Listing table rows

The SELECT command is used to list the contents

of a table. The syntax is:
Introduction to SELECT columnlist FROM tablename

Structured Query SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS

SELECT ProductID
Language (SQL) ,ProductName
,UnitPrice
FROM Products
Mr. Arnel Albis
Lecturer

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Updating table rows Deleting table rows

Use the UPDATE command to modify data in a Use the DELETE command to erase data in a
table. The syntax is: table. The syntax is:
UPDATE tablename DELETE FROM tablename
SET columnname = expression [, columnname = [WHERE conditionlist];
expression
[WHERE conditionlist]; DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 10
UPDATE Products
SET ProductName = 'Pork Adobo'
WHERE UnitsInStock >= 120

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Selecting rows with conditional

Using computed columns and column alias
restrictions
SELECT columnlist SELECT ProductID
FROM tablelist ,ProductName
[WHERE conditionlist]; ,UnitPrice * UnitsInStock
FROM Products
SELECT ProductID
,ProductName
,UnitPrice
FROM Products
WHERE UnitPrice = 22

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Using computed columns and column alias Logical Operators: Using the OR operator
continued

SELECT ProductID SELECT ProductID

,ProductName ,ProductName
,UnitPrice * UnitsInStock AS TotalValue ,UnitPrice
FROM Products FROM Products
WHERE UnitPrice = 22
OR UnitPrice = 12

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Logical Operators: Using the AND operator Logical Operators: Using the NOT operator

SELECT ProductID SELECT ProductID

,ProductName ,ProductName
,UnitPrice ,UnitPrice
,UnitsOnOrder FROM Products
FROM Products WHERE NOT UnitPrice < 60
WHERE UnitPrice >= 10 AND UnitsOnOrder >= 50

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Special Operators The BETWEEN special operator

BETWEEN used to check whether an attribute SELECT ProductID

value is within a range ,ProductName
IS NULL used to check whether an attribute ,UnitPrice
value is null FROM Products
LIKE used to check whether an attribute value WHERE UnitPrice BETWEEN 40 AND 60
matches a given string pattern
IN used to check whether an attribute value
matches any value within a value list

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The IS NULL special operator The LIKE special operators

SELECT EmployeeID It is used in conjunction with wildcards to find

,LastName patterns within string attributes.
,FirstName
Wildcard Description
,Region
FROM Employees _ Any single character
WHERE Region IS NULL % Any series of zero or more characters
[a-f] Any single character in the range a-f
[^a-f] Any single character NOT in the range
a-f
[abc] Any single character contained in the
list (a, b, or c)
[^abc] Any single character NOT contained in
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The LIKE special operator The LIKE special operator

Using the _ wildcard Using the % wildcard
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Title, City SELECT LastName, FirstName, Title, City
FROM Employees FROM Employees
WHERE FirstName LIKE '__bert' WHERE Title LIKE 'Sales%'

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The LIKE special operator The LIKE special operator

Using the [a-f] wildcard Using the [^a-f] wildcard

SELECT CustomerID SELECT CustomerID

,CompanyName ,CompanyName
,ContactName ,ContactName
,ContactTitle ,ContactTitle
,City ,City
FROM Customers FROM Customers
WHERE CompanyName LIKE '[c-k]%' WHERE CompanyName LIKE '[^c-k]%'

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The LIKE special operator The LIKE special operator
Using the [abc] wildcard Using the [^abc] wildcard

SELECT CustomerID SELECT CustomerID

,CompanyName ,CompanyName
,ContactName ,ContactName
,ContactTitle ,ContactTitle
,City ,City
FROM Customers FROM Customers
WHERE CompanyName LIKE '[cflp]%' WHERE CompanyName LIKE '[^cflp]%'

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The IN special operator Ordering a listing

SELECT CustomerID, CompanyName SELECT columnlist

,ContactName, ContactTitle, City FROM tablelist
FROM Customers [WHERE conditionlist]
WHERE City = 'London
[ORDER BY columnlist [ASC | DESC] ];
OR City = 'Sao Paulo'
SELECT *
is the same as FROM Products
ORDER BY ProductName
SELECT CustomerID, CompanyName
,ContactName, ContactTitle, City SELECT *
FROM Customers FROM Products
WHERE City IN ('London','Sao Paulo') ORDER BY ProductName DESC

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Listing unique values Aggregate Functions

Produces a list of only those values that are FUNCTION OUTPUT

different from one another. COUNT The number of rows
containing non-null values
SELECT DISTINCT City MIN The minimum attribute value
FROM Customers encountered in a given
column
ORDER BY City
MAX The maximum attribute value
encountered in a given
column
SUM The sum of all values for a
given column
AVG The arithmetic mean
(average) for a specified
column
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The COUNT function The MAX and MIN function

Used to tally the number of non-null values of an Use to get the Highest (Maximum) and Lowest
attribute. (Minimum) value respectively.

SELECT COUNT(*) SELECT MAX(UnitsOnOrder)

FROM Customers FROM Products

SELECT MIN(UnitPrice)
FROM Products

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The SUM function The AVG function

It computes the total sum for any specified It computes for the average of any specified
attribute, using whatever conditions imposed attribute

SELECT SUM(UnitsOnOrder) SELECT AVG(UnitsOnOrder)

FROM Products FROM Products

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Grouping Data Grouping Data

It is generally used when attribute columns are

SELECT OrderDate
combined with aggregate functions in the SELECT
,AVG(Freight) AS AverageFreight
statement.
FROM Orders
GROUP BY OrderDate
SELECT columnlist ORDER BY OrderDate
FROM tablelist
[WHERE conditionlist ]
[GROUP BY columnlist ]
[HAVING conditionlist ]
[ORDER BY columnlist [ASC | DESC] ];

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The GROUP BYs HAVING clause

It operates very much like the WHERE clause in

the SELECT statement. However, the WHERE
clause applies to columns and expressions for
individual rows, while the HAVING clause is
applied to the output of a GROUP BY operation.

SELECT OrderDate
,AVG(Freight) AS AverageFreight
FROM Orders
GROUP BY OrderDate
,ShipRegion
HAVING ShipRegion IS NULL
ORDER BY OrderDate
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