale
of testing. Reinforced beams can support up to twice as much rafter is fabricated and tested under uniaxial tensile
load as unreinforced beams. However, the preliminary results loading condition. High stress concentrations are found
show that despite the increased loading for reinforced beams, near the gussets at the arm of the rafter. 6 refs.
there is no increase in relative creep. 13 refs. USA
Accession no.702079
Item 254
Item 252 International Composites Expo 98. Conference
International Composites Expo 98. Conference proceedings.
proceedings. Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 16-E. 627
Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 22-C. 627 NEW GENERATION OF FIBRE-REINFORCED
FRP REINFORCEMENT OF DOUGLAS FIR AND POLYMER REBARS FOR CONSTRUCTION
WESTERN HEMLOCK GLULAM BEAMS Faza S; Mathers W; Pauer R
Dagher H J; Shaler S M; Poulin J; Abdel-Magid B; Marshall Industries Composites; Mathers Engineering
Tjoelker W; Yeh B Corp.; Reichhold Chemicals Inc.
Maine,University; Composite Materials Engineering; (SPI,Composites Institute)
Willamette Industries Inc.; Engineered Wood
Association Advanced FRP composites made of resin impregnated
(SPI,Composites Institute) fibres have the potential to become a prominent
reinforcing material in the 21st century for the
With recent changes in availability of forest resources, high construction industry. However, the processing method,
quality tension laminations necessary for glulam construction as well as the constituent materials of these advanced
have become more expensive and increasingly difficult to composites, are critical, as they determine the materials
procure. FRPs promise to serve both as a substitute for the properties as well as long-term durability. Advances in
high quality wood laminations and as reinforcement for fabrication, ability for post bending, improvements and
glulam beams. Glulam, like reinforced concrete, can be consistency in mechanical properties, proper selection and
reinforced in tension to more efficiently utilise the woods formulation of resins and strict quality control are some
compressive strength. The ultimate strength behaviour of of the issues that make a clear distinction for the new
FRP-reinforced glulam beams made with Douglas Fir and generation of MP rebars. The advances made in the design,
Western Hemlock is quantified experimentally. Like many manufacturing and field applications of C-BAR
other wood species, lower grades of Western Hemlock and reinforcing rod are reviewed. A cost comparison between
Douglas Fir have higher compression strength than tensile FRP rebar versus steel rebar used in a major sea wall
strength. It is primarily this differential in tension and renovation project is highlighted. 3 refs.
compression values that justifies the use of tension
USA
reinforcement. Sixty 21 ft span glulam beams reinforced with
FRP on the tension side and thirty unreinforced controls are Accession no.702047
instrumented and tested to failure in four-point bending. FRP
reinforcement ratios are 1 and 3%. Item 255
USA International Composites Expo 98. Conference
Accession no.702077 proceedings.

Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 16-A. 627 elongation to failure without debonding. The field
CHARACTERISATION OF GRP RIBBED ROD placement procedure adopted for highway bridges with
USED FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FRP composite decks is presented. 2 refs.
CONSTRUCTION USA
Nanni A; Rizkalla S; Bakis C E; Conrad J O; Accession no.702034
Abdelrahman A A
Missouri-Rolla,University; Manitoba,University;
Pennsylvania,State University Item 257
(SPI,Composites Institute) Popular Plastics and Packaging
Annual, 1998, p.51-5
The results of a two-university project to verify various GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS (GRP)
material properties of a commercially available GRP rod IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
are presented. Among the basic test types performed are Sundaram S; Sridhar N B
a uniaxial tensile test and a pullout test of 90 deg. bent FGP Ltd.
rods. Two types of test are used to evaluate the strength
of the 90 deg. bent rods. A specially designed pull-out The use and benefits of glass fibre-reinforced plastics in
test is used to determine the bond characteristics and the building and construction applications is discussed.
minimum development length. The uniaxial tensile test Comparisons are made between the material properties
is performed to establish the following characteristics: of GRP and those of aluminium, steel and wood.
ultimate strength, ultimate strain and modulus of elasticity. Applications in the building industry for which GRP are
Epoxy coated steel rods are also tested as a benchmark. used to advantage are examined, and include rooflight
The experimental results suggest that this GRP rod is sheeting, prefabricated houses, cladding, water storage
suitable for reinforced concrete construction. tanks, doors and windows, sanitary ware, mass seating,
and structural profiles.
USA
INDIA
Accession no.702043
Accession no.701611
Item 256
International Composites Expo 98. Conference Item 258
proceedings. Construction & Building Materials
Nashville,Tn., 19th-21st Jan.1998, Session 13-F. 627 12, Nos.6-7, 1998, p.393-402
EVALUATION OF POLYMER CONCRETE PERFORMANCE OF ELASTOMERIC PARKING
OVERLAY FOR FRP COMPOSITE BRIDGE GARAGE MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
DECK Mailvaganam N P; Collins P G; Lacasse M A; Paroli R M
Lopez-Anido R; Gangarao H V S; Pauer R J; National Research Council of Canada
Vedam V R Physicochemical techniques and mechanical test
West Virginia,University; Reichhold Chemicals Inc. methods were used to characterise and evaluate the
(SPI,Composites Institute) performance and durability of selected elastomeric
The development of a modular FRP composite deck membrane systems (liquid-applied traffic bearing
requires the application of a suitable wearing surface or membrane systems and asphaltic systems). The effect
overlay. A thin polymer concrete (PC) overlay is specified of concrete quality, surface preparation, variation in
for construction of two highway bridge decks in West chemical composition of the products and sensitivity to
Virginia. The flexible response of the FRP composite deck environmental conditions on the performance of the
needs a PC overlay with high tensile elongation. membranes was determined. The results obtained
Furthermore, the PC overlay needs to develop adhesion showed that, although the membranes restricted the
to the FRP deck surface, provide a non-skid surface, ingress of moisture and chlorides into the concrete deck,
absorb energy and require a simple placement method. improper surface preparation or membrane installation
The selected PC binder is an isophthalic unsaturated could result in pin holes and blisters which allowed the
polyester resin. A urethane-based primer is applied (after permeation of chloride ions. The effects of high and low
sandblasting and cleaning of the surface) to enhance ambient temps. and some chemicals encountered in the
adhesion to the FRP composite deck. The aggregate parking garage environment significantly affected the
material is fine silica sand. The primer and resin materials performance of a membrane. 8 refs.
are supplied by Reichhold Chemicals. Three-point CANADA
bending tests are conducted on coupon specimens of FRP Accession no.700275
deck with PC overlay for various span to depth ratios.
Specimens are tested with both the PC on the tension side
and on the compression side to simulate the actual deck Item 259
response subjected to a wheel load. The PC bonded to Kunststoffe Plast Europe
the FRP specimens exhibits more than 2% tensile 88, No.9, Sept.1998, p.34-5,1482/6

German; English demonstrated. Criteria for design of the use of these

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER(TPE) materials are suggested. Retrofitting with CFRP laminates
SEALING PROFILES FOR PLASTIC WINDOWS is shown in cost comparisons with classical rehabilitation
Beitzel M methods to be superior in most cases. It had originally
Gummiwerk Kraiburg been assumed that this technique would only be cost-
efficient if there were very high requirements relative to
The suitability of TPEs based on styrene-(ethylene-
corrosion, fatigue performance and light weight. However,
butylene)-styrene copolymers for manufacture of sealing
after further price decreases of carbon fibres, this method
profiles for plastics windows is discussed. The mechanical
has become also cost effective for applications where not
properties and weathering resistance of three extrusion
all these requirements are present. Easy handling on
grades of these TPEs, developed by Kraiburg, are
structural sites due to the light weight of the CFRP
considered and the properties of one of these grades are
laminates helps to reduce labour cost. For this reason
compared with those of EPDM and acrylate-modified
commercial use has increased dramatically in Switzerland.
PVC. 4 refs.
18 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 260 Item 262

1997 Asian International Laminates Symposium. Materials Challenge - Diversification and the Future.
Conference proceedings. Volume 40: Book 1. Symposium proceedings.
Hong Kong, China, 19th-21st Nov.1997, p.31-7. 626 Anaheim, Ca., 8th-11th May 1995, p.513-21. 627
MARKET DEVELOPMENT FOR LAMINATE USE OF CARBON FIBRE TOW SHEET
FLOORING REINFORCEMENT FOR IMPROVED BRIDGE
Nystrom P; Johansson H CAPACITY RATINGS IN JAPAN
Perstorp Flooring AB; Perstorp Flooring Inc. Kobayashi A; Endoh M; Kuroda H; Kliger H
(TAPPI) Tonen Corp.; Kliger H.S.,& Associates
(SAMPE)
The flooring market in Europe matures with limited
growth, with the exception of Eastern Europe. The total Carbon fibre tow sheet reinforcing materials are now
US flooring market is showing moderate growth. There being used in Japan to upgrade existing steel reinforced
is, however, quite a dramatic shift among floor materials. concrete bridge structures. A new bridge design load
Textile floor coverings are losing market share in Europe, requirement in Japan (JL25) is being applied to existing
while vinyl flooring is losing ground in USA. Hardwood structures in an effort to accommodate increasing traffic
flooring is increasing its share worldwide. This is the patterns. In a trial, Forca Tow Sheet is applied to the
context in which laminate flooring has achieved a market tension face of a concrete bridge slab. The design and
share of 4% in Europe in 15 years, and almost 1% in the application procedures, and the on-site loading tests
USA in less than three years. The global market potential performed to confirm the reinforcement effect, are
is huge, and laminate flooring is forecast to gain market described.
share. JAPAN; USA
EUROPE-GENERAL; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; USA; Accession no.698143
WESTERN EUROPE
Materials Challenge - Diversification and the Future.
Item 261 Volume 40: Book 1. Symposium proceedings.
Materials Challenge - Diversification and the Future. Anaheim, Ca., 8th-11th May 1995, p.504-12. 627
Volume 40: Book 1. Symposium proceedings. COMPOSITES JUST ANOTHER BUILDING
Anaheim, Ca., 8th-11th May 1995, p.552-61. 627 MATERIAL - ONLY BETTER
STRENGTHENING WITH PULTRUDED CFRP Brandt Goldsworthy W
LAMINATES Brandt Goldsworthy J.,& Associates Inc.
Meier U; Spencer N; Erath M (SAMPE)
EMPA; PAN American Composites; Stesalit Ltd. Several recent highly successful forays of composite
(SAMPE) materials into civil engineering applications are
The ways in which advanced polymer matrix composite highlighting some facts that should have been self evident.
materials developed for high-performance aircraft can Composites are just another building material - but not
offer major advantages for rehabilitation and retrofitting that radically different. It now appears that using the same
of existing civil engineering structures through external software designed for traditional materials and simply
bonding of thin carbon fibre/epoxy (CFRP) laminates are changing the numbers derived by a few coupon tests will

yield a perfectly satisfactory structure. These materials Item 266

should, therefore, simply be chosen for the advantages Cellular Polymers
that they offer in the structure being contemplated. All 17, No.3, 1998, p.163-76
this, of course, within the economic constraints that allow DEVELOPMENT OF HFC BLOWING AGENTS.
the product to be viable. Advantages such as high strength, II. EXPANDED PS INSULATING BOARDS
light weight, corrosion resistance, low thermal Albouy A; Roux J-D; Mouton D; Wu J
conductivity, electrical insulation, acoustical damping, Elf Atochem SA; Elf Atochem North America Inc.
decorative capability, processability and combinations of
Details are given of the properties of blowing agents used
these with other specific properties should make
in PS insulating boards. A theoretical model is used to
composites a front runner in almost any structural design.
simulate their long term behaviour with emphasis on
USA
thermal insulation. 10 refs.
Accession no.698142 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Flame Retardants 98. Conference proceedings.
London, 3rd-4th Feb.1998, p.33-44. 54F Item 267
THE ROLE OF POLYMERS IN THE Kunststoffe Plast Europe
DUSSELDORF AIRPORT FIRE 88, No.8, 1998, p.47-8
Mugge J CPE AS IMPACT MODIFIER
Vestolit GmbH Gerlach D
(BPF; Interscience Communications Ltd.; APME; DuPont Dow Elastomers
European Flame Retardant Assn.; Fire Retardant
Chemicals Assn.; Institute of Materials) Chlorinated PE as an impact modifier in PVC window
profiles is discussed with reference to the advantages it
An overview of the factors contributing to the Dusseldorf affords. The principle behind impact modifier use is
Airport Fire in April 1996 is presented. Aspects covered explained and the two possible morphologies are
include the construction of the airport building, examined, i.e., network structures and particle structures.
chronology of the airport fire, origin and spread of the Processing advantages associated with chlorinated PE are
fire, materials involved - especially the role of plastics, described, and it is compared to a current acrylic modifier
shortcomings in the conception of the building and in the in terms of impact strength and processability.
organisation during the fire and conclusions drawn up by SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
the Official Airport Commission of the State of
Accession no.695890
Northrhine-Westphalia. The statements are based on the
results of the Official Airport Commission (report part 1
dated April 19th, 1997) on presentations of Dr. Schiffers, Item 268
an expert for damages in fire, working for the relevant Plast 21
assurance and on presentations of Dr. Rotard, German No.62, June/July 1997, p.30-4
Environmental Protection Agency. Spanish
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; ADVANTAGES OF PLASTICS IN BUILDING
WESTERN EUROPE
A survey is made of building and related applications of
Accession no.697341 plastics, including pipes, doors, window frames, floor and
wall coverings, cellular thermal insulation and decorative
Item 265 laminates.
Cellular Polymers WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
17, No.3, 1998, p.177-92 Accession no.695272
STATIC BEHAVIOUR OF A PVC FOAM
COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANEL
Ferreira J A M; Moreira da Costa J D Item 269
Ciombra,Universidade; Lisboa,Institute of Science & Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre
Technology Textile
No.19, Jan./Feb.1997, p.6-9
Details are given of the static and creep behaviour of a English; French
sandwich panel made of PVC foam as core and two skins SPOTLIGHT ON AZUREL
of GRP. The flexural properties and creep behaviour were Petit J
evaluated at room temperature. 15 refs.
An examination is made of the structure and properties
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PORTUGAL;
WESTERN EUROPE of Azurel building panels, developed by Dow Chemical
and combining wood and Styrofoam extruded PS foam.
Accession no.696313
New PP and linear LDPE capacities installed by Dow

Chemical and the activities of Du Pont Dow Elastomers dispute is the latest episode in a tussle in the building
in rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers are briefly materials market characterised by the selective use of
reviewed. environmental claims. Producers of construction materials
DOW CHEMICAL CO.; DU PONT DOW such as steel, timber, PVC and concrete have frequently
ELASTOMERS; DOW CHEMICAL SA used environmental claims as a weapon in their struggles
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; for market share. Recent examples include claims by
GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE concrete pipe manufacturers that their products are better
Accession no.695261 for the environment than PVC pipes, and claims by a
linoleum producer that its product offers an
environmentally preferable floor covering. In 1997, the
Item 270
Timber Trades Federation (TTF) issued an advert as part
Advances in Plastics Technology. Conference
of its think wood campaign which attacked steel as non-
proceedings.
renewable. Details are given.
Katowice, Poland, 9th-11th December 1997, Paper 4. 8
COLOURING OF VINYL SIDING AND OTHER
WESTERN EUROPE
WEATHERABLE RIGID PVC PROFILES WITH
HOLCOBATH ENCAPSULATED PIGMENTS Accession no.692517
Groot R
Holland Colors Americas Inc. Item 272
(Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry) Journal of Applied Polymer Science
69, No.9, 29th Aug.1998, p.1761-4
The North American vinyl siding industry has developed
PRESERVATION OF CANKIRI LIMESTONE IN
into the second largest rigid PVC segment after PVC pipe.
SULFUR DIOXIDE ATMOSPHERE BY IN SITU
Colouring methods have changed slowly, with the change
POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYL
from full siding to coextrusion. Achieved originally with
METHACRYLATE
pigments in the hot/cool mixer it changed to colouring
Isik-Yuruksoy B; Kis M; Guven O
on-line with free flowing concentrates like Holcobath.
Hacettepe,University
The colour hold guidelines, the weathering parameters in
which vinyl siding colours should maintain their shade, Ethyl methacrylate was polymerised within Cankiri
were explained. These parameters are the basis on which limestone by a sulphur dioxide-tert-butyl hydroperoxide
colour concentrate producers determine suitable pigment redox initiator pair having a low decomposition activation
choices in relation to items like weathering and heat build energy. The mechanical stability of the original and
up. These colour hold guidelines have lead to the creation polymer-loaded stones was measured. As the amount of
of new special pigments such as IR-Blacks. As colour the polymer in the limestone was increased, compressive
concentrate suppliers are now the direct suppliers to the strength also increased. The polymer-containing limestone
industry, they have taken the lead with regard to was shown to be more resistant to abrasion by water and
developing the industry with colour pigment formulations to the effects of acid rain. 14 refs.
- in close co-operation with manufacturers of basic TURKEY
pigments. Holland Colours (HCA) services the industry Accession no.692414
not only from a colourmatch stand point; it also generates
and publishes studies on the weathering performance of
all basic inorganic and organic pigments for vinyl Item 273
weatherable profiles. Information is given on an industry Adhesives Age
not too well known outside North America; a few new 41, No.6, June 1998, p.26-9
trends are highlighted, including new stabiliser systems STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES TECHNOLOGY:
that can be used for darker colours. TWO DECADES OF ENDURING PROGRESS
USA
Drake R
Accession no.694482 This article is the second of a two-part review of the
development of structural adhesives. In this article, the
author covers the following topics: cure, toughening,
Item 271
performance on command, various families of structural
Ends Report
adhesives, water-based adhesive primers, and predicting
No.282, July 1998, p.31-2
bonded assembly life. 15 refs.
TIMBER AND PLASTIC INDUSTRIES IN
USA
BATTLE OVER BUILDING MATERIALS
Accession no.691660
Plastics manufacturers are reported to have complained
to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) about
several advertisements from a timber trade body which Item 274
criticise the environmental impact of PVC windows. The Insulation Journal
May/June 1998, p.24-5

OF MUTUAL BENEFIT TO ALL Results are presented of a study of the influence of

Sears B different fillers, plasticiser oils and curing systems on the
Celotex limiting oxygen index and smoke emission of EPDM
compounds, and of flammability tests undertaken on roof
It is reported that in the UKs West Midlands, architects
coverings based on three different compounds. 5 refs.
for vehicle manufacturer Rover BMW are specifying Pi
foam thermal insulation for the companys factory roof. Pi
is a polyisocyanurate produced by Celotex of the UK. In
this article, Celotexs technical services manager reflects Accession no.691336
on risk assessment, and the role of Factory Mutual approval.
ROVER BMW; FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH Item 278
CORP. Adhesive Technology
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; 15, No.1, March 1998, p.26-7
WESTERN EUROPE DURABILITY OF BUILDING SEALANTS
Accession no.691644 Ford P
The myriad of factors that affect the durability of building
Item 275 sealants were examined at a seminar organised by the
Insulation Journal UK Building Research Establishment (BRE), Watford and
May/June 1998, p.12-3 the International Union of Testing and Research
CONTEXT OVER CONTEST Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM) based
UK,Mineral Wool Association in Cachan, France. The realistic assessment of the
performance of a sealant is discussed.
In this article the secretary general of Eurisol, the UK
Mineral Wool Association, Ian Knight, calls for a thorough UK,BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT
review of fire test data for sandwich panels. Section
WESTERN EUROPE
headings include: size is not everything, fire source and
fire load, time of exposure, measure of smoke, Accession no.689842
representing real life, and accentuating the positive.
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN Item 279
UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Adhesive Technology
Accession no.691643 15, No.1, March 1998, p.2
ADHESION IS THE KEY TO TOLL BOOTH
DESIGN
Item 276
Insulation Journal ACX Industries specialises in design solutions using
May/June 1998, p.14-5 composite materials. The company designs and
TESTING IN PROPORTION TO REALITY manufactures in a range of specialist areas that focus on
Trew P light weight, ease of production and installation, special
Engineered Panels in Construction design and high-performance requirements. Adhesive
technology came to the rescue for a project to design a
This article discusses in detail the findings of recent large-
motorway toll booth in France. The company has achieved
scale fire tests on external cladding panels, carried out by
a European first in the field of civil engineering. It
Engineered Panels in Construction, of the UK. It outlines
designed, constructed and then installed a roofing system
confusion over reports from serious fires, then looks at
for motorway toll booths on the A29 between Le Havre
test findings, structural integrity, and inspection of core
and Yvelot mode entirely from glass reinforced polyester.
insulation. It concludes with a summary.
The roof design measures 60 m long x 20 m wide and is
UK,FIRE SERVICE INSPECTORATE entirely self-supporting. During the early stages of the
WESTERN EUROPE
design process, it became clear that the mechanical
requirements for the points where the roofing was to be
Accession no.691642
anchored to the main structure were very complex. The
search for a cost-effective and high-performance solution
Item 277 led to a combination of metal copings, bolts and Araldite
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 2022, a two-component toughened methacrylate adhesive
No.760, June/July 1997, p.83-6 system from Ciba Speciality Chemicals. Brief details are
French noted.
FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF EPDM ACX INDUSTRIES
COMPOUNDS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Krans J; Eichler H J WESTERN EUROPE
Martinswerk GmbH; DSM Elastomers Europe Accession no.689828

Item 280 Item 282

Polymers Paint Colour Journal Antec 98. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
188, No.4406, July 1998, p.4 Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.2486-91. 012
WATER-BASED PAINT SYSTEMS AID MARKET BLENDS OF BITUMEN WITH POLYMERS FOR
RECOVERY BUILT UP ROOFING MEMBRANES
McNally T; Fawcett A H; McNally G M; Andrews F;
According to Frost & Sullivans latest study, difficult market
Clarke J
conditions in the building paints industry have forced
Belfast,Queens University; Dussek Campbell Ltd.
manufacturers to take decisive action. The new report finds
(SPE)
that changes which initially threatened the industry have
become the key driving force behind the latest technical Bitumen is a mixture of four main components -
developments, which now contribute to recovering overall aromatics, paraffins, asphaltenes and resins - that remain
revenue growth rates of 2.6%. The emergence and growth after crude oil has been processed in distillation plants
of new paint systems, such as waterborne paints, high solids, and catalytic crackers. It finds applications in road
radiation cured and powder coatings, mean that construction and as a waterproofing agent to more
manufacturers can offer the stability, application and specialised purposes such as being used, when blended
performance end-users demand while lowering solvent with a proportion of a polymer, in built up membranes
content. In the decorative paints industry, water-based paints for the roofing industry. The previously unreported
have been successful as a cleaner alternative to solvent-based properties are described on a molecular level of three
paints. Powder coatings have also enjoyed popularity, commercially-used blends of polymers with bitumen,
particularly as facade coverings. Waterborne paints are following measurements made by fluorescence optical
particular popular in the DIY market, largely because microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and
consumers like to be seen using green products while dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. It can be seen how
industries are more concerned about performance and price. the different blends function in a manner that makes
Some economic information is presented. them suitable for the production of built up roofing
FROST & SULLIVAN LTD. membranes. 10 refs.
EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.689752
Accession no.687397
Item 281
Composite Structures Item 283
29B, No.4, 1998, p.411-24 Bristol, Applied Market Information Ltd., 1998, 17
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FAILURE papers. 150.00. 31cms. 24/7/98. 42C382
MODES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS PROFILES 98. PROCEEDINGS OF A
STRENGTHENED WITH PRESTRESSED CONFERENCE HELD NEUSS, GERMANY,
CARBON COMPOSITE PLATES 24TH-26TH FEB. 1998
Garden H N; Hollaway L C Applied Market Information Ltd.; European Plastics
Surrey,University News
Concrete structures deteriorate for various reasons and Seventeen papers presented at Profiles 98 are published
upgrading has been achieved for over 20 years by bonding here. Day 1 focuses on raw materials and includes papers
steel plates using epoxy resins. Disadvantages of this on photoageing of rigid PVC under normal or severe
method include transporting, handling and installing climate conditions, calcium zinc stabilisers and their
heavy plates and corrosion of the plates. The use of influence on PVC profile performance and processing,
composite materials overcomes these problems and and study of rheology at different formulations for
provides equally satisfactory solutions. The rehabilitation profile extrusion. Day 2 focuses on machinery, and the
of concrete structures represents a large demand for markets for the profile industry. Papers include high
efficient strengthening methods and composite materials performance extrusion lines for profile extrusion, profile
are well suited to this application. Further advantages are die using simulation, views and perspectives of a profile
gained by prestressing the plate before bonding to the extruder, and the structure of the plastic building industry
concrete. The benefits of external prestressing using in Western Europe.
polymeric composite materials have been investigated Accession no.686014
only recently and further work is required to understand
the behaviour of members prestressed with composite
Item 284
materials. Emphasis is placed on the failure modes of
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
reinforced concrete beams prestressed in this way. 34 refs.
4, No.2, June 1998, p.94-5
ROLE OF ADDITIVES IN PVC MARKET
WESTERN EUROPE
OPPORTUNITIES
Accession no.688029

Johnson R W; Oliveri F J; Szamborski E C opted for aluminium channelways pre-insulated with rigid
Rohm & Haas Co. PU foams. In another Italian theatre, heat-insulating PUR
foam panels were laid directly onto the wooden ceiling
Very brief details are given of the performance benefits
joists in the scenic tower.
of additives for PVC in raising heat distortion temperature,
increase impact performance, improve colour fastness and
WESTERN EUROPE
improve processing. Emphasis is given to benefits in the
construction industry. Accession no.682028
USA
20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion
Society. Conference proceedings.
Item 285 Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.671-3.
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 8(10)
4, No.2, June 1998, p.87-9 EFFECT OF POLYMER MODIFICATION ON
RECYCLING DURABLE VINYL PRODUCTS THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
Wisner D Bhurke A S; Shin E E; Rozeveld S; Vallad P; Drzal L T
Geon Co. Michigan,State University
Brief details are given of a recycling project for vinyl Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P
siding conducted in Grand Rapids, Michigan by the (US,Adhesion Society)
National Association of Home Builders. Polymer modified asphalts show promise in improving
USA the properties of asphalt concrete. One of the parameters
Accession no.684907 controlling the properties of asphalt concrete is the
interaction between the asphalt binder and aggregates.
Item 286 This is characterised by the study of the interfacial
Brussels, 1998, pp.12. 21cms. 11/5/98 adhesion between the binder and aggregate and the
PLASTICS : A MATERIAL OF CHOICE IN cohesive performance of the binder. Poor adhesive or
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION. PLASTICS cohesive performance leads to premature failure,
CONSUMPTION AND RECOVERY IN WESTERN cracking and poor pavement performance. The failure
EUROPE 1995 and fracture morphology of asphalt concrete is
APME characterised qualitatively by studying the fracture
morphology using in-situ environmental scanning
Building and construction requirements currently account electron microscopy (ESEM) tensile tests and
for 20% (4.89 million tonnes) of Western Europes total quantitatively by low temperature fracture toughness
annual plastics consumption of 24.9 million tonnes. This measurements. 7 refs.
APME publication looks at the advantages of using
USA
plastics in place of traditional building materials and
provides a breakdown of consumption by European Accession no.681476
country, polymer type, and specific construction
application. The report also focuses on the 841,000 tonnes Item 289
of plastics construction waste generated in 1995 and Composites-French/English
provides a forecast of future waste patterns in this sector Nos.25-26, 15th Feb.-15th June 1998, p.95-7
over the next decade. Plastics waste management options HOUSE PROVES THAT COMPOSITES ARE AS
and solutions are also outlined. ADVANTAGEOUS AS CONCRETE
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Nine years ago, Impact Design Group built a prototype
WESTERN EUROPE
house out of composite materials in France. The house is
Accession no.682539 built out of GRP polyester or acrylic matrix (20%) resin
with an aluminium hydroxide filler (60%) added to meet
Item 287 fire/smoke standards and roving to stabilise the structure.
Macplas International The materials are said to have weathered well.
Feb.1998, p.70-1
IMPACT DESIGN GROUP
RISING OUT OF ASHES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
The heating and air-conditioning system of an Italian WESTERN EUROPE
marquee theatre not only had to guarantee the uniform Accession no.680744
distribution of environmental conditions throughout the
structure, but also good acoustic levels. To control the Item 290
speed of the air fed by the diffusers, the sizes and routing Composites-French/English
of the channelling had to be carefully evaluated. Engineers Nos.25-26, 15th Feb.-15th June 1998, p.28-30

