Krishna Mur Ty 1970

Chemical Reviews 171
Volume 70, Number 2 April 1970
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE METAL CARBONATO COMPLEXES

KOTRA V. KRISHNAMURTY,laGORDON M. HARRIS,lb AND VEDULA S. SASTRP
Department of Oceanogruphy, Texas A & M Unioersity, College Station, Texrrs 77843, Departmelit of Chemistry, State Unioersity of
New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, and Department of Chcmistry, Curleton Unioersity, Ottawa, Canada
Receiced February 26, 1969
Contents binding of the carbonate with numerous cations is essentially

ionic.
I. Introduction 171
Several organic carbonate esters corresponding to the gen-
11. Carbon Dioxide, Carbonic Acid, and the
Carbonates 171 eral formula
111. Carbonato Complexes 172 -o\
A. General Classification 172 ,i=o
B. Structure 174 1;-0
1. Preparative Chemistry 174
2. Isomerism 177 and also the cyclic type are known in which one of the three
3. Spectroscopic Data 179 oxygens of the carbonate happens to be a carbonyl oxygen
4. Crystal Structure 183 and is distinctly different from the other two bound covalently
5. Miscellaneous Structural Evidence 184 to the R and R moieties. This is apparent in the change of
C. Stability 184
symmetry from Dahto Cfvtype and has been amply supported
1. Stability Constant Data 184
by spectral studies.
2. Methods of Determination 184
D. Reactions and Reaction Kinetics 189 If, however, the same carbonate is present as a bidentate
1. Racemization 189 ligand in certain metai carbonato complexes, for example,
2. Ligand Substitution and Isotope the [Co(NH&C03]+ ion, it may be partially covalent and
Exchange 189 partially ionic. This difference in bonding in coordination
3. Addition and Polymerization 193 compounds is known to reflect in reactions involving the
4. Heterogeneous Reactions 193 carbonate and has been ably demonstrated in several studies.
5. Thermal Decomposition 193 The present review attempts to collect and evaluate all scat-
6. Mass Spectral Studies 194 tered material concerning the chemistry of the metal carbonato
7. Photochemical Studies 194
complexes with the hope that at least some aspects of the
8. Isotope Effects 195
9. Miscellaneous Rate Studies 196
interconversion of initially nonlinear structure i to the linear
IV. Applications 196 0 0
A. Analytical Applications 196
B. Industrial Applications 196 C
O+-O
I 11
C. Biological Applications 197 0
D. Geochemical Applications 197 1
structure ii might be further explored. The analytical, bio-

1. Introduction chemical, physiological, geochemical, and theoretical sig-
nificance of this conversion needs no special emphasis and a
C a r b o n a t e is a fascinating ligand exhibiting both bidentate
study of the ligand characteristics of carbonate perhaps will
and monodentate characteristics in reactions and may be
lead to a better understanding of the interconversion process.
characterized as quasi bidentate. As a bidentate it is es- The literature survey pertaining to this review includes pub-
sentially cis-spanning. * The free ionic carbonate with equiva-
lished work until June 1968.
lent oxygens belongs to the DBhsymmetry class, and a host
of naturally occurring carbonate minerals appear as a family I I . Carbon Dioxide, Carbonic Acid,
of anisodesmic oxy salts in which C03*- maintains its funda- and the Carbonates
mental covalency of carbon-oxygen bonds. However, the
The occurrence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, hy-
drosphere, geosphere, and biosphere is well known,a and it is
(1) (a) To whom all enquiries concerning this review may be addressed
at Texas A & M University; (b) State University of New York at Buffalo;
(c) Carleton University. (3) E. L. Quinn and C. L. Jones, Carbon Dioxide, ACS Monograph
(2) A. Werner and Z. Vilmos, Z.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 21, 153 (1899). No. 72, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York,N. Y., 1936.
172 K. V. Krishnamurty, G. M. Harris, and V. S. Sastri
not the purpose of this review to dwell on this subject ex- (nacholite), KHCOI (kalcinite), (NH4)HCOa (teschemacher-
tensively except to comment critically on the various species : ite), Na3H(CO&. 2H20 (trona), NazC03.HzO (thermona-
COz(g), COz(aq), HzCOa(aq), HC03-(aq), and COPXaq) -
trite), MgCOs 3Hz0 (nesquehonite), and Na2CO3.10H20
which occur along with metal ions in aqueous solutions. (natron). To this list also belong several hydrated normal
The numerous complex problems associated with the hy- carbonates that contain U along with Na, Mg, Ca,and other
dration of C02 are recognized since 1912, and these have been metals. Schroeckingerite has an interesting composition:
extensively r e ~ i e w e d . ~The
, ~ kinetics of the hydration of NaCa3(UOz)(CO&SO4F.10HzO. Several basic carbonates
carbon dioxide and the dehydration of carbonic acid have are known to contain OH- and in certain special minerals
been studied by a variety of techniques such as manometric F-, Cl-, and Sod2- as well: Zn9(C03)2(OH)6(hydrozincite),
and rapid mixing meth~ds,~-OT-tracer studies, l 1 80- Cu2(CO3) * (0H)z (malachite), Cu3(CO&(OH)z (azurite), Mg4-
isotope fractionations studies, 1 2 nmr studies, * hydration (C0J3(OH)z. 3H20 (hydromagnesite), and Pb2(C03)C12(phos-
under conditions of enforced stationarity, l 4 relaxation genite).
methods, 5 enzyme-catalyzed studies, 16.17 and other catalysis
studies by inorganic ions 18- 2 2 (see under section 1II.D). 111. Carbonato Complexes
Many of the simple carbonates are amorphous powders, A. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
the colors of which depend on the cation, and are generally
insoluble in water. The solubility data are available for some A convenient classification &orthe study of metal complexes
carbonates, and the solubility product constants reported in based on the number of ligand groups coordinated to the
literature differ widely for each metal carbonate and usually central metal ion has been found useful in the case of oxa-
range from to for most carbonates. All car- lates. 25 However, a clear-cut classification based on the num-
bonates, both naturally occurring and laboratory prepara- ber of carbonate groups coordinated can only have limited
tions, readily dissolve in acids with the evolution of COZand usefulness in view of the quasi-bidentate nature of the ligand
in excess carbonate to form suitable carbonato complexes, itself as also the not-so-well understood aquocarbonato com-
some of which exhibit bewildering complexity. Not much is plexes containing one or more carbonate groups. One such
known concerning the mixed hydroxo carbonato complexes example is that of nesquehonite: MgC03.3H20or Mg(0H)-
of even the most common metals. The solubility character- (HC03).2H20 (see under thermal decomposition studies).
istics of the carbonates in excess carbonate are therefore of Although only a very small number of carbonato complexes
particular interest to the geochemist specializing in sediments are prepared with ease in the solid state by dissolving the
as carbonate rocks represent nearly 2 0 z of all sedimentary carbonate in excess alkali carbonates, for example, Na3Co-
matter. 2 3 (co3)a.3H20,26a great majority of mixed ligand mono-
Among the more common naturally occurring carbonates carbonato complexes can be obtained more readily from the
are24 CaC03 (calcite, aragonite), MgC03 (magnesite), and cis-dichloro compound by a reaction with slurried AgC03.
