GOOD PRACTICE GUIDE 160

Electric lighting controls

a guide for designers, installers and users

Guidance for new build and

refurbishment

Energy savings and other

benefits

The types of controls available

Planning a control system

Case studies of successful

installations
GOOD PRACTICE GUIDE 160

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CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 BENEFITS 4

3 LIGHTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT 5

Local switches and dimmers 5
Time operated controls 5
Presence or occupancy sensor operated controls 5
Illuminance sensor operated controls 5
Central controller 6
Scene-set control 7
Intelligent luminaires 7

4 PLANNING A LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM 8

5 POINTS TO REMEMBER 10

6 GLOSSARY AND FURTHER INFORMATION 11

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 12

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1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Electric lighting controls have become an important
element of lighting installations. They can:

Case Studies
save energy as well as running costs
improve user satisfaction
provide flexibility of use and operation for
workplaces
make management better informed about the
operation, cost and maintenance of a lighting
installation.

Unless a control system meets user requirements

and is easy to operate, any potential benefits may
be lost.

Lighting controls for new buildings are now in the

Building Regulations Part L, 1995[1].

This Guide provides an overview for anyone

involved in the planning, implementation,
installation and operation of lighting controls. It
describes the different types of controls, discusses
possible problems to be addressed when designing
and installing a system, and includes seven case
studies illustrating solutions adopted in a variety
of buildings.

While this Guide is primarily for use with new

buildings it will also apply to refurbishments,
where changes to existing electrical installations
may be needed.

Detailed design guidance is not provided, nor

performance specifications of particular products.
Expert advice on these matters should be sought
from the organisations listed on page 11.

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2 BENEFITS

BENEFITS
POWERGEN OPERATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, Energy and cost savings
COVENTRY Major savings in both energy and running costs
PowerGens headquarters is a long, narrow can be achieved by using controls to operate
three-storey open-plan office building with a electric lighting only when it is required, ie only
top-lit central atrium. Offices are daylit from side when daylight is inadequate and the workplace is
windows and from the atrium. The windows on occupied. Savings can also be achieved by
the south side and the atrium rooflight have fixed adjusting the light output of a luminaire to
solar shading. Electric lighting is provided from provide the required illuminance throughout the
suspended direct/indirect high frequency maintenance cycle of the installation (known as
fluorescent lamp luminaires which fit into design maintained illuminance). Saving energy
boat-shaped ceiling coffers. Near windows the reduces emissions of carbon dioxide and other
electric lighting is controlled by photo-sensors gases harmful to the environment.
the lighting is switched off when daylight reaches
a predetermined level. The lighting can also be User satisfaction
switched off at set times during the day, currently People value being able to adjust their lighting to
at 0800, 1200 and 1700 hours. Occupants can suit the job in hand. This can be achieved by

Case override the lighting controls for their area via the
telephone system and their own personal number.
providing task lighting with switch or dimmer
control. Changes in the appearance of the light

Study The lighting controls form part of a building

management system.
pattern can sometimes provide a visual stimulus
which enhances user performance.

Flexibility of space use and organisation

Modern workspaces need to be flexible. When new
tasks are introduced requiring different lighting,
WALLACE COLLECTION, LONDON dimmer-controlled lighting provides a solution. When
(REFURBISHMENT) changes to a workspace mean walls or partitions must
The Wallace Collection comprises paintings, be moved, major expense can be avoided if lighting
sculpture and furnishings displayed in a circuits and light output can be altered without
19th century London town house. A refurbishment disturbing the fixed wiring. This is possible with
programme is underway to provide adjustable luminaires that can be individually controlled
lighting comprising two main elements: low remotely rather than from wall-mounted switches.
voltage spot lights to light the exhibits and a
central pendant fitting. A scene-set controller Provision of management information
provides switching between scenes currently By addressing individual luminaires through central
it provides: control systems, management can record hours of
display lighting to supplement daylight luminaire use and therefore energy consumption.
display lighting for night-time It is also possible to assess maintenance
display lighting combined with the central requirements, identify faults and provide a facility
pendant luminaire when the gallery is used for the testing of emergency lighting equipment.
for social functions. Operating costs will be reduced and the efficiency
of the company improved.