PULTRUDED PROFILES: A VALUABLE used in the recycling and disposal of PVC building
ALTERNATIVE! products are reviewed.
EUROPE-GENERAL
Fibreforce Composites specialises in the production of
pultruded profiles. Composite profiles offer many Accession no.679054
advantages that make them a real alternative to traditional
materials such as steel, aluminium and wood. Glass- Item 294
polyester pultrusions are mainly used in door and window Smart Materials & Structures
frame production. 7, No.2, April 1998, p.229-36
FIBREFORCE COMPOSITES LTD. APPLICATION AND RELIABILITY OF A FIBRE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; OPTICAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR A
WESTERN EUROPE STAY CABLE BRIDGE
Accession no.680727 Bronnimann R; Nellen P M; Sennhauser U
EMPA
Item 291 Details are given of the application of a fibre optical
Composites-French/English system for the surveillance of a new stay cable bridge
Nos.25-26, 15th Feb.-15th June 1998, p.23-4 using cables of carbon fibre-reinforced plastic. Results
STENI RECOMMENDS A PERFECT FINISH of an observation period of more than six months during
Steni manufactures composite facing panels filled with construction are presented. Tests of the reliability of the
rock aggregates intended for the building and public works fibre optical monitoring system are discussed. 14 refs.
sector. In the Steni Nature range, the surface aggregate is SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
embedded in a Synolite resin with a mineral filler and a Accession no.678639
glass reinforcement. Launched in 1996, the Steni colour
product has the same matrix as Steni Nature, but with a
Item 295
gel coat finish.
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
STENI 4, No.1, March 1998, p.12-21
NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE MATERIALS AND TESTING FOR EXTRUSION
Accession no.680724 OF RPVC CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS
Rapacki S R
Item 292 Rohm & Haas Co.
European Plastics News Rigid PVC extruded construction products take many
25, No.5, May 1998, p.30-1 forms. Typical are house siding, window profiles, storm
TIME FOR A DECISION doors, pipe, fencing, and various accessory items generally
Seifert S used for installation. In addition to these solid products,
Battenfeld Extrusionstechnik foam or cellular rigid PVC materials are entering the
Factors to be borne in mind are considered, with reference marketplace as substitutes for the traditional solid materials,
to choosing a high output extrusion system for window or allowing PVC to capture other maintenance free
profiles production. Details are given of the capabilities applications; typical forms now in use include interior
and suitability of high speed single strand lines and twin moulding profiles and foam core pipe. Emphasis is placed
strand lines. Comparisons are made for various line on the formulation ingredients constituting the articles
configurations with respect to prices, output, energy above, how they are put together and influence the
consumption, and floor space. manufacturing process and final product, and how they can
be tested to determine fit to the application requirements.
Accession no.679515
USA
Accession no.676572
Item 293
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
Nos.11/12, Nov./Dec.1996, p.668-75 Item 296
Italian Plastics in Building Construction
PVC: A COMPETITIVE BUILDING MATERIAL 22, No.4, 1998, p.8-12
Gianotti G POLYPROPYLENE BASED RESINS DESIGNED
FOR BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
A survey is made of building and related applications of INDUSTRY
PVC, including pipes, window frames, floor and wall Coperthwait J D; Congdon J P; Phillips E M
coverings, waterproofing membranes and cable insulation. Montell Polyolefins
Statistics show European consumption of PVC in such
applications in 1995 with forecasts for 1997 and 2000. PP is a relative newcomer as a material for the building and
Environmental aspects of PVC are discussed, and methods construction industry, being invented in only 1956. The

manufacturing process, catalysts, stabilisation and Owens Corning, designed to combat the persistent
modification technologies have made huge advances over incursion of noise in everyday life. The products are
the last fifty years. Today, this plastic is being used in designed for use in partitions, roofs, walls, ceilings and
demanding construction applications where the expected floors, in both domestic and commercial environments.
service life is longer than the fifty years since Ziegler/Natta There are fourteen products in the QuietZone portfolio.
first polymerised propylene. Since its invention, new catalyst They neutralise sound in three ways: by blocking the
and process technologies have dramatically expanded the sound path; breaking the vibration path; and absorbing
properties available from PP. Details are given. the sound energy. Details of the various products are
USA included in the article.
WESTERN EUROPE

Reinforced Plastics
42, No.3, March 1998, p.44-7 Item 300
BUILDING BETTER BRIDGES WITH CFRP Adhesives Age
Swiatecki S 41, No.1, Jan.1998, p.45-6
COWI Consulting Engineers & Planners in Denmark says DURABILITY OF BUILDING SEALANTS
it is interested in investigating FRP for reinforcement of Bowtell M
concrete because steel reinforcement can lead to corrosive This reports on papers presented at a UK conference held
damage and expensive repair. The company heads the in November 1997 at the Building Research
team of consultants behind the Herning CFRP bridge. Establishment. The papers discuss several aspects of
COWI has calculated that the break-even cost for a steel sealant use in the building industry, in particular their
versus a CFRP reinforced bridge, with maintenance over weathering and durability properties.
a lifetime included, is reached at a 25% reduction of the UK,BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT;
present cost for CFRP rods. DOW CORNING CORP.; INTERNATIONAL UNION
COWI CONSULTING ENGINEERS & PLANNERS OF TESTING AND RESEARCH LABORATORIES
DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FOR MATERIALS & STRUCTURES
SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
Accession no.672975 WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.670737
Item 298
Reinforced Plastics
Item 301
42, No.3, March 1998, p.38-43
Gemini
SEISMIC RETROFIT PROVIDES
No.1, 1998, p.32-3
OPPORTUNITIES FOR FRP
FIGHTING DAMPNESS IN OUTER WALLS AND
Marsh G
ROOFS
Seismic retrofit and repair are big business in areas prone Kjaervik A
to earthquakes such as California and parts of Japan. Fibre
Plastic foil used as a vapour barrier against dampness in
reinforced plastics can serve to fortify existing structure,
outer walls and roofs, combined with a good ventilation
for example strengthening steel plates used to reinforce
system, is presently the best known guarantee against
bridge decks. Wrapping concrete columns in composite
mould and rot in wooden houses. The use of other
jackets strengthens the concrete, prevents its collapse in
materials than plastic foil as a vapour barrier could result
an earthquake and protects the columns from corrosive
in an accumulation of moisture inside structures, which
environments. Polymers can be used in seismic bearings
in turn could produce favourable conditions for mould
to isolate built structures from ground disturbance.
and rot and the damage these cause, according to the
JAPAN; USA
Norwegian Building Research Institute in Trondheim, and
Accession no.672974 the NTNUs Department of Building & Construction
Engineering. Details are given.
Item 299 NORWEGIAN BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE;
Insulation Journal NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
Jan.Feb.1998, p.18-9 TECHNOLOGY
YOU ARE NOW ENTERING THE QUIET ZONE NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Torr A
Accession no.670342
Owens Corning Co.
This comprehensive article supplies details of QuietZone, Item 302
an advanced system of acoustic insulation products from Advanced Composite Materials

7, No.1, 1998, p.47-61 can do better, the latest generation of reinforcing bar is
SURFACE TREATMENTS AND ADHESION entirely plastics composite. Some emphasis is placed on
BONDING BETWEEN CONCRETE AND CFRP Marshall Industries Composites C-Bar, a composite rebar
COMPOSITE made using hybrid pultrusion/compression moulding.
Ye L; Friedrich K; Weimer C; Mai Y-W MARSHALL INDUSTRIES COMPOSITES
Sydney,University; Kaiserslautern,University USA
Applications of fibre-reinforced plastics to repair worn- Accession no.668808

out civil structures rely on comprehensive understanding
of strengthening mechanisms, especially adhesion Item 305
bonding between composites and concrete. A special Advanced Materials News
testing procedure is developed to investigate adhesion No.103, Jan.1998, p.8-9
bonding between concrete and a CFRP, mainly under COMPOSITES BRANCH OUT
normal loading conditions. As concrete surface treatments
are expected to influence bond strength, different abrasive When material scientists first investigated the idea of
procedures are investigated; in addition, the application blending plastics composite with wood, little was known
of a silane primer on the concrete surface is studied, using about how or where the technology might lead. Several
an epoxy resin or a vinyl ester resin as adhesive. An years on, some of the biggest companies in the US
approach based on fracture mechanics is applied to construction business are examining the material as a
evaluate debonding fracture energy. Microscopic strategic replacement for steel, concrete and more
examinations are conducted to identify fracture expensive grades of wood. Most of the research is being
mechanisms. Crack propagation is found to be dependent conducted at the University of Maines Advanced
on surface treatments as well as the type of adhesive. Engineered Wood Composites Center in the USA. Details
Applying the silane primer as coupling agent, bonding are given.
strength is clearly improved for poorly treated surfaces. MAINE,UNIVERSITY
The vinyl ester resin as adhesive is found to be inefficient USA
for achieving high bonding strength between the CFRP Accession no.668807
and the concrete. 20 refs.
AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Item 306
Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres
Accession no.670182 48, No.6, July/Aug.1996, p.49-51
French
Item 303 BUILDING: FROM BITUMEN TO CLADDING,
Journal of Advanced Materials PLASTICS ASSERT THEMSELVES
29, No.1, Oct.1997, p.3-10 Topuz B
LAMINATE ANALOGY FOR COMPOSITES A survey is made of developments in the use of plastics
ENHANCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES in building applications, including facades, foams for
Chamis C C; Gotsis P K acoustic and thermal insulation, window frames and
US,NASA,Lewis Research Center modified concretes. Statistics are presented for the
A method is described to design composites to repair insulation materials markets in France and Germany in
damage or enhance the overload strength of concrete 1995.
infrastructures. The method is based on laminate analogy EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
and the computer codes from which it is derived are GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
described. The detailed application of Integrated Accession no.666957
Composite Analyzer to concrete and reinforced concrete
is discussed. 6 refs. Item 307
USA Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres
Accession no.669435 48, No.6, July/Aug.1996, p.47-8
French
Item 304 BUILDING: PROGRESS IN SPITE OF THE
Advanced Materials News CRISIS
No.103, Jan.1998, p.10-11 Topuz B
CONCRETES NEW ALLY Trends in the use of plastics in building applications and
Replacing steel with plastic in something as demanding in the market for plastics in the building industry in France
as concrete reinforcement would have been unthinkable and Europe are examined. Statistics show European
ten years ago. However, technologies rapidly evolve. consumption of plastics, by weight, in building and related
Driven by the maxim, anything metals can do plastics applications.

SOFRES modules made of non-corroding composite material. Deck

EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN modules are designed with enhanced cross-section and
UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE fibre architecture. Testing prototypes and field
Accession no.666956 demonstration decks are fabricated by VARTM and by
pultrusion. Two bridge demonstration projects are planned
Item 308 to be constructed. The composite deck system is expected
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques to be utilised to replace aged concrete decks, to construct
No.751, June/July 1996, p.37-40 new bridge decks, and to build all-composite short-span
French bridges. 1 ref.
BUILDING: PLASTICS ARE NO LONGER IN USA
HIDING Accession no.665435
Soler L
A survey is made of the use of plastics in visible building Item 311
components such as window frames, glazing, walls and International Composites Expo 97. Conference
facades, and building applications of composites and proceedings.
coated fabrics are also examined. Economic trends in the Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 37. 627
French building industry are reviewed, and statistics show NEWLY DEVELOPED FLEXIBLE VINYL ESTER
the market for particular types of plastics in this sector. RESIN WITH AIR DRYING
ALPHACAN SA; ATOHAAS; FERRARI; ROHM Aoki T; Tanaka K; Arakawa K; Noamaguchi K
GMBH; ELF ATOCHEM SA; CIMAG; SOTIRA; Hitachi Chemical Co.Ltd.
TUBUS BAUER GMBH (SPI,Composites Institute)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; A newly-developed vinyl ester resin mainly used for
GERMANY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
concrete overlay is described. The surfaces of concrete
Accession no.666922 structures such as building roof, floor and drainage in
food processing plants and chemical plants are
Item 309 damaged by water, boiling water, corrosive detergents,
International Composites Expo 97. Conference disinfectants and other chemicals. Therefore, the
proceedings. surfaces must be protected by resin overlay.
Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 92. 627 Traditionally, the matrix resins used for this application
FRP COMPOSITE REBARS COME OF AGE: have been unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins
RATIONAL STRATEGY FOR with air drying additives, which are mainly paraffin
COMMERCIALISATION wax. However although the paraffin wax improves the
McClaskey C R surface curing property of these resins, it often involves
Reichhold Chemicals Inc. a delamination between intermediate layer and top-coat
(SPI,Composites Institute) in the overlay. The problem of this delamination is
FRP composite technology utilising C-bar introduces to solved by developing a flexible vinyl ester resin with
the construction industry a relatively low cost, non- air drying property (developed FVE). The resin also
corrosive reinforcement alternative for commercialisation has optimum chemical resistance, mechanical and
consideration worldwide. 4 refs. curing properties compared with a conventional
USA unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins. 1 ref.
JAPAN
Accession no.665469
Accession no.665424
Item 310
International Composites Expo 97. Conference Item 312
proceedings. International Composites Expo 97. Conference
Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 58. 627 proceedings.
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 27. 627
MODULAR FRP DECK FOR BRIDGE TOMS CREEK BRIDGE REHABILITATION
CONSTRUCTION AND REPLACEMENT AND FIELD DURABILITY STUDY
Lopez-Anido R; GangaRao H V S; Trovillion J; Busel J Lesko J J; Weyers R E; Duke J C; Hayes M D; Howard
West Virginia,University; US,Army Corps of J N; Witcher D E; Barefoot G; Formica RlGomez J;
Engineers; SPI,Composites Institute Villalba E; Volgyi J F J
(SPI,Composites Institute) Virginia Tech; Morrison Molded Fiber Glass Co.;
A partnership of academia, state and federal agencies and Virginia,Transportation Research Council;
the composites industry has developed a system intended Virginia,Dept.of Transportation
to replace deteriorated concrete bridge decks with (SPI,Composites Institute)

Questions concerning the long-term durability of Item 314

composites in the infrastructure prohibit their routine use International Composites Expo 97. Conference
in present designs. A central obstacle to answering these proceedings.
questions lies in the complex interaction of stress, time, Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 22. 627
temperature and environmental exposure. Furthermore, MCKINLEYVILLE BRIDGE: CONSTRUCTION
the sheer number of possible combinations of fibre and OF CONCRETE DECK REINFORCED WITH
matrix systems disallows a universal generalisation of FRP REBARS
durability for composites in all environments and Kumar S V; Thippeswamy H K; GangaRao H V S
applications. Thus, the team formed by Virginia Tech, the West Virginia,University
Town of Blacksburg, Morrison Molded Fiber Glass, the (SPI,Composites Institute)
Virginia Transportation Research Council and the Virginia
McKinleyville Bridge is the first vehicular bridge in the
Department of Transportation have approached the
USA with a concrete deck reinforced with FRP rebars.
durability problem by examining the specific performance
The construction of this bridge was completed and opened
of a composite structural box I beam in the Toms Creek
to traffic in October 1996. Some of the first-hand
Bridge. This experimental programme aims to properly
experience in handling and placement of FRP bars in
implement the structural shape in this small bridge and
concrete deck have been presented in this paper. The light
to develop a field site monitoring program which will
weight of FRP rebars is attractive for construction crew
assist in advancing a predictive methodology for
in terms of easy handling and placement. It is
composite performance in the infrastructure. 14 refs.
recommended that leather gloves are used to avoid bruises
USA
and itching caused by fibres. Other issues like spacing of
Accession no.665413 chairs for FRP mesh and flotation of FRP rebars while
vibrating wet concrete are addressed. Improper
Item 313 construction practices and adverse weather conditions
International Composites Expo 97. Conference while casting the concrete bridge deck can cause excessive
proceedings. shrinkage and thermal cracks in the deck. Moreover in
Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 23. 627 FRP reinforced concrete, unlike steel, once these cracks
STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE are formed, they can greatly enhance in their size due to
STRUCTURES - STATE OF THE ART AND lower modulus of elasticity of FRP bars. Hence, it is
FUTURE NEEDS necessary to reconsider some of the precautionary
Emmons P H; Vaysburd A M; Thomas J; Vadovic M measures to minimise cracking in concrete deck. 6 refs.
Structural Preservation Systems Inc. USA
(SPI,Composites Institute) Accession no.665408
Deterioration, increased load-carrying requirements,
inadequate design or construction errors are some of the Item 315
main reasons for repair and strengthening of existing International Composites Expo 97. Conference
concrete structures. Historically, conventional proceedings.
strengthening techniques such as section enlargement, post- Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 21. 627
tensioning and steel plate bonding were used to address FRP GRIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE:
these problems. But in some cases, these methods are not INVESTIGATION OF FIBRE ARCHITECTURE
viable due to constraints imposed by durability, Engel R S; Bakis C E; Nanni A; Croyle M
constructibility and aesthetics limitations. New needs Pennsylvania,State University
require new technical solutions. Emphasis is placed on (SPI,Composites Institute)
strengthening using externally applied CFRPs. Along with
The manufacture and performance of fibre reinforced
being lightweight and having a very high strength-to-weight
plastic (FRP) grids used in reinforced concrete are
ratio, CFRP has the benefits of being non-corrosive and
described. Composite manufacturing methods, such as
highly resistant to chemicals. To date, a few testing methods
fibre placement and closed moulding, easily lend
for bond strength between FRP and existing concrete have
themselves to the production of structures with intricate
been suggested, but these are tests which can be carried
shapes and contours such as the grid or lattice structures
out under controlled laboratory conditions. Their
used in reinforced concrete panels. Continuous carbon
applicability to in-situ conditions is very questionable. The
fibres are impregnated with vinyl ester resin and placed
results of an in-situ bond testing programme used to
via filament winding into a mould to form a two-
determine the applicability of proposed tensile and shear
dimensional grid. Once filled, the mould is closed and
bond strength testing techniques are described. The
the part cured under low temperature and pressure. During
programme was performed at the Hollidaysburg Waste
filament winding, fibre placement is controlled such that
Water Treatment Plant in Pennsylvania. 6 refs.
two general types of layer architectures at the grid joints
USA
are obtained: cross ply, i.e. alternating unidirectional tapes
Accession no.665409 without fibre connectivity between layers, and weaves

with fibre connectivity between adjacent layers. The Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 18. 627
influence of fibre architecture on the grid stiffness and CONSTRUCTABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FRP
the ability of the grid to transmit loads is studied using REBARS
stand-alone tensile tests and pull out tests. While the Holman Dietz D; Harik I E
magnitudes of the joint strength and post damage stiffness Kentucky,University
vary little for the two different architectures, the damage (SPI,Composites Institute)
progression, characterised by permanent damage via shear
One potential solution to the corrosive deterioration of
displacement of a transverse grid element for a given load,
reinforced concrete bridge decks in harsh environments
is lower for the cross-ply joint. 8 refs.
is to use FRP rebars rather than conventional epoxy coated
USA
steel rebars. A concern with the use of FRP rebars to
Accession no.665407 reinforce concrete bridge decks is the behaviour of the
material during construction. Changes in construction
Item 316 techniques from conventional methods using steel rebars
International Composites Expo 97. Conference might be required due to the lightweight and flexibility
proceedings. of the FRP rebar. To assess the characteristics of FRP
Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 20. 627 rebars during construction two bridge decks were built
AGEING OF GLASS FIBRE COMPOSITE as slabs on grade. One of the slabs is reinforced with FRP
REINFORCEMENT rebars and constructed using plastic ties and chairs. The
Porter M L; Mehus J; Young K A; ONeil E; Barnes B A other deck was built using conventional epoxy coated steel
Iowa State University; Reinertsen Engrg.Ans; Moore rebars and epoxy coated steel construction materials.
W.P.,& Associates Inc.; US,Army; Black & Veatch Comparisons between construction procedures and
(SPI,Composites Institute) material behaviour during the construction of the two
Over the last ten years, fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) decks are made. Results of the study show that decks
reinforcement, such as glass, carbon or aramid fibers reinforced with the different material types can be
embedded in a resin, such as vinyl ester, epoxy or polyester, constructed using similar procedures. Observations show
has emerged as a promising solution to the deterioration that some of the problems encountered during the
problem caused by the corrosion of steel reinforcement in construction were due to the flexibility and strength of
structural concrete. However, before FRP reinforcement the plastic chairs and plastic ties used. These problems
can become a commonly used construction material, more can be overcome by using epoxy coated steel ties and
knowledge about the short-term load-carrying capabilities, epoxy coated steel chairs during construction.
physicomechanical characteristics and long-term USA
weathering performance must be determined. The high pH Accession no.665404
of the concrete porewater creates a potentially damaging
environment for the FRP reinforcement, and there is a Item 318
strong need for long term durability studies of different International Composites Expo 97. Conference
fibres and resin systems that may be used in this application. proceedings.
This short-term need for long-term weathering data has Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 6. 627
necessitated the development of analytical techniques such DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FRP
as accelerated ageing as a supplement to real-time PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES: REOPENING POINT
weathering testing. A study of accelerated ageing effects BONITA LIGHTHOUSE TRAIL
on commercially available FRP reinforcement for regular Johansen G E; Wilson R J; Roll F; Garrett Gaudini P;
and prestressed concrete is carried out, simulating Gray K
approximately 50 years of real-time ageing. Specimens E.T.Techtonics Inc.
tested include CFRP and GRP tendons for prestressed (SPI,Composites Institute)
applications, and GRP reinforcement for non-prestressed
applications. The specimens are exposed to an ageing The construction of two GRP truss bridges in Golden Gate
solution with a high pH (simulating a concrete National Recreation Area, San Francisco, are investigated.
environment) and an elevated temperature to accelerate the The two bridges, 10.7 m and 21.4 m in length, are
ageing process. The specimens are tested both unloaded constructed using E.T. Techtonics new lightweight GRP
and under constant load (stress rupture and stress corrosion) building system (Longspan Prestek). The system is
and results compared to control specimen properties. 9 refs. constructed using glass fibre/isophthalic polyester resin
USA channels and tubes. The case study addresses the structural
concerns involving seismic issues and extreme wind
Accession no.665406
conditions, the use of camber and X-bracing in the design
to increase overall strength and stiffness, difficult site
Item 317 constraints which had to be overcome in the erection of
International Composites Expo 97. Conference the bridges and the overall advantages derived in using
proceedings. the Longspan Prestek System in comparison to traditional

structural systems such as wood, steel and concrete in a Item 321

marine environment of this type. The aesthetic International Composites Expo 97. Conference
considerations in the overall design of the bridges are also proceedings.
evaluated, i.e. the use of camber and the colour white for Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 2. 627
the bridges, and the resulting visual image in the Marin DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
Headlands landscape. 11 refs. LIGHTWEIGHT FRP WORK PLATFORM FOR
USA USE AT OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR POWER
Accession no.665392 PLANT
Wilson R J; Johansen G E; Ribble S; Fogle A
E.T.Techtonics Inc.
Item 319 (SPI,Composites Institute)
International Composites Expo 97. Conference
proceedings. The design and fabrication of a motorised GRP platform
Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 5. 627 span, to be used to facilitate the refuelling process in a
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF MODULAR FRP nuclear power plant, are examined. The pultruded
BRIDGE DECK structural system is mounted on motorised steel trucks
Lopez-Anido R; Gangarao H V S; Vedam V; Overby N and incorporates additional mechanical and electrical
West Virginia,University subsystems, for use by workers servicing the reactor core.
(SPI,Composites Institute) 4 refs.
USA
The characterisation of a modular fibre reinforced
polymer (FRP) composite bridge deck designed with Accession no.665388
hexagonal cross-sectional shape and multi-axial fibre
architecture is discussed. The FRP H-deck is modelled Item 322
and designed using an engineering approach. Static and International Composites Expo 97. Conference
fatigue test results of FRP H-decks are reported. A finite proceedings.
element model of the FRP deck is correlated with Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 1. 627
experimental data. The design limit states of FRP decks TWO FEDERAL AGENCIES EXPERIMENT
for highway bridges are presented. The design of FRP H- WITH COMPOSITE BRIDGES: CASE STUDIES
decks is controlled by deflection limit states. 1 ref. ON ACCEPTANCE OF COMPOSITE
USA MATERIALS
Accession no.665391 Mandigo G
GHL Inc.
Item 320
International Composites Expo 97. Conference The US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and
proceedings. the US Forest Service (USFS) both recently began
Nashville, Tn., 27th-29th Jan.1997, Paper 3. 627 experimenting with composite pedestrian bridges. The
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITE DECKS Federal Lands Highway Office (FLHO) of the FHWA
FOR INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL - RESULTS initiated in June 1996 an effort to assess composite
AND ISSUES materials for bridge design and construction in an effort
Karbhari V M; Seible F; Hegemier G A; Zhao L to promote the use of innovative technology and materials.
California,University A new pedestrian span along the George Washington
(SPI,Composites Institute) Parkway in Washington, DC was selected for a
demonstration project because of its relative low risk,
Based on their high strength- and stiffness-to-weight small size, and overall low cost. A principal FLHO
ratios, corrosion resistance, environmental durability objective for the project was gaining an internal design
and inherent tailorability, fibre reinforced polymer capability for composite structures to better service client
composites are being increasingly considered for use agencies, such as the National Park Service, that are
in infrastructure renewal. One area of potential already using composite bridges. The USFS experimental
application of these materials is in the fabrication of effort also resulted from increased interest in composite
lightweight bridge decks that can be deployed in uses bridges by USFS trail managers. Rather than selecting a
ranging from the replacement of deteriorating decks, flagship bridge project, the USFS initiated a broader based
to the erection of completely new superstructure. Test research effort to evaluate composite structures, including
results from an ongoing investigation relating to the those already in service. The UM emphasis was again on
use of composite bridge deck components are developing an internal capability to work with the new
discussed. Issues related to manufacturing, overall materials. Certain common elements from these
durability and joining are also described. 2 refs. applications case studies offer lessons to the composites
USA industry. Bridge engineers respond best to their own
Accession no.665389 customers; composite suppliers must equip agency

engineers to work with composite materials (e.g. The CFC ban has forced the PU industry to find alternative
application focused design guides, software); and low- blowing agents. Production lines have had to be adapted
risk structures present a near-term mechanism to introduce and approved accordingly. Pentane has been considered
composite materials. as an alternative for CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs for
USA manufacturing PU rigid foams as was first introduced into
Accession no.665387 the commercial production of metal-faced sandwich
elements in 1994. As a result of the high flammability of
pentane, production facilities have to be re-equipped.
Item 323 Long-term experience has shown that pentane offers a
Polyurethanes World Congress 97. Conference technical, economical and ecological alternative. The
proceedings. handling of pentane-blown raw material systems, as well
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 29th Sept.-1st Oct.1997, as the necessary technical changes of the manufacturing
p.192-9. 43C6 facilities, is described. The mechanical properties are
POLYURETHANE RIGID FOAM, PROVEN compared with metal-faced panels containing CFC. Three
HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING MATERIALS years experience with pentane in the sandwich metal
Demharter A panel field are summarised.
Puren-Schaumstoff GmbH
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.; ISOPA) WESTERN EUROPE
PUs are high molecular weight polymers based on the Accession no.665092
polyaddition of a polyfunctional hydroxyl group
containing compounds and polyisocyanates. A wide Item 325
variety of properties can be tailored to fulfil the Polyurethanes World Congress 97. Conference
requirements of different applications: soft to hard, proceedings.
plastic, elastic or thermoset, compact or foamed. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 29th Sept.-1st Oct.1997,
Compared with other insulating materials, rigid PU foam p.152-8. 43C6
is highly competitive. There are five product-related EVALUATION OF HFC-245FA AND PENTANES
advantages: low thermal conductivity, high mechanical IN POLYISOCYANURATE AND
and chemical properties at both high and low POLYURETHANE LAMINATED PANEL RIGID
temperatures, all major international fire safety FOAM FORMULATIONS
requirements can be satisfied, the ability to form Rossitto F C; Adam N
sandwich structures with various facer materials and the Bayer Corp.; Bayer AG
new generation is CFC-free and recyclable. Rigid PU (SPI,Polyurethane Div.; ISOPA)
foams perform well in most areas of building and
The laminated panel industry in both the USA and Europe
industrial applications. Products in density ranging from
has successfully converted from CFCs to alternative
approximately 30 to 200 kg/cub.m withstand
blowing agents. The US markets championed HCFC-141b,
temperatures from -200 deg.C to + 130 deg.C and high
while the European markets concentrated on pentane. Since
mechanical stress. Typical applications are refrigerated
the production and use of HCFCs will be phased out
vehicles and container construction, road and rail
worldwide by the year 2020, all alternative non-chlorinated
tankers, vessels for refrigerated cargo, pipelines, liquid
blowing agents with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP)
gas tanks for LPG and LNG, radomes or towers for aerial
and low global warming potential (GWP) need to be
installations and cryogenic wind tunnels. Structural
evaluated to determine which are best suited for different
applications and corresponding properties of the rigid
rigid foam applications. It is crucial to develop products
foams used are presented. 5 refs.
which meet these stringent criteria to ensure the continued
growth of the PU rigid foam industry. Emphasis is placed
WESTERN EUROPE
on HFC-245fa and the normal, iso-, and cyclo-isomers of
Accession no.665097 pentane. As was experienced with the conversion from
CFC-11 to HCFC-141b, there are many potential technical
Item 324 challenges associated with blowing agent conversion. These
Polyurethanes World Congress 97. Conference challenges need to be explored by experimentation to
proceedings. ensure a smooth transition into the next generation of
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 29th Sept.-1st Oct.1997, blowing agents. A comparative study is presented of HFC-
p.159-61. 43C6 245fa and HCFC-141b blowing agents in polyisocyanurate
THREE YEARS EXPERIENCE WITH PENTANE and PU rigid foam systems currently using HCFC-141b.
POLYURETHANE RIGID FOAM FOR METAL Full-scale panels are processed on a pilot-scale laminator
PANELS and tested for end-use properties. 5 refs.
Fryn W EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Fischer Profil GmbH USA; WESTERN EUROPE
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.; ISOPA) Accession no.665091

