Chem Expo 12

Chemistry
CHEMISTRY
COURSEWORK AND EXAM PREPARATION
VCE AND CAREERS EXPO 2012

Preparation for VCE Units 3&4 Venue: Caulfield Racecourse Time: 12:00 pm 12:45 pm
Chemistry Date: Saturday 5 May Lecturer: Mr Brian Ellett
National Educational Advancement Programs (Neap) Pty Ltd ABN 49 910 906 643
96106 Pelham Street Carlton Victoria 3053 Telephone (03) 8341 8341 Facsimile (03) 8341 8300
This publication is independently produced for students of VCE. Although material may have been reproduced with the permission of the VCAA, the publication
is in no way connected to or endorsed by the VCAA. The notes, handouts and other documents issued at lectures have been specifically researched and
produced by Neap. Reproduction of the whole or part of any document constitutes an infringement of copyright. None of the material may be used or passed on
to other persons without the prior written consent of Neap.
Copyright Neap 2012 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM
Contents
Neap programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Overview of Chemistry Units 3&4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Assessment and levels of achievement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Achieving A/A+ grades in VCE Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Data sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Coursework and exam preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1 Unit 3 Area of study 1: Chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Unit 3 Area of study 2: Organic chemical pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Unit 4 Chemistry at work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4 Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 1

VCE Unit 3 Chemistry: Coursework & Exam Preparation
Neap programs
11-Session Intensive Programs
Semester 1 March 14 June 3 2012
11 2-hour small group sessions covering Unit 3 topics and preparation for the mid-year exam for Biology,
Chemistry or Physics.
Semester 2 August 1 October 10 2012
11 2-hour small group sessions covering Unit 4 topics and preparation for the end-of-year exam for
Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths Methods (CAS) and Specialist Maths.
6-Session Intensive Programs

Semester 1 Commencing 18 April 2012
Small group sessions for students who need help in, or want to consolidate, specific topics in Maths Methods
(CAS) and Specialist Maths.
Final Revision for Mid-Year Exams

May 29 and June 5 2012
4 or 5-hour lectures covering Unit 3 topics and final preparation for the mid-year exam for Accounting,
Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Psychology.
Winter School
July 26 2012
6 hour lectures giving students a head start on Unit 4 topics and concepts. Subjects include Biology,
Chemistry, English, Maths Methods, Psychology and Physics.
September Holiday Programs for End-of-Year Exams

September 2430 2012
Lectures covering entire Unit 4 or Units 3&4 courses in preparation for the end of year exams. Subjects
offered include: English, Accounting, Legal Studies, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Psychology, Maths
Methods (CAS) and Specialist Maths.
Final Revision for End-of-Year Exams

October 13, 14, 20 and 21 2012
A 4-hour lecture covering Unit 4 topics and final preparation for the end-of-year exam for English,
Accounting, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths Methods (CAS).
Summer School
Mid January 2013
Lectures giving students a head start on Year 12 topics and concepts.
The value of Neap programs

Neap lectures provide opportunities for students to revise all examinable work, incorporating exam-style
questions with fully-worked solutions. Logically sequenced, comprehensive lecture/study notes and summaries
are provided to accompany each program or lecture. Exam techniques and hints are included in the notes.
2 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

Overview of Chemistry Units 3&4
1.1 Introduction
The key aims of this lecture are to
revise and consolidate key concepts from Chemistry Units 1 and 2 so that students have a strong
knowledge base upon which to build for Year 12;
focus on key concepts and knowledge required for Year 12 so that students are well prepared for the
challenges that they will meet.
The Year 11 Chemistry course encompasses Units 1 and 2: The Big Ideas of Chemistry and Environmental
Chemistry. Success at Year 12 is based upon a thorough understanding of the Year 11 course material, with
the topics organic chemistry, stoichiometry, acids and bases and redox chemistry being particularly
important. The first part of this program will be devoted to reviewing and revising some of these key concepts
from Units 1 and 2. The major topics that will be investigated are
1. atomic structure and electron subshell configuration;
2. the mole concept, including empirical and molecular formulas;
3. stoichiometry and equation writing;
4. acids and bases, including pH calculations;
5. redox reactions.
In broader terms, the ability to accurately write the chemical formulas of compounds and subsequently
balanced chemical equations is also essential. An understanding of bonding theory as it relates to ionic,
metallic and molecular compounds is also necessary.
The following shows how the coursework studied at Year 11 is related to that covered in Year 12.
Year 11 topic Coverage in Year 12

atomic structure reviewed
electron configuration reviewed
mole concept, empirical formulas etc. reviewed
bonding theory (ionic, covalent, metallic) expected knowledge
intermolecular bonding theory (H bonds etc.) expected knowledge
significantly extended into Biochemistry
organic chemistry
(proteins, nucleic acids etc.)
significant topic, with applications across
stoichiometry
numerous areas of the course
significantly extended into volumetric
acids and bases analysis, pH calculations and equilibrium
considerations of weak acids
relatively minor topic, although the gas laws
the atmosphere
are important
significant topic, with extensive
consideration of all aspects of redox
redox chemistry reactions, with particular emphasis on
galvanic and electrolytic cells and
industrial processes

The Year 12 Chemistry course upon which you are embarking encompasses Units 3 and 4: Chemical
Pathways and Chemistry at Work. Each unit is divided into two Areas of study: Unit 3 investigates Chemical
Analysis and Organic Chemical Pathways while Unit 4 considers aspects of Industrial Chemistry and
Supplying and Using Energy.
Unit 3 Areas of study