Case The normal gallery lighting switches off

automatically outside public opening hours to Developments in technology may bring further

Study minimise light exposure. The gallery also contains

light and ultraviolet sensors to continuously
monitor exhibit exposure.
benefits. To ensure these are considered for a
projected lighting installation, particular user
requirements should be discussed at the time with
the system designer.

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3 LIGHTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT

LIGHTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT Presence or occupancy sensor operated controls

There are two types of lighting controllers - These can be used to switch lights on as people
switches and dimmers. These can be activated by enter a room and off again after they have left.
time switches, presence (or occupancy) detectors, This avoids lights being left on unnecessarily. They
and light sensors (photocells). The different control can be used to operate task lighting, or lighting in
circuit elements can be used on their own or in rooms which are used infrequently, such as
combination, depending on requirements. storerooms. They can be particularly useful in
rooms where people are likely to have their hands
Local switches and dimmers full on entering.
These are either permanently wired, such as
wall- or ceiling-mounted pull switches, or are The circuit will need to include a time delay to
remote control devices like those commonly used allow people to leave the space safely and to avoid
to operate televisions and video recorders. lights being constantly switched on and off.
Frequent switching of fluorescent lamps can shorten
Permanently wired manual switches need to be their life unless appropriate control gear is used[2].
positioned near to the lighting circuit they operate,
and should be easily accessible to ensure that only Presence detectors can be ceiling- or wall-mounted,
the lights that are necessary are switched on. but the sensor must be able to detect an occupant at
Approved document Part L of the Building all times. This may require more than one sensor
Regulations specifies that the operating switch should to cover an area. Sensors must also be sufficiently
be no more than 8 m (in plan) away from the sensitive to operate when required, but not too
luminaire that it controls, or no more than three sensitive that they respond to extraneous signals.
times the height of the luminaire above floor level
if this is greater[1]. If a multi-switch panel is used it An option is to combine a presence operated
is important to label clearly the individual switches switch with a manual switch. The occupant
to avoid any being operated unnecessarily. switches the lights on manually when required,
and the presence detector switches them off. This
Remote control devices use either infrared, is sometimes referred to as absence sensing.
microwave or ultrasonic transmitted signals to
switch or dim lighting circuits. They can be Presence sensors can be used for switching lights
hand-held or surface-mounted. The receiver, or on and off when security and cleaning staff
sensor, is often ceiling-mounted, so that walls or move around a building outside normal hours, and
partitions can be removed without the need for an for security purposes to signal the presence of
electrician. It is essential that the receiver or sensor an intruder.
can be activated from the normal control positions.
Illuminance sensor operated controls
Time operated controls In areas where there is adequate daylight for part
These can be used to switch lights off when they of the time, daylight illuminance sensors
are not required, such as at lunchtime or at the (photocells) can be used to ensure that electric
end of the working day, or at a time when it is lights are not left on unnecessarily. People will
estimated there will be sufficient daylight. A often switch electric lights on first thing in the
manual override must be provided to allow users morning when it is still dark, but they are less
to switch lights on if necessary. Time operated likely to switch them off later when daylight
switches can also be used to control lights in any becomes sufficient, particularly in shared spaces
situation with a regular period of operation. Lights and circulation areas. Illuminance sensors can
in a windowless circulation area, for example, can switch or regulate luminaire light output, but
be switched on just before people arrive in the regulation (dimming) will require the appropriate
morning and switched off at the end of the day. control gear.