CaMg(C03)2 (dolomite). Of commercial interest are several Tables I, 11, and IIIn-S4 show respectively the classification
anhydrous normal carbonate minerals: FeCOs (siderite),
MnC03 (rhodochrosite), C o c o 3 (cobalto-calcite), ZnCO,
(smithsonite), CdC03 (otavite), SrC03 (strontianite), BaC03 (25) K. V. Krishnamurty and G. M. Harris, Chem. Reo., 61, 213
(witherite), and PbC03 (cerussite). In addition are the acid (1961).
carbonates and the hydrated normal carbonates like NaHC03 (26) H. F. Bauer and W. C. Drinkard, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 82, 5031
(1960).
(27) I. Greenwald, J. B i d . Chem., 141,789 (1941).
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and W. Strube, Ber., 46, 172 (1913). (29) R. M. Garrels, M. E. Thompson, and R. Siever, ibid., 259, 24
(5) D. M. Kern, J . Chem. Educ., 37, 14 (1960). (1961).
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and K. Myrback, Ed., Academic Press, New York, N. Y.,1961, p 545. (31) R. Nasanen, ibid., 191A, 54 (1942).
(7) C. Faurholt, J . Chim. Phys., 2,400 (1924). (32) R. M. Garrels and C. L. Christ, Solutions, Minerals and Equi-
( 8 ) F. J. W. Roughton and V. Booth, Biochem. J., 32,2049 (1938). libria, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, N. Y., 1966.
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52,1512 (1956). 493 (1958).
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386 (1963). (1965).
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4, 15411962).
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(1953).
(24) C. Ealache, H. Berman, and C. Frondel, Danas System of Min- (46) P. E. Lake and J. M. Goodings, Can. J. Chem., 36, 1089 (1958).
eralogy, Vol. 11, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.,1963, p
132. (47) J. A. Hedval, 2.Anorg. Chem., 146,225 (1925).
Metal Carbonato Complexes 173
Table I
Ion-Pair and Chelated-Type Carbonato Complexes
Class Species Metal complex and reference^
Ia MHCO*+ MgHC03+ (27-30) MnHCOj+ (3 1)

CaHC08+(27, 28) NaHC030 (27, 28)
Ca(HC03)z0(27, 28, 33)
Ib MC03' MgCO,' (27, 28) CuCOaO (32)
CaC030 (27, 28)
IC MCOq- NaC03- (27, 28)
puc03z+ (34, 35)
IIa M(CO3)z- ce(C0-J~- (36) Sc(c0dz- (37)
IIb M(coa)~~- Be(C03)F(38) ZrO(C03)z2- (41)
cu(co3)?2- (39) UOz(COa)?'- (42, 43)
Pb(C0j)L'- (39, 40) PuO?(COa)?2-(44)
IIC M(C03)z3-
IIIa M(COS)~~-
IIIb M(C03h 3- cO(c0~)3~- (45)
IIIC M(COd3 Cd(COi)a4- (46) UOdCOa)34- (47)
P~Oz(C03)3~-(48, 49)
IIId M(COa)aS- AmOL(COJ)~S-(48, 49)
IVa M(COd4'- Ce(C03h4-(50) Th(COa)a4- (51)
P u ( C O ~ ) (52)
~~-
IVb M(co3h5- Sc(C03)45- (37, 53) Ce(CO&+ (54)
R(C03)r6- ( 5 5 )
Nd(C03)r6- (55)
Pm(C03)45-(55, 56)
Sm(COa)45-(55, 57)
Eu(C03)r'- (55, 57)
Er(C03)46-(58)
V Th(C03),'- (60-62)
P~(C03)j'-(63)
VI Ce(C03)s8-(64) Be40(C03),2- (65)
Th(C03)g"- (48)
Pu(C03)g"- (63)
Table I1
(51) D. I. Ryabchikov, M. P. Volynets, V. A. Zarinskii, and V. I.,
Mixed-Ligand-Type Complexes" Ivanov, Zh. Anal. Khim., 18,348 (1963).
(52) A. D. Gel'man and L.M. Zaitsev, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 4,2688 (1959).
Species Ref Species Ref (53) 1. A. Federov and T. A. Balakeva, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 10, 680
(1965).
(54) V. A. Golovnya and L. A. Pospelova, ibid.,3,37 (1958).
Co(NHj)4C03+ 66 Co(N0z)rCOj '- 86
( 5 5 ) H. S. Sherry and J. A. Marinsky, Znorg. Chem., 3,330 (1964).
Co(NHj)sCOa+ 67-69 Co(NHj)(N02)3COa'- 87 (56) N. S. Poluektov and L. I. Kononenko, Zh. Neorg. Khim.. 6 , 1837
Co(en)zCO1+ 70 CO(NH~)(CH~COO)~CO~'- 87 (1961).
Co(pn)2CO8+ 71 Co(en)(COah- 88 (57) S. Misumi and Y. Masuda, Mem. Fuc. Sci., Kyushu Uniu., Ser. C,
Co(tn)CO + 73 Pu(C03)2CzO4~- 48 4, 159 (1961); Chem. Absrr., 57, 107553(1962).
( 5 8 ) L.Holleck, 2. Nuturforsch., 2b, 81 (1947).
Co(trien)CO,+ 74-78 PU(C03)2(Cz04)24- 48 (59) M. C. Steele, Aust.J. Chem., 10,367 (1957).
Co(dan)zCOa+ 79 Pu(C03)*Cz04'- 48 (60) A. Rosenheim and M. Kelmy, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 206, 31
Co(dipy),C03+ 80 Pu(co3)3(Go4)2~- 48 (1932).