Chemical analysis, which looks at the various analytical techniques available to the chemist. The food we
eat, the chemicals and fertilisers used to grow this food, the fuels we use for transport and energy and the
wide range of medications that we use to prolong and enhance our lives all require thorough chemical
analysis to ensure that they will perform their intended function and will not be harmful to either us or the
environment. The techniques that we will investigate include gravimetric and volumetric analyses which can
be performed in the school laboratory as well as more complex modern instrumental techniques involving
spectroscopy and chromatography.
Organic chemical pathways, where we will investigate synthetic organic chemistry and some important
aspects of biochemistry. Knowledge of the homologous series of the alkanes gained from Unit 1 studies will
enable us to branch out into the different functional groups and their chemical properties. The reaction
pathways by which one organic molecule can be synthesised from another will be considered in detail. The
structure and function of proteins and their use as disease markers is an important aspect of our study of
biochemistry, as is the structure and bonding of DNA and its applications in forensic science.
Unit 4 Areas of study

Industrial chemistry, which focuses on the factors that affect the rate and extent of chemical reactions.
Students study energy profiles and how equilibrium laws are applied to homogeneous equilibria. Experiments
are conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, concentration of reagents, pressure and catalysts on the
position of equilibrium of a reaction, and apply Le Chateliers principle to explain the results. The industrial
production of one significant chemical selected from ammonia, ethene, sulfuric acid or nitric acid will be
studied in detail.
Supplying and using energy focuses on our use of different energy resources. The extent of energy
resources and the advantages and disadvantages of their use will be investigated. Students will use
calorimeters to measure the energy of chemical reactions. The electrochemical series will be used extensively
to assist in the prediction of redox reactions in aqueous solutions. Students will construct and operate simple
galvanic and electrolytic cells and use the electrochemical series to predict and explain their results.
Faradays laws will be used to solve problems involving quantitative calculations for electrolysis reactions.

1.2 Assessment and levels of achievement

There are two outcomes which must be met for Unit 3 and two for Unit 4, with each outcome equally
weighted in terms of assessment to ensure that they have been successfully met. School-assessed coursework
in Unit 3 contributes 17% of the total study score and the mid-year examination in June contributes a
further 33%. This split is repeated in the second half of the year, with a final examination in November which
assesses the coursework taught in Unit 4.
In Unit 3, the outcomes are to evaluate the suitability of techniques and instruments used in chemical
analysis and to identify and explain the role of functional groups in organic reactions and construct reaction
pathways using organic molecules. School-assessed coursework will consist of three tasks across the unit:
an extended experimental investigation worth 50% of the marks available, a written report on one practical
activity from the other Area of study (25%) and another task such as the analysis of data using structured
questions (25%). The extended experimental investigation will involve
between three and five hours of practical work, conducted in pairs or small groups;
preparation of a risk assessment and management sheet;
each individual presenting his/her own report on the task in a format to be decided by your teacher.
In Unit 4, the outcomes are to analyse the factors that determine the optimum conditions used in the
industrial production of a selected chemical and to analyse chemical and energy transformations occurring
in chemical reactions. As in Unit 3, school-assessed coursework in Unit 4 contributes 17% of the total study
score and the final examination in November 33%. School-assessed coursework will consist of three tasks
across the unit: a summary report including annotations of three related practical activities worth 50% of the
marks available, a written report on one practical activity from the other Area of Study (25%) and another
task such as the analysis of data using structured questions (25%).
1.3 Achieving A/A+ grades in VCE Chemistry

Chemistry, like Mathematics and many other disciplines, is a subject where knowledge is accumulated and
built upon over a number of years. To achieve at a high standard requires a thorough understanding of the
fundamental chemical principles that underpin the course. It is not sufficient to cram before the
examinations or SAC tasks and fill your head with facts this method will yield a B grade at best. It is the
nature of the subject and how it is examined that exam questions require students to reason to logically
deduce a rational response to information provided in (sometimes) unfamiliar contexts. Some of the
hallmarks of the successful student are listed below.
works consistently through the year, revising systematically and reviewing new concepts as they arise
asks for assistance when unsure, rather than simply abandoning a concept and hoping that it will
disappear
practises question types consistently and comprehensively. These may be from the textbook, revision
guides, old examinations and so on
always endeavours to contextualise knowledge, such that they can see how different ideas fit together
and make sense
perhaps most importantly of all, maintains a sensible life balance: family and friends time, sport,
music, social life, relaxation, spiritual renewal and school work. Some sacrifices will be necessary, but
the complete abandonment of all of the pleasures in life will leave you miserable and unproductive.

1.4 Resources
Each of the major publishers has produced textbooks designed to meet the requirements of the recently
accredited Chemistry course. Your teacher is likely to have booklisted one of these texts for your use.
Hogendoorn B, Commons C, Jarrett S, McKenzie C, Moseley W, Porter M, Williamson M, 2007, Heinemann
Chemistry 2, 4th edn, Heinemann, Melbourne.
Jeffery F, 2007, Chemistry smartstudy revision & exam guide for VCE Unit 3, Neap, Melbourne.
Jeffery F, 2007, Chemistry smartstudy revision & exam guide for VCE Unit 4, Neap, Melbourne
Jeffery F, Ellett B, OShea P, and Ellis J, 2006, Chemistry Dimensions 1, Pearson Education Australia,
Melbourne.
Jeffery F, Ellett B and OShea P, 2007, Chemistry Dimensions 2, Pearson Education Australia, Melbourne.
Lukins N, Elvins C, Lohmeyer P, Ross B, Sanders R and Wilson G, 2006, Heinemann Chemistry 1,
4th edn, Heinemann, Melbourne.
Sharwood J and Gordon J, 2006, Chemistry VCE Units 1 and 2, Nelson, Melbourne.
Sharwood J and Gordon J, 2007, Chemistry VCE Units 3 and 4, Nelson, Melbourne.
Taylor N, Derbogosian M, Ng W, Stubbs A and Stokes R, 2006, Study on Chemistry 1, Wiley and Sons,
Brisbane.
Taylor N, Derbogosian M, Ng W, Stubbs A and Stokes R, 2007, Study on Chemistry 2, Wiley and Sons,
Brisbane.
On the VCAA website you will find a full list of all VCE subjects on offer, including course information, past
examination papers and examiner reports (including solutions). This is a most useful website for all students
and should be accessed regularly: www.vcaa.vic.edu.au.
The website of the Chemistry Education Association is a valuable resource that can be accessed at
www.cea.asn.au.