Item 326 Laminate board is currently produced with PU systems

Polyurethanes World Congress 97. Conference containing n-pentane or mixtures of n-pentane with
proceedings. isopentane as blowing agent. HCFCs are also still being
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 29th Sept.-1st Oct.1997, used. However they are only an interim solution to the
p.27-35. 43C6 phaseout of CFCs. Hydrocarbons, such as n-pentane,
INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCES WITH CO2 isopentane and cyclopentane, meet the requirements
BLOWN POLYURETHANE FOAMS IN regarding environmental safety, processing, ageing,
MANUFACTURE OF METAL FACED insulation and availability. For these reasons, the above
SANDWICH PANELS mentioned hydrocarbons have been used in various PU
Ottens A; Keller P; Vreys M; Bertucelli L applications for some years. However, in order to pass
Dow Deutschland Inc.; Dow Benelux NV; Dow Italia the corresponding fire classes, for example B2 according
SpA to DIN 4102, formulations with high amounts of flame
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.; ISOPA) retardants are in use. Therefore, it has become necessary
to find new solutions for formulations capable of meeting
Metal faced sandwich elements with a PU foam core are
the requirements regarding flame retardancy with lower
mainly used in building as insulating cladding or roofing
amounts of flame retardants. BASF/Elastogran has
panels, and in food preservation for construction of cold
developed PIR formulations with halogen free flame
stores and assembly of reefers. In Europe, most of the
retardants based on new polyols for the production of
PU foams used in these industries employ HCFCs as
pentane blown PIR laminate board. They are based on
blowing agents. Time for phasing out HCFCs is
polyester polyols, especially developed for the above
approaching fast, as a result of the oncoming mentioned application. They have reduced levels of
strengthening of EC regulation of ozone depleting halogen free flame retardants; however, they maintain the
substances (ODS), and some national regulations already same flame retardancy. The processing of the new PU
limiting the marketplace for HCFC-containing products. formulations is comparable to conventional PU systems.
Dow offers the metal faced sandwich panel industry a Processing properties of the foam, such as core curing
range of ODS-free PU technologies for producing CO2, and adhesion, are comparable with conventional PU
HFC-134a and hydrocarbons blown foam both with foams. However, the values of dimensional stability are
continuous and discontinuous processes. HFC-245fa and superior to those of the former systems.
HFC-365mfc are now being sampled in significant EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
quantities by the industry, and are subject to extensive WESTERN EUROPE
evaluation. They will be commercially available only in Accession no.665078
the years 2000-2003. An additional point of concern to
the industry is how new EC fire classification would
change the cost elements in favour of one or the other Item 328
blowing technologies. Industrial experience with CO2 Journal of Composites Technology & Research
water blown PU foams in the metal faced sandwich panel 19, No.4, Oct.1997, p.205-13
production is described. Proper design of the formulation EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
has allowed to match reactivity, rise and rise rate profile, ON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC
flow properties and very nearly the curing behaviour of MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
the current HCFC blown foams; resulting in the Chin J W; Nguyen T; Aouadi K
US,National Institute of Standards & Technology
processing behaviour required by the sandwich panel
industry. Details are given. 6 refs. Details are given of the characterisation of chemical and
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; physical changes in polymeric matrix resins following
ITALY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE exposure to UV radiation, moisture, temperature and high
Accession no.665079 pH environments. Data are given for polyvinyl ester and
isophthalate polyesters. Changes in strength, viscoelastic
response, and thermal properties were evaluated by tensile
Item 327
testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and DSC.
Polyurethanes World Congress 97. Conference
20 refs.
proceedings.
USA
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 29th Sept.-1st Oct.1997,
p.22-6. 43C6 Accession no.664736
POLYISOCYANURATE MODIFIED RIGID
FOAMS FOR CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF Item 329
LAMINATE BOARD Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
Calgua E; Schmidt H-U; Abend E; Schroeder N; No.749, April 1996, p.31-4
Muehlberg R French
Elastogran GmbH; Bauder P.,GmbH STUDY OF THE AGEING OF PVC PROFILES
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.; ISOPA) Morel P; Gervat L; Delprat P; Gaumet S; Lemaire J

Elf Atochem SA; Elf Aquitaine; Centre National fuel, potential heat released by the thermoplastic trim,
dEvaluation de Photoprotection contribution of the thermoplastic trim to smoke layer
temperatures and freeburn analysis, with and without the
The photodegradation of pigmented PVC window frame
thermoplastic trim. All the analyses conducted suggested that
profiles was studied by accelerated ageing tests under
the addition of 10% thermoplastic trim has a minor effect
different conditions. The influence of stabilisers (lead/
on the fire safety of the environment, and that this effect is
barium/cadmium and calcium/zinc systems) and impact
small compared to the effect of the products already present
modifiers on degradation rate and yellowing was
in the cafeteria. It was recommended that the use of the
investigated. Formulations containing calcium/zinc
thermoplastic trim should be allowed, and the local code
stabilisers showed reduced photooxidation compared to
official agreed. 8 refs.
those stabilised with lead/barium/cadmium systems, while
USA
the degree of yellowing was extremely low and similar
for both stabiliser systems. 5 refs. Accession no.662221
Accession no.663522 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
3, No.3, Sept.1997, p.200-4
Item 330 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED MICRO
Journal of Thermal Insulation SPECTROSCOPY MAPPING. APPLICATIONS
Vol.21, Oct.1997, p.137-52 TO THE VINYL SIDING INDUSTRY
IMPACT RESISTANCE OF POLYURETHANE Garcia D; Black J
FOAM ROOFS AGAINST HAIL Elf Atochem NA
Kashiwagi D T; Pandey M K Applications of FTIR microspectroscopy mapping to the
Arizona,State University vinyl siding industry were examined. Particular attention
An analysis is presented of the resistance of different types was paid to determination, in single mapping experiments,
of sprayed polyurethane foam (SPF) roof systems. This of the compositional changes associated with capstock
research identifies factors affecting the resistance of the to substrate transition and to evaluation of the degradation
SPF roof systems to hail damage; hail resistance species and level observed during weathering exposure
characteristics of the SPF roofs near freezing throughout the thickness of the siding panel. 4 refs.
temperatures; use of the information theory to modify USA
and add decision-making information to the Factory Accession no.661984
Mutual Class I, Severe Hail (FM-SH) test; and differences
in hail resistance of SPF roofs and recommendations for
Item 333
expanding the FM-SH test. 21 refs.
Advanced Materials News
USA No.101, Nov.1997, p.5
Accession no.662819 COOLING TOWERS WARM TO STRUCTURAL
PLASTICS
Item 331 From its beginnings less than a decade ago, the use of
Plastics in Building Construction composites in cooling towers has grown into a high-volume
21, No.9, 1997, p.4-7 business. Composites are now moving into some of the
FIRE ASSESSMENT biggest structures of their kind. Over 1,000 ft in length,
Hirschler M M and 54 ft wide, the Barrick Goldstrike Mine tower, which
GBH International was completed in 1997 in Nevada, is the largest in the world
The management of a restaurant in a jurisdiction which uses to use structural composites throughout. Traditionally, the
the Standard Building Code, managed by SBM (Southern bulk of such a structure would be made in wood, but project
Building Codes Conference) wished to replace part of the engineers opted for structural plastic because of shorter
laminate material used as interior finish or trim by a new lead times and quicker installation. Also, even though wood
material, chosen because of its improved appearance and is cheaper, composites are more attractive when long-term
ease of maintenance. A local manufacturer had been durability and maintenance costs are taken into account.
contracted to carry out the replacement, which would involve Some composites are also naturally flame resistant, which
a certain amount of trim at various locations, within the public in the case of wood can only be achieved with expensive
area of the cafeteria. A fire safety analysis was conducted to post-treatment. Most industrial or power plant cooling
determine whether the replacement of part of the existing towers are designed to return water back to the process
wall finish trim by the proposed thermoplastic trim material loop. In the case of the mining tower the reasons were
would make a significant contribution to increased fire purely environmental. The hot water coming out of the
hazard. The analysis considered the following aspects: heat Nevada operation had to be cooled before being discharged
release required for flashover, radiant ignition of a nearby into a nearby river. Details are given.

BEDFORD REINFORCED PLASTICS INC. elements to provide summer comfort. An example of

USA ventilated metal roof coverings used for the Centro
Accession no.661767 Alimentare Piceno at San Benedetto del Tronto is noted.
Advanced Materials News Accession no.660568
No.101, Nov.1997, p.1-2
CARBON FIBRE ROLLS ON... Item 337
The industry is reported to have commenced with a few European Adhesives & Sealants
technical demonstration projects, notably along the US West 14, No.3, Sept.1997, p.24/8
Coast. These have soon given way to smallscale commercial 50 YEARS OF THE UK CONSTRUCTION
contracts, which in turn have recently led to carbon fibre SEALANT INDUSTRY
composites being used in some of the biggest renovation Collins D
jobs of their kind. Throughout industry, carbon fibre plastics The development of sealants for building applications is
are still synonymous with high tech aerospace and premium described, from oleoresinous mastics and polysulphide
sports goods. The fact that this material is being used at all sealants, through to acrylics, PUs and silicones. By far
in heavy-duty concrete renovation, let alone formed the basis the top performer is the silicone sealant. Product benefits
for a potentially huge-volume business, has surprised many. include exceptional thermal stability, excellent weathering
Some of the latest contracts are already beginning to stretch capabilities, and superior bond strength and adhesion to
the industrys supply capacity. In the USA, a team of a wide variety of substrates. A guide to a selection of Dow
contractors recently chose carbon fibre rather than steel to Corning Hansils silicone sealants is given.
renovate a major structure in Oklahoma City. Claimed to be DOW CORNING HANSIL LTD.
the biggest contract of its kind in the US, renovation of the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Myriad Convention Center will use up to 35,000 sq.m of WESTERN EUROPE
carbon fibre overwrap to reinforce large areas of concrete Accession no.654646
that no longer meet current design codes on shear and flexural
strength. Details are given.
Item 338
XXSYS TECHNOLOGIES INC. Plastics News(USA)
USA
9, No.21, 21st July 1997, p.4
Accession no.661766 OHIO CHRISTENS 1ST ALL-COMPOSITE
BRIDGE
Item 335 Renstrom R
China Rubber Industry
44, No.11, 1997, p.670-4 It is reported that short-span polymer-matrix composite
Chinese bridges entering service in Ohio and Idaho may give Martin
NR BEARING AND ITS APPLICATION TO ANTI- Marietta Materials an entree to transportation and
EARTHQUAKE OF BUILDINGS infrastructure markets. Butler County in Ohio this week
Guang L plans to open a permanent replacement for a concrete bridge
South China,Tropical Crops Products Res.Inst. on a two-lane road over a creek in Hamilton. A prototype
span is scheduled for use in Idaho beginning in early
The structure, design parameters, processing technology, August. In each case, Martin Marietta is supplying the
new progress in application and research, and anti- bridge without charge. Mechanical and optical fibre devices
earthquake mechanisms of NR bearings are introduced. will monitor material performance and provide a base line
It is proposed that the NR bearing is more effective than for future structures. An opening ceremony for Ohios first
the strengthening element to protect the buildings and the all-composite vehicle bridge is set for July 1997. A civil
people in the buildings. 8 refs. engineering company has dealt with site details, including
CHINA substructure and railings. Details are given.
Accession no.661734 MARTIN MARIETTA MATERIALS INC.
USA
No.9, Aug. 1997, p.68
VENTILATED ROOFS Item 339
Plastics News(USA)
The insulation of ventilated roofs by the use of rigid 9, No.24, 11th Aug.1997, p.7
polyurethane foam panels is examined. Polyurethane panels GROUP SEEKS BROADER PS INSULATION
are compatible with all materials used for waterproofing, MARKET
and are also suitable for use over metal external roofing Urey C

An expanded market for foamed PS insulation will open particularly on fences, decks, windows and doors. Market
up if an industry group succeeds. The Washington-based shares of moulding materials are indicated. In addition,
Foamed Polystyrene Alliance, a business unit of the SPI, product announcements are included for tools used in the
is asking building code organisations to approve the use construction and building industries, which use moulded
of expanded and extruded PS foam insulation for direct plastics. These include a cordless nailer made from
application on steel roof panels. For years, building codes impact-modified nylon 66, a polyacetal tap, a gas assist
have dictated that foamed PS insulation be separated from moulded roof for a revolving shed, a moulded PVC patio
a steel roof by an impermeable barrier - often gypsum. door, and faux brick and stone siding in PP.
The alliance hopes by removing the need for a barrier, USA
foamed PS insulation will become a less expensive and Accession no.652387
more attractive option for steel roofing. Fire codes do not
require barriers with thermoset foams like
polyisocyanurate when applied as insulation directly to Item 342
steel roofs. The codes are based on results from a flame- Modern Plastics International
spread test method that uses a small-scale model of a 27, No.10, Oct.1997, p.41-2
building, but FPSA has argued that tests using larger-scale PROCESS MAKES WOOD FROM SCRAP
buildings be used because they more accurately depict FILM AND WASTE PAPER
the fire performance of PS in actual applications. The Moore S
larger-scale tests show the insulating panels meet fire The Cooperative Research Centre for Polymers, Australia,
performance standards according to the FPSA. Details has developed a process that combines PE film scrap and
are given. cellulose fibres from waste paper to produce alternatives to
FOAMED POLYSTYRENE ALLIANCE; SPI timber-based building materials. The Centre has found a
USA method that enables the rapid wetting and dispersion of fibres
Accession no.653699 in plastic, allowing continuous compounding of large
amounts of fibres and plastics. The newsprint/PE composite,
with paper content of 60-80%, has similar appearance,
Item 340
density and mechanical properties to hardboard.
Reprint (Exteriors, Summer 1987), pp.6. 28cms. 4/7/97
SBS MODIFIED BITUMENS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR
Blanchard W K; Daniels P; Perini J POLYMERS
AUSTRALIA
Tamko Asphalt Products Inc.; Shell Chemical Co.
Accession no.652336
The development of styrene-butadiene-styrene modified
bitumens for roofing applications is examined. These
materials have evolved to meet the waterproofing, strain Item 343
energy and fatigue criteria necessary for modern building European Adhesives & Sealants
design, and this paper concentrates in particular on the 14, No.2, June 1997, p.16
use of Kraton SBS/asphalt blends with multiple SAVING THE OLD WITH THE NEW
reinforcement layers. These systems have good load Ford P
bearing capabilities and help to dissipate strain energy Ciba Specialty Chemicals Ltd.
while maintaining waterproofing integrity, even in the face Ciba Polymers has assisted in the repair of the ancient
of extreme roof movements. Information is presented on Egyptian temple of Luxor with the use of its Araldite
load strain, service temperature intervals, fatigue adhesive. The temple is one of the most significant and
resistance, surfacing, installation, and design options. best preserved examples of XVIII Dynasty work.
USA However, soils settlement was causing 22 of the sandstone
Accession no.653526 columns to lean precariously, and there was a danger that
the entire court area would eventually collapse. Ciba
collaborated with ISMES, a company specialising in
Item 341
restoration work, and Egyptian contractors ORASCOM,
Injection Molding
to save the temple. Initial consolidation of the 13 m
5, No.8, Aug. 1997, p.62/9
columns was achieved by the injection of Araldite 2011
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION. MARKET
and Araldite 2015 into gaps in the stonework. Weak
FOCUS
elements were reinforced by using stainless steel bars,
Sloan J
bonded inside the stone with low-viscosity Araldite
The use is described of vinyl injection moulded plastic LY554/HY956.
parts in construction and building applications. It is stated ISMES SPA
that moulders looking for opportunities in this market EGYPT; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
should be seeking applications for ancillary parts and ITALY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
components such as endcaps, top pieces and corners, Accession no.651771

Item 344 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

Watford, 1997, pp.3. 12 ins. 28/8/97. WESTERN EUROPE
UNIBOND PLASTERING PVA ADHESIVE AND Accession no.648054
PRIMER
British Board of Agrement; Henkel Home Item 347
Improvement & Adhesive Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Agrement Board.Certificate 97/3321 No.1701, 29th Aug.1997, p.3
The use and performance of Unibond plastering PVA PVC PUSHED OUT IN LONGEVITY SOLUTION
adhesive and primer is described. It is a modified one- PTFE-coated glass fibre is being used on the canopy for
part polyvinyl acetate emulsion containing a minimum the Millennium Dome at Greenwich peninsula instead of
of 39% solids which is mixed with water. Unibond is used the PVC coated polyester originally specified. The
as a bonding agent for gypsum plaster in dry service announcement was made in the light of the Government
conditions. Its characteristics and installation are detailed. decision to extend the life of the dome structure to at least
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; 25 years.
WESTERN EUROPE
NEW MILLENNIUM EXPERIENCE CO.
WESTERN EUROPE
Polyurethanes Expo 96. Conference Proceedings.
Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.439-47. 43C6 Item 348
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON Utech Asia 97. Conference proceedings.
COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES AND Suntec City, 18th-20th Feb.1997, Paper 40. 43C6
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF RIGID POLYURETHANES CORED COMPOSITE
POLYURETHANE FOAMS USED IN PANELS: SOLUTIONS FOR TODAYS
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS
Burns S B; Singh S N; Bowers J D Rosbotham I D; Evans D A C
ICI Polyurethanes ICI Polyurethanes
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Edited by: Reed D; Ward S
The compression properties of rigid, closed-cell PU and (Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.)
polyisocyanurate foams used as thermal insulation in The requirements of commercial and industrial buildings with
building applications were measured over a wide range of respect to energy conservation and fitness for purpose remain
temperatures in three orthogonal directions. The data were the same in all regions of the world. European construction
fitted into a model based on fundamental material trends have been influenced by costs and environmental
parameters, and the relationship between dimensional pressures. Cost savings in the form of reduced energy
stability and compression strength in an anisotropic foam requirements have led to a 30% reduction in carbon dioxide
was examined. Foams expanded with CFC, HFC, HCFC emissions. The stringent requirements now laid down for
and hydrocarbon blowing agents were evaluated, resulting commercial and industrial buildings with respect to energy
in a methodology for predicting field performance under a conservation has led the trend towards factory engineered PU
wide variety of environmental exposure conditions. 18 refs. cored composite panels meeting ISO 9000 standards and away
USA from on site built up panels employing mineral fibre as the
Accession no.649922 core insulant. Composite panels do not display the problems
normally associated with built up systems, namely interstitial
condensation, insulation failure, complex construction and air
Item 346
leakage. As a result buildings constructed using the built up
technique employing mineral fibre are likely to have a poor
87, No.7, July 1997, p.16-7
thermal performance, a particular risk of interstitial
SANDWICH ELEMENTS FOR PASSIVE FIRE
condensation and are unable to provide for flexibility of use
PROTECTION
should the need arise in the future. PU foam cored composite
Friedl W
panels are characterised by integrity in manufacture which
A laminated construction of metal outer layers, PU results in no gaps or missing components, giving consistent
adhesive and mineral wool provides sandwich elements insulation and vapour barriers. For both continuous and
with good fire resistance. These elements can be produced discontinuous production methods, ICI Polyurethanes has
continuously and hence cost-effectively on a further made available systems meeting the requirements of the
developed twin-belt conveyor unit originally designed for Montreal Protocol. Details are given.
PU sandwich elements. SINGAPORE
SIEMPELKAMP HANDLING SYSTEME GMBH & CO. Accession no.645371

Item 349 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

Utech Asia 97. Conference proceedings. WESTERN EUROPE
Suntec City, 18th-20th Feb.1997, Paper 37. 43C6 Accession no.645366
GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION - LOCAL ISSUE
Sewell R Item 351
Dow Benelux NV Utech Asia 97. Conference proceedings.
Edited by: Reed D; Ward S Suntec City, 18th-20th Feb.1997, Paper 34. 43C6
(Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.) RIGID PU FOAM FOR CONSTRUCTION AND
The global market for insulation products in the ASIA PACIFIC
construction industry has experienced a tremendous Lang R
period of growth over the past decades as customers Bayer AG
demand ever increasing temperature control - from Edited by: Reed D; Ward S
warming or cooling of their homes through water, pipe (Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.)
and district heating to fresh produce in the supermarket. The PU industry has recently experienced tremendous
At the same time the cost and environmental acceptability growth, especially in rigid foam and its applications in
of excessive energy use have become more and more of the construction sector. CFC has been successfully
an issue. PU, due to its versatility and high efficiency, replaced and, at the same time, regulations for energy
has become a major player in this market. This versatility consumption have become more stringent in order to
has allowed PU to fit a wide variety of applications from protect natural resources and the environment. In view
pipe insulation to cold stores; from reefer insulation to of this, rigid foam for construction has acquired a more
on-site spray foam insulation. Local requirements, important role than ever due to its excellent and unique
whether due to regulations and/or conventions, have combination of thermal insulation and mechanical
resulted in the need for different blowing agent, foam properties. In the western hemisphere, rigid PU foam has
properties, insulation thickness and method of application. made rapid inroads into construction markets during the
Some of these differences are highlighted, focusing on last few decades. Now it is due to grow strongly in Asian
foam manufacturing applications ,such as discontinuous markets as well in order to complete the refrigeration
panel (DCP), double band lamination (DBL) and pipe chain, conserve valuable energy and improve standards
insulation with special relevance to the Asia Pacific of living. Details are given.
region. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.645365
Accession no.645368
Item 352
Item 350 High Technology Composites in Modern Applications.
Utech Asia 97. Conference proceedings. Symposium proceedings.
Suntec City, 18th-20th Feb.1997, Paper 35. 43C6 Corfu, 18th-22nd Sept.1995, p.241-7. 627
INNOVATIVE SANDWICH PANEL PLANTS INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE
Taverna M; Spanio G MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
Cannon Group Triantafillou T C
Edited by: Reed D; Ward S Patras,University
(Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.) (Patras,University)
Polyurethane panels is a general term covering a wide Two innovative applications of fibre reinforced plastics
family of products that can be very different for in construction are presented. First, the concept of
application, aspect, composition and properties. The strengthening existing structures, especially monument-
progressive replacement of CFCs with different blowing type masonry, with unidirectional composite laminates,
agents proposes different alternatives, to be chosen in in the form of either externally attached unbonded
accordance with the main properties required. Some recent tendons or strips epoxy-bonded to the facades of
developments in the manufacturing technologies most masonry buildings, is presented. An innovative concept
commonly used to produce the various configurations of for hybrid beams made of GRP box profiles, combined
rigid-faced panels available on the market are highlighted, with a layer of concrete in the compression zone and a
with especial emphasis on the automatic manufacture of CFRP laminate bonded to the tension zone, are
large panels for reefers (insulated containers). Recent described, resulting in cost-effective composite parts
developments from Cannon allowing for the use of liquid with pseudo-ductile characteristics and high stiffness and
carbon dioxide in continuous and discontinuous strength properties. 7 refs.
applications are also illustrated: increasing interest is EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;
demonstrated amongst the panel producers towards the WESTERN EUROPE
use of this safe and inexpensive blowing method. Accession no.645056

Item 353 Item 356

Polyurethanes Expo 96. Conference Proceedings. Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.343-8. 43C6 Toronto,27th April-2nd May 1997,p.3554-9. 012
SPRAYED POLYURETHANE FOAM ROOFING: EFFECT OF EXTRUSION CONDITIONS ON
OVERCOMING AESTHETIC BARRIERS RIGID PVC FOAM
Smith T L; Dupuis R M Rabinovitch E B; Isner J D; Sidor J A; Wiedl D J
US,National Roofing Contractors Association; Geon Co.
Structural Research Inc. (SPE)
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
There is a growing demand for rigid vinyl foam as a wood
An examination is made of factors influencing the replacement in window frames, blind trimming and other
acceptance of sprayed PU foam roofing systems, applications. While rigid PVC foam has existed for many
including surface irregularities, discolouration, years, additional understanding of its processability and
degradation, moisture absorption, mechanical damage and required conditions for good quality extruded profile
blistering. Some procedures for overcoming these would be invaluable. The effect of extrusion conditions,
problems are put forward. 11 refs. such as melt temperature, screw speed, and drawdown
US,NATIONAL ROOFING FOUNDATION on process morphology of rigid vinyl foam and the
USA properties of the extruded profile, including density, cell
Accession no.643074 structure and surface appearance are examined. 15 refs.
USA
Polyurethanes Expo 96. Conference Proceedings.
Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.2-7. 43C6 Item 357
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
ROOFING SYSTEM: SPRAY POLYURETHANE Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.3136-40. 012
FOAM THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE FROM
Benedict D; Mergner A; Knowles M RECYCLED PLASTIC AND WOOD FLOURS
SPI; Stepan Co. Pramanik P K; Dickson W
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Canuck Compounders Inc.
The advantages of sprayed PU foam roofing systems in (SPE)
terms of energy efficiency, environmental impact and
durability are discussed. 13 refs. An investigation is undertaken for the preparation of
thermoplastic composites by incorporating wood flour
USA
(WF) into recycled plastic. Post-industrial recycled PP
Accession no.643025 (RPP) is used as the plastic matrix phase. Four different
compatibilisers (Cs) are used to improve the adhesion
Item 355 between the polymer matrix and dispersed WF. The
Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings. property of the prepared composites is found to depend on
Toronto,27th April-2nd May 1997,p.3588-92. 012 the loading of WF and the WF/C compositions. The melt
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED MICRO viscosity of prepared composites is increased. The addition
SPECTROSCOPY MAPPING. APPLICATIONS of compatibilisers registers improvement in mechanical
TO VINYL SIDING INDUSTRY properties of some composites. One of the WF/C
Garcia D; Black J compositions is effective in significantly improving tensile
Elf Atochem North America Inc. strength and flexural modulus, respectively, 24% and 134%
(SPE) of RPP matrix. This improvement in properties is believed
Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful to be due to the increase in interfacial adhesion. 10 refs.
analytical technique capable of yielding high quality CANADA
information with a spacial resolution as low as 10 microns. Accession no.639845
When coupled with an automated mapping stage, it can
offer unique evaluation capabilities. A number of
applications of FTIR spectroscopy mapping to the vinyl Item 358
siding industry are described. Examples focus on Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
determining, in single sample mapping experiments, the Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.3128-34. 012
compositional changes associated with capstock to CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF COMMERCIALLY
substrate transition and evaluating the degradation species PRODUCED PLASTIC LUMBER
and level observed during weathering exposure Van Ness K E; Nosker T J; Renfree R W; Sachan R D;
throughout the thickness of the siding panel. 4 refs. Lynch J K; Garvey J J
USA Washington & Lee,University; Rutgers,University
Accession no.639927 (SPE)

Short-term creep tests are performed upon samples of Item 361

lumber manufactured from recycled plastics by four Pitture e Vernici
different companies. In addition, stress-strain tests are 73, No.9, May 1997, p.20/6
carried out at various rates of strain over shorter intervals Italian; English
of time in comparison with the duration of the creep tests. ROLE OF SILICONES IN CONSTRUCTION
A simple model uses data from the strain-rate tests to PROTECTION
calculate creep strain as a function of time. Calculated Garcin E
values are in good agreement with experimental creep Rhone-Poulenc Chimie
data. The results are examined in terms of morphological
This paper discusses the use of silicone in the protection
features. The feasibility of finding a method to calculate
of the facades of buildings from water penetration. It looks
long-term creep properties is discussed. 3 refs.
at the causes and consequences of damp, polysiloxane
USA
water repellents, silicone paint coatings, impregnation,
Accession no.639844 and emulsion for paints. 6 refs.
Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Accession no.639528
Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.3091-7. 012
FOAMED THERMOPLASTIC LUMBER Item 362
PRODUCED FROM RECYCLED COMPUTER Plastics News(USA)
AND BUSINESS MACHINE HOUSINGS 9, No.8, 21st April 1997, p.3/24
Malloy R A; Maffeo C; Parasnis S ARIZ. BAN TARGETS PLASTIC PIPE
Lowell,Massachusetts University Toloken S
(SPE)
The move to ban plastics piping in buildings over three
Plastics materials are widely used in the building and storeys high by Arizona plumbers, is discussed. Lobbyists
construction industry, in both virgin and recycled format. for plumbers claim the law will not hurt the plastic pipe
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the industry because fire code restrictions currently limit the
use of waste or recycled thermoset material as the feed use of plastics in taller buildings. The Uniform Plumbing
stream for the production of lumber-like plastic products. Code does not prohibit pipes in taller buildings, but
The specific material formulation and degree of mixing requires that they can handle expansion. Plastics industry
used in production will determine the properties of the officials hope to convince a new statewide plumbing
plastic lumber. Properties such as toughness, moisture, commission to allow plastic pipes when it begins to
corrosion resistance, rigidity, creep resistance at various implement the law which requires that municipalities
temperatures, specific gravity, dimensional stability, adopt the Uniform Plumbing Code by August 1, 1998.
flammability, surface quality, colour, assembly USA
characteristics and cost are all important factors. The Accession no.637852
performance of business machine housing lumber as
compared to the more conventional HDPE and pressure-
Item 363
treated wood lumber is evaluated. 13 refs.
Journal of Thermal Insulation
USA
Vol.20, April 1997, p.278-96
Accession no.639837 VARIATIONS IN AIRTIGHTNESS OF HOUSES
CONSTRUCTED WITH POLYETHYLENE AND
Item 360 ADA AIR BARRIER SYSTEMS OVER A THREE-
Plastics in Building Construction YEAR PERIOD
21, No.2, 1997, p.2-3 Proskiw G; Eng P
MILLIONS OF SQUARE YARDS (OR SQUARE Proskiw Engineering Ltd.
METERS) OF PLASTICS BEING USED FOR Periodic airtightness test were carried out on twenty-four
BARNS new residential houses over a three-year period to evaluate
This article discusses the use of plastics in the construction their air barrier systems and to search for air barrier
of greenhouse dairy barns, reporting that over a million yards degradation. Ten of the houses were constructed with PE
of PE film, nearly a million of polyolefin netting, and several air barriers while the remainder used an early version of
kilometres of PVC pipe have been put in place already. the Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA). 10 refs.
PENNSYLVANIA,UNIVERSITY; ATLAS AMERICA CANADA
INC.; AET SPECIALTY EXTRUDED PROFILES; Accession no.637411
INTERNET; TENSAR
USA Item 364
Accession no.639600 Antec 97. Volume I. Conference proceedings.

Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.1171-5. 012 Item 367

STEEL GIRDER REHABILITATION THROUGH Japan Chemical Week
ADHESIVE BONDING OF COMPOSITE 38, No.1927, 29th May 1997, p.4-5
MATERIALS APPLICATION FIELDS EXPANDING
Gilespie J W; Mertz D R; Edberg W M; Ammar N STEADILY; CLOSER ATTENTION ON HOUSING
Delaware,University APPLICATION
(SPE)
The growth of the adhesives industry in Japan is discussed
A complete system approach to the rehabilitation of with particular reference to the automotive and
degraded steel bridge girders through the adhesive bonding construction industries. Trends in the car industry involve
of composite materials is presented and demonstrated. The the cutting of costs and the need to provide a competitive
flexural characteristics of steel bridge girders are shown to product by the development of high performance products
be improved through testing of various reinforcement which can provide added value. Renovation of houses
schemes on scale steel sections and testing of a selected provides the largest demand for adhesives, it is claimed,
scheme on corroded bridge girders taken out of service. with particular demand for adhesives for use with wood.
Applications to bridge girders with corrosion damage and Problems relating to emission from adhesives in air-tight
fatigue crack damage are demonstrated. 3 refs. rooms are discussed.
USA JAPAN
Item 365 Item 368

International Polymer Science and Technology Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
23, No.12, 1996, p.T/46-51 13, No.1, 1997, p.56-76
ROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING MATERIALS RECYCLING OF PVC SUPERMARKET TRAYS
BASED ON ELASTOMERS INTO RIGID FOAM EXTRUSIONS
Spektor E M Thomas N L; Quirk J P; Cretney H
Research and experimental studies are reviewed on roll- European Vinyls Corp.(UK) Ltd.
type roofing and damp-coursing materials based on Recycled PVC supermarket trays have been used
elastomers (RRDPMEM) and plastics. 62 refs. Translation successfully in production-scale trials to make the foamed
of Kauchuk i Rezina, No.3, 1996, p.37 layer in coextruded cladding. The extruded product had
CARLISLE SINTEX SYSTEMS satisfactory foam density, foam structure and colour.
JAPAN Impact properties were better than those of the control
Accession no.635176 made from virgin PVC: this is attributed to the high levels
of impact modifier used in tray formulations. These trials
Item 366 demonstrated that PVC straight-on trays can be recycled
Plastics World into foamed extrusions for wood replacement products.
55, No.5, May 1997, p.8 8 refs.
GE EXHIBIT TO EMPHASISE WEATHERABLE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
PLASTICS WESTERN EUROPE
Miller B Accession no.634092
GE Plastics exhibit at NPE will include foul weather
simulation including thunderstorms and winter blizzards in Item 369
order to demonstrate its portfolio of weatherable plastics. Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
The materials consist of grades of Geloy ASA, Valox 16, No.5, 1997, p.414-24
thermoplastic polyester, Xenoy PC/PBT alloys and Cycolac BUILDING OF A COMPOSITE TRANSMISSION
for applications such as building siding, automotive exteriors, TOWER
and outdoor telecommunications equipment. The companys Hsein-Yang Yeh; Yang S C
display areas will contain four demonstration areas featuring California,State University
automotive, computer and information technology, building
The feasibility of building a transmission tower from a
and construction. A simulated assembly line with three
composite E-glass/vinyl ester resin material was
vehicles in various stages of construction will be included,
investigated. The tower was fabricated using pultrusion.
which will focus on the use of thermoplastics for
Instead of using the conventional fastener method to join
exceptionally large automotive parts. Brief descriptions are the cross members to the leg members, the design team
given of new products slated for introduction at the show. used a slip joint developed by Goldsworthy Engineering.
GE PLASTICS The lamina of the leg member and the cross bracing were
USA tested and compared with two analytical failure criteria,
Accession no.634973 the Yeh-Stratton criterion and the quadratic (strain space)

criterion. In addition to ply failure analysis, full-scale Item 372

tower tests were performed at the Electrical and Power Reinforced Plastics
Research Institute. 5 refs. 41, No.4, April 1997, p.72/8
GOLDSWORTHY ENGINEERING INC.; BRIDGES ARE BEST AT SPI
ELECTRICAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE Details of composite bridge projects featured on many stands
USA
at the ICE 97 exhibition in Nashville in January and one of
Accession no.632837 them picked up the Counterpoise grand design award. The
winner was a 7.1m long road bridge comprising of composite
Item 370 panels made from 60% polyester resin and 40% reinforcement,
New and Advanced Materials bonded to a composite honeycomb core. An award in the
No.3, 1996, p.3-29 electrical/electronic category went to Zehrco Plastics roadway
COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING LOCAL lighting system which consists of components made from
RESOURCES SMC. Other projects included stairwells and hand rails, a
Gupta T N vehicle drive shaft, aircraft seats, tools, a truck cab roof,
United Nations Industrial Development Organizat. bicycles and an innovative leg socket prosthetic.
USA
A detailed report is presented on the research,
development and application of composite materials Accession no.630318
for low-income group mass-housing in developing
countries. The two broad categories of composites Item 373
which have potential for wide application in buildings Chemical Week
are discussed, i.e. natural fibre-polymer/cement 159, No.12, 26th March 1997, p.28
composites (based mainly on locally available fibres BOOM IN BUILDING
(sisal, jute, mesta, cotton, coir, flax, kenaf) and a Kemezis P
polymer (polyester, epoxy, urea-formaldehyde) or
Sales of adhesives and sealants in the US construction sector
cement as matrix), and particulate/aggregate
are running at a strong pace. Owners of buildings built
composites, based mainly on inorganic wastes and by-
during the mid-1980s tend to be turning more to high-
products (fly ash, slag, mine tailings, lime sludges, by-
durability silicone sealants for renovation jobs to get results
product gypsum, red mud) and a hydraulic binder
lasting up to 20 years. One key area of product development
(cement or lime pozzolana). Details are given of
in both silicones and PUs is aesthetics. Dow Corning has
resources and composites, physical and mechanical
been marketing a high-performance silicone that uses
properties, pilot plant data and their potential for
surface modification chemistry to prevent seepage into
commercialisation. The problems of technological
porous substrates that can cause discolouration. Bostiks
developments and constraints in popularising the use
ChemCalk 916 is a textured PU product which blends in
of composites in housing, which must be addressed by
with wood siding and cement finishes.
planners and builders, are also considered. 42 refs.
USA
INDIA
Accession no.630264
Accession no.632473
Item 374
Item 371
Bristol, 1995, pp.50. 12ins. 25/2/97.
Modern Plastics Encyclopedia
ONE-PIECE TANKS
73, No.12, Nov.1996, p.A28-9
Dewey Waters Ltd.
GROWING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLASTICS
IN WORLD CONSTRUCTION MARKETS The range of insulated GRP water storage tanks from
Roman R H Dewey Waters is described, and also GRP modular
Roman R.H.,& Associates building systems. Technical specifications are given for
the products which comply with the requirements of the
In North America about 7 million tons of plastics are now
DHSS and Byelaw 30. The water tanks are moulded in
consumed in building and construction applications and
one piece with integral steel reinforcement, and insulated
this is projected to grow to 9 million tons by 2000. With
with foam which is overlaminated with GRP.
close to a 50% share, PVC continues to be the major
plastic used in this sector in North America. Next in WESTERN EUROPE
volume are the thermosets used mainly for bonding
Accession no.629867
plywood, particleboard and GRP. Remodeling accounts
for about 20% of all construction dollars and is one of
the fastest growing segments of the construction industry. Item 375
NORTH AMERICA Modern Plastics International
Accession no.632210 27, No.3, March 1997, p.31-2

INFRASTRUCTURE CONTINUES TO OFFER about 1.1-1.4 million residential housing starts and steady,
SIZEABLE OPPORTUNITIES 1-3% growth in total commercial construction. With
Grande J A increased interest and new applications for adhesives,
Demand for composites is being buoyed by new growth in the construction adhesives has been about 3%,
opportunities emerging in building and repairing growing from 1.1 billion US dollars in 1986 to 1.4 billion
infrastructures. Significant advancements have been made US dollars in 1995. The adhesives used in a range of
in composite reinforcing bars for concrete. Owens construction adhesives categories are examined.
Cornings Advantex glass fibre is claimed to set a standard USA
for enhanced heat and corrosion resistance. PPG Industries Accession no.626510
has introduced a needled-mat reinforcement to replace
roving in SMC applications. In automotive applications, Item 378
the 77kg cab roof of the Kenworth Class 8 heavy truck is Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Volume 2.
compression moulded using low-pressure, low-profile Fall 1996. Conference proceedings.
polyester SMC from Alpha/Owens Corning. San Francisco, Ca. 3rd-6th Nov.1996, p.181-95. 6A1
SPI,COMPOSITES INSTITUTE HANSHIN-AWAJI GREAT EARTHQUAKE IN
USA 1995: OBSERVATION ON ITS DAMAGE TO
Accession no.628896 CONSTRUCTION SEALING MATERIALS IN
DISASTER AREA
Kobayashi S
Item 376
Hitachi Kasei Polymer Co.Ltd.
Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Volume 2.
(US,Adhesives & Sealants Council)
Fall 1996. Conference proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca. 3rd-6th Nov.1996, p.309-45. 6A1 A devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 7 occurred
OVERVIEW OF CHEMISTRY OF WINDOW in January 1995 in the Hanshin area of Japan. This
GLAZING SYSTEMS earthquake, known as the Great Hanshin Awaji
Krysiak G Earthquake, struck directly below the surface and its
Tremco Inc. severity caused serious damage to more than 1,500,000
(US,Adhesives & Sealants Council) buildings and private homes. The number of lives lost
exceeded 5,500, thus making this disaster the worst Japan
In order for windows to continue functioning effectively,
has suffered in the past fifty years. The Hanshin area,
both the seal between the glass and the sash and the seal
located in the western part of Japan, is filled with both
between the sash and the rest of the building structure
urban housing and buildings reflecting modem
must remain intact in spite of exposure to the elements,
industrialisation. This area is home to various big cities,
such as temperature cycling, driving rain and UV light
heavy industry, an international harbour and various
exposure. Products used in maintaining these seals are
buildings (including, but not limited to both high-rise
butyl based. The chemistry and formulations of butyl
buildings and authentic Japanese housing). Shortly after
glazing tapes and sealants and their application are
this terrible disaster, the Japan Sealant Industry
addressed, commencing with a discussion of butyl glazing
Association (JSIA) was able to carry out field surveys on
tapes. 3 refs.
the sealants used in those buildings which suffered
USA
damage. The main purpose of these field surveys was to
Accession no.626511 receive information which may contribute to future sealant
technology regarding damage to buildings, especially
Item 377 earthquake damage. Field surveys were conducted in co-
Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Volume 2. operation with the Hyogo prefecture government as well
Fall 1996. Conference proceedings. as with support the JSIA team received from the Support
San Francisco, Ca. 3rd-6th Nov.1996, p.295-308. 6A1 Committee for Damage Assessment of Buildings
CONSTRUCTION ADHESIVES (Japanese Ministry of Construction). Details are given.
Benjamin L; Lassiter B JAPAN
ChemRex Inc. Accession no.626503
(US,Adhesives & Sealants Council)
Construction adhesives may be used in the manufacture Item 379
and assembly of factory built homes, modules or Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Volume 2.
components such as doors, cabinets, all designated for Fall 1996. Conference proceedings.
building. The total construction adhesive market volume San Francisco, Ca. 3rd-6th Nov.1996, p.161-80. 6A1
is estimated to be 1.4 billion US dollars and 3.4 lb pounds CASES OF ADHESIVE BONDING AT 1995
of solids. With the lower interest rates of the past few GREAT HANSHIN-AWAJI EARTHQUAKE
years, the housing industry market has been steady, at DISASTER

Matumoto H; Enomoto S; Yonezawa A; Sugimori H; Item 382

Kurihara T Leverkusen, 1989, pp.2. 12 ins. 19/2/96.
Cemedine Co.Ltd.; Konishi Co.Ltd.; Tilement Corp.; INNOVATIONS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Sunstar Engineering Inc.; Sho-Bond Chemical Co.Ltd. ROOF WINDOWS. BAYER 110 - THE
(US,Adhesives & Sealants Council) ENGINEERING MATERIAL
Bayer AG
The 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake which took
place in January 1995, in the southern part of Hyogo The use is described of Baydur 110 as an engineering
Prefecture in Japan, was an urban earthquake of material in the production of roof windows. The
magnitude 7.2, and affecting extremely populated cities microcellular polyurethane material, in a composite
like Kobe, Ashiya and Nishinomiya. It was such a disaster construction with glass, polycarbonate or polymethyl
that recorded the death toll exceeding 5,000, thoroughly methacrylate, is shown to provide all the necessary
destroying the urban functions of the area. This report properties such as durability, thermal insulation,
describes the cases of adhesive bonding in the 1995 Great weathering resistance, whilst facilitating economical
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. The situations of disaster and production and simple assembly.
damage are described, focusing on adhesive bonding for COMICO SRL
construction, cite examples of repair and remodelling, and EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
emphasising the need for development of better aseismatic ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
adhesives, and for improvement of adhesive bonding Accession no.623123
processes. 5 refs.
JAPAN
Item 383
Accession no.626502 SPI Composite Institute 51st Annual Conference.
Conference proceedings.
Item 380 Cincinnati, Oh., 5th-7th Feb.1996. Paper 20-E. 627
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI-CELLULAR
2, No.4, Dec.1996, p.304-309 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC BUILDING
FOAMED RIGID VINYL FOR BUILDING GangaRao H V S; Lopez-Anido R; Williams D L;
PRODUCTS Winegardner T
Schipper P S; Black J; Dymek T West Virginia,University; Creative Pultrusions Inc.
Elf Atochem North America (SPI,Composites Institute)
PVC foamed building products have seen good growth A large scale, multi-cellular reinforced plastic (RP) structure,
recently because of favourable properties and economics. intended for use as a multi-purpose facility by West Virginia
Market trends, advantages, raw material considerations, Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, is
processing methods and parameters and final physical constructed. It will also house equipment for installation and
properties of these materials are discussed. 12 refs. maintenance of pavement markings and signs. The main
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA design requirements are non-corrosiveness, low
maintenance, fast erection and environmental durability. The
Accession no.625210
entire RP wall system is constructed using multi-cellular
panels connected with wide flange sections. All RP sections
Item 381 are made of E-glass fibres and polyester resin, and were
Journal of Materials Science manufactured by Creative Pultrusions. The procedure for
32, No.1, 1st Jan.1997, p.147-56 assembly of wall modules, erection techniques, construction
DURABILITY OF COMPOSITE difficulties, and cost evaluation of the R-P building are
REHABILITATION SCHEMES FOR presented, outlining construction issues pertaining to the
CONCRETE: USE OF A PEEL TEST assembly and erection of the building. Basic concerns of
Karbhari V M; Engineer M; Eckel D A contractors regarding time required for construction and
San Diego,University of California potential difficulties are discussed based on experience
A modified peel test was used to evaluate the durabiity of gained. A realistic assessment of RP construction and a
the bond between concrete and composites under five comparison with conventional construction are presented.
different environmental exposure regimes. Two different This application unveils the potential of RP cellular panels
epoxy resins were used with glass and carbon fibre for building construction.
reinforcement. Differences in peel force and interfacial USA
fracture energies based on material and environmental Accession no.621956
influences are discussed and modes of failure are
presented. 41 refs. Item 384
USA SPI Composite Institute 51st Annual Conference.
Accession no.623175 Conference proceedings.

Cincinnati, Oh., 5th-7th Feb.1996. Paper 7-C. 627 Cincinnati, Oh., 5th-7th Feb.1996. Paper 3-C. 627
APPLICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE OF THERMOSET POLYMER PERFORMANCE
SANDWICH PANEL COMPOSITES FOR UNDER HARSH ENVIRONMENTS TO
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES EVALUATE GLASS COMPOSITE REBARS FOR
Gentry T R INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATIONS
Catholic University of America Altiser S D; Vijay P V; GangaRao H V S; Douglass N;
(SPI,Composites Institute) Pauer R
West Virginia,University; Reichhold Chemicals Inc.
Sandwich panel composites manufactured for use in the
transportation industry are introduced. Core and skin
architectures available for the production of composite Corrosion of steel bars in concrete infrastructure facilities
sandwich panels are reviewed. The structural performance such as bridges, buildings, marine constructions and
of roadplates, composite sandwich panel plates used to chemical plants is a serious problem. Various solutions
cover roadway excavations, is discussed. The results of have been tried in the past to counter the threat of
static and fatigue testing of 60 in. x 72 in. roadplates are corrosion in steel bars by using epoxy coatings, cathodic
presented. The purpose of the tests was to demonstrate protection, increased concrete cover thickness and use of
fatigue life of the roadplates and to determine the ultimate polymer concrete. None of the measures have provided a
mechanisms of fatigue failure. Static overload capacity long term solution. The US Department of Transportation
is shown to be 190% of static H-20 loading. Fatigue estimates the cost of repairing deteriorated infrastructure
performance shows that the composite roadplates are facilities to be billions of dollars. GRP) bars have the
capable of resisting 538,000 cycles of H-20 wheel loading. potential to replace steel bars in concrete structures due
The end of service life corresponds to a significant and to their superior mechanical and chemical properties such
instantaneous loss in stiffness and reduction in load as non corrosiveness, non magnetic properties, high
capacity. At the end of service life, post-damage strength and light weight. The accelerated tests conducted
displacement and load capacity are significant; the on 13mm and 19mm E-glass fibre reinforced bars,
composite plate continues to resist loading well beyond manufactured with different durable resins, to evaluate
the onset of skin damage. 6 refs. the effect of environmental factors are described. 3 refs.
USA USA
Item 385 Item 387

SPI Composite Institute 51st Annual Conference. SPI Composite Institute 51st Annual Conference.
Conference proceedings. Conference proceedings.
Cincinnati, Oh., 5th-7th Feb.1996. Paper 7-B. 627 Cincinnati, Oh., 5th-7th Feb.1996. Paper 3-B. 627
DESIGN OF ADVANCED COMPOSITE FRP GRIDS REINFORCE AND CORRUGATED
MATERIAL SPACE FRAME SYSTEM SHEETS ROOF SALT STORAGE FACILITY
Johansen G E; Wilson R W; Roll F; Olson N; Morrison Goodspeed C H; Cronin D; Henry R M; Thibodeau K
C; Sweet R D New Hampshire,University; Harvey Construction
E.T.Techtonics Inc.; Creative Pultrusions Inc. (SPI,Composites Institute)
Highway departments are facing tighter budgets and more
Covering over one-third of an acre at Creative Pultrusions, stringent environmental regulations pertaining to salt
the proposed design of the worlds largest advanced storage. Highway departments are considering innovative
composite material (ACM) space frame canopy system alternatives to store road salt. The use of fibre reinforced
demonstrates the structural possibilities of ACM as a plastics (FRP) to reinforce concrete components and a
major building material. The stringent design criteria hyperbolic paraboloid, hypar, roof to build a storage
posed interesting structural problems for the design team. facility is described. The FRP consisted of a two-
A three-dimensional computer model using STAAD3 was dimensional grid manufactured with carbon and glass
developed and evaluated to determine the above structural fibres in a vinyl ester matrix. The hypar roof is field
members. The feasibility of the design and proposed fabricated using 20 gauge metal corrugated sheets to span
construction of a prototype space frame bay at Creative 61 feet with no supporting frame.
Pultrusions is investigated. 10 refs. USA
Accession no.621928
Item 388
Item 386 Plast 21
SPI Composite Institute 51st Annual Conference. No.49, Feb.1996, p.64-5
Conference proceedings. Spanish

BUILDING APPLICATIONS: SAFETY COMES comprehensive article discusses the latest trends and
INTO PLAY developments in the use of reinforced plastics as a
construction material.
Applications of plastics in vandalproof and earthquake
resistant glazing and of EVA elastomers in flame resistant MMFG
USA
flooring are examined. Materials developments by
Atohaas, BASF, Bayer and GE Plastics are reviewed. Accession no.617698
GE PLASTICS; GE SILICONES; ACTUAL
MASCHINENBAU AG; ROTO FRANK AG; Item 392
ATOHAAS; BASF AG; BAYER AG Plastics News International
AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Dec.1996, p.14
GERMANY; ITALY; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN CSIRO REPORT DELIVERS FACTS ON PVC
EUROPE
Accession no.621161 A new study released by the CSIRO has concluded that
the adverse environmental effects of using PVC in
building products are very small and no greater than those
Item 389 for other materials. The article supplies details of the
Materials World reports findings.
4, No.11, Nov.1996, p.634-6
BUILDING A REPUTATION: WOOD-LIKE CSIRO
AUSTRALIA
PRODUCTS FROM POLYSTYRENE
Shaughnessy H Accession no.617665
Extrudawood Ltd.
Extruded polystyrene products that replicate the look and Item 393
performance of wood are being made by Extrudawood Journal of Reinforced Plastics & Composites
Ltd. using recycled and virgin polystyrene. These products 15, No.12, Dec.1996, p.1194-216
are designed for use in the building and furniture EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ON
industries. The products are described in terms of costs, EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE
processing and properties. WITH COMPOSITES - SHORT TERM BOND
DURABILITY
WESTERN EUROPE Karbhari V M; Engineer M
California,University
Accession no.618483
The pressing need for rehabilitation and retrofit strategies
Item 390 that encompass new and emerging materials and
Reinforced Plastics technologies, results from the need to simultaneously
41, No.1, Jan.1997, p.6 repair existing structures while attempting to increase both
REINFORCED POLYMER HONEYCOMB their performance levels and life spans. A large number
CORES MAKE BRIDGES LIGHT AND STRONG of techniques currently exist for strengthening highway
bridges ranging from the use of external post-tensioning
Kansas Structural Composites has developed a process to the addition of epoxy bonded steel plates to the tension
for creating strong, low-cost, lightweight composite surface. The use of composite plates for the purpose of
structures by adapting cardboard geometry and external reinforcement has considerable potential.
manufacturing techniques to create fibre-reinforced However, there is a critical need to investigate the
polymer honeycomb (FRPH) cores. The first full-scale degradation of the composite-concrete interface after
demonstration of this technique took place last year with exposure to environmental conditions that include
the successful installation of a 7m long FRPH composite moisture, sea water, freezing and freeze-thaw. The effect
bridge over No-Name Creek in Kansas. About 30% of of five different environmental conditions on the
the bridge weight was fabricated from recycled plastics. performance of plated beams is considered from aspects
KANSAS STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES INC. related to materials and durability. It is shown that the
USA selection of the appropriate resin system is critical to
Accession no.618193 success, and the dangers of selecting systems with low
glass transition temperatures and drastic drops in
instantaneous modulus as a function of temperature are
Item 391
discussed. Two different resin systems are compared using
Advanced Materials News
the same fibrous reinforcement and an overall view of
No.82, April 1996, p.6-8
durability at the concrete-composite interface is
SCALING NEW HEIGHTS
elucidated. 28 refs.
Pultruded composites are creating new trends in metal USA
replacement across the industrial spectrum. This Accession no.617572

Item 394 consisting of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin skins with