Co(o-phen)COa+ 81 P~(COa)r(C20r)a'~- 48 (61) J. Faucherre and J. Dervin, C . R . Acad. Sci., Paris, 255, 2264,
CdCisHazN4)COa+ 82, 83 PuC08(C*O4),'e- 48 2769 (1962).
(62) I. I. Chernyaev and A. K. Molodkin, Russ. J . Znorg. Chem., 6 , 298
84
CO(NH~)Z(NOZ)~CO~- ~z(CO~)~(CzO~)a*- 53 (1961).
Co(en)(NH3)~C08+ 85 (63) A. D. Gel'man and L. M. Zaitsev, Zh. Neorg. Khim.. 3, 1304
(19 5 8).
a Mixed-ligand-type carbonato complexes of metals containing (64) V. A. Golovnya, L. A. Pospelova, and G. T. Bolotova, Russ. J.
OH and H 2 0 are known and are discussed in detail in the appro- Inorg. Chem.. 5, 1069 (1960).
priate sections of this review. Abbreviations: en, ethylenediamine; (65) A. K. S. Gupta, Sci. Culr. (Calcutta), 25,426 (1960).
pn, propylenediamine; tn, trimethylenediamine; trien, triethylene- (66) A. B. Lamb and E. B. Damon, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 59, 385
tetramine; dan, neopentanediamine (2,2-dimethyltrimethylene- ( 1937).
diamine); dipy, 2,2'-dipyridyl; o-phen, 1,lO-o-phenanthroline; (67) F.Basolo and R. K. Murmann, Inorg. Syn., 4.173 (1953).
C I B H ~ ~ N 5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-l,4,8,1l-tetraazacyclotetra-
~, (68) G. Vortmann and G. Blasberg, Eer., 22,2649 (1889).
deca-4,ll-diene (Schiff base). (69) J. A. Goldsmith and S. D. Ross, J . Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 27, 483
(1965).
- (70) A. Werner and T. P. McCutcheon, Ber., 45,3284 (1912).
(48) A. D. Gel'man, A. I. Moskvin, L. M. Zaitsev, and M. P. Mefod'eva, (71) M. Martinette and J. C. Bailar, Jr., J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 74, 1055
"Complex Compounds of Transuranium Elements," Engl. translation, (1952).
Consultants Bureau, New York, N. Y., 1962.
(49) J. J. Katz and G. T. Seaborg, "The Chemistry of the Actinide (72) J. S. Holden and G. M. Harris, ibid., 77, 1934 (1955).
Elements," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1957. (73) R. D. Gillard and G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc., 3193 (1963).
(50) V. A. Golvnya and L. A. Pospelova, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 5, 1036 (74) F. Basolo, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 70,2634 (1948).
( 1960). (75) A. M. Sargeson and G. H. Searle, Znorg. Chem., 6,787 (1967).
174 K. V. Krishnamurty, 0. M. Harris, and V. S. Sastri
Table 111 1 . Preparative Chemistry

Addition Complexes Although identification and characterization of several car-
Complex Ref Complex Ref bonato complexes reported in Table I have been done IOU-
tinely by one or more methods that are usually complimentary,
isolation in solid form is always desirable from the standpoint
of structural investigations. Table IV95-lo1 shows the reported
compounds. It can be seen that the great majority of the car-
bonato complexes have been isolated as the sodium or potas-
sium salts, and in special cases recourse is made to certain
organic ions like the guanidinium ion (CH5NS+)and com-
plex ions like CO(NH3)6+. Whether these cations impart
as (a) ion-pair and chelated carbonato complexes, (b) mixed additional stability to the carbonato complex ion or simply
ligand type carbonato complexes, and (c) addition com- affect the solubility properties is not fully understood.
plexes. The reported occurrence of a large number of cobalt(II1)
complexes, both the cationic and the anionic type (see Tables
B. STRUCTURE I1 and 111) in solution and in solid state is indicative of the
extent of interest on the carbonato complexes in general.
Because of the unique nature of the carbonate ligand several Some of these are used as starting materials in preparative
ingenious methods have been reported for the elucidation of chemistry for the synthesis of exotic coordination compounds.
the structure of the carbonato complexes. Manometric The reaction scheme shown in Figure 1 illustrates the many
measurement of liberated COZoffers a method in itself for applications of the intermediate: Co(C03)as-.
establishing the stoichiometry of the complex. Among the Cobalt(I1) solutions on treatment with excess HCOa- and
many physico-chemical methods employed in the study of HZOZyield a green solution indicating the presence of a car-
these coordination compounds are electrical conductance bonato complex. Various unrelated formulas have been sug-
measurement, potentiometry, polarography, ion-exchange, gested since early 1900, for example, KC003, loZ( K C 0 ~ 0 ) z -
elution chromatography, radioisotope techniques, electro- Co-O-Co(O-C02K)2, CO(OH)~(COOH)Z, lo and Co[Co-
phoresis, absorption spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility (C03)3].105The absorption maxima of the green solution were
measurements, X-ray crystallography, reaction kinetics, found to be at 260 and 440 mp, the latter being weak. An
isotope exchange, and thermogravimetric analysis. analytical method for determining cobalt makes use of the uv
maximum. 108
Although C O ( C O ~ )was
~ ~ - postulated lo* than the
(76) R. G. Pearson, C. R. Boston, and F. Basolo, J. Phys. Chem., 59, isolation of [Co(NH&][Co(CO3)d 45 in the solid form, the
304 (1955). bidentate character of carbonate ligand attracted much at-
(77) B. Das Sarma and J. C. Bailar, Jr., J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,77, 5480
(1955). tention and other preparations followed: Kj[Co(COa)a] .
(78) J. Selbin and J. C. Bailar, Jr., ibid., 82, 1524 (1960). 3H20,10e Na3[Co(C03)3]. 3H20. 26 Furthermore the ability of
(79) J. C. Bailar, Jr., and J. B. Work, ibid., 68,232 (1946).
(80) M. Murakami, S. Senoh, N. Matsusato, H. Iyatani, and J. Wong-
-
the compound, [Co(NH3)6COJNOa HzO,log to lose water
Kang, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 83,823 (1962). without disruption of the structure also gave impetus to the
(81) A. V. Ablov and D. M. Palade, Russ. J . Inorg. Chem., 6, 306 synthesis of several cobalt mixed ligand type complexes (see
(1961). Tables I1 and IV). Spectral studies and kinetic studies soon
(82) N. Sadasivan, J. A. Kernohan, and J. F. Endicott, Inorg. Chem., followed to confirm the presence of chelated coordinated
6, 770 (1967).
