Introduction To New Generation Scats 6 5
Introduction To New Generation Scats 6 5
SCATS 6
Functional Description
Contents
An Introduction Scats 6 1
What is SCATS? 1
Improvements of the New Generation SCATS 1
A SCATS System to Suit Your Needs 1
Capacity to Suit Different Size Traffic Networks 2
The Principal Signal Timing Parameters 3
Strategic and Tactical Control 3
Subsystems 3
Degree of Saturation 3
Phase Sequencing 4
Cycle Length is Used to Maintain an Ideal Degree of Saturation 4
Phase Split Adjustment 4
Offsets 4
Available Operating Modes 5
Masterlink 5
Flexilink 5
Isolated 5
Hurry Call 5
Police Off 6
Police Red 6
Police Manual 6
Maintenance Mode 6
Flashing Yellow 6
Control 7
Operator Control 7
Variation by Timetable and Special Routines 7
Fallback Operation 8
Default Fallback 8
Coordination Maintained During Fallback 8
Computer System Requirements 9
Distributed, Hierarchical System 9
Regional Computers 9
Central Management Computer 9
Monitoring and Control Facilities 10
User Interfaces 10
Graphics 12
Time / Distance Diagram 16
Route Pre-emption 16
On-Line Control 17
Alarm Conditions 17
Detection 18
Stop Line Detection 18
Strategic Detectors 18
Tactical Detectors 18
Detector Requirements 18
Communications 19
Software 20
Scats Core Software 20
An Introduction Scats 6 1
Adaptive SCATS Superior to Fixed Time Systems
Many traffic control systems manage the signals on a fixed-time basis, where a series of signal
timing plans are scheduled by day of week and time of day. The time relationship between signals is
pre-calculated; based on previously surveyed traffic conditions. Such fixed-time systems cannot be
expected to cope with traffic conditions that differ from those prevailing when the intersection was
surveyed.
Furthermore, as traffic patterns change with the passage of time, fixed time plans become outdated.
This requires the area to be resurveyed, and new signal timing plans calculated every few years.
Experience has shown this procedure to be expensive, and to require resources which are not always
readily available. As a result, the development of new plans is either deferred beyond the useful life
of the old plans, or improvised changes are made to the plans and timetables; either case results in
sub-optimum performance.
The problems of most fixed-time systems make it clear that a more responsive approach to
changing traffic conditions is needed. One cost-effective answer is the SCATS 6 Fixed Time Plan
system. This is a great improvement on other fixed time systems because it has the benefit of
improved decision making capabilities built-in.
The full answer, of course, is the Adaptive SCATS 6. Unlike most fixed-time or semi-responsive
systems, it requires no costly pre-calculation of signal timing plans. Additionally, SCATS is self
calibrating, automatically adjusting to changing traffic patterns over time. The SCATS 6 controllers
and traffic control computer analyse real-time traffic data from vehicle detectors, and produce
signal timings which are suitable for the traffic conditions as they really are. It offers a variable
sequence of signal phases, and the option to omit phases or movements from the sequence on a
cycle-by-cycle basis when there is no demand.
The implementation of a fully responsive system does not, however, mean that the careful design of
each intersection can be avoided. The present state of technology only allows for the real-time
variation of signal timings at intersections which have known or anticipated traffic requirements.
Capacity to Suit Different Size Traffic Networks
The SCATS regional traffic control software has a maximum capacity of 250
intersections per region. With a maximum of 64 regions, the total capacity is 16,000
intersections. All SCATS software comes with the Central Management Computer
(CMS) software that allows a number of other software packages that are part of the
SCATS family to be used as part of the traffic management package.
An Introduction Scats 6 2
Operation of Scats 6
In this section various aspects of the operation of SCATS 6 will be described. It is not
comprehensive, but if further details are required you can contact one of the RTA authorised
distributors listed at the end of this document.
The Principal Signal Timing Parameters
SCATS manages three main parameters to achieve traffic signal coordination:
Cycle time: The total time of all signal sequences in a cycle
Phase split: The proportion of the cycle time allocated to each phase
Offset: The time relationship between the starting or finishing of the green phases of successive sets
of signals within a coordinated system.