1 2
H He
1.0 4.0
Copyright Neap
hydrogen helium
3 4 atomic number79 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Au symbol of element B C N O F Ne
1.5 Data sheets
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 197.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
lithium beryllium gold name of element boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
1. Periodic Table of the elements
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.1 44.9 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 98.1 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
CHEM_EXPO_12.FM
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
casesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg 112 114 116 118
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (268) (271) (272) Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.3 152.0 157.2 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 237.1 (244) (243) (251) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
7
2. The electrochemical series
E in volt

F2(g) + 2e 2F (aq) +2.87
+
H2O2(aq) + 2H (aq) + 2e 2H2O(l) +1.77
+ +1.68
Au (aq) + e Au(s)

Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl (aq) +1.36
+
O2(g) + 4H (aq) + 4e 2H2O(l) +1.23

Br2(l) + 2e 2Br (aq) +1.09
+ +0.80
Ag (aq) + e Ag(s)
3+ 2+ +0.77
Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq)
+
O2(g) + 2H (aq) + 2e H2O2(aq) +0.68

I2(s) + 2e 2I (aq) +0.54

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) +0.40
2+ +0.34
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
4+ 2+ +0.15
Sn (aq) + 2e Sn (aq)
+
S(s) + 2H (aq) + 2e H2S(g) +0.14
+
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 0.00
2+ 0.13
Pb (aq) + 2e Pb(s)
2+ 0.14
Sn (aq) + 2e Sn(s)
2+ 0.23
Ni (aq) + 2e Ni(s)
2+ 0.28
Co (aq) + 2e Co(s)
2+ 0.44
Fe (aq) + 2e Fe(s)
2+ 0.76
Zn + 2e Zn(s)

2H2O(l) + 2e H2(g) + 2OH 0.83
2+ 1.03
Mn (aq) + 2e Mn(s)
3+ 1.67
Al (aq) + 3e Al(s)
2+ 2.34
Mg (aq) + 2e Mg(s)
+ 2.71
Na (aq) + e Na(s)
2+ 2.87
Ca (aq) + 2e Ca(s)
+ 2.93
K (aq) + e K(s)
+ 3.02
Li (aq) + e Li(s)

3. Physical constants
23 1
Avogadros constant (NA) = 6.02 10 mol
19
Charge on one electron = 1.60 10 C
1
Faraday constant (F) = 96 500 C mol
1 1
Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J K mol
14 2 2
Ionic product for water (KW) = 1.00 10 mol L at 298 K (self ionisation constant)
1
Molar volume (Vm) of an ideal gas at 273 K, 101.3 kPa (STP) = 22.4 L mol
1
Molar volume (Vm) of an ideal gas at 298 K, 101.3 kPa (SLC) = 24.5 L mol
1 1
Specific heat capacity (c) of water = 4.18 J g K
1
Density (d) of water at 25C = 1.00 g mL
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mmHg
0C = 273 K
4. SI prefixes, their symbols and values

SI prefix Symbol Value
giga G 9
10
mega M 6
10
kilo k 3
10
deci d 1
10
centi c 2
10
milli m 3
10
micro 10
6
nano n 9
10
pico p 12
10

1
5. H NMR data
Typical proton shift values relative to TMS = 0.
These can differ slightly in different solvents. Where more than one proton environment is shown in the
formula, the shift refers to the ones in bold letters.
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
RCH3 0.9
RCH2R 1.3
RCH CH CH3 1.7
R3CH 2.0
O O
CH 3 C or CH3 C 2.0
OR NHR
R CH 3
C 2.1
O
RCH2X (X = F, Cl. Br or I) 34
RCH2OH 3.6
O
R C 3.2
NHCH2R
ROCH3 or ROCH2R 3.3

O
O C CH3 4.1
O
R C 4.1
OCH2R
ROH 16 (varies considerably under different conditions)

RNH2 15
RHC CH2 4.66.0
OH 7.0
H 7.3
O
R C 8.1
NHCH 2R
O
R C 910
H
O
R C 11.5
O H

13
6. C NMR data
Type of carbon Chemical shift (ppm)
RCH3 825
RCH2R 2045
R3CH 4060
R4C 3645
RCH2X 1580
RCNH2 3570
RCH2OH 5090
RC CR 7595
RC CR 110150
RCOOH 160185
7. Infrared absorption data

Characteristic range for infrared absorption.
Bond 1
Wave number (cm )
CCl 700800
CC 7501100
CO 10001300
C C 16101680
C O 16701750
OH (acids) 25003300
CH 28503300
OH (alcohols) 32003550
NH (primary amines) 33503500

8. 2-amino acids (-amino acids)