(83) N. Sadasivan and J. F. Endicott, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 88, 5468 carbonate in several cobalt amine complexes, and these are
(1966). discussed in this review at the appropriate place.
(84) E. Kyuno, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 81.724 (1961).
(85) R. A. W. Pratt, E. Sherwin, and G. J. Weston, J. Chem. Soc., 476
The reaction between Co(II), HCOa-, and HzOz giving the
(1962). green colored solution is known as the Field-Durant reac-
(86) V. A. Golovnya and L. A. Kokh, Russ. J . Inorg. Chem., 6 , 906 tion.lO3,llo Figure 1 illustrates the application of the green
(1961).
(87) M. Shibata, M. Mori, and E. Kyuno, Inorg. Chem., 3,1573 (1964). solution for a variety of syntheses. An extension of the
(88) M. Mori, M. Shibata, and E. Kyuno, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jap., 31, 291 method using a solution of K&o(C03)3 as starting material
(1958). yielded the following compounds : potassium carbonatoam-
(89) H. C. Clark and R. G . Goel, Inorg. Chem., 5,998(1966).
(90) R. G. Goel, Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1965.
moniatriacetatocobaltateOII),l1 potassium carbonatoethyl-
(91) Fr. Hein, 0. Schwartzkopf, K. Hoyer, K. Klar, W. Eissener, and enediaminediacetatocobaltate(III), potassium tungstoco-
W. Clanss, Ber., 61B,73C (1928).
(92) R. F. Kempa and W. H. Lee, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 311, 140
(1961). (102) A. Job, Ann. Chim. Phys., 20, 214 (1900).
(93) J . H. Myher and K. E. Russel, Can. J . Chem., 42,1555 (1964). (103) C. H. Durrant, J . Chem. SOC.,87, 1781 (1905).
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259 (1963). (1 929).
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(106) G. Telep, and D . F. Boltz, Anal. Chem., 24,945 (1952).
L 96) V. I. Spitsyn., L. N. Komissarova, V. M. Shatskii, and G. Ya
ushkina, Russ. J . Inorg. Chem., 5 , 1078 (1960).
(97) B. M. Gatehouse, S. E. Livingstone, and R. S. Nyholm, J . Chem.
(107) H. Copaux, Ann. Chim. Phys., 8(6), 554 (1905).
(108) C. Duval, C. R. Acad. Sci.,Paris, 191,615 (1930).
Soc., 3137 (1958). (109) A. B. Lamb and K. J. Mysels, J . Amer. Chem. SOC., 67, 468
(98) V. A. Golovnya and L. A. Pospelova, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 5,498 (1945).
(1960). (110) F. Field, Quarr. J . Chem. SOC.,14,51 (1862).
(99) N . S.Poluektov and L. I. Kononenko, ibid., 6.938 (1961). (111) M. Mori, M. Shibata, E. Kyuno, and Y . Okubo, Bull. Chem. SOC.
(100) M. Mori, M. Shibata, E. Kyuno, and T. Adachi, Bull. Chem. SOC. Jap., 31,940 (1958).
Jap., 29,883 (1956). (112) M. Mori, M. Shibata, E. Kyuno, and F. Maruyama, ibid., 35, 75
(101) V. Golovnya and L. A. Kokh, Rum. J . Inorg. Chem., 5,27 (1960). (1962).
Table I V
Metal Carbonato Complexes Isolated in Solid Form
CompIex Remarks Ref
White, crystalline 95
White, crystalline 95
Orange, crystalline 95
Sparingly soluble 96
Hydrolyzes readily 53
White, noncrystalline 53
White, noncrystalline 53
White ppt 59
White ppt 41
97
97
White ppt 54
White ppt 54
Insoluble 54
Dark red rods 54
Orange crystalline 54
Orange crystals 54
Orange crystals 54
Yellow needles 98
98
Bright yellow crystals 98
Fine yellow crystals 98
Also tetrahydrate 98
Yellow plates 98
98
Rhombic crystals 98
99
Dark red crystals 81
Red crystalline 81
Orange needles 81
Brick-red ppt 81
Brick-red crystals 81
Red-brown crystalline 81
Brownish red crystals 81
Orange-red crystalline 81
Red crystals 81
Pink crystalline 81
Red crystals 81
Red crystals 81
80
Dark yellow crystalline 86
Green crystals 100
Green crystals 26
Dark green needles 45, 86
Dark yellow crystals 86
Dark red plates 86
Orange precipitate 13
Orange needles 101
Orange crystals 101
baltate(III), a a series of cobalt(II1) complexes with the another series of the type, [CO(CN),(NH~)G+]~-". I L 4An in-
general formula [Co(NO2),(NH~)~,I8-" (n = 1-9, l I 4 and teresting compound, K ~ C O N H ~ ( N O ~ ) C.H20,
O S ] was one
(113) M . Shibata and L. C. W. Baker, Abstracts, 138th National Meet- (114) M. Shibata, M. Mori, and E. Kyuno, Inorg. Chem., 3, 1573
ing of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., Sept 15, 1960. (1964).
KHCOa
I
+ (COCIZ+ H202)
K~[CO(CO~)(NO~)~NH~].H~O
orange-brown
K[CO(NH~>~CO~)?I
blue (cis?)
violet (trans?)
K[Co(en)(CO&I.HzO
blue
.HzO \: 9
o(en)2C2041CI.
dark red
[Co(ei~)~]Cl~.
yellow-brown
[Co(~H~)6]Cls,
yellow
H20
3Ht0
[Co(NH~)~CI]CI.
red
K[Co(en)(C~04)21. HzO [cO(Nf-I&][co(co&1
violet-blue light green
7
K[Co(~H&(GO+)el *HzO
violet-blue (cis?)
violet (traiu?)
K~[CO(CZO~)~]. 3Hz0
green
Figure 1. Synthetic applications of the C O ( C O ~ )ion.