SAMPE Journal foam or honeycomb cores, were evaluated for use as
32, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.23-31 classical dance floors. The investigation involved
3D-KNITTED FABRICS FOR SANDWICH computer modelling and accelerometry studies, and the
PANELS vibration frequency and response to dynamic loading of
Philips D; Verpoest I the different floors were analysed. The combination of
Leuven,Catholic University wooden beams and plates with elastic and vibration
Three-dimensional knitted fabric preforms can provide a damping supports gave floors with good stiffness and
cost-effective alternative for existing sandwich structures. damping characteristics. Sandwich structures with
Additionally, they also provide a cheap and easy way to honeycomb cores also gave good results, but at a higher
produce complex double-curved surfaces. This was not cost compared with wooden composites. Results for foam
possible until recently, or was difficult to achieve with core sandwich structures indicated that they were not as
the more common sandwich panels. The excellent suited to this application. 6 refs.
deformability of 3D knitted fabrics is a direct result of ANGST & PFISTER
the looped structure of the yarns. Because of this, the yarns EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
can bend freely and can slip over each other. Another GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
advantage of the 3D knitted composites is the relatively Accession no.611892
high impact resistance caused by the presence of many
pile fibres. A good damage tolerance is found for these Item 397
composites, due to the specific nature of the integrally Plast 21
knitted structure. Finally, these complex structures also No.44, June/July 1995, p.46
seem to exhibit interesting ventilation properties. 4 refs. Spanish
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; CALCIUM-ZINC STABILISED PVC WINDOW
WESTERN EUROPE
FRAME PROFILES
Accession no.617525
Developments in the use of calcium-zinc stabilisers in
place of barium, cadmium and lead based systems in PVC
Item 395 window frame profiles are reviewed, with particular
Recycle 95. Conference proceedings. reference to the findings of studies by BASF. Statistics
Davos, 15th-19th May 1995, paper 24. 8(13) show the German market for wooden, aluminium and
RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION/
PVC window frames in 1994 with forecasts for 1995 and
DEMOLITION WASTE FROM BUILDING
1996.
MATERIALS
Bureau J-P BASF AG
Waste Management France WESTERN EUROPE
(Maack Business Services)
Accession no.611879
Following a list of abbreviations, it is explained that this
paper focuses upon the first large-scale recycling
Item 398
operation of construction and demolition waste from
building materials in France, by a process known as
Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.407-16. 42C382
Valordib. This process is described and details of its
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL WEATHERING OF
operating principles are included. French recycling
WHITE PVC WINDOW PROFILES - REPORT
statistics are also included.
ON A ROUND ROBIN TEST WITHIN CEN/TC 33/
WG 1/TG 5
WESTERN EUROPE
Gardiner D; Pepperl G; Wisse J D M
Accession no.617403 UK,Building Research Establishment; Vinnolit
Kunststoff GmbH; TNO Plastics & Rubber Research
Item 396 Institute
Annales des Composites (Institute of Materials)
No.2, 1995, p.97-108
Within CEN TC 33/WG 1/TG 5, the most
French
comprehensive Round Robin Test for natural and
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE FOR A CLASSICAL
artificial weathering of one specific material class -
DANCE FLOOR
white PVC window profiles - that has ever been
Landjerit B; Simon G; Barrey E
published has been carried out. The observed effect of
CER-ENSAM; INRA
weathering can be explained from the known
Three types of composite structure, i.e. wooden beams degradation reactions. Natural weathering can be
and plates with foam supports and sandwich structures simulated by artificial weathering, but not all climates

which exist in Europe can be simulated by the same Item 401

weathering conditions. Recommendations are made for PVC 96. Conference proceedings.
the product standard for PVC window profiles and the Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.355-8. 42C382
method of test for artificial weathering. 3 refs. WEATHERABILITY OF TIO2 FILLED PVC
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WITH CA/ZN STABILISING SYSTEM
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Henrio F; Mur G M
Accession no.611176 Rhone-Poulenc Recherches
(Institute of Materials)
Item 399 Rigid PVC for window frames is required to achieve a high
PVC 96. Conference proceedings. level of light resistance. Our concern is to describe the role
Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.369-78. 42C382 of additives, mainly thermal stabilisers on PVC
INFLUENCE OF ACRYLIC IMPACT photoageing. Until now, PVC stabilisation has been based
MODIFIERS ON THE WELD STRENGTH OF on heavy metal soaps in the European PVC building
RIGID PVC industry. Although their efficiency was not questioned,
Weier J E problems of toxicity have been raised. In order to offer a
Rohm & Haas Co. good performing and non-toxic alternative, many
(Institute of Materials) investigations into Ca/Zn stabiliser systems have been
made. The suitability of Ca/Zn stabilisers for outdoor usage
The weld strength of a PVC window profile is a
is shown. Results of PVC photodegradation from two routes
function of complicated interactions among many
- photooxidation and photoelimination - are presented. The
contributing variables. Major determinants of weld
influence of thermal stabilisers on the evolution of ageing
strength include the PVC formulation profile inoducts is shown. Allowing for these results, a new
processing conditions and welding parameters. Impact generation of heat stabilisers has been developed in order
modifiers enhance weld strength due to their well- to ensure a high light resistance to rigid PVC. 2 refs.
known effects on PVC mechanical properties. For
modifiers having similar impact efficiency, the WESTERN EUROPE
contribution to improved weld strength is maximised
Accession no.611171
through optimisation of the PVC viscosity and blend
morphology at the weld line. 12 refs.
USA Item 402
Accession no.611173
Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.23-32. 42C382
ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY OF PVC WINDOW
Item 400 FRAMES
PVC 96. Conference proceedings. Roder H
Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.361-8. 42C382 Austrian Plastics Institute
FE ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN WELDED (Institute of Materials)
CORNERS OF PVC-U PROFILES
Holownia B P The use of PVC in window profile construction, with
Loughborough,University emphasis on the ecology and economy aspects, is
(Institute of Materials) discussed. The issue of possible substitute materials is
examined. It is concluded that PVC window profiles pose
British Standard BS7413:1991 specifies the test method no health hazard, and energy and raw material
for PVC-U profiles based on the 900 welded section. requirements are relatively low. They are completely
The stress calculations use a simple plane bending recyclable. An evaluation of economic efficiency shows
theory which is rather simplistic for deep sections such that PVC window profiles make the ideal choice for
as PVC-U window and door profiles. A close technical, ecological and economical applications. 16 refs.
correlation was found between the actual failure load AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
and those predicted using FE analysis. In particular, Accession no.611140
different sizes of T, Z and L shape profiles were
investigated and the maximum stresses in the welded
corner obtained by simple formula as used in BS7413 Item 403
and by FE method were compared. The results show Kibbutz Shaalvim, c.1996, pp.1. 12 ins. 6/9/95.
that for deep profiles the BS7413 formula KORNED PANELS
underestimates the true corner stress in some profiles Mivned
by nearly 30%. 5 refs. Dimensions and technical specifications are presented for
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Korned panels which are designed for the exterior walls
WESTERN EUROPE of refrigerated warehouses to provide thermal insulation.
Accession no.611172 The double interlocking of one panel with the other and

the resulting pressure from the polyurethane/polyurethane US,Army; Rutgers,University; McLaren M.G.
contact are said to ensure the complete sealing of the (SPE)
building so that absolutely no outside air may penetrate.
Plastic lumber is a viable application for the recovery of
ISRAEL
post-consumer mixed plastic containers. The current path
Accession no.610922 of manufacturers is to modify the mechanical properties
of plastic to more closely resemble those of wood. The
Item 404 primary motivation to produce plastic lumber products with
Chemical Marketing Reporter properties as similar as possible to wood is that design
250, No.21, 18th Nov.1996, p.24 methods for wood already exist. However, these wood
POLYVINYL BUTYRAL IS GROWING AS design methods are based on the mechanical properties for
ARCHITECTURE USE TAKES OFF that material, and even though modified, the plastic lumber
Shearer B products still retain a plastic behaviour. An innovative arch
design concept for plastic lumber has been developed which
Rising consumption for polyvinyl butyral by the two shows that the present approach is not the most efficient or
major applications, automotive windshields and cost effective way to design structures with plastic. 5 refs.
architectural glass, is driving an increase in 1996 sales USA
by as much as 10% over last year. One of the two US
Accession no.609111
producers, Monsanto, has also launched a price increase
of 5% for its Saflex PVB line effective January 1. The
company is also expanding three of its PVB production Item 407
facilities. Monsanto will also increase by 8% the price of Utech 96. Conference Proceedings.
specialty grades of PVB, including grades used as aircraft Hague, 26th-28th March 1996, Paper 68, pp.6. 43C6
windows, multi-laminates and mirror mounts. DuPont is DEVELOPMENT OF CFC-FREE
marketing a new three-layer auto window glass laminate POLYURETHANE MODIFIED ISOCYANURATE
consisting of Butacite PVB, PETP film and polysiloxane FOAMS WITH IMPROVED PROCESSABILITY
hard coating. FOR CONTINUOUS LAMINATION
Bonapersona V; Javarone C
MONSANTO CO.; DU PONT CO.
USA ICI Polyurethanes
(Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Accession no.610634
CFC-free polyurethane-modified isocyanurate foam
systems and the use of polyester polyols can meet the
Item 405 processability requirements of the European insulation
Journal of Fire Sciences laminate producers. HCFC-141b blown and hydrocarbon
14, No.5, Sept./Oct.1996, p.367-78 blown formulations have been developed. These systems
TOXICITY CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL can maximise foam fire resistance or reduce the need for
DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL expensive flame retardants. 6 refs.
MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
Czerczak S; Stetkiewicz J UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Lodz,Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine Accession no.609007
A classification of acute toxicity of smoke from
combustion of chemical materials used in the construction Item 408
industry is presented. The materials include PAN, Utech 96. Conference Proceedings.
polyester, rubber, PU foam, polyamide and PS. In the Hague, 26th-28th March 1996, Paper 67, pp.4. 43C6
classification, the amount of polymer required to produce IMPACT OF THE CFC-ISSUE ON RIGID
sufficient smoke to result in 50% mortality is taken into POLYURETHANE FOAM FOR CONSTRUCTION
account. The classification will be useful for selection of APPLICATIONS
materials to be used in construction. 31 refs. Van den Bosch R
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND Dow Benelux NV
Accession no.609536 (Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The impact on construction applications of replacing
Item 406 CFCs as blowing agents for rigid PU foam is discussed
Antec 96. Volume III. Conference proceedings. with reference to the thermal efficiency, dimensional
Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.3151-5 stability, combustion modification and cost of rigid PU
INNOVATIVE STRUCTURAL DESIGN foam insulation products. 4 refs.
CONCEPTS FOR PLASTIC LUMBER EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
MATERIALS NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Lampo R; Nosker T; Kerns R; Renfree R; McLaren M Accession no.609006

Item 409 exteriors, overcome problems with carbon dioxide-

Utech 96. Conference Proceedings. blown foam.
Hague, 26th-28th March 1996, Paper 65, pp.4. 43C6 WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE
THERMAL INSULATION IN BUILDINGS: UK Accession no.608963
GUIDANCE FOR PRESENT STANDARDS AND
FUTURE REQUIREMENTS
Stirling C M Item 412
UK,Building Research Establishment Construction & Building Materials
(Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.) 10, No.6, 1996, p.475-80
EXPANDED PS COMPOSITE DOOR SHUTTERS.
Increased levels of insulation in buildings, introduced as AN ALTERNATIVE TO WOODEN DOOR
a result of UK building regulation requirements to reduce SHUTTERS
energy usage, lead to potential risks from condensation Asthana K K; Lakhani R; Aggarwal L K
and increased moisture in building materials which may India,Central Building Research Institute
lead to early deterioration of some materials and
components. The Building Research Establishments Details are given of the development of expanded PS
guidance relating to higher levels of insulation is composite door shutters as a material replacement for
summarised. 8 refs. wooden shutters. Physicomechanical properties of the
sandwich structures are discussed. 12 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE INDIA
Item 410 Item 413

Utech 96. Conference Proceedings. Plastics News(USA)
Hague, 26th-28th March 1996, Paper 44, pp.2. 43C6 8, No.27, 2nd Sept.1996, p.1/30
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYURETHANES IN FEDS PROBE PVC SIDING, WINDOWS FOR
BUILDING WATERPROOF LEAD HAZARD
Jyh-Cherng Guo; Chun-Gwo Chen Bregar B
Elastogran Headway Urethanes Co.Ltd. Following findings of the use of lead stabilisers in foreign-
(Crain Communications Ltd.; Rapra Technology Ltd.) made plastic miniblinds, the federal Consumer Product
three types of PU materials are used to produce waterproof Safety Commission is turning its attention to PVC
membranes for buildings. These are two-component windows and sidings. An American Architectural
casting coating, two-component spraying coating and one- Association survey found only 2 of the top 24 window
component moisture curing elastomer. The mechanical profile extruders in North America use lead stabilisers,
properties of these materials are discussed. 4 refs. and these companies are to replace it with other substances
TAIWAN by the end of this year, it is reported. Unlike the miniblinds
Accession no.608984 investigated earlier in the year, window profiles are
designed to resist long term weathering, whereas the
miniblinds deteriorated in hot sunlight, creating a chalk-
Item 411 like dust harmful to children when ingested.
US,FEDERAL CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY
26, No.11, Nov.1996, p.68-71
COMMISSION
ALTERNATIVE PUR FOAMING AGENTS GAIN USA
IN CONSTRUCTION
Accession no.608240
ONeill M
Process technology for fabricating rigid PU foam for
Item 414
construction applications has undergone a radical shift
in recent years, due primarily to the replacement of
20, No.8, 1996, p.7-10
CFC blowing agents. Elastogran has developed polyols
LESS FLAMMABLE MATERIALS
for PUR foamed with alternative blowing agents that
Gann R G
are claimed to provide the flow rate necessary to coat
US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology
heating pipe up to 18m long. Pre-insulated pipe for
district heating is a growing market in Europe. A summary is presented of a talk entitled NIST Research
Consumption of panels for floor, wall, roof and ceiling on Less-Flammable Materials by R.G. Gann of the
insulation is growing quickly in northern Europe due Building & Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute
to energy-saving requirements. Some applications are of Standards & Technology. The BFRL has underway a
well suited for alternative blowing agents. Metal research programme regarding a new generation of
sandwich elements, like those used on building building and furnishing materials and products that

contribute less to a fire, maintain their fire safety Vasselle J B

performance over the product life and are environmentally
Building and related applications of plastics are examined,
friendly. Research under the Advanced Technology
and developments by a number of companies are
Program at NIST relating to polymeric materials with
described. Particular attention is paid to the use of PVC
potential concerns about flammability include composite
in water pipes, floor coverings, water insulation and
production risers, seismic upgrades of bridge columns,
window frames, PS and PU foams in thermal and acoustic
structural composites for large commercial structures and
insulation, and transparent polymers such as PMMA and
bridge retrofitting with phenolic composites.
polycarbonate in glazing applications.
USA
ELF ATOCHEM SA; ALPHACAN SA; ALKOR-
Accession no.606009
MARECHAL; BASF AG; VEKA AG; CSTB;
KNAUFF; PLATRES LAFARGE; ISOBOX-HENRY;
Item 415 BAYER AG; DOW CHEMICAL CO.; ICI; ONDEX
Injection Molding BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
4, No.7, July 1996, p.59/63 FRANCE; GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
MARKET FOCUS - BUILDING AND Accession no.598442
CONSTRUCTION
Plastics are increasingly replacing metal in the building Item 418
and construction industry, which requires long life and Kunststoffe Plast Europe
considerable performance from the materials and 86, No.6, June 1996, p.22-3
components it uses. This article highlights some examples CARBON FIBRE-PLASTICS COMPOSITES
of injection moulded parts in this market, including a Noisterning J F
thermoplastic PU window pivot pin (Pivot True), a rotary High, adjustable tensile strength and rigidity, high
hammer housed in glass-reinforced nylon (Thunderbolt), corrosion resistance, and low weight are decisive factors
a pressure assisted toilet (PF/2 Energized Flush), a roofing accounting for the increased use of carbon fibre-plastics
system, recessed lighting (Advantage Insta-Lite), and a composites throughout the construction industry. These
shower head (universal Spa AE 2001.) benefits, however, are compromised by the disadvantage
ASHLAND PRODUCTS; DOW; MILWAUKEE of comparatively high expenses. While glass fibre-
ELECTRIC TOOL CORP.; W/C TECHNOLOGY reinforced plastic rods were initially developed for use in
CORP.; GE PLASTICS; LITHONIA LIGHTING; pre-stressed concrete construction, more recent
DUPONT; ENERGY TECHNOLOGY developments have focused on carbon fibre-reinforced
LABORATORIES; BASF plastics (carbon fibre composites). In Switzerland,
USA
subsequent reinforcement of buildings with carbon fibre
Accession no.603680 composite laminates is now state-of-the-art. Rod-like and
cable-shaped carbon fibre composite elements, on the
Item 416 other hand, are successfully used for buildings, primarily
Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres for bridges. Rod-like elements made of carbon fibre
47, No.3, April 1995, p.68 composite, due to their anisotropic material properties,
French behave differently toward reinforcing steel respectively
TOWARDS A NEW ART OF CONSTRUCTION pre-stressing steel. The high lateral pressure sensitivity,
Vasselle J B combined with low resistance to fretting, creates
Developments in plastics laminates, composites, sandwich considerable problems in the anchor area. Empirical and
structures and foams for use in the cladding of buildings numerical investigations yield information concerning the
are examined. Materials produced by Elf Atochem, GE load bearing performance of various different anchor
Plastics and Alphacan are described. systems for carbon fibre composite cables.
ELF ATOCHEM SA; ALPHACAN SA; GE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
PLASTICS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Accession no.596173
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Utech 92. Conference proceedings.
Item 417 Hague, 31st March-2nd April 1992, p.118-21. 43C6
Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres RIGID POLYURETHANE SYSTEMS FOR
47, No.3, April 1995, p.64-7 METAL-FACED SANDWICH PANELS
French Bagaglio G; White T
PLASTICS IN BUILDING: A SUCCESSFUL ICI Polyurethanes
PENETRATION (Crain Communications Ltd.)

Metal-faced sandwich panels with PU foam-filled cores Item 421

have become increasingly successful in construction Utech 92. Conference proceedings.
applications, especially with the growing emphasis on Hague, 31st March-2nd April 1992, p.93-5. 43C6
system building and energy conservation. Global RIGID URETHANE FOAM - IS THERE A
awareness of environmental protection is also growing, FUTURE IN CONSTRUCTION AFTER CFCS?
and foam-cored panels have an important role to play in Harper D
this respect, providing energy savings through building Celotex Ltd.
insulation and contributing significantly to the (Crain Communications Ltd.)
preservation of food supplies. To maintain their
The ways in which rigid PU foams have achieved their
contribution to the environment, however, traditional CFC
share of the construction market are described, together
blowing agents must be replaced with more acceptable
with some of the key pointers for the future technical
alternatives. Although it has not been possible to identify
development of this material.
a single universal replacement for CFC-11, a variety of
PU foam systems is developed for use with the alternatives EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
in order to comply with, and possibly anticipate, the phase-
out programmes. The industry already has the means to Accession no.594637
overcome most of the immediate problems posed by the
need to eliminate CFCs. CFC II can, for instance, be Item 422
replaced in the next few years by HCFCs, without losing Magazine of Concrete Research
the properties required by sandwich panel manufacturers. 48, No.175, June 1996, p.79-93
Ongoing development for the longer term is reviewed, EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ADHESIVELY
looking at systems which will enable sandwich panels to BONDED ANCHORAGES IN CONCRETE
continue to develop and for their energy saving Zavliaris K D; Kollias S; Speare P R S
characteristics to be fully utilised. Athens,National Technical University; London,City
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; University
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.594641 Details are given of a study of the failure mechanisms of
anchors bonded to concrete with an epoxy resin, when
tested in direct tension. Emphasis is given to the
Item 420 determination of the stress-strain properties in each
Utech 92. Conference proceedings. structural component. 17 refs.
Hague, 31st March-2nd April 1992, p.96-108. 43C6
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE; UK;
INTELLIGENT DECISION ENVIRONMENT FOR WESTERN EUROPE
POLYURETHANE FOAM ROOF SYSTEMS-THE Accession no.593990
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Kashiwagi D T; Moor W C; Nuno J P; Badger W W Item 423
US,Air Force Institute of Technology; Arizona,State Advanced Materials & Processes
University 149, No.6, June 1996, p.6
(Crain Communications Ltd.) SECOND-GENERATION GLUED-LAMINATED
TIMBER
An investigation has been carried out into PU foam roof
performance, failure mechanisms, component requirements, Glue-laminated timber (glulam) has been a widely used
and economic feasibility for the past seven years. Details engineered wood composite construction material for
are given of the only large scale, longitudinal database of more than 65 years due to its good strength and cost
roof performance in the construction industry. The database effectiveness. Higher grades of conventional glulam
consists of 250 roofs that have been inspected in ten different require higher grades of lumber, material originating
geographical areas in the United States. The objective is to from an older growth forest that is relatively
introduce the Intelligent Decision Environment (IDE) - an homogeneous. However, such lumber is becoming more
artificial intelligence tool that specifies a PU foam roof expensive and less available in larger sizes as pressures
system by its performance and evaluates the added value increase from forestry constraints and population
of new technology in the application of PU foam roof growth. Glulam reinforced with fibre-reinforced plastics
systems. A secondary objective is to propose a methodology may solve this problem. A product invented by a
utilising the IDE to identify and confirm the failure Canadian engineer is expected to have an impact on the
mechanism of PUF roof systems, thereby avoiding the future of the glulam industry and the use of composites
misdiagnosis of PU foam roof failures. The research reported in infrastructure and building construction. The second
may be broken down into six main divisions. 8 refs. generation glulam is manufactured commercially under
USA the tradename FIRP Glulam by American Laminators
Accession no.594638 and Duco-Lam. Details are given.

WOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE; novel extrusion process, are being deployed in
AMERICAN LAMINATORS INC.; DUCO-LAM INC. windows, doors and other applications. The profiles
USA are designed and extruded by Crane Plastics, which
Accession no.592859 licenses the process from Strandex. Strandex profiles
use a 30% polyolefin-based matrix to encapsulate and
crosslink a 70% cellulose fibre loading. Composite
Item 424
crosslinking is triggered in the process by special
ingredients during the low temperature extrusion.
20, No.6, 1996, p.2
Cincinnati Milacron twin-screw, counter-rotating
BUILDING CONSTRUCTED WITH
extruders are favoured.
PULTRUSIONS
CRANE PLASTICS INC.
The design and dimensions are described of a building USA
for the West Virginia Department of Transportation made Accession no.591245
from pultrusions by Creative Pultrusions Inc., and
according to designs and supervision of the Constructed
Facilities Center of West Virginia University. Although Item 427
the initial cost of the materials is more expensive when Shell Chemicals Europe Magazine
compared with traditional materials, its reduced No.4, Nov.1995, p.13-5
maintenance and labour costs, together with the use of a RAISING THE ROOF
tongue and groove construction, would considerably Shouten M
narrow the cost. Shell Chemicals Europe
CREATIVE PULTRUSIONS INC.; WEST The use is discussed of Kraton D SBS in modifying
VIRGINIA,UNIVERSITY bitumen roofing felts to provide improved thermal
USA stability and durability. An improved grade has been
Accession no.592415 developed, designated KX219C which is currently being
evaluated. It is claimed to have a lower viscosity and a
unique chemical structure which provides faster
Item 425 production speeds and increased durability.
Reinforced Plastics
EUROPE-GENERAL
40, No.6, June 1996, p.46-9
QUALITY GRP USED IN LEGOLAND Accession no.590999
CONSTRUCTION
Starr T Item 428
Technolex Polyurethanes 95. Conference Proceedings.
The Legoland family park in Windsor will provide an Chicago, Il., 26th-29th Sept.1995, p.314-23. 43C6
FIVE YEAR FIELD STUDY CONFIRMS
excellent showcase for GRP. To gain acceptance for the
ACCELERATED THERMAL AGEING METHOD
project, GRP had to prove that it could meet the high
FOR POLYISOCYANURATE INSULATION
standards associated with Legos products. GRP has been
Christian J E; Desjarlais A; Graves R; Smith T L
used for kiosks, building cladding, play helicopters,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory; US,National Roofing
battery-powered cars and water-powered boats.
Contractors Association
Wherever possible, GRP Lego bricks 40 times full-size
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
have been assembled into set-pieces. These are made
from inner and outer layers formed by hand lay-up or Permeably faced polyisocyanurate foam laminated board
resin transfer moulding. insulation blown with HCFC-141b and CFC-11 was
LEGO GROUP subjected to continuous field thermal performance
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; monitoring for 5.5 years. Thin sliced specimens were
WESTERN EUROPE prepared from these boards and laboratory k-factors were
Accession no.592280 periodically measured on these core foam specimens. An
accelerated method was developed for predicting full
thickness lifetime thermal conductivities (in-service R-
Item 426
values) of permeably faced boards. The predictions of
the accelerated ageing procedure are compared to the
26, No.6, June 1996, p.65
actual field performance of loose-laid boards under EPDM
COMPOSITE EXTRUSION TAKES AIM AT
membranes in a low sloped roof installed in a Roof
WOOD, PVC PROFILES
Thermal Research Apparatus at Oak Ridge National
Leaversuch R D
Laboratory. 33 refs.
Complex exterior building profiles, made of a USA
crosslinked polymer/cellulosic composite and using a Accession no.588968

Item 429 Item 432

Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology Construction & Building Materials
2, No.1, March 1996, p.37-43 10, No.1, 1996, p.77-82
ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS POLYMER-BASED MATERIALS FOR REPAIR
AFFECTING THE CHANGE OF COLOUR AND AND IMPROVED DURABILITY: JAPANESE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WEATHERED PVC EXPERIENCE
PROFILES Ohama Y
Gervat L; Morel P Nihon,University
Elf Atochem SA Countermeasures against the deterioration of reinforced
A review is presented of good weatherability requirements concrete structures and composite materials are reviewed,
for PVC profiles, and analytical tools to assess these with particular reference to the polymers being used to
requirements are recalled and justified. Detailed analysis improve their durability and repair their damage in Japan.
is made of the various parameters that may affect PVC The durability-improving materials include finish
weatherability, and it is claimed that except for a few coatings, barrier penetrants, linings, liquid-applied
additives, the key point is the level of thermal degradation membrane waterproofing materials, permanent forms,
undergone by PVC during its processing. 12 refs. polymer-coated reinforcing bars and fibre-reinforced
plastics reinforcements. The repair materials include
WESTERN EUROPE corrosion-inhibiting coatings for surface preparation and
Accession no.588369 protection, finish materials and grouts for concrete cracks.
8 refs.
JAPAN
Item 430
Accession no.584624
Composites & Adhesives Newsletter
12, No.2, Jan-March 1996, p.6
SPECIAL REPORT ON RETROFIT Item 433
STRENGTHENING OF CIVIL STRUCTURE Plastics in Building Construction
20, No.4, 1996, p.8-10
The article supplies details of a report on the retrofit
PLASTIC LUMBER DESIGN
strengthening of civil structures with carbon fibre
reinforced plastics illustrated with specific structures in This article describes an arch design concept that, when
Japan, Switzerland and the USA. The article assesses the further developed and implemented, will make plastic
progress and development of the use of CFRP in building lumber a cost-effective alternative for structural projects.
structures such as earthquake-damaged chimneys, bridges Since the primary constituent in the tailings used for
and strengthening beams and floors. plastic lumber is HDPE, the characteristics of the product
most closely resemble those of HDPE. The mechanical
MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CO. properties of plastic lumber are compared with those of
USA
wood. An innovative design methodology is being
Accession no.587148 developed which takes advantage of inherent mechanical
properties of plastics, that is their relatively low stiffness
Item 431 and high elongation to failure. 4 refs.
Plastics News(USA) USA
7, No.52, 26th Feb.1996, p.4 Accession no.584464
ROYAL UNVEILS MULTISTOREY VINYL
HOUSE PROGRAM
Lauzon M Item 434
Journal of Coated Fabrics
Royal Plastics Group is reported to have commenced Vol.25, July 1995, p.59-68
construction of multistorey vinyl houses after DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT AND COLD
developing a 6 in. thick, extruded hollow vinyl panel INSULATING MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
that provides extra rigidity to its modular housing WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL
system. The company announced the programme at its Pause B
recent annual meeting, where it reported its sales are Materialforschungs und Prufungsanstalt fuer Bauwesen
outpacing overall activity in housing construction. Tests carried out to develop a roofing membrane with
Details are given. improved thermal properties showed that the application
ROYAL PLASTICS GROUP LTD.; MIDLAND of Phase Change Materials (alkanes) resulted in a marked
WALWYN CAPITAL INC.; NOVO INDUSTRIES improvement in the thermal insulation of the material.
INC. Tests were carried out on the original membrane material
USA (polyester fibre coated with PVC), the membrane material
Accession no.586171 coated with foam and different contents of the Phase

Change Material. The results obtained presented Applications of polymers in building are reviewed, with
possibilities for enhancing the indoor climate of a structure particular reference to thermal insulation, glazing and
and for significantly reducing energy consumption in PVC window frames. Details are given of some research
structures using the materials. 6 refs. projects being undertaken by Centre Scientifique et
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Technique du Batiment (CSTB) into the use of polymers
WESTERN EUROPE and other materials in the building industry.
Accession no.584395 ELF ATOCHEM SA; RHONE-POULENC SA;
BAYER AG; CSTB; TEC HABITAT
Item 435 GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Vinyl Retec 95: Whats New in PVC? Retec
Accession no.583057
proceedings.
New Brunswick, N.J., 24th-25th Oct.1995, p.85-92.
42C382 Item 438
FOAMED RIGID VINYL FOR BUILDING Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
Nos.11/12, Nov./Dec.1994, p.544-52
PRODUCTS
Italian
Schipper P S; Black J; Dymek T
HOUSE OF WONDERS
Elf Atochem North America Inc.
Latorre C
(SPE,Palisades Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.)
Details are given of the Living Environments Europe
PVC foamed building products have seen good growth
Programme, a project initiated in the Netherlands by GE
recently due to their favourable properties and economics.
Plastics to draw attention to innovative uses of engineering
Continued good growth is seen for the future. Expanding
plastics in the building sector. Applications described include
application areas, especially in the US market have created
roof coverings, glazing, window frames, kitchen and
a need for knowledge on formulation and processing
bathroom fittings, solar panels and air conditioning systems.
parameters. Application areas are explored as well as raw
material considerations, processing methods and GE PLASTICS BV; GE SILICONES; ROYAL
parameters, and final physical properties. 12 refs. PLASTICS GROUP
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
USA NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 436 Item 439