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LIGHTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT

If switch control is used, the switch-off level must Constant task illuminance can be achieved by
be set to avoid causing annoyance, ie switching designing the lighting to provide the required
off the luminaires when it will hardly be noticed. illuminance at the end of the maintenance cycle
If the sensor records the combined daylight and with the dimmer on full. The controller will reduce
electric light this will probably need to be at least the light output, and hence the energy consumed, at
three times the required task illuminance. A time the beginning of the maintenance cycle when the
delay will be needed to avoid frequent operation lamps are new and the equipment is clean.
of lights in rapidly changing daylight conditions.
For daylight-linked lighting the illuminance
Dimmer control can provide a near constant sensor should be positioned relative to the
illuminance and is usually more acceptable to daylight illuminance distribution, eg controlling a
users, particularly in shared spaces. Fluorescent line of luminaires parallel to a window. The sensor
lamps will normally dim down smoothly to a may be positioned on the ceiling looking down to
certain level, after which they can become read the combined daylight and electric light
unstable and start to flicker. The level at which illuminance, or it can be positioned to read the
this occurs will depend on the control gear, but it external daylight level. Either way, sensors must
is typically 10% of full light output. If the be calibrated to provide the correct level of electric
requirement is to switch lights off in the dimmed light relative to the daylight.
position, switch-off should occur before the lamps
become unstable. Where, for appearance purposes, Central controller
it is preferred to leave the light on in a dimmed Luminaires can be controlled by a dedicated
position, a standard preset level will be needed for personal computer or a building management
all luminaires in a particular area. system. Depending on the sophistication of the

LOREAL GOLDEN LTD, GLAMORGAN

The factory is an open-plan, single-storey building,
with rooflights covering 10% of the roof area and
vertical-view windows along one side. There is an
access route along one side of the building.
Electric lighting is provided by ceiling-mounted
twin fluorescent lamps with high frequency ballasts,
and reflector luminaires. There are three main zones:
the area under the rooflights, the remainder of the
factory area and the access route, all controlled
independently. The luminaires in the rooflights
are controlled by a photocell which switches them
on and off to provide the required illuminance.
The rest of the factory area is split into sub-zones
controlled from ceiling-mounted photocells which
monitor the illuminance on the working plane.
These luminaires are dimmer-controlled down to
25% of full light output. Corridor lighting is

Case Study controlled from manual switches.

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LIGHTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT

system and the wiring of the luminaires, almost different luminaires to different light output levels.
anything is possible. Switching can be related to The scene-set controller achieves this via a
time, daylight level and occupancy, and luminaires multi-position switch, with one position for each
can be linked into groups which can be changed of the scenes. The unit is programmed to store
when necessary. Dimming is also possible if the individual luminaire settings and will switch or
the luminaires are equipped with appropriate cross-fade from one to another as required.
control gear. Someone who understands the lighting
requirement will be needed to reprogramme the
Luminaires can be controlled in particular unit when necessary.
sequences, so that room lighting is operated
independently of, but linked to, circulation Intelligent luminaires
lighting. This can be used to prevent circulation Luminaires are now available with their own
lighting from being switched off if rooms are still control sensors designed for occupancy and
occupied, thus allowing people a safe exit from the illuminance monitoring. The sensors can signal
building. It is essential that adequate lighting is either a switching or dimming action, and can be
always provided to allow people to exit a overridden with a hand-held infrared controller.
building safely. The luminaires can be programmed to provide a
constant maintained illuminance throughout the
The emergency lighting installation must not be maintenance cycle of the installation. Illuminance
connected to the building lighting control system. and time delay, which operates when the
occupancy sensor ceases to record movement, can
Central controllers can also monitor the length be adjusted manually by using controls within the
of time a luminaire or group of luminaires is on. luminaire or remotely.
This can provide important management
information concerning energy consumption and
maintenance requirements.

At times it will be necessary for users to access the SEEBOARD CUSTOMER SERVICE OFFICE,
system to alter the standard conditions the central CROYDON (REFURBISHMENT)
controller is programmed to operate. This may be Seeboard has developed a refurbishment electric
to take account of space reorganisation or revised lighting design which comprises a regular array of
occupancy patterns. The changes can be made intelligent fluorescent lamp luminaires with high
with override switches or via a computer or frequency dimming control gear and incorporating
telephone network. both light sensors and presence detectors. The
large open plan offices have good levels of
At least one person should be available within the daylight. There is no need for a central control, as
organisation who can operate and reprogramme the lighting is off unless the area below the
the system when necessary. Equipment should luminaire is occupied and there is insufficient
therefore be easily reprogrammable and readily daylight. Presence detectors have a 10-minute
accessible, otherwise the resulting delays and delay after recording the space is unoccupied
frustration could undermine the usefulness of the before switching off the luminaire. User response
whole control system. has been favourable after earlier concerns that if
people worked late they might feel insecure when
Scene-set control
This allows lighting to be changed simply from
working in a single lit area. The concerns were
unfounded as anyone approaching the area would Case
one light scene to another. In a restaurant, for
example, appropriate lighting scenes can be
created for breakfast, lunch and dinner by setting
automatically activate other luminaires.
Study