~ ~ - Reagents used and references (in parentheses): 1, crystallization (100); 2, KNOe
+
(141); 3, NH4Cl NaNOz HCZH~OZ + +
(114); 4, (NHdzCOa (100); 5, enHtC03(100), 6, enH2C03 K G 0 4 (100); 7, (NHI)ZGO~
+ +
(100); 8, H&04 (100); 9, C O ( N H ~ )(100);
~ ~ + 10, NH, +
NH4C1(100); 11, en KCI (100); 12, enHzCz04 KC1 (100); 13, NH, +
(NH4)zCz0+ +
(100); 14, NH4C1 NaHCOa(100).
of the products obtained in the series studied, and this occurs teresting compound, K[CO(NH&(NOZ)~CO~I .2Hz0, has been
in several isomeric structures. prepared. 11* This is illustrative of a replacement reaction in
The sodium salt, Na3[Co(C0&] 3H20, has certain ad- which a four-membered chelate ring is made from initially
vantages over the potassium salt in that it is more insoluble all monodentate complex by a simple method. It can also be
and easier to purify it from bicarbonate ion contamination. explained in terms of the trans-effect in view of NH3 groups
In any case both are useful synthetic intermediates. The fol- present trans to each other in Erdmanns salt.
lowing compounds have been prepared in good yields, shown The simplest beryllium carbonato complex, Be(C03)22-,
in parentheses, starting from NadCo(CO&]. 3Hz0 and by analogous to the alkaline earth carbonato complexes has
simple reaction sequence:26 (a) tris(ethy1enediamine)cobalt- never been isolated in the solid form although from ion-ex-
(111) chloride (91%); (b) tris(acetylacetonato)cobalt(III) change experiments it is reported to occur in 0.1 M (NH4),C03
(95x); (c) tris(benzoylacetonato)cobalt(III) (81 %); (d) tris- solutions. as In carbonate solutions Be(OH)2 dissolves to give
(1,3-diamino-2-propanol)cobalt(III)nitrate (79 Z); (e) tris- a variety of basic beryllium carbonates, 3KzBe(CO&.Be-
(0-aminophenol)cobalt(III) (88 %); ( f ) sodium tris(mercapt0- (OH)Z,119 3(NH&Be(C0& .Be(OH)2,119 2(NH4)2Be(C0& +
acetato)cobaltate(III) (85 %); (g) tris(ethy1enediamine)cobalt- Be(OH)z, which are not well characterized. Conductometric
(111) tris(salicylato)cobaltate(III) (15 %); and (h) sodium tris- titration studies made recentlyQ5support the equilibrium
(ethylenediamine)mercaptocobaltate(III) (95 %). Recently an 4Be(C03)22- + HzO = [BerO(C03)e]z-+ 2HC03-
interesting mixed ligand type complex containing a macro-
cyclic Schiff base has been prepared by the following reac- The corresponding sodium and potassium salts, Nae[BerO-
tion. (CO&] . ~ H z Oand &[Be40(Co&], have been isolated al-
though the ammonium salt was found to be too unstable. A
+
Na3[Co(COa),].3Hz0 CI6HazN4. 2HC10r .--) closely related compound, [CO(NH~)~][(H~O)~B~~(CO~)~
(macrocyclic Schiffbase)
[CO(C~~H,ZN,)CO,IC~O~ (OH)3].3Hz0, offers itself as a method for the gravimetric
(large red crystals) determination of Be(I1). 121-123
Scandium hydroxide dissolves in (NH4)2COa to yield a
The mixed ligand type carbonato complexes of cobalt(II1) stable crystalline complex, (NH4)Sc(CO& 1.5H20.96 At
are useful as synthetic intermediates in developing new re- higher solution temperatures and increased ammonium
agents for use in biological ~hemistry,~5for example, p- carbonate concentrations, the product obtained is a dihy-
[Co(trien)c03]+, 116 in the preparation of p-[Co(trien)(A)lZ+, drate which is amorphous and less stable than the sesqui-
where A = glycine, 1-alanine, 1-phenylalanine, I-leucine, hydrate. Several mixed carbonato-oxalato scandium com-
/-isoleucine, I-hydroxyproline, and I-valine. 115 Other mixed plexes have been prepared recently for the first time,j3 and
ligand type complexes such as tetracidomonocarbonato- and they are shown in Table IV.
diacidomonocarbonatodiammine are potential synthetic inter-
mediates. By treating Erdmanns salt, NH4[Co(NH&-
(118) V. A. Golovnya and S. A. Kokh, Russ. J . Inorg. Chem., 5, 27
(NOn)+], with aqueous saturated KHCOa solution an in- (1960).
(119) H. Debray, Ann. Chim., 44, 30 (1855).
(115) D. A. Buckingham, J. P. Collrnan, D. A. R. Happer, and L. G. (120) T. S. Humpidge, Proc. Roy. Soc., 39, 14 (1886).
Marzilli, J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,89. 1082 (1967). (121) T. I. Pirtea, Reu. Chim. (Bucharest), 7,427 (1956).
(116) A. M. Sargeson and G. H. Searle, Inorg. Chem., 4 4 5 (1965). (122) T. I. Pirtea and G. Mihail, 2.A n d . Chem., 159,205 (1958).
117) 0. L. Erdman, J. Prakr. Chem., 97,406 (1866). (123) T. I. Pirtea and V. Constantinescu, ibid., 165, 183 (1959).
Tetranuclear complexes of the type [Fe403(Co,)6]6- ac- pounds provide interesting examples for studying the unusual
count for the solubility of Fe(II1) salts in excess carbonate coordination number of cerium and the possibility of isom-
solutions. The following compounds have been isolated in the erism.
solid state: H6[Fe4Oa(CO&], (~&[Fe403(C03)6].4Hz0, Spectrophotometric investigations56 also support the forma-
[(NH,),C=NHZIB[F~~O~(CO~)~I .2H20, [Co(NH&IdFe403- tion of carbonato complexes of the type M(C03)4j- for most
(CO&](aq). Although Cr(II1) salts dissolve in excess car- of the rare earths: Nd(III), Pr(III), Sm(III), Er(III), Ho(III),
bonate, no carbonato chromium complex is known. On pro- and Eu(1II). Additional evidence derives from polarographic
longed standing the blue-violet solutions of Cr(II1) carbonate studies for Eu(III).j* A solid with the composition NasEr-
become turbid blue gels prior to losing water. Mixtures of (CO&. 18Hs0has been i~olated.~6
Fe(1II) and Cr(II1) carbonate, however, yield fine bluish- The carbonato complexes of the actinide elements show
gray precipitates of constant Fe : Cr composition close to some unusual aspects of coordination chemistry. Coordina-
1 : 0.2, an observation that needs further study. l Z 4 tion numbers of 5, 8, or even higher may be possible. Thorium-
No carbonato complex of rhodium(II1) has been prepared (IV) forms mostly pentacarbonate hydrates, MeTh(C03)~.x-
although the synthesis of several compounds containing the HzO, and attempts to prepare the hexacarbonatothorates
Rh(A,,)C12+, where A = N H 3 .ethylenediamine, meso- have not been Extensive literature on the car-
butylenediamine, dl-butylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, bonato complexes of U(V1) is available, 49, 135- l a g parts of which
p,p,P-triaminoethylamine, and triethylenetetramine, has are discussed under determination of stability constants. The
been reported recently. lZ5 Attempts to prepare Rh(en)K03+ complex ions U02(C03)z(Hz0)22- and u o ~ ( C o & ~are - well
starting from cis-Rh(en)2C12+and Ag2C03 were unsuccess- characterized and widely used in technology and in analysis.
