Rosette Strain Gauge

ROSETTE STRAIN GAUGE
INTRO:
A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain on an object. Invented by

Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain
gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil
pattern. The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as
cyanoacrylate.[1] As the object is deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its
electrical resistance to change. This resistance change, usually measured using a
Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known as the gauge
factor.
The gauge factor is defined as:
WORKING(IN BRIEF):-
A strain gauge takes advantage of the physical property of electrical

conductance and its dependence on the conductor's geometry. When an
electrical conductor is stretched within the limits of its elasticity such that it does
not break or permanently deform, it will become narrower and longer, changes
that increase its electrical resistance end-to-end. Conversely, when a conductor
is compressed such that it does not buckle, it will broaden and shorten, changes
that decrease its electrical resistance end-to-end. From the measured electrical
resistance of the strain gauge, the amount of induced stress may be inferred. A
typical strain gauge arranges a long, thin conductive strip in a zig-zag pattern of
parallel lines such that a small amount of stress in the direction of the orientation
of the parallel lines results in a multiplicatively larger strain measurement over
the effective length of the conductor surfaces in the array of conductive lines
and hence a multiplicatively larger change in resistancethan would be
observed with a single straight-line conductive wire.
THEORY:
Strain measurements on machine components or structural elements with

rosettes are necessary in real life problems to understand actual stress states on
them. Strain measurement is conveniently and accurately done with strain
gages. Strain gages are consisted of thin electrical wire and are glued parallel to
the direction where measurements are desired. As the material elongates (or
shorten), the electrical resistance of strain gage changes. By measuring the
current passing through the gage, strain can be determined accurately for the
loading condition.
By measuring 3 normal strain for a point on a surface of machine component (1,

2, 3), two normal and one shear strain can be calculated for the point on xy
plane (x, y, and xy). The arrangement of three strain gages is shown in the
figure and this configuration is called strain rosette.
This calculator was developed to use measurement results of strain rosette (1,
2, 3) to calculate strain results of x, y, and xy. Calculation of rosette types with
different angle setups (e.g. 45 and 60) can be done by simply changing angles
in calculator
Definitions:
Normal Strain: The ratio of length change to original length of the material. =/E
Strain Gage: An electrical measurement device to measure strain.
Strain Rosette: Strain gauge arrangement to measure three normal strains (1, 2,
3).
Shear Strain: The angular distortion on element caused by shear stress. =/G.
List of Equations:
Parameter Symbol Formula

Measured strain-1 1 x(cos1) +y(sin1)2+xysin1cos1
2
Measured strain-2 2 x(cos2)2+y(sin2)2+xysin2cos2

Measured strain-3 3 x(cos3)2+y(sin3)2+xysin3cos3
BASIC TYPES OF ROSETTE STRAIN GAUGE:-
Tee: two mutually perpendicular grids.
45-Rectangular: three grids, with the second and

third grids angularly displaced from the first grid by
45 and 90, respectively.
60-Delta: three grids, with the second and third grids

60 and 120 away, respectively, from the first grid.
(a)Tee (b)45 deg - rectangular (c) Delta-60 deg
ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS:

Zero Offset - If the impedance of the four gauge arms are not exactly the same
after bonding the gauge to the force collector, there will be a zero offset which
can be compensated by introducing a parallel resistor to one or more of the
gauge arms.
Temperature coefficient of gauge factor (TCGF) is the change of

sensitivity of the device to strain with change in temperature. This is
generally compensated for by the introduction of a fixed resistance in the
input leg, whereby the effective supplied voltage will increase with
temperature, compensating for the decrease in sensitivity with
temperature.
Zero shift with temperature - If the TCGF of each gauge is not the
same, there will be a zero shift with temperature. This is also caused by
anomalies in the force collector. This is usually compensated for with one
or more resistors strategically placed in the compensation network.
Linearity is an error whereby the sensitivity changes across the pressure

range. This is commonly a function of the force collection thickness
selection for the intended pressure and/or the quality of the bonding.
Hysteresis is an error of return to zero after pressure excursion.
Repeatability - This error is sometimes tied-in with hysteresis but is

across the pressure range.
EMI induced errors - As strain gauges output voltage is in the mV range,

even V if the Wheatstone bridge voltage drive is kept low to avoid self
heating of the element, special care must be taken in output signal
amplification to avoid amplifying also the superimposed noise. A solution
which is frequently adopted is to use "carrier frequency" amplifiers which
convert the voltage variation into a frequency variation (as in VCOs) and
have a narrow bandwidth thus reducing out of band EMI.
Overloading If a strain gauge is loaded beyond its design limit

(measured in microstrain) its performance degrades and can not be
recovered. Normally good engineering practice suggests not to stress
strain gauges beyond 3000 microstrain.
Humidity If the wires connecting the strain gauge to the signal

conditioner are not protected against humidity, such as bare wire,
corrosion can occur, leading to parasitic resistance. This can allow currents
to flow between the wires and the substrate to which the strain gauge is
glued, or between the two wires directly, introducing an error which
competes with the current flowing through the strain gauge. For this
reason, high-current, low-resistance strain gauges (120 ohm) are less
prone to this type of error. To avoid this error it is sufficient to protect the
strain gauges wires with insulating enamel (e.g., epoxy or polyurethane
type). Strain gauges with unprotected wires may be used only in a dry
laboratory environment but not in an industrial one.

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ROSETTE STRAIN GAUGE

A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain on an object. Invented by

The gauge factor is defined as:

A strain gauge takes advantage of the physical property of electrical

Strain measurements on machine components or structural elements with

By measuring 3 normal strain for a point on a surface of machine component (1,

Strain Gage: An electrical measurement device to measure strain.

Parameter Symbol Formula

Measured strain-2 2 x(cos2)2+y(sin2)2+xysin2cos2

Tee: two mutually perpendicular grids.

45-Rectangular: three grids, with the second and

60-Delta: three grids, with the second and third grids

(a)Tee (b)45 deg - rectangular (c) Delta-60 deg

ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS:

Temperature coefficient of gauge factor (TCGF) is the change of

Linearity is an error whereby the sensitivity changes across the pressure

Hysteresis is an error of return to zero after pressure excursion.

Repeatability - This error is sometimes tied-in with hysteresis but is

EMI induced errors - As strain gauges output voltage is in the mV range,

Overloading If a strain gauge is loaded beyond its design limit

Humidity If the wires connecting the strain gauge to the signal

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