Name Symbol Structure
CH3
alanine Ala
H2N CH COOH
NH
arginine Arg CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2
H2N CH COOH
asparagine Asn CH 2 C NH 2
H 2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
aspartic acid Asp
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
cysteine Cys
H2N CH COOH
glutamine Gln CH 2 CH 2 C NH 2
H 2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH

glutamic acid Glu
H2N CH COOH
glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH
histidine His CH 2 N
H
H 2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH2 CH3

isoleucine Ile
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH3
leucine Leu CH2
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

lysine Lys
H2N CH COOH
CH 2 CH 2 S CH 3
methionine Met
H 2N CH COOH

Name Symbol Structure
CH2
phenylalanine Phe
H2N CH COOH
H COOH
proline Pro N
CH2 OH
serine Ser
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH OH
threonine Thr
H2N CH COOH
tryptophan Trp CH2
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
tyrosine Tyr
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH3
valine Val
H2N CH COOH

9. Formulas of some fatty acids

Name Formula
lauric C11H23COOH
myristic C13H27COOH
palmitic C15H31COOH
palmitoleic C15H29COOH
stearic C17H35COOH
oleic C17H33COOH
linoleic C17H31COOH
linolenic C17H29COOH
arachidic C19H39COOH
arachidonic C19H31COOH
10. Structural formulas of some important biomolecules

CH2OH H
O H H C OH
H H HOH2C O H
H C OH
OH H H OH CH2OH
HO H C OH
O
OH H
H OH H
sucrose glycerol
HOH2C O OH
H
H
H
H OH H
deoxyribose
NH2 O NH2 O
C O
C N C N C
N C HN C N CH HN C CH3
CH O P O
CH
HC C C C O C CH O C CH O
N N NH2 N N N N
H H H H
adenine guanine cytosine thymine phosphate

11. Acidbase indicators

Name pH range Colour change Ka
Acid Base
thymol blue 1.22.8 red yellow 2
2 10
methyl orange 3.14.4 red yellow 4
2 10
bromophenol blue 3.04.6 yellow blue 5
6 10
methyl red 4.26.3 red yellow 6
8 10
bromothymol blue 6.07.6 yellow blue 7
1 10
phenol red 6.88.4 yellow red 8
1 10
phenolphthalein 8.3010.0 colourless red 10
5 10
12. Acidity constants, Ka, of some weak acids
Name Formula Ka
+ 10
ammonium ion NH4 5.6 10
benzoic C6H5COOH 5
6.4 10
boric H3BO3 10
5.8 10
ethanoic CH3COOH 5
1.7 10
hydrocyanic HCN 10
6.3 10
hydrofluoric HF 4
7.6 10
hypobromous HOBr 9
2.4 10
hypochlorous HOCl 8
2.9 10
lactic HC3H5O3 4
1.4 10
methanoic HCOOH 4
1.8 10
nitrous HNO2 4
7.2 10
propanoic C2H5COOH 5
1.3 10

13. Values of molar enthalpy of combustions of some common fuels at 298 K and 101.3 kPa
1
Substance Formula State H c (kJ mol )
hydrogen H2 g 286
carbon (graphite) C s 394
methane CH4 g 889
ethane C2 H6 g 1557
propane C3 H8 g 2217
butane C4H10 g 2874
pentane C5H12 l 3509
hexane C6H14 l 4158
octane C8H18 l 5464
ethene C2 H4 g 1409
methanol CH3OH l 725
ethanol C2H5OH l 1364
1-propanol CH3CH2CH2OH l 2016
2-propanol CH3CHOHCH3 l 2003
glucose C6H12O6 s 2816

Coursework and exam preparation
2.1 Unit 3 Area of study 1: Chemical analysis
Calculations
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAS
The empirical formula of a compound shows the simplest numerical ratio of each type of atom or ion present
in the compound.
The molecular formula of a compound shows the actual numbers of atoms present in a molecule of
the compound.
Question 1
A compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is found to contain 52.2% by mass carbon and 13.0% by
mass hydrogen.
Find the empirical formula of the compound.
C H O
mass ratio
-----------------------------
atomic mass
ratio
simplest ratio
MOLE CONCEPT
The mass of one atom is too small for laboratory work. Instead, chemists deal with the mass of a fixed large
number of atoms of an element. The standard number adopted is the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon.
23
Experimentally it has been shown that 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope contains approximately 6 10 atoms.
This is called Avogadros number. This value is determined experimentally to be
23
NA = (6.02252 0.00028) 10 .
A mole of a substance is the amount of substance containing the same number of molecules, ions, atoms or
12
particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of C. The unit for mole is mol.
23
Because all other atomic masses are found by comparison to carbon-12, it logically follows that if 6 10
23
carbon-12 atoms weigh 12 grams, then 6 10 atoms of any other element would weigh the same as the
relative atomic mass expressed in grams. The molar mass of any substance is the mass of one mole of the
1
substance expressed in grams. The symbol is M, the unit is g mol .
1
KMnO4 RFM = 158 amu M = 158 g mol