ful. l Z 6 Several tetra-, penta-, and octacarbonato complexes of
Several nonstoichiometric zirconium-carbonato com- plutonium are known, and the general area of the complex
plexes 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 are known to occur when precipitated basic compounds of the transuranium elements is reviewed in a
zirconium carbonate is dissolved in excess carbonate. The recent monograph. 48 There is strong indication that the co-
solubility of the zirconium basic carbonates has been in- ordination number of the + 4 state of Th, U, Np, and Pu in
terpreted in terms of coordination by the carbonate ligand and the carbonato as well as the oxalato complexes is 8. Mixed
in terms of a stable ionic dimeric species, Zr2032+,occurring in oxalato-carbonato complexes of Pu(IV) and Pu(V1) are
solution. 1 2 9 Hydrous zirconia absorbs COZto yield a material known and are discussed under replacement reactions.
that exhibits cation-exchange properties l a 0 and a carbonato Arnericium(III), -(V), and -(VI) and Cm(II1) are also known
complex of the type Na[Zr(OH)3C03]seem to account for the to form carbonato complexes and some of them serve as
observed ion exchange behavior. l 3 However, a stable car- methods of separation from each other. 140
bonate complex, (NH4)2[ZrO(C03)2]. 3Hz0, 4 1 has been re-
ported recently. 2. Isomerism
The rare earth carbonates and their solubility in excess
The coordination capacity of the carbonate ion in a given
alkali carbonates were recognized since early 1800, and until
complex compound imposes certain restrictions regarding its
today it is still a matter of conjecture as to the exact nature of
stereochemistry. The quasi-bidentate nature of the carbonate
the species present in aqueous solutions. The case of cerium is
ligand is apparent in the case of certain cerium(1V) com-
even more confusing with conflicting reports appearing in
p l e ~ e sillustrated
~~ in Figure 2. Accordingly, cis-trans and
l i t e r a t ~ r e . 6 ~l a~29,1 ~3 ) +However, the various compounds listed
in Table IV have been prepared and characterized in the solid
state. Recent work from one of our using elu-
tion chromatography and radiotracer methods indicates rare
earth (RE) complexes of the form, [RE(C03)J5-, except in the
case of cerium. The rare earths studied were Pr(III), Nd(III),
Pm(III), Sm(III), and Eu(II1). There is experimental evidence
to show that Ce is in the + 4 oxidation state in the cerium
complex when one uses alkali carbonates in forming the car-
bonato complex. However, guanidinium salts of the formulas,
(CHbN3H)5[Ce(CO&] .2H20 and (CH5N3H)4[Ce(C03)4-
(H20)J .4Hz0, are prepared and characterizedss in support of
both Ce(II1) and Ce(IV) carbonato complexes. These com-
(124) 0.E. Zvyagintsev and Yu. S . Lopatto, Rum. J . Inorg. Chem., 7,

657 (1962).
(125) S. A. Johnson and F. Basolo, Inorg. Chem., 1, 925 (1962).
(126) D. Swindells, unpublished results.
(127) E. Chauvenet, Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr., 13, 454 (1913). (135) E. P. Bulwinkel, U . S . Atomic Energy Commission, USAEC
(128) H. T. S . Britton, J. Chem. Soc., 125 (1926). Report RNO 2614, 1954.
(129) W. B. Blumenthal, The Chemical Behavior of Zirconium, D. (136) 1. A. Perez-Bustamante, J. Bermudez Polonio, and R. F. Cellini,
Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N. I., 1958. A n . Real SOC.
Espan. Fis. Quim., Ser. B, 58, 677 (1962); Chem. Abstr.,
(130) S. E. Bresler, Yu. D. Sinochkin, A. 1. Egorov, and D. A. 58, 10961h (1963).
Perumov, Radiokhimya, 1, 507 (1959). (137) B. C. Haldar, J . Indian Chem. Soc., 24,503 (1947).
(131) V. A. Mikhailov and Grigoreva, Rum. J . Inorg. Chem., 6, 760 (138) 1. Halpern, Can. J . Chem., 31,705 (1953).
(1961). (139) I. I. Chernyaev, V. A. Golovnya, and G. V. Ellert, Zh. Neorg.
(132) D. I. Ryabchikov, ibid., 4, 765 (1959). Khm., 1, 2226 (1956).
(133) S. Chan and Shi 14, ibid., 5, 178 (1960). (140) S . W. Rabideau, Proc. Intern. Conf. Peaceful Uses AI. Energy,
( 134) H . S . Sherry and I. A. Marinsky, Inorg. Chem., 2,957 (1963). Geneua, 1958, 2247 (1958).
178 K. V. Krishnamurty, 0. M. Harris, and V. S. Sastri
optical isomerism are possible from a theoretical standpoint NHq "4

in several carbonato complexes. In practice, however, since
mojt of the carbonates are synthesized under fairly alkaline
co Liditions(unlike the related oxalato complexes), there is al-
ways the possibility of contamination by the aquo and the
hydroxo species in addition to the carbonato compound, mak-
ing separation and isolation not an easy task. Hence studies
on cis-trans isomerism are limited in their scope.
a. cis-trans Isomerism
The cis-dinitrobiscarbonatwobaltate(II1) ion has been iso-
lated in the solid state as the following compounds:86 Nas-
[CO(NO~)~(CO&I 4Hz0, [CO(NH~)~I[CO(NOZ)-XCO~)ZI .2H20,
and [CO(~~)~][CO(NO&(CO~)~] 3Hz0. Evidence for the corre-
sponding trans compound derives mostly from preparative
chemistry. 141 Figure 3 illustrates the cis-trans isomerism in a
3" en
trori + [ C O ( N H ~ ) ? ~ ~ C O , I + cis-[Co(NH,),er1C0~1~
NO, Figure 4. Synthesis of cis- and trans-carbonatocomplexes.