SPI Composites Institute 50th Annual Conference. Plastics in Building Construction
Conference Proceedings. 20, No.3, 1996, p.2
Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 21E. 627 REINFORCED PLASTICS IN REINFORCED
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE WOOD BEAMS
COMMITTEE 440 STATE-OF-THE-ART Western Wood Structures and Fiber Technologies have
REPORT combined to introduce high strength fibre reinforced
Ehsami M R Glulams or FiRP Glulams. The FiRP Glulam is a
Arizona,University composite of wood, plastic, and high strength synthetic
(SPI,Composites Institute) fibres. The fibres are oriented in a thin plastic matrix
A summary is presented of the chapters of the report, laminated into the Glulam beam using standard gluing
including history, composite materials and processes, procedures. Their mechanical properties in terms of
mechanical properties and test methods, design compressive, load bearing and tensile strength are
guidelines, behaviour of structural elements, prestressed described.
concrete elements, external reinforcement, field WESTERN WOOD STRUCTURES INC.; FIBER
applications, and research needs. 6 refs. TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
Accession no.583361
Item 440
Waste News
Item 437
1, No.19, 8th Jan.1996, p.4
Informations Chimie
BORN-AGAIN TYRES
No.363, Nov.1994, p.105-7
McCarron K
French
CONTRIBUTION OF THE CHEMICAL The building of a chapel from scrapped tyres and
INDUSTRY TO BUILDING construction debris, by three Auburn University

architectural students, is described. The tyres were filled CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES TO BE

with soil which had been removed for the foundations, TARGETED BY NONWOVENS SECTOR
which was compacted until it had the hardness of concrete.
The European Disposables and Nonwovens Association
USA
(EDANA) is forecasting a major thrust by international
Accession no.582271 nonwoven companies towards developing applications in
the construction industries. Nonwovens are now the most
Item 441 widely used base material in high performance, bitumen-
Construction & Building Materials treated waterproof roofing sheeting. Thermal and acoustic
9, No.6, 1995, p.379-87 insulation are provided by a range of different bulky
SEALING AND RESEALING OF JOINTS IN nonwovens. If a flat roof is to provide a roof garden, for
BUILDINGS example, then a waterproof nonwoven layer can provide
Hutchinson A R; Pagliuca A; Woolman R a filter and a drainage layer. When used as a protective
Oxford,Brookes University interlayer during casting of concrete floors on poor
subsoil, a layer of nonwoven will prevent any mingling
A review is given of the nature of joint movements in of the subsoil and the new concrete.
buildings and the requirements of sealants to maintain
EDANA
weather-tightness. Aspects of economics, joint design,
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
sealant system selection and joint preparation are WESTERN EUROPE
discussed. New guidelines are given in terms of resealing Accession no.581626
of joints. 5 refs.
Accession no.582030 Plastics in Building Construction
20, No.2, 1996, p.3-4
LARGE POTENTIAL FOR COMPOSITES IN
Item 442 INFRASTRUCTURE
Construction & Building Materials
9, No.6, 1995, p.353-64 The article describes the large potential for composites
GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC REBARS in maintaining the infrastructure. Information is included
FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES on costs of maintenance and corrosion of roads, bridges,
Benmokrane B; Chaallal O; Masmoudi R pipelines and railway lines in the USA, together with costs
Sherbrooke,University; Montreal,Ecole de Technologie of dealing with fatigue and chemical attack in the
Superieure infrastructure. At present, composites represent a minor
portion of the materials usage in such structures, but their
Details are given of a large-scale experimental and use, as an alternative to metals and concrete, is growing.
theoretical programme on the application of glass fibre- The US construction industry is the largest untapped
reinforced unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin, and market for new material.
polyvinyl ester reinforcement for concrete structures.
COMPOSITES WORLDWIDE INC.
Flexural results are compared with conventional steel USA
reinforced concrete beams. 39 refs.
Accession no.581274
CANADA
Accession no.582028
Item 446
Insulation Journal
Item 443
Jan.1996, p.14-5
Textile Horizons
HIGH PERFORMANCE INSULANT
16, No.1, Feb/March 1996, p.12-6
TEXTILE ARCHITECTURE The article supplies a comprehensive assessment of rigid
Hearle J W S polyurethane foam, as one of the most effective and
practical forms of insulation in the building industry. The
A brief review is given of the use of textiles such as PVC-
article includes information on the properties of PU foam,
coated polyester and glass fibre-reinforced PTFE for tent
in terms of density, thermal conductivity, compression
structures in architectural applications. Mention is made
and shear strength and moisture absorption. Information
of considerations of mechanical properties of fabric any
is also included on environmental developments, energy
fibres. 4 refs.
conservation and global consumption and potential
Accession no.581985 markets.
ICI PLC
High Performance Textiles WESTERN EUROPE
Feb.1996, p.5-6 Accession no.581271

Item 447 Item 450

Insulation Journal Elastomer Technology Handbook.
Jan.1996, p.10-1 Boca Raton, Fl., CRC Press, 1993, p.909-45 011
CAVITY WALL INSULATION - ANSWERING POLYMERS IN SANDWICH STRUCTURE
THE QUESTIONS YOURE ALWAYS ASKED Hussein R
New York,State University
The article supplies a comprehensive assessment of the
Edited by: Cheremisinoff N P
use, advantages, potential market and applications of
(SciTech Technical Services)
cavity wall insulation. Information is provided in a
question and answer format and covers a range of issues, Sandwich panels, as a form of composite materials,
including the materials used, service life, cost, energy are being used in building applications. Several features
saving and possible problems associated with the of sandwich panels were discussed. The use of
insulation. The article also supplies a list of associations polymers to meet with construction requirements was
connected with cavity wall insulation, who may be applied elaborated through several examples. For structural
to for further information. design of sandwich panels, simple formulae were
BUILDING RESEARCH ENERGY CONSERVATION given. Numerical values for the coefficients in these
UNIT formulae may be obtained from the tables and graphs
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; presented.
WESTERN EUROPE USA
Item 448 Item 451

SAMPE Journal Elastomer Technology Handbook.
32, No.1, Jan/Feb.1996, p.30/6 Boca Raton, Fl., CRC Press, 1993, p.875-907 011
THREE STEPS TOWARD A COMPOSITES POLYMER APPLICATIONS IN THE
REVOLUTION IN CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Loud S Hussein R; Cheremisinoff N P
Composites Worldwide Inc. New York,State University; SciTech Technical Services
Three examples of active projects which offer Edited by: Cheremisinoff N P
opportunities for fibre composites to displace significant (SciTech Technical Services)
amounts of steel, concrete and timber in building Advantages and disadvantages of polymers in the
applications are discussed. These are Marshall Industries construction industry are examined. Structural glass fibre-
Composites C-bar composite concrete reinforcing bar for reinforced plastics and their applications, attributes and
solution of corrosion problems, reinforced glued limitations are described in detail, as are the range and
laminated beams, and applications in bridge construction. scope of foams in the building industry. A comprehensive
Infrastructure renewal in the U.S. is considered and account is given of flooring, including many materials
additional composites applications are listed. and applications.
MARSHALL INDUSTRIES COMPOSITES USA
Accession no.580090
Item 452
Item 449 Plastics in Building Construction
Elastomer Technology Handbook. 20, No.1, 1995, p.6
Boca Raton, Fl., CRC Press, 1993, p.947-73 011 US SIDING MARKET TO EXPAND OVER 3%
POLYMER-CONCRETE COMPOSITES ANNUALLY
Hussein R
US demand for siding materials is forecast to rise by 3.3%
New York,State University
annually to the year 2000, according to a new study from
Edited by: Cheremisinoff N P
the Freedonia Group. The article supplies details of the
(SciTech Technical Services)
growth in demand from 1985, and describes the factors
A detailed account is given of polymer-impregnated contributing to the rise, namely (1) improvement in
concrete, properties of polymer-impregnated concrete, building construction outlays particularly non-residential;
polymer cement concrete, polymer concrete, synthetic and (2) the ageing of US housing stock, creating demand
fibre-cement composites, and glass fibre-reinforced for renovation and repair.
cement and its microstructure. FREEDONIA GROUP INC.
USA USA

Item 453 Item 456

China Rubber Industry Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
43, No.1, 1996, p.34-7 Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.4232-6. 012
Chinese COMPOUNDING PROCESSED OLD
DEVELOPMENT OF NON-CURING TYPE IIR NEWSPRINT WITH RECYCLED HIGH
RECLAIM ROOF MEMBRANE DENSITY POLYETHYLENE TO MAKE A
Fu Y; He S; Zhang Y; Chen K SUBSTITUTE LUMBER PRODUCT
Beijing,Research & Design Inst.of Rubber Ind.; Dale B T
Qingyang,General New Construction Material Factory Penn State Erie Plastics Technical Center
(SPE)
Details are given of the use of reclaim butyl rubber for
making roof membranes. Data are given for tensile With the size of landfills increasing at an alarming rate,
properties, elongation, chemical resistance, corrosion recycling has become a pertinent issue. Paper and plastic
resistance, and ageing resistance. are the two largest contributors by volume to landfills.
CHINA One way to reduce the amount of these material in landfills
Accession no.579035 is to combine the two to produce a substitute lumber
product. By compounding recycled HDPE with processed
old newsprint, mechanical properties can be improved
Item 454
and part cost reduced. However, an optimum process must
International Journal of Materials & Product
be first determined before a commercially acceptable
Technology
compounded material can be produced. 4 refs.
10, No.3-6, 1995, p.338-43
USA
CONCRETE COLUMNS REINFORCED WITH
FRP RODS Accession no.577960
Castro P F; Howie I; Karbhari V
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal Fluminense; Item 457
Delaware,University; California,University Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Results are presented of compressive tests carried out on Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.3690-5. 012
Portland cement concrete structural elements reinforced COUNTER PRESSURE INTRUSION OF
with fibre-reinforced plastic(FRP) rods. The specimens FOAMED PLASTIC LUMBER
had a square cross-section of 100 mm and heights of 800 Malloy R; Cooper C; Berkok B
and 1600 mm. The concrete compressive strengths were Lowell,Massachusetts University
20 and 40MPa, Test results were compared with (SPE)
theoretical values so that the potential use of FRP rods The results of a study show that the counter pressure
could be assessed. 10 refs. intrusion process can be used to produce foamed plastic
BRAZIL; USA lumber (or other more complex shapes) with good density
Accession no.578252 reduction, good surface finish and fine cell structure.
Reinforced or filled lumber with relatively low specific
Item 455 gravities can be obtained when the plastic lumber is
Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings. foamed. While the counter pressure intrusion process
Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.4369-72. 012 requires sealed moulds, and is somewhat more complex
POLYESTER FIBRE AS A REINFORCEMENT IN than conventional intrusion processes, significant quality
PLASTIC LUMBER improvements can be obtained. 12 refs.
McMullin K J USA
Penn State Erie Plastics Technical Center Accession no.577862
(SPE)
Extruded plastic lumber exhibits orientation of the chains Item 458
in the direction of flow, increasing the tensile strength in Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
that direction. In addition to this, properties such as Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.3670-2. 012
flexural modulus are increased transverse to flow. By RECYCLING OF VINYL WINDOWS: PVC,
adding a reinforcing fibre, the lumbers properties can be GLASS AND COMPONENT HARDWARE
further enhanced. A study is presented on maximising the Spaulding C H
rigidity of extruded plastics lumber, by adding a Veka Inc.
reinforcing fibre. The effects of the polyester fibre as a (SPE)
reinforcement while noting changes in tensile and Izod
One problem common to the recycling of plastics has been
strength are presented. 5 refs.
the cost effectiveness or inability to separate contaminants
USA
such as metals, glass, wood and other components from
Accession no.577990 the desired recycling stream. A computer integrated

manufacturing facility is described, together with the manufacturing process. Euro-Composites first step into
processes developed for the automated recycling of non-aerospace applications was with an aluminium
extruded PVC window and door units. The recycling honeycomb, suitable for flooring in high speed trains. The
operation discussed is constructed in Germany by Veka latest application to be explored by the company is
AG. building cladding panels. The aluminium skinned
VEKA AG honeycomb is painted with a vandal-resistant paint.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; EURO-COMPOSITES SA
USA; WESTERN EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Accession no.577859 LUXEMBOURG; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.576492
Item 459
Byfleet, 1993, pp.4. 12ins. 25/7/95. 45C-6A2 Item 462
DOW CORNING 787 GLAZING AND Elastomers Times
CONSTRUCTION SILICONE SEALANT. No.13, 1995, p.3
PRODUCT DATA WATERPROOF FOR DECADES
Dow Corning Hansil Ltd.
The choice of Hypalon synthetic rubber for a variety of
Details are given of the use of Dow Corning 787, a one demanding tasks is examined with reference to typical
component, low modulus silicone sealant that gives high applications. These include waterproofing roofs,
performance in glazing and construction applications. Its automotive and industrial hoses, and roller covers. In
main uses include weathersealing of high movement particular its use by Sika in roofing applications is
glazing and curtain wall systems. It is also useful for described.
sealing joints around glass, wood, plastic and various DUPONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.
metals. Joint designs are illustrated in a curtain wall USA
application and also a shear joint. Substrate preparation, Accession no.576402
typical properties and product limitations are detailed.
Accession no.576819 Plastics in Building Construction
19, No.11, 1995, p.5
MARKET FOR ROOFING MATERIALS TO
Item 460 REACH 320 MILLION SQUARES IN 2000
Byfleet, 1994, pp.4. 12ins. 25/7/95. 43H-6A2
DOW CORNING 201 ONE PART A new study from the Freedonia Group Inc. reports that
POLYSULPHIDE SEALANT. PRODUCT DATA demand for roofing materials will rise annually through
Dow Corning Hansil Ltd. the year 2000 to reach 320 million squares. The article
supplies a brief summary of the report and includes US
Dow Corning 201 is a one-part, polysulphide sealant demand for roofing materials and percentage annual
based on Thiokol LP liquid polymer. It possesses adhesive growth from 1985 to the year 2000.
and weathering properties, and cures to a tough, flexible
FREEDONIA GROUP INC.
sealant. Applications include sealing against pre-cast USA
facing and cladding panels, wall tiles, granite, metal or
Accession no.574493
timber window frames, masonry and certain glazing
systems. Details are included of joint design and
preparation, limitations to its use, and typical properties. Item 464
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Plastics in Building Construction
WESTERN EUROPE 19, No.11, 1995, p.4
Accession no.576817 POLYESTER FILM PROTECTS GLASS
AGAINST GRAFFITI
Item 461 National Glass & Gate Service Inc. of Lincoln, RI, are
Reinforced Plastics now marketing their patented Graffiti Protector window
39, No.12, Dec.1995, p.10 film, which is made with a base of polyester film in a
HONEYCOMB MAKER TARGETS INDUSTRIAL laminate. The film protects glass from etched graffiti and
MARKETS vandalism and increases the shatter-resistance of windows
Euro-Composites has developed in-house capacity to during natural disasters. The article supplies brief details
make aramid fibre/phenolic, aluminium and paper/ of the product.
phenolic honeycomb materials. The company also makes NATIONAL GLASS & GATE SERVICE INC.
skinned honeycombs and produces the adhesives and USA
potting compounds it uses in its honeycomb Accession no.574492

Item 465 fast curing properties, and light weight with good
Antec 95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings. durability. As GRP usually has relatively limited
Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.2071-3. 012 elongation, resultant waterproofing materials can crack
IMPROVING THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES over underlying cracks in the concrete. The relationships
OF PLASTICS LUMBER between the matrix resin, reinforcement type and crack
Koch F E resistance are presented. A newly-developed PU/GRP
Recycling Technology Assistance Partnership composite system is also introduced offering improved
(SPE) crack resistance.
JAPAN; USA
An examination is made of the relationship between the
shape and strength of structural members made from Accession no.568728
recycled plastics lumber. It is shown that the load bearing
capacity of plastics lumber, the elastic modulus of which Item 468
is less than that of wood, can be doubled by using an H- SPI Composite Institute 49th Annual Conference.
beam in place of a standard rectangular shape. 4 refs. Conference Proceedings.
USA Cincinnati, Oh., 7th-10th Feb.1994, paper 14-A. 627
Accession no.571282 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
FIBREGLASS TRUSS FOR A LONG-SPAN
FIBREGLASS BUILDING
Item 466
Morsi E A; Larralde H
Chemical Marketing Reporter
IMCO Reinforced Plastics Inc.; Drexel,University
248, No.19, 6th Nov.1995, p.34
PVB PRODUCERS PROMOTE USE IN
ARCHITECTURAL GLASS The analysis, design and construction of reinforced
plastics trusses utilised in an all-reinforced plastics
Monsanto has established a new information centre to
building are illustrated. The analysis is conducted
help sell the safety and security benefits of laminated
architectural glass to members of the professional building assuming linear elastic behaviour for all of the reinforced
trade. Laminated glass consists of a tough plastic plastics building. The design of the individual members
interlayer made from polyvinyl butyral sandwiched is executed utilising the allowable stresses recommended
between two panes of glass. Aside from the safety and by the manufacturer of the reinforced plastics structural
security benefits, laminated glass also blocks UV rays shapes used in the trusses. Special consideration is given
and reduces outside noise levels better than ordinary glass. to the design and fabrication of the connections which
The industry believes that most growth in future demand are critical components of the trusses. Also presented
for laminated glass is likely to come as the building trade are the results of a load test performed on one of the
responds to growing concern over the risk of devastating trusses to verify the deflection expected under service
natural disasters, such as hurricanes, and terrorist load. 9 refs.
bombings. USA
MONSANTO CO. Accession no.568725

USA
SPI Composite Institute 49th Annual Conference.
Item 467 Conference Proceedings.
SPI Composite Institute 49th Annual Conference. Cincinnati, Oh., 7th-10th Feb.1994, paper 8-E. 627
Conference Proceedings. CONNECTION AND REINFORCEMENT
Cincinnati, Oh., 7th-10th Feb.1994, paper 14-D. 627 DESIGN DETAILS FOR PULTRUDED FIBRE-
CRACK RESISTANCE OF GFRP REINFORCED PLASTIC (PFRP) COMPOSITE
WATERPROOFING STRUCTURES STRUCTURES
McClaskey C R; Tsuji S; Sagawa A Mosallam A S
Reichhold Chemicals Inc.; Dainippon Ink & Washington G.,University
Chemicals Inc. (SPI,Composites Institute)
(SPI,Composites Institute) Some design details for connections and stiffeners for
GRP is seeing greater use as a waterproofing material in pultruded fibre-reinforced plastics (PFRP) structural
Japan. This material has now been used in about 2.5 shapes are suggested. They serve as a practical design
million sq.m of waterproofing membrane for the floors reference for PFRP fabricators in selecting the appropriate
and roofs of concrete buildings. Around 10 million lb of connection configurations. The anisotropic nature of the
resin was consumed for this application in 1992. material is considered in preparing these structural details.
Advantages of GRP in this particular use include excellent Emphasis is placed on connection design details for PFRP
mechanical load characteristics, rapid installation due to frame structures, simplified stiffening details to reinforce

and increase the structural capacity of PFRP open-web

profiles, and experimental evaluation of stiffened PFRP
beams. 21 refs.
USA
Accession no.568705
Item 470
May 1995, p.77
BUILDING INSULATION
Details are presented of developments in building
insulation from three different sources. Isopans Isodeck
1000 prefabricated PU foam panels have been used in
the construction of an Italian factory for the production
of road signs, Brianza Plastica has introduced the Isotec
insulation panel characterised by a rigid PU foam
insulating layer, and Baxenden has developed a PU cavity
reinforcement foam, designated Isofoam.
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.568377
Item 471
Du Pont Magazine European Edition
No.4, 1995, p.36-7
SAFETY FIRST
Romag Holdings is reported to be one of Europes leading
suppliers of laminated glass and plastics composites for
specialised applications. Romag Security Laminators, one
of two companies operated by Romag Holdings,
manufactures electronic security products, including radio
frequency shielded architectural windows, and bullet- and
blast-resistant glass composites for the construction
industry. The use of DuPont materials in its range of
laminates is described.
DUPONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.; ROMAG
HOLDINGS PLC; ROMAG GLASS PRODUCTS
LTD.; ROMAG SECURITY LAMINATORS LTD.
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.568330


Subject Index
Subject Index
A AIR CONDITIONING, 287 438 BITUMEN, 99 152 162 282 306
AIR FLOW, 287 307 340 427 437
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 197 AIR PERMEABILITY, 107 417 BLEND, 19 39 56 89 95 106 118 162
199 214 218 311 390 410 451 AIR TIGHTNESS, 44 196 363 229 236 238 245 282 342 345 359
ABS, 2 27 119 120 154 186 195 AIRPORT, 11 54 206 241 264 366 388 404 414 427 450
199 236 306 308 362 366 371 ALKALI RESISTANCE, 184 BLISTERING, 258 353
413 416 438 ALUMINIUM, 108 114 121 159 BLOW EXTRUSION, 49 196
ACCELERATED AGEING, 97 202 198 238 257 341 397 438 470 BLOW MOULDING, 208 237
245 329 398 428 ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE, 277 BLOWING AGENT, 2 92 155 173
ACCELERATED TEST, 17 21 107 ANALYSIS, 18 19 26 52 56 61 63 178 189 198 201 209 211 246
166 245 298 329 428 70 101 141 195 214 249 253 266 324 325 326 345 348 349
ACID RAIN, 272 298 319 329 330 331 332 363 350 351 354 380 407 408 411
ACOUSTIC APPLICATION, 451 364 368 396 400 428 417 419 428 435 437
ACOUSTIC INSULATION, 2 27 ANCHOR, 225 BOARD, 86 108 345 428
44 49 82 95 106 127 189 197 ANCHORAGE, 422 BODY PANEL, 245 366
199 246 268 299 306 308 388 ANISOTROPY, 345 418 BOND STRENGTH, 53 112 225
416 417 444 ANTIOXIDANT, 245 376 302 337
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES, 106 ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 197 BONDING, 1 4 50 53 90 116 185
246 287 417 APPEARANCE, 10 14 31 38 100 231 273 298 352 364 365 367
ACRYLIC, 84 116 154 235 236 116 129 235 353 379 381 400 417 426 444 450
273 289 291 337 361 371 ARAMID FIBRE, 53 163 228 298 BONDING AGENT, 1 4 70 344
ACRYLIC ELASTOMER, 388 461 364 417
ACRYLIC POLYMER, 2 19 27 89 ARAMID FIBRE-REINFORCED BREATHABILITY, 107 354 444
94 178 182 227 272 306 308 PLASTIC, 5 104 143 184 445 BRICK, 201 416
330 353 399 417 429 ARCHITECTURAL BRIDGE, 2 5 26 50 51 53 63 70 74
ACRYLIC RUBBER, 388 APPLICATION, 11 31 58 100 76 83 90 91 105 127 144 181
ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENE- 113 127 197 280 343 443 466 184 187 191 231 234 242 250
ACRYLATE TERPOLYMER, 471 254 256 261 262 286 294 297
120 229 366 ARTIFICIAL STONE, 42 388 298 306 310 312 314 317 318
ADDITIVE, 2 13 27 34 47 48 55 ASPHALT, 340 463 319 320 322 338 372 375 390
76 92 133 149 156 166 178 183 ASSEMBLY, 30 45 127 128 184 391 414 418 430 433 445 448
189 194 197 198 199 208 213 213 223 238 273 BRITTLENESS, 76 245
229 235 245 246 270 273 277 ATACTIC, 162 282 340 BUCKLING, 50 303 345 450
284 293 295 306 308 325 329 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, BUILDING, 123 409 443 451
345 354 357 376 388 389 397 19 328 BUILDING INDUSTRY, 2 95 179
399 401 414 417 428 429 435 AZODICARBONAMIDE, 380 246 307 308
437 455 BUILDING PANEL, 27 57 58 62
ADHESION, 1 24 26 97 112 113 B 68 82 95 141 142 159 178 184
192 198 200 209 268 269 306
135 195 214 232 311 337 354
365 381 390 417 BACTERIA RESISTANCE, 199 213 308 323 324 325 327 345 380
ADHESIVE, 1 2 30 32 45 46 50 53 BAN, 362 383 403 416 424 431 438 450
70 80 89 90 97 104 112 149 151 BARRIER LAYER, 432 451
192 208 214 230 243 249 273 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 136 152 BUILDING REGULATION, 60
279 281 300 337 343 344 346 BATHROOM FITTING, 78 124 130 362 409
364 367 373 377 379 422 424 308 371 438 BUILDING RENOVATION, 26 27
461 BEAD, 189 447 451 31 185 189 214 371 373
AESTHETIC, 14 44 47 113 184 BEAM, 26 53 56 62 90 91 163 170 BULLET-PROOF, 471
197 213 308 353 184 192 251 298 396 430 439 BURNING RATE, 414
AGEING, 44 55 95 131 189 213 448 465 BUTADIENE TERPOLYMER, 288
245 278 300 316 329 345 398 BENDING, 12 51 262 450 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE
410 411 428 453 BENDING STRENGTH, 465 COPOLYMER, 245
AGGREGATE, 291 353 370 BINDER, 94 132 140 161 214 272 BUTADIENE-STYRENE
AGRICULTURAL 288 342 352 371 COPOLYMER, 282 288
APPLICATION, 199 360 421 BIODETERIORATION, 293 389 BUTYL RUBBER, 165 337 365
437 451 BIRD DAMAGE, 353 376 453