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4 PLANNING A LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM

A control system is an element of a lighting It should be tested using a what if approach,

installation which aims to provide a number of aided by a flow diagram produced by the designer
facilities, including: indicating the sequence of operations under all
functional lighting, which enables people to possible user scenarios.
carry out their particular tasks
lighting aesthetics, which enhances the visual A further check needs to ensure that the system is
quality of the building. logical and user friendly. Many control systems fail
because the designer has not adequately considered
Both aspects can affect user performance either all the user requirements, or the way in which the
directly or indirectly. Lighting installations must controls operate. Controls must not be perceived
also be energy efficient, using no more energy than by the user as intrusive. Users must also be able to
is absolutely necessary for the application. This will override the system in certain situations, either
limit the environmental impact and also help to directly or on request.
minimise the clients operating costs.
The control system must default to a safe
A well-designed lighting control system can condition if a fault develops, and return to the
contribute to all aspects of lighting. pre-fault condition after the fault has been
rectified. At no time should the building be
The first priority when designing a control system without lights.
is to determine the control requirements of
occupants and management. Designer and client It is advisable to use one manufacturer when
must then ensure that the system incorporates all selecting equipment. If this is not possible, ensure
the control operations necessary. that the different components are compatible
before finalising a system design. Different
manufacturers have different operating protocols
and, while there are moves to establish a standard
protocol, agreement may be a long way off.

In common with other electrical equipment, lighting

control components must conform to the required
European Community directives (indicated by CE
marking on the product). For lighting this includes

Case
the Low Voltage, Electromagnetic Compatibility
and Construction Products Directives[3].

Study Light sensors and presence detectors must be

positioned with respect to their response area
IONICA HEADQUARTERS, CAMBRIDGE profile. Remember, it may be necessary to have
The Ionica building is a three-storey, general purpose office. It has a linear plan more than one sensor to cover an area adequately,
running east/west with glazing on the north and south faades. In addition, there is a particularly if there are obstructions like partitions
central atrium. The south-facing windows have manually controlled venetian blinds. or high filing cabinets. Sensors should not see
The electric lighting is mainly from ceiling-mounted HF dimmer-controlled linear beyond the area being controlled, otherwise
fluorescent lamp luminaires, which provide both indirect light reflected from the lighting could be operated unnecessarily, for
ceiling and direct downlight. The electric lighting operates from a central controller example by a person walking past an open door.
with mains-borne communication. It incorporates time control, which switches lights This can both waste energy and cause annoyance.
off outside the normal working day. It also provides daylight-linked supplementary
electric lighting. The daylight linking also controls the exterior lighting. The control
system incorporates user override for both the time operation and daylight linking.

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PLANNING A LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM

Once the control system is finalised, its integration

with the lighting circuits needs to be planned.
Circuit wiring details should be transmitted to the
electrical engineer in good time to ensure that
luminaires are connected correctly and can be
controlled in the required manner.

Case
Lighting control systems can be outside the
experience of some electrical installation

Study
companies because of their complexity and use
of electronics. Unless the proposed contractor is
familiar with control systems, it may be advisable
to use a specialist company. BOOTS THE CHEMIST (REFURBISHMENT)
New lighting equipment fitted as part of a store refurbishment programme comprises a
It is not only the electric lighting itself that the regular array of high frequency, dimmable fluorescent lamp luminaires combined with
system can control. It can be designed to: wall lighting and illuminated signs. Time controls provide for three different lighting
record lamp burning hours levels: cleaning and restocking, and two different trading levels (busy and quiet). This
indicate lamp failures control also ensures that all display lighting and illuminated signs are switched off
record the energy used by particular when the store is closed. Photocell control provides a constant maintained illuminance
luminaires, or groups of luminaires. to ensure maximum efficiency and increased lamp life. Stockrooms are fitted with
occupancy sensors to reduce the light level to a low illuminance when unoccupied. All
In a building with multiple occupancy, therefore, lights are switched off manually when the last person leaves the building.
separate billing is possible. It is also possible to
integrate the system with the control of adjustable
window blinds or sun shading devices. These
commonly operate when there is a problem such
as glare caused by direct sunlight, but often fail to
be readjusted when the problem passes. Hence
there could be advantages in coupling the control
of daylight and sunlight to the control of the
electric light.