.=dOq-\
' 0 O
isomers of two selected carbonato complexes. Among the
cobalt(II1) amine biscarbonato complexes the blue salt is
usually the cis variety, whereas the violet salt obtained from
1-cis the cis isomer is the trans compound. Figure 5 illustrates the
Figure 3. cis-trans isomerism in bis-carbonatocomplexes.
typical biscarbonato complex and Figure 4 shows a flow dia-

gram for the complete synthesis of a typical mixed ligand type
trans- and cis-carbonato complex starting from CoCh.
6H~0.'~~ The cis isomer has a higher absorbance than the
trans in keeping with the earlier observations on the spectral
characteristics of cis-trans isomers of a number of cobalt(II1)
complexes. 143 Table V shows the optical properties of cis-trans i-CO,
SO:
SO2
Table V
I I
Optical Properties of cis-trans Isomers
Absorb-
Wavelength unce,
Species hmaa, nip U* ReJ ff'RffS
cis-[Co(NH&enCOo]+ 504 125 142

347 148
truns-[Co(NH&enCO,]+ 512 95 142
356 103
cis-[Co(NH,),(C03)~]- 575 138 88
390 25 1
trans-[Co(NH&(CO&]- 540 63 88
374 111
cis
(141) V. A. Golovnya, L. A. Kokh, and S. K. Sokol, Russ. J . Inorg. Figure 5. Reaction between C O ( C O ~ )and
~ ~ NOz-
- ions.
Chem., 10, 448 (1965).
(142) R. J. Dobbins and G. M. Harr.is, private cpmmunication. For
details see. R. J. Dobbins, Ph.D. Thesis, State University of New York application of preparative chemistry in the elucidation of
at Buffalo, 1967. See also ref 147.
(143) F. Basolo, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 72,4393 (1950). trans-cis isomerism in the carbonato complexes.
Tuble VI Table VI1

Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Metal Carbonato Complex@ Visible Absorption Spectra of Metal Carbonato Complexes
Carbonato complex ,,,A, mp Urn Ref
-
Carbonate comptex
HCOJ- 210-230 Weak 159, 160
NazCOa (aq) 220 (sh) -10-100 159, 160 440 166 100
Ethylene carbonate 270 (sh) 161 635 154
Propylene carbonate 270 (sh) 161 358 120 163
Propylene carbonate 223 (sh) 161 512 127
(as soh) 357 122 163
Propylene carbonate 270 (sh) 161 515 133
(ethanolic solution) 360 128 163
[Co(en)~COd+ 238 161 520 109
250 (s) (ff1 (B)
238 161 [Co(trien)C03] + 360 112 140 116
248 (s) 3 forms)
(CY, j 510 140 180
238 161 [Co(o-pher~)~CO~]+ 350 2000 81
250 (s) 510 100
238 161 [Co(dipy),CO~]+ ... ... 80
258 (s) [Co(NHs)sCOs]+ (348) (160) 161
233 (sh) 505 94 164
250-280 (s) 161 362 122 142
(sh) 522 104
274 -6.3 X lo2 81 520 105 164a
... ... 80 cis-[Co(NH&(CO&]- 390 251 88
220 1.38 x 104 100 575 138
234 2.00 x 104 io0 374 110 88
243 1.66 X lo4 162 540 63
235 1.41 X 104 162 347 148 142
260 -lo6 100, 106 504 125
259 2.57 X lo4 114 356 103 142
250 -1.2 x 104 116 512 95
250 -1.2 X 104 116 347 7413 114
239 2.88 X 10 88 472 219
231 1.95 ..
~
IO4 88
X ~. 390 214 88
243 1.6 X lo2 82 570 148
192 -104 truns-[Co(en)(CO,)~l- 388 204 88
559 87
a s = solid; sh = shoulder. [CoAC03]+ 350 135 82
(A = CLBH~ZNA 500 121
b. Optical Isomerism
Additional structural evidence derives from the follobving: struments for measuring both ORD and CD, structural in-
(i) resolution of optically active carbonato complexes, (ii) formation concerning absolute configuration and conforma-
Walden inversion studies, (iii) optical rotary dispersion tion of dissymmetric mixed ligand type carbonato complexes
(ORD), and (iv) circular dichroism (CD) studies. Since the might be expected in the future. For a recent review on this
pioneer investigations by Bailar and c o w o r k e r ~ ~ ~ ~in- 1this
~9 see Kirschner. 153
field, several cobalt(II1) mixed ligand type carbonato com-
plexes have been studied from this standpoint. 3. Spectroscopic Data
The stereospecific preparation of L-carbonatobis(1 -pro-
pylenediamine)cobalt(III) iodide reported recently m makes Metal carbonato complexes provide an interesting series of
use of the lower solubility of the levo rotatory isomer in compounds for detailed spectral studies of the metal-oxygen
aqueous acetone. ORD studies on (+)-~-[co(en),CO,Cl] * h l (M-0) bond, of the environmental effects on the C=O
and ~ - [ C o ( e n ) ~ C O ~ ] C 1 0 ~ 162 provide valuable data
.0.5H20 stretching frequency, of the nature of the transitions in the
on their structures. With the availability of commercial in- absorption spectra of transitional metal complexes, and of the
position of the carbonate ligand in the spectrochemical series.
~~ ~
Although some of these topics have been discussed in depth
(144) J . C. Bailar, Jr., and R. W. Auten, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 56, 774 ~ ~ no collective study on the metal
in recent l i t e r a t ~ r e ,154-158
(1934). carbonato complexes is currently available. Tables VI, VII,
(145) J. C. Bailar, Jr., F. G . Jonelis, and E. H. Huffman, ibid., 58,
2224 (1936).
(146) J. C. Bailar, Jr., and J. P. McReynolds, ibid., 61,3199 (1939). (153) S. Kirschner, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2,461 (1967).
(147) J. C. Bailar, Jr., and D. F.Peppard, ibid., 62, 105 (1940). (154) C. K. Jgrgensen, Inorganic Complexes, Academic Press,
(148) J. C. Bailar, Jr., and D. F. Peppard, ibid., 62, 820 (1940). London, 1963.
(149) H. B. Jonassen, J. C. Bailar, Jr., and E. H. Huffman, ibid., 70. 756 (155) J. Fujita, A. Martell, and K . Nakamoto, J. Chem. Phys., 36, 339
(1948). (1962).
(150) F. P. Dwyer and T. E. MacDermott, Inorg. Chem., 2, 871 (1963). (156) E. P. Bertin, R. B. Penland, S. Mizushima, C. Curran, and J. V.