Subject Index
C 324 325 326 327 345 348 349 COLOUR, 17 27 31 34 44 71 95

351 354 408 411 417 419 421 116 128 182 185 197 198 213
CABLE, 41 91 134 144 147 149 428 235 236 238 245 246 268 270
168 178 184 213 293 294 297 CFC-11, 408 419 428 290 306 307 308 329 337 353
418 CHALKING, 21 368 388 397 416 417 428 451
CABLE INSULATION, 268 293 CHAR FORMATION, 414 457
307 392 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 22 23 43 COLOUR CHANGE, 353 380 429
CADMIUM, 329 397 57 COLOUR FASTNESS, 120 284
CALCIUM, 154 245 329 397 401 CHEMICAL PLANT, 126 184 451 429
CALCIUM CARBONATE, 272 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 74 90 COLOUR STABILITY, 366 429
277 306 329 429 94 159 172 184 189 190 197 COLUMN, 26 53 111 170 191 192
CALENDERING, 213 293 417 199 213 214 229 236 258 268 298 414 454 465
CALORIMETER, 149 219 272 293 311 387 388 COMBUSTION, 414
CANOPY, 53 347 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 74 90 COMPOUNDING, 118 295 342
CAPSTOCK, 55 84 332 366 94 159 172 184 189 190 197 365 376 456
CARBON BLACK, 245 277 376 199 213 214 229 236 258 268 COMPRESSIBILITY, 49 246
CARBON DIOXIDE, 189 246 326 272 293 311 387 388 424 451 COMPRESSION, 8 49 97 106 246
345 350 354 407 408 419 453 345 454
CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 97 COMPRESSION MODULUS, 345
PLASTIC, 2 5 26 53 70 78 90 218 229 235 243 245 267 323 COMPRESSION MOULDING,
91 104 111 143 145 170 184 368 254 304 372 375
191 202 225 228 231 247 249 CHIMNEY, 430 COMPRESSION PROPERTIES,
253 261 262 281 290 294 297 CHIMNEY LINER, 217 26 72 123 130 189 193 201 202
298 302 312 313 334 352 372 CHLORINATED PE, 19 133 169 206 252 269 272 306 330 345
381 388 390 391 393 414 418 183 365 346 442 443
430 445 CHLORINATED PVC, 168 417 COMPRESSION SET, 49 238
CARCINOGENICITY, 397 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 189 COMPRESSION STRENGTH, 26
CARPET, 2 16 112 268 371 345 354 408 417 419 428 189 201 269 306 345 424 426
CAST, 11 410 CHLOROFLUOROHYDRO- 433 446 461 465
CAST SHEET, 197 CARBON, 246 345 354 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, 123
CASTING, 314 410 CHLOROSULPHONATED 130 202 206 252 272 346 439
CAULK, 45 136 354 POLYETHYLENE, 451 462 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, 11
CAVITY WALL INSULATION, 98 CIVIL ENGINEERING, 2 6 26 50 44 420 443
189 232 233 268 447 53 63 70 74 83 90 91 95 125 COMPUTER SIMULATION, 141
CEILING, 173 189 246 299 306 145 147 158 160 178 184 191 182 303 366 396
411 417 451 214 219 225 293 297 298 302 CONCRETE, 8 26 27 45 50 53 68
CELLULAR MATERIAL, 1 2 11 318 319 322 328 334 335 338 70 74 76 90 93 94 95 100 101
15 23 27 40 44 47 48 49 54 65 372 375 391 417 436 468 104 125 128 137 138 143 144
68 74 77 85 88 92 95 96 98 106 CLADDING, 2 11 53 59 79 95 134 146 160 161 170 184 191 193
108 110 123 129 130 155 159 141 142 153 173 178 180 184 201 225 231 255 256 258 262
173 176 177 178 189 190 198 202 211 228 257 268 276 306 281 288 297 298 302 303 306
199 200 201 203 204 205 206 307 308 348 368 374 416 425 307 311 313 314 315 316 334
208 209 210 211 220 221 226 461 352 372 381 387 390 393 396
233 241 246 265 266 268 269 CLEANING, 113 198 347 459 460 417 422 432 436 437 442 444
274 287 293 295 306 307 308 CLOSED CELL, 123 189 201 206 448 449 451 454
323 325 326 330 336 339 345 233 269 345 353 354 396 CONDUIT, 2 3 168 291 380
348 349 350 351 353 354 356 COATED FABRIC, 113 180 185 CONE CALORIMETER, 149 219
368 371 380 382 383 396 405 308 347 434 414
407 408 446 447 COATING, 76 93 94 100 113 124 CONSERVATION APPLICATION,
CELLULOSE, 10 342 157 175 190 197 218 268 280 132 272
CELLULOSE FIBRE, 342 426 291 293 306 308 313 340 353 CONSTRUCTION, 2 59 66 67 93
CEMENT, 2 68 93 161 184 195 361 388 403 404 410 411 432 184 210 215 218 229 286 341
214 306 370 449 437 438 443 471 408 415 445 459
CENTRIFUGAL CAST, 11 COEXTRUDED, 197 199 366 368 CONSUMPTION, 2 10 27 29 39
CERTIFICATION, 11 38 64 COEXTRUSION, 3 27 84 95 121 65 77 79 92 95 119 172 178 183
CFC, 189 345 354 417 428 155 182 229 270 293 306 308 199 208 231 246 286 293 307
CFC FREE, 10 108 159 407 446 416 438 465 371 375 404 413 444 445 446
CFC REPLACEMENT, 189 246 COLD STORAGE, 211 447 452 466

Subject Index
CONTAMINATION, 16 264 DAMP-PROOFING, 172 269 365 DOOR, 2 3 27 38 48 87 114 140

CONTINUOUS LAMINATION, DATABASE, 106 420 150 171 179 180 223 237 257
200 345 DEBONDING, 50 268 290 308 341 400 412 458
CORE, 57 122 190 198 268 269 DECK, 72 86 92 118 130 158 168 DOOR FRAME, 207 426
276 390 396 416 191 DOOR PANEL, 411
CORNICE, 48 DECKING, 2 29 38 65 66 77 DOUBLE GLAZING, 95 293 308
CO-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 92 DECOMPOSITION, 75 414 437
207 DECORATIVE, 159 184 268 438 DOUBLE-WALLED, 197 268 417
CORROSION, 15 170 184 393 448 DEFECT, 258 353 DRAIN PIPE, 3 27 199 268 417
451 DEFORMATION, 26 74 137 284 DRAINAGE, 213 444
CORROSION RESISTANCE, 11 345 361 396 451 DRINKING WATER, 27 199 268
26 27 30 59 76 82 90 124 127 DEGRADATION, 26 44 55 95 97 417
160 187 191 192 199 268 297 131 189 195 202 213 229 236 DRYING, 77 92 118 311 354
298 304 305 308 309 310 320 245 258 278 298 300 316 329 DUCTILITY, 8 91 161 234 433
359 364 372 375 382 386 387 332 345 353 355 363 398 401 DURABILITY, 8 9 31 38 45 53 66
432 437 453 405 433 444 71 76 94 95 114 125 128 142
CORRUGATED SHEET, 197 417 DEGRADATION RATE, 245 329 154 202 228 258 278 286 289
438 DEGRADATION RESISTANCE, 298 300 312 329 354 365 373
COST, 5 7 9 10 31 38 39 47 51 53 337 424 427 432 444 452 457
55 56 82 83 91 92 100 105 106 DEHYDROCHLORINATION, 245 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 75 162
111 116 120 127 138 141 149 DELAMINATION, 12 122 396
153 156 157 160 172 177 181 DEMAND, 3 22 27 38 69 84 85 86
184 191 200 221 222 225 228 112 119 150 151 153 171 178
231 234 235 244 269 346 347 188 199 210 237 307 361 373
E
359 360 367 370 382 383 389 375 404 452 463 466 E-GLASS, 298 372
390 391 396 397 402 406 407 DESIGN, 10 44 50 51 58 61 81 82 E-MODULUS, 261 297 345 396
408 423 424 426 433 435 445 100 101 116 124 125 127 128 EARTHQUAKE, 26 39 53 82 91
446 447 451 452 457 465 138 141 142 143 145 146 158 100 160 184 214 298 318 334
COUNTER-ROTATING 181 182 187 191 219 234 235 335 378 379 388
EXTRUDER, 77 92 207 426 244 247 250 262 263 309 312 ECOBALANCE, 114 210 211 217
COUNTERTOP, 11 318 319 320 321 322 335 340 ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 1 2
COVER, 190 216 344 369 383 387 406 424 427 3 10 11 20 22 23 27 29 32 35 36
CRACK RESISTANCE, 4 427 453 433 436 450 465 468 469 38 39 43 57 64 65 66 68 69 72
467 DEVELOPMENT, 3 10 13 20 31 73 76 77 79 80 84 85 86 92 95
CRACKING, 26 38 44 53 63 184 46 53 90 112 131 151 181 291 97 112 119 124 128 139 150
245 353 354 406 467 337 370 373 151 153 154 156 168 171 172
CRASH BARRIER, 52 461 DIE, 25 49 92 164 173 426 178 179 182 183 186 188 199
CREEP, 72 184 213 251 265 297 DIE DESIGN, 182 208 210 213 220 231 235 236
358 406 433 441 442 465 DIE SWELL, 155 267 237 238 240 243 246 260 269
CREEP RESISTANCE, 128 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL 280 283 286 293 306 307 308
CROSSLINKED, 3 168 362 417 ANALYSIS, 162 328 361 371 373 375 380 397 402
426 DIFFUSION, 74 345 404 407 423 452 463
CROSSLINKING, 72 236 273 429 DIMENSION, 25 198 213 216 403 ELASTIC DEFORMATION, 396
CURING, 26 42 45 53 67 97 166 424 ELASTIC MODULUS, 74 90 197
198 243 273 300 311 326 346 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 113 261 297 345 380 396 410 433
467 155 185 197 201 206 209 284 465
CURING AGENT, 166 230 245 326 327 345 346 366 407 408 ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 18 328
277 421 426 444 457 ELASTICITY, 44 70 246 306 340
CURING RATE, 67 166 DIPHENYLMETHANE 396 417
CURTAIN WALLING, 459 DIISOCYANATE, 345 410 ELASTOMER, 1 2 3 4 9 14 24 32
CURVED, 197 198 216 416 438 DIRECT EXTRUSION, 92 37 40 44 54 61 67 80 89 93 95
CUTTING, 25 106 189 346 DIRECT MOULDING, 189 102 103 117 119 131 135 136
CYANOACRYLATE POLYMER, 46 DIRECTIVE, 189 157 159 162 165 169 178 179
DIRT REPELLENT, 14 185 188 189 198 209 212 217 229
DIRT RETENTION, 353 236 237 238 243 244 245 258
D DISCOLOURATION, 197 245 329 259 269 277 278 280 282 283
DAMAGE, 31 70 100 129 160 235 353 373 380 388 429 288 298 335 337 340 345 353
275 353 354 361 409 DOME, 59 180 197 308 347 390 354 365 373 376 377 378 379

Subject Index
382 388 403 405 407 408 409 396 422 424 442 450 451 FELT, 444
410 428 432 437 438 440 451 EROSION, 353 FENCING, 2 38 71 77 168
453 458 459 460 462 463 EROSION RESISTANCE, 236 FIBRE, 86 90 184 213 242 245 342
ELECTRIC CABLE, 134 147 149 ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 178 347 360 390 443 444
ELECTRICAL INSULATION, 41 259 FIBRE CONTENT, 13 90 92 118
149 291 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE 372 375
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 41 COPOLYMER, 162 245 FIBRE OPTIC, 26 191
95 149 214 291 293 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE- FIBRE ORIENTATION, 53 184
ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW, DIENE TERPOLYMER, 3 4 44 346
95 437 95 131 157 229 236 238 245 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC,
ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELD, 277 340 365 428 2 5 8 26 53 59 65 66 70 74 77
184 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE 78 86 90 91 92 94 100 104 111
ELECTRON BEAM CURING, COPOLYMER, 245 307 388 118 143 145 170 184 190 191
291 ETHYLIDENE NORBORNENE 202 225 228 231 247 253 261
ELECTRON SCANNING TERPOLYMER, 277 262 281 290 293 294 297 298
MICROSCOPY, 19 288 EXPANDED, 2 54 74 106 176 177 302 305 312 313 334 352 370
ELONGATION, 97 113 135 340 220 447 372 381 388 390 393 439
433 444 453 465 EXPANSION, 72 184 197 345 362 FILAMENT WINDING, 184 191
ELONGATION AT BREAK, 185 EXPANSION COEFFICIENT, 341 298 315
197 245 296 410 380 FILLER, 13 27 47 48 76 118 154
EMBOSSING, 293 EXPANSION JOINT, 460 167 183 277 291 306 329 357
EMBRITTLEMENT, 245 EXPLOSION, 24 411 466 376 380 455
EMISSION, 10 153 174 211 276 EXTRUDED, 49 123 130 197 233 FILM, 2 106 107 189 235 237 245
293 367 246 269 299 368 389 301 306 308 329 342 360 361
EMISSION CONTROL, 98 233 EXTRUDER, 7 25 27 66 77 86 92 404 417 437 444 464 471
EMULSION, 344 361 118 148 164 173 182 207 224 FINISHING, 154 156 342 389 459
ENERGY ABSORPTION, 8 63 237 283 292 342 388 435 457 460
100 378 379 461 EXTRUSION, 3 7 18 19 25 27 36 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS,
ENERGY CONSERVATION, 10 44 49 65 66 69 84 86 92 95 96 52 56 63 70 101 141 249 253
34 74 108 109 152 157 233 293 118 119 120 133 148 154 155 298 319 364 396 400
351 354 409 411 446 447 156 158 164 168 173 176 189 FIRE, 54 122 129 274 275 276
ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 3 25 194 196 207 223 224 238 259 FIRE DAMAGE, 287
114 153 160 211 268 269 287 268 270 277 283 292 293 295 FIRE HAZARD, 33 60 61 62 274
293 409 434 306 307 308 342 356 368 388 FIRE RESISTANCE, 163 216 346
ENERGY EFFICIENCY, 10 85 98
397 398 404 413 416 417 426 407
123 182 201 217 341 354
435 438 457 465 FIRE RETARDANT, 116 209 276
ENGINEERING APPLICATION,
EXTRUSION BLOWING, 49 196 414 446
83 147 160 199 208 306 307
322 369 371 388 416 433 438 FLAME EXTINCTION, 414
FLAME INSULATION, 140
ENVIRONMENT, 7 35 39 56 64 F FLAME PROOFING, 13 76 149
80 82 139 147 152 205 239 268
271 278 280 293 324 354 392 FABRIC, 90 107 109 113 180 185 189 209 228 264 274 275 276
402 419 308 347 443 277 345 366 388 389
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 10 FABRICATION, 7 31 140 300 321 FLAME PROPAGATION, 184 198
38 114 208 210 217 354 437 451 219
ENVIRONMENTAL FACADE, 27 184 185 230 306 308 FLAME RESISTANCE, 39 82 100
PROTECTION, 10 20 23 57 68 416 115 149 219 286 299 331 349
94 211 217 367 407 FACING, 345 428 351 421
ENVIRONMENTAL FAILURE, 50 70 131 135 172 232 FLAME RETARDANT, 13 76 149
RESISTANCE, 30 94 297 393 250 252 253 281 300 345 354 189 209 228 264 274 275 276
424 360 365 369 420 422 450 277 345 366 388 389 407
ENVIRONMENTALLY FASCIA, 79 FLAME SPREAD, 414
FRIENDLY, 2 10 46 68 151 273 FASTENER, 15 200 230 FLAMMABILITY, 9 13 16 27 28
EPOXY RESIN, 2 26 30 53 70 76 FASTENING, 4 48 109 169 184 33 39 54 57 59 60 62 82 87 91
78 90 91 94 100 161 166 170 185 213 369 92 95 100 109 113 115 130 141
184 191 202 212 214 228 230 FATIGUE, 213 234 250 297 319 149 159 169 180 184 185 189
231 243 249 255 261 268 273 340 352 364 442 197 198 199 209 213 219 246
290 298 303 312 313 343 352 FATIGUE RESISTANCE, 90 340 264 268 274 275 276 277 284
370 371 372 381 390 393 394 444 286 289 290 291 293 299 306

Subject Index
308 323 326 327 331 346 349 FOURIER TRANSFORM GRATING, 372
351 353 359 362 388 392 405 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, GREENHOUSE, 196 197 360 437
408 412 414 417 421 444 451 132 355 GROUND ANCHOR, 225
FLASHING, 353 FRACTURE, 12 50 175 302 303 GROUT, 76 93 432
FLAT ROOF, 189 444 381 433 GROWTH, 43 57 153 179 452 463
FLEXIBLE, 41 67 131 159 162 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 148 466
178 185 209 246 287 319 337 162 288 356 GROWTH RATE, 1 27 29 35 65 66
340 407 459 460 462 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 133 73 77 79 80 85 86 95 112 119
FLEXURAL MODULUS, 342 372 288 151 168 171 183 186 188 199
375 393 455 FRAME, 3 25 27 36 46 64 73 79 208 240 260 270 280 307 351
FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 8 12 87 88 92 95 114 119 133 139 371 373 375 404
26 48 50 53 72 75 96 106 145 164 165 168 175 182 183 186 GUTTERING, 4 79 119
155 159 161 163 184 252 265 189
291 297 298 315 320 342 372 FREEZE-THAW STABILITY, 8
375 393 396 423 433 442 450 FUNGAL RESISTANCE, 113 213
H
451 FURANE RESIN, 390 HALOGEN-FREE, 13 209 388 414
FLOOR, 2 10 27 35 38 45 46 78 FURNITURE, 11 38 87 92 102 184 HAND LAY-UP, 137 425
85 88 95 98 100 106 112 128 213 268 286 375 389 414 HAND RAIL, 372
134 174 189 199 211 246 248 HARDNESS, 97 197 380 410 426
260 268 269 293 299 306 307
308 373 380 388 396 411 430
G 451
HCFC, 246 345 354 407 408 417
444 451 461 465 467 GANTRY, 53 419 428
FLOOR COVERING, 2 217 246 GAS BARRIER, 172 213 HCFC-FREE, 152 159
268 277 286 293 306 307 388 GAS PIPE, 3 27 79 268 293 HEALTH HAZARD, 55 60 76 102
392 417 GEL, 49 190 230 437 122 264 277 367 388 392 397
FLOOR TILE, 451 GEL COAT, 11 289 291 405 413
FOAM, 1 2 11 15 23 27 40 44 47 GEOMEMBRANE, 213 239 HEAT, 275 276
48 49 65 68 74 77 85 88 95 96 GEOMETRY, 44 396 416 HEAT AGEING, 107 245 428
98 106 108 110 123 129 130 GEOTEXTILE, 213 444 HEAT DEFLECTION
155 159 173 176 178 189 190 GLASS, 24 95 166 197 307 367 TEMPERATURE, 229 366
198 199 200 201 203 204 205 438 464 HEAT DEGRADATION, 245 397
206 208 209 210 211 220 221 GLASS FABRIC, 180 405
226 232 233 241 246 265 266 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED HEAT DISTORTION, 74 284
268 269 274 287 293 295 306 PLASTIC, 2 5 10 11 13 27 30 HEAT INSULATION, 1 2 3 10 15
307 308 323 325 326 330 336 31 53 62 78 82 91 94 95 104 16 27 44 49 54 68 79 82 85 88
339 345 348 349 350 351 353 105 116 124 141 142 143 160 95 98 106 108 109 110 116 122
354 356 368 371 380 383 396 184 191 192 199 200 202 219 123 127 129 130 140 147 159
405 407 408 411 412 416 417 221 228 247 248 251 255 257 176 177 182 189 192 197 198
419 420 421 424 428 434 435 265 268 274 279 289 290 291 199 200 201 204 205 206 209
437 438 446 447 451 470 293 303 308 309 312 316 318 210 211 232 233 241 242 244
FOAM-CORE, 53 155 216 228 321 352 369 371 372 374 375 246 264 266 268 269 274 276
346 381 383 386 390 393 396 414 287 299 306 307 308 325 326
FOAM-IN-PLACE, 353 416 424 425 433 438 442 443 336 339 345 346 348 349 350
FOAMING, 106 189 198 345 380 445 449 450 451 469 351 354 371 374 382 388 403
FOAMING AGENT, 2 92 155 173 GLASS TRANSITION HEAT LOSS, 10 108 159 211
178 189 198 201 209 211 246 TEMPERATURE, 53 207 243 HEAT RESISTANCE, 43 87 91 96
266 324 325 326 345 348 349 273 328 345 393 197 213 246 258 306 337 366
350 351 354 380 GLASS WOOL, 299 306 368 375 382 388 397 411 451
FOOTBRIDGE, 184 GLAZING, 2 27 34 40 67 94 95 HEAT STABILISER, 17 55 213
FORECAST, 1 2 7 10 23 29 35 38 165 178 180 196 197 257 293 329 368 397 413
43 57 65 124 128 138 147 150 307 308 337 371 376 388 404 HEAT STABILITY, 17 96
171 179 186 199 237 240 246 417 437 438 459 HEAT TRANSFER, 94 157 189
286 293 307 397 452 463 GLOSS, 17 18 197 227 235 245 354 428
FORMALDEHYDE, 10 367 329 HEATING, 10 95 106 287
FORMULATION, 13 14 17 18 19 GLULAM, 163 HEATING APPLICATION, 217
31 164 178 190 194 235 273 GRAFFITI-RESISTANT, 464 411
295 300 326 361 376 377 386 GRAPHITE FIBRE- HIGH DENSITY
407 419 429 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 249 POLYETHYLENE, 2 27 38 66

Subject Index
86 107 134 199 208 210 213 INSTALLATION, 4 31 48 49 124 LEACHING, 16 148
236 286 293 359 360 433 455 127 222 268 340 344 403 LEAD, 95 245 329 397 413
456 INSULATION, 1 2 3 10 15 16 27 LEAK PREVENTION, 136
HIGH IMPACT PS, 189 44 49 54 68 74 79 82 85 88 94 LEAKAGE, 153 353 354
HIGH PRESSURE, 106 198 345 95 98 106 108 109 110 116 122 LEGISLATION, 10 60 80 182 189
HIGH VOLTAGE APPLICATION, 123 127 129 130 140 147 149 219 246 275 306 362 389 414
369 152 153 159 176 177 178 182 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 114 139
HONEYCOMB, 197 246 308 372 185 189 192 197 198 199 200 211 217 293 437
396 417 437 201 204 205 206 208 209 210 LIFETIME PREDICTION, 428
HONEYCOMB STRUCTURE, 211 213 216 220 221 228 232 LIGHT ABSORPTION, 197 354
390 461 233 241 242 244 246 264 266 LIGHT AGEING, 44 245 328 329
HORTICULTURAL 268 269 274 276 286 287 293 LIGHT DEGRADATION, 44 245
APPLICATION, 4 197 437 299 301 306 307 308 325 326 328 329 398 429
HOSE, 277 462 336 339 345 346 348 349 350 LIGHT REFLECTION, 197 308
HOSPITAL, 293 351 354 371 374 382 388 403 416
HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 112 151 407 408 409 416 417 424 427 LIGHT RESISTANCE, 27 113 213
HOT WATER PIPE, 41 437 438 467 470 417
HOUSE, 2 269 367 370 438 INTERFERENCE PIGMENT, 34 LIGHT STABILISER, 213 245 329
HOUSING, 10 56 370 374 452 INTRUSION MOULDING, 16 457 397
HYDROCHLOROFLUORO- IR SPECTROSCOPY, 132 332 355 LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 27 180
CARBON, 246 345 354 407 368 197 198 308 388 451
408 417 419 428 IRRIGATION PIPE, 199 293 LIGHTING APPLICATION, 307
HYDROFLUOROCARBON, 345 ISOCYANATE, 198 345 410 371 372 388
408 LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX, 277
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, 245 LINING, 4 74 217 286 421 432
HYDROGEN CYANIDE, 102 J LLDPE, 2 236 359
HYDROGEN SULFIDE, 213 LOAD BEARING, 26 53 90 191
HYDROLYSIS, 329 JOINING, 228
192 211 231 244 298 340 372
HYGROTHERMAL AGEING, 189 JOINT, 44 63 95 135 153 187 297
433 439 465
367
LOADING, 8 26 53 106 131 198
JOINT DESIGN, 459 460
I JOINT SEALANT, 441
345 396 465
LOW DENSITY
JOINT STRENGTH, 192
I-BEAM, 200 372 375 POLYETHYLENE, 2 16 27 148
JUTE FIBRE-REINFORCED
IGNITION, 54 169 414 199 208 236 245 269 286 359
PLASTIC, 87
IMPACT MODIFIER, 18 19 22 76 360 411 433
133 183 207 227 245 267 284 LOW TEMPERATURE, 42 330 345
329 368 380 389 397 399 429 K 451
435 LOW TEMPERATURE
IMPACT PROPERTIES, 19 31 52 KEVLAR, 163 MOULDING, 228
53 128 159 173 175 184 185 KIOSK, 425 LOW TEMPERATURE
193 194 197 223 227 267 268 KITCHEN, 27 95 268 438 PROPERTIES, 15 162 185 366
284 290 299 317 330 366 368 KNITTED FABRIC, 394 LUBRICANT, 213 380 397 429 435
380 388 394 396 397 398 404
IMPACT RESISTANCE, 52 53 175 L M
223 290 299 317 330 366 394
404 466 LAMINATE, 15 26 27 45 53 70 96 MACHINERY, 7 25 27 66 77 106
IMPACT STRENGTH, 19 31 128 100 121 124 163 197 198 199 118 148 164 198 201 203 224
159 184 185 197 227 267 268 213 228 235 251 252 261 268 237 283 292 346 388 411 457
380 388 397 398 417 437 298 308 349 352 371 390 396 458
IMPERMEABILITY, 74 403 404 407 416 419 428 439 448 MAINTENANCE, 7 38 43 95 114
IMPREGNATION, 214 361 464 471 116 126 127 222 223 292 297
IN SITU POLYMERISATION, 272 LAMINATED GLASS, 24 466 353 354 424 445
INDENTATION, 225 330 451 LAMINATED WOOD, 163 MARINE APPLICATION, 59 304
INFRASTRUCTURE, 53 298 372 LAMINATION, 31 38 96 143 155 MARKET ANALYSIS, 2 65 150
375 445 200 345 407 408 171 178
INJECTION MOULDING, 84 117 LAMP POST, 31 MARKET GROWTH, 1 22 27 35
156 186 208 213 222 226 237 LASER GLASS, 166 38 69 95 150 188 199 237 240
341 342 388 415 416 438 LATEX, 40 93 195 306 260 280 307 380

Subject Index
MARKET SHARE, 3 22 29 36 65 MODULUS, 29 135 145 184 380 OUTDOOR APPLICATION, 222
66 69 72 73 77 79 84 86 95 97 436 291
112 119 128 151 168 171 182 MOISTURE, 354 409 OUTDOOR FURNITURE, 184
208 210 260 371 402 404 407 MOISTURE ABSORPTION, 48 94 OXIDATION, 235 329
466 353 446 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION,
MARKET SIZE, 2 29 65 66 171 210 MOISTURE BARRIER, 159 301 235 245
MARKET SURVEY, 29 43 69 80 328 OZONE DEPLETION, 157 411
186 188 199 240 307 445 452 MOISTURE CONTENT, 66 92 118
463 409
MARKET TREND, 2 29 65 80 128 MOISTURE PERMEABILITY,
P
147 150 179 260 377 380 463 328 PAINT, 38 94 124 240 280 361 403
MASONRY, 12 298 MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 96 99 437 461
MASTIC, 337 437 214 246 258 301 354 361 426 PAINTING, 11 156 306
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 2 9 444 457 PANEL, 1 27 59 96 106 122 124
16 27 29 36 38 39 47 48 51 65 MONITORING, 26 191 294 363 128 129 138 153 159 184 189
71 78 79 87 94 103 120 121 395 198 203 205 216 222 241 246
127 128 138 140 158 160 165 MORTAR, 93 214 269 275 276 298 324 326 332
168 187 199 204 208 210 239 MOULDING, 11 31 106 126 141 336 345 348 350 384 390 394
246 248 250 259 260 268 271 159 184 189 198 237 254 304 416 417 438
280 306 308 309 310 311 322 310 372 375 457 PATENT, 103 116 182 201
324 327 331 333 338 341 342 MULTILAYER, 27 155 197 199 PATIO DOOR, 341
347 368 389 391 396 397 402 208 404 471 PEARLESCENCE, 197
406 412 413 415 417 419 426 MULTI-PLY, 396 PEEL TEST, 381
433 435 444 445 448 465 468 MULTIWALL, 306 PEELING, 50
MATERIALS SELECTION, 14 31 PENTANE, 189 209 324 327 407
100 113 125 127 236 274 322 N 408 419
402 405 445 450 PERMEABILITY, 107 353 361
MECHANICAL FASTENING, 4 NANOCOMPOSITE, 93 94 428
48 109 169 185 213 NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED PEROXIDE VULCANISATION,
MECHANICAL PART, 44 95 277 PLASTIC, 2 86 305 370 390 245 277
307 388 438 NATURAL RUBBER, 298 335 PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
MECHANICAL RECYCLING, NEOPRENE, 44 RESIN, 450
106 286 293 NITRILE RUBBER, 245 PHENOLIC RESIN, 2 15 74 87 98
MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE NOISE INSULATION, 2 27 44 49 124 184 200 208 221 268 290
RESIN, 208 246 306 371 417 82 95 106 127 189 197 199 246 298 308 371 372 375 390 414
MELT TEMPERATURE, 19 267 268 299 306 308 388 461
356 NOISE REDUCTION, 25 404 466 PHOTOCHEMICAL
MEMBRANE, 2 107 109 131 157 NON-WOVEN, 107 109 390 444 DEGRADATION, 328 398
162 169 172 185 213 258 293 NUCLEAR ENERGY, 321 PHOTODEGRADATION, 44 107
340 417 427 428 432 434 453 NYLON, 2 8 199 208 236 268 286 235 245 329 353 429 451
462 306 307 375 388 405 415 PHOTOOXIDATION, 245 329 429
METAL REPLACEMENT, 3 26 27 PIGMENT, 13 21 34 92 183 197
50 51 59 79 90 94 103 144 181 O 235 245 270 306 308 329 342
184 199 304 305 308 313 314 388 397 429
317 334 341 397 417 ODOUR-FREE, 212 437 PILING, 53
MIGRATION, 14 213 245 345 353 OFFSHORE APPLICATION, 53 PILLAR, 91
MILDEW RESISTANCE, 71 113 59 414 PIPE, 2 3 11 27 60 62 76 79 94 95
MINERAL FIBRE, 447 ONE-COMPONENT, 97 248 410 119 134 147 154 168 178 179
MINERAL FILLER, 277 291 306 459 460 184 186 199 210 211 237 242
MINERAL WOOL, 246 275 299 OPACITY, 27 197 268 274 286 293 295 307 308
306 346 OPTIC FIBRE, 6 26 191 294 360 362 371 380 392 411 417
MIRROR, 197 404 OPTICAL DENSITY, 277 329 438 451
MIXING, 16 106 162 198 201 216 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 3 10 21 PIPE LINING, 4
295 346 456 27 44 126 132 166 185 197 198 PLANK, 68
MOBILE HOME, 95 213 229 235 245 246 268 306 PLASTER, 246 306 344 416
MODULAR, 2 30 59 198 200 216 307 308 329 353 366 388 397 PLASTICISED, 185 207 293
221 374 416 417 428 437 438 PLASTICISER, 213 239 277 293
MODULAR HOUSING, 431 ORGANOTIN COMPOUND, 55 306 376