1
C6H12O6 RMM = 180 amu M = 180 g mol
To calculate the number of moles of a substance, we make use of the following formulas.
m
n = -----
M
1
where n = number of mole in mol, m = mass in grams and M = molar mass in g mol
N
n = -------
NA
23
where N = number of particles and NA = Avogadros constant = 6.02 10
n = cV
1
where c = concentration in mol L (molarity) and V = volume in L
V
n = -------
VM
where V = volume in L and VM = molar volume in L (VM = 22.4 L at STP or 24.5 L at SLC)
pV
n = -------
RT
1 1
where p = pressure kPa, V = volume in L, R = gas constant (8.31 J mol K ) and T = temperature in K
Question 2
Which of the following contains the smallest number of atoms?
A. 45.0 L of SO2 at STP
24
B. 6.0 10 molecules of NO2
C. 1.5 mole of O2
D. 128 g of SO2

pH CALCULATIONS
The pH scale was devised to allow a quantitative measure of the relative acidity or basicity of particular
solutions. It is important to recognise that pH is a mathematical scale based on logarithms, so that a difference
of one unit on the pH scale correlates with a ten-fold change in relative acidity or basicity.
+
It can be experimentally proven that the product of the concentrations of H3O and OH ions in any aqueous
solution remains a constant value at a specified temperature. This product is known as the ionisation
constant of water (KW) where
+ 14
KW = [H3O ][OH ] = 10 at 25C
+ 7
In neutral solutions, [H3O ] = [OH ] = 10 M at 25C.
+ + 7 7
In acidic solutions [H3O ] > [OH ], i.e. [H3O ] > 10 M and [OH ] < 10 M at 25C.
+ + 7 7
In basic solutions, [H3O ] < [OH ], i.e. [H3O ] < 10 M and [OH ] > 10 M at 25C.
Note that the ionisation constant expression forms the basis of the pH scale.
+ +
pH = log10[H ] = log10[H3O ]
or
+ + pH
[H ] = [H3O ] = 10 , i.e. at 25C pH <7 is acidic, pH = 7 is neutral and pH >7 is basic
Question 3
Calculate the pH of each of the following solutions.
4
a. 1.0 10 M HCl
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6
b. 10 M NaOH
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
c. 5.0 10 M H2SO4
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
EXAM TIP: A common multiple-choice question involves determining the pH of the resulting solution
from a neutralisation reaction. Be careful to note which reactant is in excess, as this will determine
whether the final solution is acidic or alkaline.
Flowcharts and diagrams

Now that the year is underway you will have begun to study a number of analytical techniques. To understand
these techniques, make use of diagrams and flowcharts. Try to summarise your practical exercises using these
flowcharts. Consider two important analytical techniques: gravimetric analysis and volumetric analysis.
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSISGravimetric analysis is the process of determining the composition of a sample
by formation of a precipitate and the measurement of mass.
Weigh a sample of the consumer item.

Mix with water to dissolve the soluble ion.
Filter the mixture.
Add excess reagent to form a precipitate.

glass rod
mixture containing
Filter the precipitate and wash with water. Buchner precipitate
funnel
Dry the precipitate in an oven until

to pump
no more water is lost.
filter flask
(weigh to constant mass)
Use mass of precipitate to

perform calculations.
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
Volumetric analysis is the process of determining the concentration of one solution by reacting it with another
solution of known concentration.
A standard solution is a solution whose concentration is accurately known.
1. Place weighed 2. Half fill with water. 3. Add water to the

sample in a Shake to dissolve the calibration line. Shake
volumetric flask. sample. again.

In volumetric analysis, amounts in solution are determined by performing a titration.
1. A burette is filled 2. A pipette delivers a 3. An indicator is added. 4. When the end point is
with standard solution. known volume (aliquot) of reached, record the volume
the unknown solution into used (titre).
the flask.
An indicator is a compound whose colour as an acid is different from its conjugate base. An example of an
indicator is phenolphthalein. An indicator must be added to the reaction mixture to detect the equivalence
point. The equivalence point for a titration is when the solutions have been added in the mole ratio shown by
the reaction equation.
Prepare standard solution (acid or base) in the
burette and record the initial volume.
Transfer an aliquot of the unknown

solution into a conical flask by pipette.
Add several drops of suitable

indicator to the flask.
Titrate the unknown solution with the

standard solution until the end point
is reached.
Record the titre (volume) of standard

solution added.
Repeat the titration until three

concordant titres are obtained.
Perform calculations.

Sample questions
Question 4
2+
The concentration of lead ions (Pb ) in polluted water is determined by adding sodium sulfate solution
(Na2SO4) to exactly 500.0 mL of the water. The equation for the reaction is
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + PbSO4(s)
a. The PbSO4 precipitate was collected and dried in an oven at 110C and weighed periodically. The last
five weighings are shown in the table below.
Weighing number Mass (g)
1 0.9731
2 0.9653
3 0.9614
4 0.9613
5 0.9616
Why is more than one weighing of the precipitate required?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b. Calculate the mass of lead in the precipitate.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2+
c. Calculate the molarity of Pb ions in the polluted water sample.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
d. If the polluted water contained another ion which forms a precipitate with sulfate ions, how would this
2+
affect the calculated result for the concentration of Pb ions?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Question 5
Household bleach contains the strong oxidant sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as its active ingredient. The
concentration of NaOCl is generally known as the available chlorine and is often expressed as the mass of
active ingredient per unit volume of solution, or w/v.
A student wishes to verify the available chlorine content in a sample of commercially available bleach,
quoted as 40 g/L available chlorine.
To achieve this aim, 25.00 mL of the bleach is pipetted into a 250.0 mL standard flask and made up to the
mark with deionised water. Three 20.00 mL aliquots of this diluted solution are pipetted into separate conical
flasks and about 10 mL of acidified potassium iodide solution is added. The solution in the flask immediately
becomes dark brown, as the available chlorine oxidises the iodide ions to iodine, according to the equation
+
OCl (aq) + 2I (aq) + 2H (aq) I2(aq) + Cl (aq) + H2O(l)
This solution is titrated with a standard solution of 0.513 M sodium thiosulfate solution for each flask. An
average titre volume of 9.57 mL was recorded. The relevant equation is
2 2
I2(aq) + 2S2O3 (aq) S4O6 (aq) + 2I (aq)
2
a. Calculate the average number of mol of S2O3 in the flask.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
b. Hence calculate the average number of mol of I2 reduced by the S2O3 ions.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Deduce the number of mol of OCl in the aliquot of diluted solution.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