Strategic and Tactical Control
Traffic control is affected at two levels, strategic and tactical.
Strategic control is managed by the regional computers. Using flow and occupancy data collected
from loop detectors in the road by the local controllers, the computers determine, on an area basis,
the optimum cycle length, phase splits, and offsets to suit the prevailing traffic conditions.
Tactical control is undertaken by the local controllers, and meets the cyclic variation in demand at
each intersection. Tactical control primarily allows for green phases to be terminated early when the
demand is low, and for phases to be omitted entirely from the sequence if there is no demand. The
local controller bases its tactical decisions on information from vehicle detector loops at the
intersection, some of which may also be strategic detectors.
It should be emphasised, however, that the degree to which tactical control is able to modify the
signal operation always remains entirely under the control of the regional computer.
The tactical level of control operates in a similar way to Isolated operation (described further on in
this document). A basic difference from Isolated operation is that one phase, usually the main road
phase, cannot skip nor terminate early as a result of lack of demand. This is because all controllers
in a linked group must share a common cycle time to achieve coordination. Any time saved during
the cycle as a result of other phases terminating early or being skipped may be used by subsequent
phases, or is added on to the main phase to maintain each local controller at the system cycle length.
Subsystems
The subsystem is the basic unit of the SCATS 6 system. Each contains a single critical intersection,
one which demands accurate and variable phase splits. The intersections in a subsystem form a
discrete group which are always coordinated together, and they share a common cycle length, with
an inter-related phase split and offset. Phase splits for all the other intersections in the subsystem are
non-critical, and are therefore either non-variable, or are allocated phase splits which are compatible
with the splits in operation at the critical intersection. To give coordination over larger groups of
signals, subsystems can link with other subsystems to form larger systems, all operating on a
common cycle length. These links may be permanent, or may link and unlink adaptively to suit the
prevailing traffic patterns. A SCATS 6 region has 250 subsystems.
Degree of Saturation
Adaptive SCATS 6 bases its adjustments on a traffic demand measurement known as Degree of
Saturation (DS). However, in this context, DS represents how effectively the road is being used.
An Introduction Scats 6 3
Using the in-ground loop detectors at the critical intersections, the local controller collects flow and
occupancy data during the green phase. The data is sent to the regional computer which calculates
the degree of saturation. Values of DS greater than unity (insufficient green time to satisfy demand)
will occur in congested conditions, and SCATS will quickly respond to such an over-saturated
situation.
Phase Sequencing
The signal cycle is divided into phases. These phases are labelled A, B, C, etc, and they can be
introduced in any defined sequence. Any phase, except for that on the most important road, can be
skipped if no vehicle is waiting for a green on that phase (e.g. if no vehicle is waiting for B phase
the sequence would be ACA). In Isolated and Flexilink modes, the sequence is as defined in the
local controller settings. In Masterlink mode, the regional computer determines the sequence.
Cycle Length is Used to Maintain an Ideal Degree of Saturation
Cycle length is increased or decreased to maintain the DS at around 0.9 on the lane with the greatest
saturation. Cycle time can range between 20 seconds and 240 seconds, but a lower limit for cycle
time (usually 30 to 40 seconds), and an upper limit (usually 100 to 150 seconds), are specified by
the user. Cycle time can vary by up to 21 seconds, but this upper limit is resisted unless a strong
trend is recognised.
Phase Split Adjustment
Phase splits are specified as a percentage of the cycle time and are varied by a small amount each
cycle in such a way as to maintain equal degrees of saturation on competing approaches. The
minimum split which can be allocated to a phase is either a user definable minimum or, more
usually, a value determined from the local controller's minimum phase length. The current cycle
length and the minimum requirements of the other phases limit the maximum split that can be
allocated to a particular phase. Fixed time phases can have their phase time specified in seconds.
Offsets
Offsets are selected for the signals within each subsystem, and also between the subsystems which
can link. Subsystems carrying lower flows may not receive good coordination if the cycle time is
inappropriate. However, when traffic conditions permit the use of a cycle time that can provide
good offsets over a number of subsystems, the system tends to maintain this cycle time even though
a smaller cycle time would provide sufficient capacity. SCATS does this because optimal offsets on
the heavy flow links minimise the total number of stops in the system, reducing fuel consumption
and increasing the capacity of the network.