There should always be someone in the clients

organisation who understands the system and can

Case
deal with problems. This could be the facilities or
accommodation manager.

The manufacturer of the system, or the agent, should

provide an easy-to-follow handbook, in-house training
Study
for all users and preferably a telephone help-line. RAILTRACK CONTROL ROOM, BRIGHTON (REFURBISHMENT)
Most of the work in the control room, which operates 24 hours a day, involves visual
Expert advice should be obtained on system design display units and a large wall-mounted display panel. Lighting comprises ceiling-
and equipment specification, except for the most recessed, high frequency fluorescent lamp luminaires, with high frequency dimming
simple control systems (see list of organisations to control gear. These are combined with ceiling-suspended uplights equipped with metal
contact under Further Information, page 11). halide lamps. Control is from a scene-set pre-programmed system which provides the
required working illuminance. Operators are free to override the basic setting to adjust
the lighting to their requirements using a hand-held infrared controller. The option of
different lighting conditions for different times of the day has proved popular.

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5 POINTS TO REMEMBER

This is a summary of the main points to remember when designing and installing a lighting control system.
It can be photocopied and used as a checklist whenever required.

System design
Determine precisely the users requirement Does the system allow for changes to the
for both individuals and management layout of work areas and for changes in
and draw up a proposal. room organisation?
Produce a flow diagram to test the proposal. Is the lighting system, including the lamps
Test the proposal from the users and luminaires, appropriate for the control
perspective, eg will it provide the lighting strategy?
required at all times? Can the lighting be Are all the elements of the proposed
changed for different user requirements? control system compatible with each other?
Test the proposal for the managers Is the control equipment and its interface
requirement, ie will it save energy and with the building visually acceptable?
money? Will it provide information on Ensure that space is provided for housing
maintenance and energy use? the control equipment hardware and its
Ensure that the system can be operated associated wiring.
easily by the users as well as by the person Will the appearance of the lit environment
responsible for the system. Does the system be acceptable under all control situations?
have a logical operation and is it user Check that the cost of the installation
friendly? Can it be reprogrammed easily includes commissioning and testing as well
when necessary? as user training.
Does the system have sufficient flexibility Is the control system proposed good value?
for the range of likely future building uses, This may be measured in human,
or can it be modified? environmental or financial terms.

System installation
Ensure that the electrical contractor is window are grouped as one circuit.
competent to install and test lighting If sensors or luminaires need to be adjusted
controls which include electronic circuitry. or maintained, are they accessible?
Ensure that the electrical contractor has all Ensure that daylight sensors are correctly
the necessary installation information, calibrated.
ie wiring requirements and positions of Ensure that occupancy sensors are not
sensors and switches. obstructed and will operate only the
If there are specific wiring requirements, luminaires in the appropriate zone.
ensure that the electrical contractor is Are manual switches, dimmers and remote
informed, eg that luminaires parallel to the controllers suitably labelled?

System operation
Ensure that users receive in-house training in-house who can reprogramme the system
about the purpose of the system and its and deal with operation problems and
operation. system faults.
Provide control system user manuals and, if Establish service contracts and repair
possible, a telephone help-line. procedures, including call-out response
Ensure that there is at least one person times if a fault develops.

Remember - aim to keep the lighting control system as simple and logical as possible.

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6 GLOSSARY

Control gear (or ballast). Apparatus to start a necessary for fixing, protecting it and connecting it
discharge lamp and control the current through it. to the supply.