c. Calculate the number of mol of OCl in the original sample of bleach.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

d. Hence deduce the number of mol of chlorine atoms (as Cl ) in the original sample of bleach.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

e. Calculate the mass of available chlorine in the original sample, and hence determine the w/v ratio.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Spectroscopic techniques
There is a range of spectroscopic techniques used by the modern analytical chemist. These techniques can
provide both qualitative information (which chemical substances are present in a sample) and quantitative
information (how much of the chemical of interest is actually present). Several of the spectroscopic techniques
that we will consider involve analysing the energy released or absorbed by molecules, atoms or electrons
under particular circumstances. Indeed, the term spectroscopy refers to the analysis of the spectrum.
1012 109 106 103 1 1000 wavelength (m)

infrared short wave
NOT TO SCALE
UHF VHF
shortest longest
wavelength wavelength
(highest (lowest
energy) gamma X-rays ultraviolet visible microwaves medium energy)
rays light wave
The section of the electromagnetic spectrum with which we are most familiar is that which corresponds to
visible light: the rainbow of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Radio waves, infrared and
ultraviolet frequencies are also of great importance to the analytical chemist.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Mass spectroscopy differs from the other spectroscopic techniques in that it does not use energy from the
electromagnetic spectrum to interact with particles. In this case, atoms or fragments of larger molecules are
ionised by being stripped of electrons, accelerated by an electric field and then deflected by a magnetic field
acting at right angles to the direction of their motion. In this way, the relative masses of the particles can be
determined and this information used to help to identify particular compounds.
beam of
magnetic lighter particles
ion accelerating field
voltage
+
gas inlet
5. detector 6. recorder
4. deflector produces a mass spectrum
1. vapouriser produces
a gasous sample 3. accelerator causes separates ions
ions to move beam of
2. ioniser produces heavier particles
positive ions
While the mass spectrometer was an essential tool in determining the relative atomic masses of the elements
by accurately determining the masses and relative abundances of their isotopes, its main use now is in
identifying chemical compounds on the basis of their characteristic mass spectra.

Question 6
The mass spectrum of 2-butenoic acid is shown below.
relative
abundance
20 40 60 80 100
m/z (mass/charge ratio)
a. Draw the structural formula of 2-butenoic acid.
b. Explain why a significant peak occurs at 86.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Write structural formulas for the fragments that caused peaks at 41, 45 and 69.

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

Developed in the 1950s by the CSIRO scientist Alan Walsh, the atomic absorption spectrometer is perhaps
the most widely used analytical instrument in modern laboratories. It is extremely accurate and highly
versatile capable of testing for the presence of up to 68 elements. AAS is used extensively to test for the
trace amounts of metals in food, drink, blood samples and urine samples.
The fundamental principles of the atomic absorption spectrometer are similar to those of several other
spectrometers: colorimeters, IR spectrometers and UVvisible spectrometers. Light of a particular frequency
which is characteristic of the element being measured is passed through an atomised sample of the substance
to be analysed. Electrons of this element absorb some of this energy and are excited to higher energy levels.
If, for example, a technician wished to test for the presence of mercury in a sample of fish, they would fit the
instrument with a lamp which emits the characteristic frequencies of mercury. Thus, any mercury atoms in the
sample would absorb light of these frequencies and be excited. The amount of light absorbed as the beam passes
through the solution can be recorded and will be directly proportional to the concentration of mercury present.
The lamp emits light

of the required
wavelength (plus atomic vapour
some unwanted in flame The detector measures
wavelengths). pulsed light.
The light is
chopped into
pulses.
The monochromator
and slit select light of
A solution of a particular wavelength.
sample is
sprayed into
a flame.
Before the AAS can be used to quantify the amount of an element present it must first be calibrated. In this
procedure, samples of known concentration of the element are passed through the device and their
absorbances recorded. The absorbance of the sample being tested can then be determined from the
calibration curve.
EXAM TIP: Instrumental analysis forms a major part of the new Chemistry course. It is likely that
students will be required to use information obtained from a range of analytical instruments, and
synthesise the data to (for example) identify an unknown molecule.

Sample questions
SECTION A
Question 7
If 150 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is mixed with 50 mL of 0.30 M HCl, then the pH of the resultant solution is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 7
D. 13
Question 8
Which of the following processes is involved in analysis by UVvisible spectroscopy?
A. the absorption of energy by hydrogen nuclei
B. the absorption of energy by molecules, which changes their vibrational and rotational movements
C. the absorption of energy as electrons move between energy levelsthe movement of positively charged
particles by combined magnetic and electric fields
SECTION B
Question 9
Many commercial detergents contain phosphorus in the form of sodium polyphosphate. The amount of
phosphorus in a sample of detergent can be determined colorimetrically. 0.500 g of a solid detergent sample
is dissolved in water and the solution made up to 500 mL. 20.0 mL samples of this solution are mixed with
2.00 mL of a standard molybdate solution. A blue colour develops that gives an absorbance reading of 0.130
in a simple colorimeter.
Five standard solutions of sodium polyphosphate were similarly treated with the standard molybdate
solution, and their absorbances are shown below. The graph shows the measured absorbance as a function of
the mass of phosphorus (P) per litre in the standard polyphosphate solutions.
0.3
0.2
absorbance
0.1
0
0 10 20 30
1
concentration of P in mg L
1
a. What is the concentration (in mg L ) of phosphorus (as P) in the solution?
1 mark
What is the percentage by mass of phosphorus (P) in the detergent?
2 marks
b. Explain why it is necessary to make up a set of standard solutions of sodium pyrophosphate.
1 mark
Total 4 marks
2.2 Unit 3 Area of study 2: Organic chemical pathways