An Introduction Scats 6 4
Available Operating Modes
SCATS local controllers can operate in any of several modes. These modes can be invoked
manually or automatically by the regional computer or at the local controller:
Masterlink
This is the real-time adaptive mode. In Masterlink mode the regional computer determines the
phase sequence, the maximum phase duration, and the duration of the walk displays. The local
controller may terminate any phase under the control of the local vehicle actuation timers or skip an
undemanded phase, unless prohibited by instructions from the regional computer.
The regional computer controls the phase transition points in the local controller, but subject to the
local controller safety interval times being satisfied (e.g. minimum green, pedestrian clearance). On
completion of the transition to a new phase, the local controller times the minimum green and
minimum walk intervals, and then waits for a phase termination command from the regional
computer. On receipt of the command to move to the next phase, the local controller then
independently times the necessary clearance intervals (e.g. yellow, all red) for the phase
termination.
These safety settings prevent communications errors or regional computer faults from causing the
local controller to produce dangerous signal displays, such as short greens or all-red periods.
The termination of pedestrian walk signals is also under the control of the regional computer so as
to allow the walk timing to be varied to match prevailing traffic conditions. As for the other
settings, however, the duration of the walk signal cannot be less than the minimum time
programmed into the local controller.
Flexilink
In the event of failure of a regional computer or loss of communications, the local controllers can
revert to a form of time-based coordination known as Flexilink. In this mode, adjacent signals are
synchronised by the power mains frequency or an accurate crystal controlled clock. The phase
sequence and duration of each, and the duration of walk displays are determined by the current plan
according to the time of day. Local vehicle actuation facilities are still operational in this mode.
The local controller may terminate any phase under the control of the local vehicle actuation timers
or skip an undemanded phase, unless prohibited by instruction within the plan. Flexilink is the usual
fallback mode of operation.
Isolated
Signals may also operate in Isolated mode, with local vehicle actuation (by detector loops) being the
sole operating strategy. In Isolated mode the sequence and the maximum duration of each phase is
as specified in the local controller time settings. The local controller may terminate any phase under
the control of the local vehicle actuation timers or skip an undemanded phase, unless prohibited by
the local controller settings. Isolated mode may be specified as the fallback mode of operation.
Hurry Call
The local controller invokes a pre-programmed mode usually associated with an emergency phase
or local pre-emption such as a train or tram phase.
Control 7
Fallback Operation
Default Fallback
In the event of regional computer failure, loss of communications between the computer and any
local controller, failure of all strategic detectors, or certain other local malfunctions, the affected
intersection(s) will revert to a user-specified mode of operation. This may be either Flexilink
(coordinated) or Isolated (uncoordinated) operation.
Coordination Maintained During Fallback
If specified by the user, fallback at one intersection will also cause other intersections in the
subsystem to fall back and, optionally, intersections in adjacent linked subsystems. In this way, if
Flexilink is specified as the fallback mode, a degree of coordination can be maintained between
intersections affected by the failure.
Alternate local signal timings, as well as plans and schedules for Flexilink operation are stored in
RAM at the local controller. The master copy of this data is held in the regional computer, so that it
may be downloaded from the regional computer to the local controller in the event of it being lost.
The clocks in the local controllers are regularly checked by the regional computer and adjusted as
necessary.
Fallback Operation 8
Computer System Requirements
Distributed, Hierarchical System
SCATS has been designed in a modular configuration to suit the varying needs of small, medium,
and large cities. In its simplest form, a single regional computer can control signals at up to 250
intersections. Expansion of the system is achieved by installing additional regional computers. All
systems have a Central Management Computer to manage global data, access control, graphics data
as well as data backup. A typical SCATS system is shown in the Figure 1 below.
Workstations Central
Management
Computer
Regional
Computers
Regional Computers
The regional traffic control function utilises standard personal computers operating under the
Windows operating system. A range of intersection communication methods are provided and
include network (TCP/IP), serial, dial-out and dial-in.