Subject Index
PLATE-OUT, 17 POLYMER-IMPREGNATED POLYVINYL BUTYRATE, 471

PLAY EQUIPMENT, 425 CONCRETE, 167 449 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 2 3 7
PLUMBING APPLICATION, 41 POLYMERIC IMPACT 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 27 29
60 362 MODIFIER, 19 207 245 36 38 47 48 54 55 64 65 66 69
PLYWOOD, 450 POLYMETHACRYLATE, 272 279 73 74 76 79 84 86 92 94 95 113
POLE, 11 POLYMETHYL 114 118 119 120 121 131 133
POLYACETAL, 2 199 341 METHACRYLATE, 27 132 197 134 139 149 154 156 157 158
POLYACRYLATE, 93 166 199 268 286 306 307 308 388 165 168 171 173 175 178 182
POLYACRYLONITRILE, 405 417 437 449 450 183 185 186 189 194 200 207
POLYALKOXYSILOXANE, 42 POLYOLEFIN, 38 54 72 109 162 208 210 213 217 223 224 227
POLYAMIDE, 2 8 199 208 236 178 189 237 245 288 358 360 235 236 237 238 245 264 265
268 286 306 307 375 388 405 426 267 268 270 271 283 284 285
415 POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 67 286 292 293 295 306 307 308
POLYBUTADIENE, 236 74 97 136 330 373 329 332 340 341 347 355 356
POLYBUTYLENE, 165 411 POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 2 89 359 360 361 362 365 368 371
POLYBUTYLENE 359 388 416 438 380 392 397 398 399 400 401
TEREPHTHALATE, 366 388 POLYPROPYLENE, 2 3 11 36 46 402 413 416 417 429 431 434
POLYCARBONATE, 2 11 27 95 86 92 118 119 121 156 162 183 435 437 443 444 450 451 452
180 197 199 236 268 286 307 199 208 213 217 222 236 237 458
308 359 366 371 388 416 417 238 239 243 245 246 268 269 POLYVINYL ESTER, 89 94 105
437 438 450 282 286 296 306 307 308 340 184 247 289 290 298 302 311
POLYCHLOROPRENE, 44 298 341 357 360 371 433 315 328 369 372 375 386 390
450 POLYSILOXANE, 67 74 97 136 442
POLYCYANOACRYLATE, 46 245 330 361 373 404 471 POLYVINYL VERSATATE, 93
POLYDIMETHACRYLATE, 89 POLYSTYRENE, 2 15 27 38 54 68 POLYVINYLBENZENE, 2 74 123
74 85 98 106 119 122 123 130 130 178 220 286 299 389
POLYEPOXIDE, 2 26 30 53 70 76
167 176 177 178 186 189 199 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE,
78 90 91 94 100 161 166 170
208 220 233 236 237 246 264 95 210 217 306 308 416 417
184 191 202 212 214 228 230
266 268 269 275 276 286 299 437
231 243 249 255 261 268 273
306 307 308 339 359 371 389 POND LINING, 4
290 298 303 312 313 343 352
405 407 411 412 416 417 433 PORTLAND CEMENT, 68 161
370 371 372 381 390 393 394
447 449 451 454
396
POLYSULPHIDE, 97 165 300 337 POST, 86 92
POLYEPOXY ACRYLATE, 166
460 POTABLE WATER, 27 199 268
POLYESTER RESIN, 109 113 370
POLYSULPHONE, 210 417
POLYESTER-URETHANE, 345
POLYTETRAFLUORO- POUR-IN-PLACE, 68 345
POLYETHER, 243 ETHYLENE, 308 347 443 POWDER, 66 92 93 195 306 368
POLYETHER URETHANE, 345 POLYTHIOETHER, 97 165 300 POWDER COATING, 280 306 388
POLYETHERIMIDE, 366 337 POWER STATION, 53
POLYETHYL METHACRYLATE, POLYURETHANE, 2 11 27 35 46 PREFABRICATED, 198 257 268
272 57 74 75 88 94 97 98 103 104 287 346 416 438
POLYETHYLENE, 2 3 16 19 27 108 110 112 116 122 129 151 PREPREG, 53 228 298
29 38 46 65 66 74 86 92 107 152 153 159 178 189 190 198 PRESSURE, 106 307 345 375
118 119 133 134 148 168 169 199 201 203 204 205 206 208 PRESSURE PIPE, 199 268 293
172 178 183 199 208 210 213 210 211 216 232 241 246 275 307 417
217 236 237 238 239 245 267 276 286 287 298 300 306 307 PRESSURE RESISTANCE, 411
268 269 286 293 307 308 342 308 323 324 325 326 327 330 PRESSURE-SENSITIVE
359 360 362 363 365 371 411 336 337 345 346 348 349 350 ADHESIVE, 46
433 451 455 456 462 351 353 354 371 373 377 382 PRESTRESSING, 184
POLYETHYLENE 403 405 407 408 411 415 416 PRICE, 2 36 38 65 69 95 106 119
TEREPHTHALATE, 2 96 155 417 419 420 421 428 438 446 154 168 182 223 244 246 292
193 196 213 269 308 394 404 447 467 470 297 404 461
433 471 POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER, PRIMER, 214 243 273 300 302
POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 308 354 410 344 459 460
POLYISOBUTYLENE, 165 POLYURETHANE- PROCESSABILITY, 67 92 121
POLYISOCYANURATE, 15 189 ISOCYANURATE, 407 197 238 267 326 356 366 407
200 209 274 275 325 345 428 POLYVINYL ACETATE, 93 344 411 426
POLYMER CONCRETE, 74 93 94 POLYVINYL BUTYRAL, 2 404 PROCESSING, 13 19 21 56 66 106
306 307 372 390 417 466 124 133 156 166 178 184 196

Subject Index
225 237 259 267 283 284 293 REFURBISH, 208 117 119 131 135 136 157 159
306 327 360 369 380 388 395 REGULATION, 28 33 45 60 79 80 162 165 169 178 179 188 189
407 429 435 436 98 110 112 116 122 130 147 198 209 212 217 229 236 238
PROFILE, 2 7 17 18 19 20 21 22 151 172 177 219 232 233 248 243 244 245 258 259 269 277
23 25 27 36 44 66 69 77 92 95 275 326 331 362 395 414 278 280 282 283 288 298 335
119 120 121 133 154 156 164 REINFORCED CONCRETE, 26 337 340 345 353 354 365 373
173 175 178 182 184 192 194 50 53 104 137 138 143 144 146 376 377 378 379 382 388 403
199 224 235 237 238 245 257 170 184 191 193 225 231 255 405 407 408 409 410 428 432
259 267 268 270 277 283 286 256 262 281 288 297 298 302 437 438 440 451 453 458 459
290 293 306 307 308 329 371 306 313 314 315 352 430 436 460 463
388 397 398 399 400 416 417 442 RUBBER-MODIFIED, 245 388
426 429 438 REINFORCEMENT, 94 163 242 390
PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 213 340 436 RUBBERISED ASPHALT, 123
245 RENOVATION, 26 27 31 185 189 288 340
PROTECTIVE COATING, 94 291 214 308 371 373 416 RUBBERISED BITUMEN, 157
464 REPAIR, 5 6 26 42 76 105 136 138 340 437 463
PROTOTYPE, 10 16 52 53 91 126 144 145 146 187 214 242 302
148 160 244 289 310 385 437 343 353 354 430 432
457 REPAIRING, 42 70 90 91 104 170
S
PULTRUDED, 53 163 208 231 298 414 SAFETY, 7 24 61 62 76 92 116 122
PULTRUSION, 13 27 51 52 83 87 RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING, 125 159 160 367 388 396 408
139 143 184 191 200 225 234 11 126 141 184 310 425 411 459 460
250 254 261 263 290 297 304 RESTORATION, 31 214 437 SAFETY GLASS, 197 388 404 417
306 309 310 321 338 369 372 RETROFIT, 5 6 50 100 111 173 438 466 471
375 383 391 424 469 261 298 411 430 SANDWICH PANEL, 1 59 96 138
PUNCTURE, 213 354 444 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 189 198 203 205 241 246 324
PYLON, 369 17 18 75 89 90 133 155 173 326 348 350 384 394 408 419
189 207 214 243 267 277 283 470
388 399 407
Q RIGID, 15 21 23 27 88 108 110
SANDWICH STRUCTURE, 30 57
58 85 88 108 122 123 138 155
QUALITY ASSURANCE, 11 25 123 128 130 152 156 159 199 159 198 211 228 265 275 306
38 64 106 121 172 198 268 425 203 211 235 238 276 283 293 308 346 375 396 411 412 416
295 323 325 329 336 345 351 438 450
356 368 380 397 407 408 417 SANITARYWARE, 11 27 81 257
R 421 446 307 308 438
R-VALUE, 354 428 RIGIDITY, 74 173 431 SATURATED POLYESTER, 109
RADOME, 59 451 ROAD, 2 52 384 391 445 451 113 185 196 208 268 306 308
RAILING, 29 31 38 65 77 86 ROCK WOOL, 306 347 366 405 434 437 438 443
REBAR, 53 138 191 193 254 297 ROD, 91 225 255 454 444 455 464
298 304 309 314 375 448 RODENT RESISTANCE, 199 SCANNING ELECTRON
RECLAIM, 2 65 66 106 189 193 ROOF SLATE, 9 117 MICROSCOPY, 19 132 288
195 199 242 268 286 293 351 ROOFING, 1 2 4 10 15 27 28 33 SCRAP, 9 95 106 199 244 246 268
358 359 389 397 402 406 438 37 46 53 59 85 87 88 91 95 98 293 307 397 437 465
453 456 458 465 103 107 108 109 116 117 119 SCRAP POLYMER, 16 68 72 86
RECYCLABILITY, 10 17 71 114 123 128 129 130 131 152 157 92 117 193 195 223 242 286
155 210 308 389 437 159 162 169 179 180 185 189 342 357 358 359 406 455 456
RECYCLED, 9 193 200 204 211 213 228 246 268 SCRAP TYRES, 9 244 440
RECYCLED CONTENT, 71 72 79 269 274 277 282 286 299 306 SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 197
117 155 167 375 390 433 308 330 336 339 340 341 348 461
RECYCLING, 2 9 10 17 35 38 39 351 353 354 365 372 375 411 SEA WATER, 202 393
56 68 82 95 106 114 116 117 417 420 427 428 434 438 443 SEAL, 2 3 44 95 147 153 238 259
155 167 183 186 193 195 199 451 453 462 463 467 277 283 307 388 438
208 210 217 235 244 246 268 ROOFING FELT, 427 SEALANT, 2 14 24 40 45 46 67 75
285 286 293 306 308 342 351 ROOFLIGHT, 382 80 97 103 135 136 165 211 243
358 359 367 368 371 395 397 ROT RESISTANCE, 223 444 259 278 300 337 367 373 376
402 406 433 437 456 458 ROTOMOULDING, 237 378 437 438 441 459 460
RECYCLING RATE, 79 RUBBER, 1 2 3 4 9 14 24 32 40 44 SECURITY GLAZING, 404 466
REFRIGERATION, 128 351 403 54 61 67 80 89 93 95 102 103 SEISMIC BEARING, 298 335

Subject Index
SEISMIC REPAIR, 6 26 184 249 SMOKE SUPPRESSION, 102 149 STRESS, 26 44 252 296 297 345
SEISMOLOGY, 111 318 334 378 SNOW LOADING, 198 396 400 433 450 451 465
379 SOFFIT, 79 STRESS DISTRIBUTION, 26 253
SELF-EXTINGUISHING, 169 189 SOIL BURIAL, 213 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES,
SELF-SUPPORTING, 59 198 216 SOIL STABILISATION, 53 93 8 26 70 202 294 345 422 442
SENSOR, 6 26 191 366 SOLAR ENERGY 449 465
SERVICE LIFE, 11 27 95 166 180 APPLICATION, 2 10 286 437 STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE, 30
191 192 211 213 232 234 245 438 214 337 367
268 286 297 298 308 337 347 SOLVENTLESS, 151 240 306 367 STRUCTURAL APPLICATION,
353 354 372 373 396 411 425 373 437 74 257 436 439 450 451 465
428 433 447 SOUND INSULATION, 2 27 44 49 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE,
SERVICE TEMPERATURE, 44 340 82 95 106 127 189 192 197 199 178 183 414
SEWER PIPE, 27 79 134 168 199 246 268 299 306 308 388 411 STRUCTURAL FOAM, 208 232
210 293 380 417 SPECIFICATION, 38 72 116 158 380
SHAPE, 31 44 465 238 403 459 460 STRUCTURAL PART, 192 231
SHAPE-MEMORY, 95 SPORTS APPLICATION, 2 37 185 244 433
SHATTER-PROOF, 464 213 308 396 STRUCTURAL
SHEAR PROPERTIES, 24 50 72 SPRAY DRYING, 77 118 311 354 REINFORCEMENT, 90 91 111
96 184 253 313 377 SPRAY-UP, 11 191
SHEAR STRENGTH, 24 89 184 SPRAYING, 214 298 330 346 353 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE
377 446 465 354 410 COPOLYMER, 186 236
SHEET, 2 8 10 27 28 76 106 159 STABILISER, 17 21 55 71 76 183 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-
185 189 197 213 258 293 306 199 213 245 283 329 368 380 STYRENE BLOCK
308 360 366 388 416 417 430 397 401 413 COPOLYMER, 162 340 427
437 438 STABILITY, 96 236 258 337 368 STYRENE-ETHYLENE
SHEET MOULDING 397 450 BUTYLENE-STYRENE
COMPOUND, 126 183 372 375 STAIR, 372 BLOCK COPOLYMER, 95 259
SHEETING, 3 90 99 155 169 178 STANDARD, 3 5 10 28 38 40 44 SURFACE DEGRADATION, 245
180 257 404 444 64 72 97 98 99 106 115 116 125 SURFACE FINISH, 25 173 177
SHELTER, 2 223 139 158 172 174 219 234 238 189 197 198 200 207 227 291
SHOCK ABSORPTION, 100 277 248 253 268 275 277 377 398 353 356 372 373 388 416 417
378 379 396 400 403 409 465 426 457
SHRINKAGE, 18 67 151 160 184 STATISTICS, 1 2 3 10 11 22 23 27 SURFACE PREPARATION, 53
345 441 449 465 29 35 38 39 43 57 64 65 66 69 258 459 460
SHUTTER, 412 73 76 77 79 80 84 85 86 92 95 SURFACE TEMPERATURE, 354
SIDING, 38 48 65 66 73 84 86 118 97 112 119 128 139 150 151 SURFACE TREATMENT, 175 197
154 168 179 208 222 227 268 153 168 171 172 178 179 183 221 268 293 302 373
270 285 332 341 355 366 371 186 188 199 208 210 231 237 SUSTAINABILITY, 20 354
413 452 238 240 243 246 260 280 286 SWIMMING POOL, 293
SIGN, 197 293 306 307 308 361 371 373 SYNTHETIC FIBRE-
SILICA, 10 93 306 375 380 395 397 404 423 452 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 5 8
SILICONE, 75 300 361 463 104 143 184 293 393 445 455
SILICONE ELASTOMER, 24 337 STEEL, 15 16 26 70 95 116 125 130 SYNTHETIC MARBLE, 388 438
353 388 437 438 459 460 159 160 198 217 249 257 364 SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 236 243
SILICONE POLYMER, 67 74 97 STIFFNESS, 8 26 53 72 75 106 283 462
136 218 245 330 361 373 388 163 184 297 315 320 396 423 SYNTHETIC WOOD, 29 38 47 48
404 471 433 450 451 72 77 86 156 168 175 182 207
SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDER, 86 STONE, 42 214 272 268 406 417 439 465
118 207 456 STORAGE TANK, 257 374 390
SKIN, 38 198 396 416 461 STRAIN, 26 161 340 345 369 396 T
SKIRTING BOARD, 380 433 465
SKYLIGHT, 197 STRANDBOARD, 45 85 TANK, 184 211 257 374 390 451
SMART MATERIAL, 6 STREET LIGHT, 11 31 TAP, 341
SMOKE, 122 275 276 277 405 STRENGTH, 8 53 70 71 74 78 113 TAPE WINDING, 184 315
SMOKE EMISSION, 61 184 277 131 146 163 173 191 200 220 TEAR STRENGTH, 113 169 185
293 388 221 232 234 247 249 250 255 388 410 427 444
SMOKE GENERATION, 60 102 290 297 305 310 320 386 390 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
264 414 393 423 430 449 451 APPLICATION, 59 268 366

Subject Index
TELEPHONE KIOSK, 226 417 428 434 437 438 444 446 TWO-COMPONENT, 198 232 306
TEMPERATURE, 31 44 75 189 447 451 470 343 346 410
238 243 273 275 276 307 329 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 34 54 TYRE, 9 244 440
330 342 345 346 354 428 450 96 132 148 153 159 162 184
465 189 197 266 269 306 323 328
TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 198 345 354 388 407 408 428 434
U
286 287 346 437 UNDERFLOOR HEATING, 106
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE, 4 THERMAL RESISTANCE, 96 128 UNDERFLOOR INSULATION,
30 THERMAL RESISTIVITY, 428 189
TENSILE PROPERTIES, 5 24 51 THERMAL STABILITY, 43 87 91 UNDERFLOOR PIPE, 380
53 97 113 135 143 173 201 225 96 197 213 246 258 306 337 UNDERGROUND PIPE, 199 268
231 245 253 254 255 256 288 366 368 375 382 388 397 411 UNPLASTICISED, 120 139 175
313 315 316 328 340 342 357 427 451 400
380 386 393 422 442 443 444 THERMOFORMING, 155 197 416 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 2
449 453 438 11 27 31 82 95 109 113 124 161
TENSILE STRENGTH, 24 53 97 THERMOOXIDATIVE 178 184 199 268 279 289 290
113 143 201 231 245 340 342 DEGRADATION, 245 298 308 312 318 366 370 371
357 380 386 410 433 436 439 THERMOPLASTIC 372 375 383 390 424 442 450
455 ELASTOMER, 2 37 44 95 119 451 467
TENT, 113 308 443 229 237 238 259 269 340 427 UREA-FORMALDEHYDE
TERMITE, 48 THICKNESS, 26 27 90 98 106 124 RESIN, 74 208 268 370 371
TERRORISM, 43 129 155 172 180 185 189 192 447 450
TEST, 16 17 18 19 21 26 33 36 51 197 198 211 213 232 246 269 UV ABSORBER, 229 245
52 62 63 81 106 107 115 131 274 277 287 303 346 353 396 UV ABSORPTION, 197
132 137 141 161 174 175 181 403 428 444 UV CURING, 166
187 193 194 195 214 218 219 THIN-WALL, 173 366 UV DEGRADATION, 193 245 313
243 245 252 265 266 273 274 THIXOTROPIC, 160 214 329 353 398 401
275 276 277 281 295 300 310 THREE-LAYER, 199 213 UV IRRADIATION, 72 107 113
312 313 329 330 332 345 354 TIE, 91 235 245 329
363 364 365 368 377 381 386 TIE LAYER, 416 UV LIGHT, 107 113
387 396 398 415 422 428 436 TILE, 2 9 306 UV REFLECTION, 404
442 465 TIMBER, 465 UV RESISTANCE, 27 46 87 128
TEXTILE, 5 213 308 443 TIN, 55 149 413 169 173 180 229 366 388 417
TEXTURE, 31 353 373 TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 21 329 429 UV STABILISER, 213 229 245
THERMAL BARRIER COATING, TOOLING, 31 426 401
130 TOOLS, 372 UV STABILITY, 328 329 429
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, 16 TOUGHNESS, 89 234 236 273 UV TRANSMISSION, 466
152 159 189 201 206 211 233 TOWER, 333
269 290 306 323 354 380 403 TOXICITY, 60 102 122 264 277
407 408 411 421 428 388 397 405 414
V
THERMAL DEGRADATION, 75 TRANSFER MOULDING, 11 126 VACUUM BAG CURING, 53
107 245 397 405 414 429 141 184 310 VACUUM FORMING, 11
THERMAL EXPANSION, 72 184 TRANSLUCENCY, 197 198 257 VACUUM PANEL, 416
197 362 441 442 307 VACUUM-ASSISTED
THERMAL EXPANSION TRANSMISSION TOWER, 369 TRANSFER MOULDING, 310
COEFFICIENT, 341 380 427 TRANSPARENCY, 3 27 28 126 VANDAL PROOF, 197 388 461
THERMAL INSULATION, 1 2 3 196 197 229 235 268 307 308 VAPOUR BARRIER, 354
10 15 16 27 44 49 54 68 79 82 388 417 437 438 VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 107
85 88 95 98 106 108 109 110 TREND, 2 22 43 164 171 178 377 112 218
116 122 123 127 129 130 140 TRIPLE WALLED, 197 VAPOUR TRANSMISSION, 74
147 159 176 177 182 189 192 TRUSS, 468 172 201
197 198 199 200 201 204 205 TUBE, 74 91 101 154 290 298 VENTILATION, 10 336 438
206 209 210 211 232 233 241 TUBING, 179 462 VIBRATION, 63 396
242 244 246 264 266 268 269 TUNNEL, 131 170 VIBRATION DAMPER, 277 396
274 276 287 299 306 307 308 TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 25 VIBRATION ISOLATION, 298
325 326 336 339 345 346 348 27 77 92 118 148 173 182 207 VIBRATION RESISTANCE, 111
349 350 351 354 371 374 382 342 426 435 456 231
388 403 407 408 409 411 416 TWO-COLOUR, 44 372 VINYL CHLORIDE, 174

Subject Index
VINYL ESTER RESIN, 105 184 213 269 293 306 417 432 467 WINDOW, 2 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
369 386 WATER PERMEABILITY, 353 24 36 38 64 77 116 120 121 124
VISCOELASTICITY, 18 328 396 WATER PIPE, 2 3 27 41 79 168 134 150 164 171 179 194 196
433 184 199 210 268 293 307 417 210 217 235 238 257 259 267
VISCOSITY, 89 90 155 173 214 WATER REPELLENT, 93 218 283 286 292 300 382 388 389
243 267 277 388 399 410 411 WATER RESISTANCE, 4 8 64 87 400 404 413 415 429 437 464
VOLATILE ORGANIC 96 107 123 134 136 202 214 WINDOW FRAME, 3 25 27 36 46
COMPOUND, 45 46 112 151 246 268 272 342 393 64 73 79 87 88 92 95 114 119
WATER TANK, 257 374 133 139 164 165 168 175 182
WATER VAPOUR 183 186 189 199 208 224 227
W PERMEABILITY, 107 218 245 268 271 290 293 306 307
WALL, 1 5 30 45 53 68 88 95 111 WATER VAPOUR 308 329 376 382 388 397 398
112 123 189 200 244 246 269 TRANSMISSION, 172 201 399 401 402 417 426 437 438
298 299 306 307 308 363 416 WATERPROOFING, 4 27 37 94 99 458
451 136 185 242 269 293 340 410 WINDOW SEALANT, 211 259
WALL COVERING, 2 174 268 286 417 427 432 444 462 467 WOOD, 10 16 29 38 45 47 48 72
293 306 307 417 444 WATERTIGHT, 44 77 86 95 114 121 128 156 168
WALL PANEL, 85 87 123 167 180 WEAR RESISTANCE, 197 199 175 182 207 238 251 252 257
220 221 291 411 414 416 444 214 218 311 390 451 268 269 308 367 375 396 397
WALL THICKNESS, 424 426 WEATHER RESISTANCE, 8 17 439 465
WALL TIE, 230 232 21 27 36 40 48 55 75 97 107 WOOD ADHESIVE, 112
WASTE, 66 95 106 199 246 268 109 110 113 156 159 175 180 WOOD FIBRE-REINFORCED
286 293 306 307 354 395 397 197 213 218 223 227 229 236 PLASTIC, 2 65 66 77 86 92
243 258 259 268 289 293 296 118 305
437 465
300 306 308 316 330 332 337 WOOD FINISH, 207 290
WASTE COLLECTION, 217 246
353 354 366 388 393 397 429 WOOD FLOUR, 47 48 77 207 357
268
460 466 WOOD REPLACEMENT, 29 71
WASTE DISPOSAL, 39 106 114
WEATHER STRIPPING, 135 136 79 87 158 208 268 308 342 368
217 293 354 395 406
337 459 389 396 397 417 426 433 465
WASTE MANAGEMENT, 285
WEATHERABILITY, 31 128 169 WORK SURFACE, 308
395
236 238 270 278 314 355 398 WOVEN, 90 228
WASTE PAPER, 342
401 WRAPPING, 90 91 191 298
WASTE PIPE, 199 392
WASTE SORTING, 10 268 395 WEIGHT REDUCTION, 51 94
WASTE WATER, 392 144 181 184 199 228 250 268 Y
WASTE WOOD, 66 297 305 308 313 314 317 322
WATER ABSORPTION, 201 233 334 437 444 468 YELLOWING, 197 329 388
293 353 380 WELDABILITY, 113 213 293 YOUNGS MODULUS, 74 90 197
WATER-BASED, 45 46 112 240 WELDING, 3 116 169 213 267 367 261 297 345 380 396 410 433
273 280 373 377 399 400 449 465
WATER BLOWN, 189 201 246 WET LAY-UP, 53
411 WHARF, 191 Z
WATER-BORNE, 151 361 WIND RESISTANCE, 11 64 131
WATER INSULATION, 27 44 185 354 ZINC, 149 245 329 397 401

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Rapra Review Reports. Polymers in Bulding and Construction (Halliwell S.M., Report 154), 2002 PDF

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Rapra Review Reports. Polymers in Bulding and Construction (Halliwell S.M., Report 154), 2002 PDF

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Report 154 ISSN: 0889-3144

Volume 13, Number 10, 2002

Rapra Review Reports

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Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,

Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,

Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,

Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Krhnke and F. Werner,

7.3 Polymer Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 21

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 29

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 125

1 Introduction The construction industry is very cautious about

The need for a high strength to weight ratio, modern

The building and construction industry is second only

2.1.1 Recent Market Trends needs to retain a competence in older technologies as

Thermal expansion of polymers is relatively large, they

3.3 Weathering Complete inhibition of the degradation caused by

Most synthetic polymers burn in a manner different to

Basically two types of behaviour can be observed

4 Applications of Bulk Polymers components, including window frames, fascia boards,

Table 2 Relative property comparison for window profile materials

for England and Wales (see Section 9.2), demanding

PVC-U dominates the UK domestic replacement

Thermoplastic elastomers, together with polyurethanes (1) Cost

Polymer foams may also be reinforced, usually with

Improved dimensional stability

5.1 Special Foams

5.2.2 PVC The behaviour of the foam in fire is not good,

Foam-in-place However, because of its high open-cell content it has

Foaming-in-place is a useful method for filling irregular

corroded by UF foam, however copper noticeably 6 Fibre Reinforced Polymeric

For structural applications it is mandatory to achieve 6.2.1 Fire Performance

One of the advantages of using FRP materials is the

Lightweight As with all issues in design there is always a

In the last decade, FRPs have found application in

Time saving low weight for fast construction in

Durability able to survive, especially in harsh

Repair allow repair of structures in situ

Strengthening strengthening of structures in situ

Tailor-made properties where especially high

Appearance where a particular colour, shape or

Low maintenance in conditions where difficult

The main current areas of application of FRPs in

Architectural features, i.e., non-structural elements

Bridges (Figure 15)

Cladding (Figure 16)

Refurbishment/strengthening existing structures

Seismic retrofitting strengthening of a structure

Structures including modular (Figure 19)

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