Unit 3 Area of study 2, Organic chemical pathways, investigates the structure, bonding and reactions of
selected organic chemicals. Students study homologous series, functional groups, biomolecules and selected
reaction pathways. The roles of organic molecules in the generation of drugs and biofuels are investigated,
along with applications of organic molecules such as DNA in forensic analysis.
Name of
Functional group System used to name compounds
compound
Cl chloro prefix chloro
suffix ol
OH (hydroxyl) alkanol
prefix hydroxy
suffix ylamine
NH2 amine
prefix
COOH (carboxyl) carboxylic acid suffix oic acid
prefix alkyl group ( R )
COO R ester
suffix oate
CONH2 amide suffix amide
Question 10
Name the following compounds.
a. (CH3)2CHCHCH2
________________________________________________________________________________
b. CH3(CH2)4COOH
________________________________________________________________________________
c. CH3COO(CH2)3CH3
________________________________________________________________________________
d. CH3CH(OH)CH3
_________________________________________________________________________

EXAM TIP: In the biochemistry section of the course, the molecules under consideration are often large
and complex. Practice locating and naming functional groups in these molecules, and recall how they can
bond with one another.
2.3 Unit 4 Chemistry at work
Enthalpy of chemical reactions

The enthalpy of a chemical reaction is a measure of its heat energy. In the previous lecture we defined the
terms exothermic and endothermic in terms of whether energy was lost to, or gained from the surroundings
as a reaction proceeded.
Heat change diagrams are most useful tools in describing such changes in enthalpy.
EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC
When we incorporate the concept of enthalpy with the mole ratio of a chemical reaction we generate a
thermochemical equation. These equations enable us to calculate the actual amount of energy lost or gained
by a given amount of reactant as a result of a particular reaction. For example,
1
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = 890 kJ mol
The equation shows us that one mole of methane undergoes complete combustion in oxygen gas to produce
two moles of carbon dioxide and water, and in the process produces 890 kJ of energy.
RULES
If you reverse the direction of a reaction then the sign of the H value also changes:
1
e.g. 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) H = +890 kJ mol
H values are in stoichiometric ratio to the reactants and products as written in the equation
1
e.g. 2CH4(g) + 4O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) H = 1780 kJ mol
If equations are added or multiplied by a factor then so are their H values.
Symbols of state must be clearly stated as H values change with change of state.

Question 11
a. Calculate H for the reaction 2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g), given that
1
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) H = 297 kJ mol
1
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) H = 196 kJ mol
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b. Calculate the amount of energy released when 10.0 g of carbon burns in excess oxygen according to
the following equation.
1
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = 393.4 kJ mol
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
c. What mass of propanol must be burnt in excess oxygen to produce 500 kJ of energy, given the
following equation.
1
2C3H7OH(l) + 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) H = 196 kJ mol
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Question 12
The chemical equilibrium C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g) is endothermic in the forward direction.
In order to increase the fraction of ethane converted to ethene and hydrogen at equilibrium, a chemist should
A. raise both the temperature and the pressure.
B. raise the temperature and lower the pressure.
C. lower the temperature and raise the pressure.
D. lower both the temperature and the pressure.
Question 13
The chemical reaction
+ 2
Br2(l) + SO2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2Br (aq) + 4H (aq) + SO4 (aq)
proceeds readily and rapidly in aqueous solution. It is proposed that a galvanic cell be made using this
reaction as a cell reaction in the cell shown below.
a. Label this diagram in order to show a cell based on this cell reaction. Label the positive and negative
electrodes and give the chemical composition of each half-cell.
(You may need to use some of the data from the separate data sheet provided.)
b. Give the half-cell reactions that occur as the cell discharges.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. What would be the necessary chemical properties of the electrode materials used?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

d. Given the maximum voltage of single cell is 0.89 V, explain how you would recharge a cell that had
been discharged.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
e. What reaction would occur in the cell when it was being recharged?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2.4 Solutions
Question 1
C H O
mass ratio 52.2 13.0 34.8
----------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
atomic mass 12.0 1.0 16.0
ratio 4.35 13.0 2.175
simplest ratio 2 6 1
The empirical formula is C2H6O.
Question 2 C
V 45.0
In A, n(SO2) = ------- = ---------- = 2.0 mol
V m 22.4
24
N(atoms) = 3 N(SO2) = 3 n(SO2) NA = 3.6 10
24 25
In B, N(atoms) = 3 N(NO2) = 3 6.0 10 = 1.8 10
24
In C, N(atoms) = 2 N(O2) = 2 n(O2) NA = 1.8 10
m 128
In D, n(SO2) = ----- = --------- = 2.0 mol
M 64
24
N(atoms) = 3 N(SO2) = 3 n(SO2) NA = 3.6 10

Question 3
a. strong acid, complete ionisation
+ 4
[H ] = 1.0 10
+ 4
pH = log[H ] = log(1.0 10 ) = 4
b. soluble hydroxide, complete dissociation
6
[OH ] = 10 M
14 14
+ 10 10 8
[H ] = ---------------