Central Management Computer
The Central Management computer is also a personal computer operating under the Windows
operating system. Communications with regional computers and workstations is via TCP/IP.
The intersection-monitoring window with its intersection graphic display is illustrated in Figure 2.
Data entry is by forms, an example of which is shown in Figure 3. All alarms are logged, and can be
viewed with the alarm management window as seen in Figure 4.
Graphics
The workstations support full colour graphics. The user may choose to view the system as a whole,
a region, a subsystem or just a single intersection. These four levels of display are described and
illustrated below:
The server window: Figure 5 shows a map of the whole system, showing by colour the boundaries
of each region and, with the coloured bar graphs on the left side.
Detection 18
Communications
SCATS 6 supports the following communication methods between a region and an intersection:
Serial e.g. leased line
Network e.g. dial IP or ADSL using TCP/IP
Dial out
Dial in using the dedicated DIDO unit
There are messages to and from each intersection controller every second. The minimum
requirement is 300 bits per second. The low speed rate required for SCATS communications allows
for a high degree of tolerance in the reliability of the communications network.
Communications 19
Software
SCATS is an area wide traffic management system that operates under the Windows
environment. It controls the cycle time, green splits and offsets for traffic control
intersections and mid-block pedestrian crossings. With the inclusion of vehicle
detectors, it can adaptively modify these values to optimise the operation to suit the
prevailing traffic. Alternatively, it can manage intersections in fixed-time mode
where it can change plans by time of day, day of week. It is designed to coordinate
traffic signals for networks or for arterial roads.
Software 20
Traffic Reporter
This utility provides reports for detector volumes and traffic performance in
graphical or tabular form.
SCATS Alert
This program allows a user to be alerted when a nominated event is detected for a
user definable period.
Event Generator
Allows alarms to be raised from non-SCATS devices
SMS Server
Component to send SMS alerts
SCATSMap
A PC Windows based program used to display SCATS data in control rooms
Software 21
Scats Value Added Software
WinTRAFFsingle
WinTraff Single is a Windows application that allows the simulation of a single
RTA standard controller. An RTA standard controller is one that operates using the
RTA traffic software (TRAFF) and standard configuration data.
WinTraff can operate in isolation or communicate with a SCATS region
WinTRAFFsimulation
WinTraffSimulation is a Windows application that allows the simulation of multiple
RTA standard controllers. An RTA standard controller is one that operates using the
RTA traffic software (TRAFF) and standard configuration data.
The application was developed for the purposes of enabling traffic modelling and the
visualisation of RTA standard controllers operating in a SCATS environment.
WinTRAFFtest
WinTraff Test is a Windows application that allows the simulation of multiple RTA
standard controllers. An RTA standard controller is one that operates using the RTA
traffic software (TRAFF) and standard configuration data.
The application was developed to allow load testing of the SCATS environment.
WinTraff Test establishes socket connections with a SCATS Region and a test
application using TCP/IP. The test application is used to setup/alter the detector
simulation operation in the WinTraff Test controllers.
SCATSIM
TMIS
Traffic Management Interface System (TMIS) is a framework that can combine
inputs and control from traffic management systems into a uniform and where
applicable spatially oriented view. Currently TMIS provides access to live SCATS
information only.
Software 22
The TMIS installation is comprised of an ITS service (TMIS SCATS Service) that
communicates with SCATS. A naming service (TMIS Naming Service) used to
locate TMIS services on a network. A messaging service (TMIS Messaging Service)
used to deliver information between services and clients and a client user interface.
TMIS also provides a separate administration GUI for monitoring of the application.
The TMIS client user interface presents SCATS phase, alarm, dwell, lamp,
congestion and subsystem information. The information is displayed in a range of
formats including spatially via a map. The TMIS client user interface also provides,
(subject to user access) a number of commonly used SCATS control operations. In
addition to the basic map background the TMIS user interface can be configured to
display 3rd party maps images and data (dependent on availability and format of
content) for enhanced map visualisation and usability.
Software 23
Contacts
Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW for Australia, New Zealand and
Singapore
Contacts 24