Designed maintained illuminance (unit: lux). Lux. The unit of illuminance, equal to one lumen
The maintained illuminance used in a lighting per square metre.
specification.
Maintained illuminance (unit: lux). The average
Efficacy (or luminous efficacy) (unit: lumen/Watt). illuminance over the reference surface at the time
The ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to maintenance has to be carried out by replacing
the power consumed by the lamp. When the lamps and/or cleaning the equipment and room
power consumed by control gear is taken into surfaces.
account this term is sometimes known as lamp
circuit efficacy. Maintenance cycle. The point in time when
maintenance needs to take place. This could be
Illuminance (unit: lux). The amount of light lamp and luminaire cleaning, room surface
falling on a surface of unit area. cleaning and lamp replacement.

Luminaire. The correct term for a light fitting. An Task (or local) lighting. Lighting designed to
apparatus which controls the distribution of light illuminate a task area, eg a desk light.
from a lamp and includes all the components

FURTHER INFORMATION

Details of lighting control designers and equipment The Energy System Trade Association
suppliers may be obtained from the following: PO Box 16, Stroud, Gloucestershire GL6 9YB
Tel 01453 886776
Lighting Industry Federation
207 Balham High Road, London SW17 7BQ
Tel 0181 675 5432

The Chartered Institution of Building Services

Engineers (CIBSE)
222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS
Tel 0181 675 5211

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REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

REFERENCES DOE ENERGY EFFICIENCY BEST

PRACTICE PROGRAMME DOCUMENTS
[1] Building Regulations Approved Document Part L
(London, HMSO) 1995. CIBSE Guidance Note GN4, The following Energy Efficiency Best Practice
Lighting requirements of Building Regulations programme publications are available from
Part L, 1996. BRECSU Enquiries Bureau. Contact details are
given below.
[2] LIF Technical Statement No. 17, Use of PIR
detectors with electronic ballasts and fluorescent Good Practice Guides
lamps, Issue No 3, Lighting Industry Federation, 158 Energy efficiency in lighting for industrial
1995. buildings a guide for building managers
189 Energy efficiency in hotels. A guide to
[3] CE Marking Guide, Lighting Industry cost-effective lighting
Federation 1995. 199 Energy efficient lighting a guide for installers

Good Practice Case Studies

FURTHER READING
158 Energy efficient lighting in factories. LOreal
The following publications are available from the Golden Ltd, Llantrisant, Glamorgan
BRE Bookshop, or the BREs publisher, CRC
Publications. Tel 0171 505 6622.
Lighting controls: an essential element of
energy efficient lighting (IP5/87)
Comfort, control and energy-efficiency in
offices (IP3/95)
People and lighting controls (IP6/96)
Lighting controls and daylight use (Digest 272).

Code for interior lighting (1994) is available from

CIBSE. Contact details are given on page 11.

The Governments Energy Efficiency Best Practice programme provides impartial, Energy Consumption Guides: compare energy use in
authoritative information on energy efficiency techniques and technologies in industry and specific processes, operations, plant and building types.
buildings. This information is disseminated through publications, videos and software,
Good Practice: promotes proven energy-efficient techniques
together with seminars, workshops and other events. Publications within the Best Practice
through Guides and Case Studies.
programme are shown opposite.
New Practice: monitors first commercial applications of new
Visit the website at www.energy-efficiency.gov.uk energy efficiency measures.
Call the Environment and Energy Helpline on 0800 585794
Future Practice: reports on joint R&D ventures into new
For further specific information on: energy efficiency measures.
Buildings-related projects contact: Industrial projects contact:
General Information: describes concepts and approaches
Enquiries Bureau Energy Efficiency Enquiries Bureau yet to be fully established as good practice.
BRECSU ETSU
Fuel Efficiency Booklets: give detailed information on
BRE Harwell, Oxfordshire
specific technologies and techniques.
Garston, Watford WD25 9XX OX11 0RA
Tel 01923 664258 Tel 01235 436747 Introduction to Energy Efficiency: helps new energy managers

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Fax 01923 664787 Fax 01235 433066 understand the use and costs of heating, lighting, etc.
E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] CROWN COPYRIGHT FIRST PRINTED MARCH 1997