- = ------------
6
- = 10
[ OH ] 10
+ 8
pH = log[H ] = log(10 ) = 8
c. strong, diprotic acid, complete ionisation
+ 2 1
[H ] = 2.5 10 = 10
+ 1
pH = log[H ] = log(10 ) = 1
Question 4
a. To ensure the mass of precipitate was constant, indicating that it was dry.
m 0.9614
b. n(PbSO4) = ----- = ----------------
M 303.3
0.9614
n(Pb) = n(PbSO4), m(Pb) = n M = ---------------- 207.2 = 0.6568 g
303.3
2+ 0.9614
c. n(Pb ) in 500.0 mL = ----------------
303.3
2+ n 0.9614 / 303.3 3
3
- = 6.339 10 M
c(Pb ) = --- = ----------------------------------
V 500.0 10
d. More precipitate would form, so the calculated result would be larger.
Question 5
2 3 3
a. n(S2O3 ) = c V = 0.513 9.57 10 = 4.91 10 mol
1 2 3
b. n(I2) = --- n ( S 2 O 3 ) = 2.45 10 mol
2
3
c. From the first equation, n(OCl ) = n(I2) = 2.45 10 mol
250.0
d. n(OCl ) in bleach sample = n(OCl ) in 20.00 mL ------------- = 0.0307 mol
20.00

e. n(Cl) = n(OCl ) = 0.0307 mol
f. m(Cl) = n M = 0.0307 35.5 = 1.089 g
1.089 g in 25.00 mL
x g in 1000 mL
1
x = 43.6 g L

Question 6
a. H O
H C C
C C OH
H
H H
b. The relative atomic mass of butenoic acid is 86 and so this is the parent peak for this spectrum. It is
generated by the loss of one electron from the molecule.
+ + +
c. The fragments at 41 , 45 and 69 are generated by the fragments
H H O
O
H C H
, and C C respectively.
C C C C C
H OH H
H H H H
Question 7
n(NaOH) = c V = 0.10 0.150 = 0.0150 mol
n(HCl) = c V = 0.30 0.050 = 0.0150 mol
n(HCl) = n(NaOH)
neutral
pH = 7
Question 8 C
The absorption of energy by hydrogen nuclei takes place in NMR spectroscopy, so A is incorrect. Infrared
spectroscopy measures the energy taken up by molecules as they vibrate and rotate, so B is incorrect.
Electrons do not absorb energy in UVvisible spectroscopy, so C is correct. Movement of positively charged
particles and fragments of molecules by electric and magnetic fields is a feature of mass spectrometry, so D
is incorrect.
Question 9
a. [phosphorus] = 13 mg per litre (from graph)
b. Note that [phosphorus] is the same in the 20.0 mL sample and the 500 mL flask = 13 mg per litre.
If 13 mg phosphorus in 1000 mL
then x mg in 500 mL
mass of phosphorus on the original sample = 6.5 mg
3
6.5 10 100
% mass = ------------------------ --------- = 1.3% m/m
0.500 1
c. A set of standard solutions were required to generate a calibration curve so that the absorbance of the
fertiliser solution could be converted to a concentration.
Question 10
a. 3-methylbut-1-ene
b. hexanoic acid
c. butyl ethanoate
d. propan-2-ol

Question 11
a. To obtain the required equation we must multiply the first equation by 2 and add the result to the
second equation.
1
2 297 + (196) = 790 kJ mol
m 10.0
b. n(C) = ----- = ---------- = 0.833 mol
M 12.0
energy released = 0.833 393.4 = 328 kJ
c. From the equation, 2 mol of propanol releases 196 kJ of energy
so x mol of propanol releases 500 kJ of energy.
x 500
--- = ---------
2 196
2 500
x = ------------------ = 5.10 mol
196
Mass of propanol = n M = 5.10 60 = 306 g
Question 12
H > 0
We want an increase in the forward reaction.
raise T and lower P
Question 13
a.
V
cathode (+)
reduction 2
SO2(g)/SO4 (aq)
+
and H (aq)

Br2(l)/Br (aq)

b. Br2(l) + 2e 2Br (aq)
2 +
SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e
c. The electrode materials would need to be inert (unreactive) and good conductors of electricity.
d. To recharge the cell, an electrical supply of at least 0.89 V would need to be supplied to the cell.
e. As the cell is recharged, the reaction proceeds backwards.
2 +
2Br (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) Br2(l) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

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Chemistry

VCE AND CAREERS EXPO 2012

Overview of Chemistry Units 3&4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Coursework and exam preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 1

6-Session Intensive Programs

Final Revision for Mid-Year Exams

September Holiday Programs for End-of-Year Exams

Final Revision for End-of-Year Exams

The value of Neap programs

2 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

Overview of Chemistry Units 3&4

Year 11 topic Coverage in Year 12

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 3

Unit 3 Areas of study

Unit 4 Areas of study

4 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

1.2 Assessment and levels of achievement

1.3 Achieving A/A+ grades in VCE Chemistry

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 5

6 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

2. The electrochemical series

8 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

4. SI prefixes, their symbols and values

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 9

ROCH3 or ROCH2R 3.3

ROH 16 (varies considerably under different conditions)

10 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

7. Infrared absorption data

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 11

8. 2-amino acids (-amino acids)

arginine Arg CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2

CH2 CH2 COOH

glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH

CH3 CH CH2 CH3

leucine Leu CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

12 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

Name Symbol Structure

tryptophan Trp CH2

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 13

9. Formulas of some fatty acids

10. Structural formulas of some important biomolecules

adenine guanine cytosine thymine phosphate

14 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

11. Acidbase indicators

12. Acidity constants, Ka, of some weak acids

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 15

16 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

Coursework and exam preparation

2.1 Unit 3 Area of study 1: Chemical analysis

Find the empirical formula of the compound.

Copyright Neap CHEM_EXPO_12.FM 17

18 CHEM_EXPO_12.FM Copyright Neap

Flowcharts and diagrams

Weigh a sample of the consumer item.

Add excess reagent to form a precipitate.