(151) J. G. Brushmiller, E. L. Amma, and B. E. Douglas. J . Amer. Quadlano, J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,81,3818 (1959).
Chem. SOC.,84, 3227 (1962). (157) M. Drouin, J. P. Mathieu, and H. Poulet, J . Chim. P ~ J J s58,
. , 322
(152) T. E. MacDermott and A. M. Sargeson, Ausr. J . Chem., 16, 334 (1961).
(1963). 158) J. Lascombe, ibid., 56.79 (1959).
Table VI11
Infrared Absorption Spectra of Metal Carbonato Complexesa
Carbonato complex v1 V6 yz US ya Ref
1529 1326 11066 850 755 97

1050
...
1527
1338
1330
1082
1049
1080
884
851
(;::
809
97
97
1037
1523 1285 1073 889 738 97
1031
1590 1287 1033 831 742 155
1623
1597
1643
1265
1260
1267
1026
1026
...
839
836
833
: :I 763
1742
757
155
155
155
1285
(1615 1275 ... 823 762 155
11603 1288
1577
1281
1272
1282
\;E; 830
825
754
757
97
97
1575
1276 11038
(1628 1276 ... 827 759 155
11615
1618 1285 ... 821 768 155
11290 824 756 97
1565
1565-
11278
1260-
{E
1050- 826- 750- 161
1572 1273 1059 830 754
1565- 1280- 1030- 826- 750- 161
1572 1284 1035 830 754
1574 1261 1030 844 748 73
1610 80
1220 820 750 82
1602 1284 ... 836 762 155

1603 1292 ... 835 765 155
1593 1265 1030 834 760 155
1604 1268 832 768 156
( 1268) (1031) 832 753 155
... 1260 ... 856 756 97

1021
[Co(NH&enCOa]C1.O. 5H20 1630 1260 1054 830 762 162
(cis)
[Co(NH&enC03]C1.HzO 1640 1260 1055 830 759 162
(trans)
Values in crn-l. The frequency notation used for u1, u5, uZ, us, u s , is the same as in Fujita, Martell, and Nakamoto.lS6Only carbonate
ligand frequencies are shown here. * Band reported to be obscured by NH3and HzObands in the spectral region 1640-1550 cm-l.
VIII, and IX159-167 show the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared covalently bound. Much of the published work centers around
absorption spectral data on these complexes as also the organic cobalt(II1) complexes of the mixed ligand type which show two
carbonate esters in which the ligand is known to be essentially characteristic strong absorption bands in the visible and one
intense band in the ultraviolet.
The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of aqueous carbonate
( 1 59) H. McConnell, J . Chem. Phys., 20,700 (1952).
(160) A. L. Underwood and L. H. Howe, 111, Anal. Chem., 34, 692
ion (10-2 M Na2C03)shows a steep shoulder in the region
(1962). 230-210 mp with no maximum. Under similar conditions
(161) V. S. Sastri, Ph.D. Thesis, State University of New York at
Buffalo, 1966.
(162) I. M. Rigg and E. Sherwin, J . Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 27,653 (1965).
(163) G. Lapidus and G. M. Harris, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 85, 1223 (165) I. L. Hales, I. I. Jones, and W. Kynaston, J . Chem. SOC.,618
(1963). (1957).
(164) T. P. Dasgupta and G. M. Harris, ibid., 90,6360 (1968). (166) K. V. Krishnamurty and E. Bynum, unpublished results.
(164a) J. P. Mathieu, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 5,468 (1936). (167) H. Minato, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jup., 36, 1020 (1963).
both aqueous bicarbonate ion (loF2M NaHC03) and COZ- earths studied (Nd, Pr, Sm, Er, Ho, and Eu) neodymium(II1)
(aq), however, exhibit extremely weak absorption, also with seems to offer evidence for a carbonate complex equilibrium
no maximum. This difference in the ultraviolet absorption
spectra has been utilized in developing a spectrophotometric
Nd3+ + 4COa2- = Nd(C0a)d6-
titration method160for the analytical determination of car- The formation constant K v 12 has been reported for Nd-
bonate-bicarbonate and carbonate-hydroxide mixtures. (CO&- at a constant ionic strength 5.35 and Nd(II1) =
The ultraviolet absorption spectra of a great majority of 0.0298 M.
the carbonato complexes, mostly cobalt(II1) mixed ligand The infrared absorption spectra of numerous simple ionic
types, show intense absorption (a,,! v lo4)in the region 220- carbonates both of laboratory and mineral origin (Li2COa,
270 mp. The pentaammine-cdrbonato complex, [Co(NH 3)$- N a C 0 3 , K2C03,(NH&CO3, MgCOa, 3MgC03.Mg(OH),.
C08]+,has a broad band between 250 and 280 mp in the solid 3H20, CaC03 (calcite, aragonite), SrC03 (strontianite),
state whereas in aqueous solution only a shoulder at 233 mp. BaC0, (witherite), MnC03 (rhodochrosite), FeC03 (siderite),
The tetraammine-carbonato complex, [CO(NH~)~CO~]+, ex- COCO,, Ag~C03, CdC03, PbC03 (cerrusite), NaHCO,,
hibits a blue shut of nearly 20 mp in solution compared to the KHC03, and NH4HCO3) are known.174-176 As a result the
ultraviolet maximum in the solid state. The organic car- free carbonate ion has been the subject of intensive spectral
bonates (ethylene carbonate Is8) investigations both by infrared and Raman methods. 177-18
Recent interest in the use of infrared spectral data for eluci-
H,C-O, dating the structure of coordination compoundsg7prompted
I ,c=o an extensive experimental and theoretical study of the car-
H$-0 bonate ion (DBh symmetry) as a potential ligand. The cal-
culated frequencies obtained from a normal coordinate
also show significant solvent effects, and the ultraviolet ab- treatment of carbonate as unidentate (C, symmetry) and bi-
sorption band may be identified with the ligand carbonate, dentate (C?vsymmetry) models l5,j,182, have been compared
most likely due to transitions of the a electrons of the >C=O with the experimental frequencies of cobalt(II1) mixed ligand
group. 159, carbonato complexes. The good agreement reported confirms
The visible as well as the ultraviolet absorption spectra of earlier observations on the M-0 bond in carbonato complexes
[C~(en)~LlBr, where L is a bidentate acido ligand (carbonato, and the degree of covalency of the bound carbonate.
oxalato, malonato, succinato, maleato, and phthalato rings), A covalently bound carbonate, as in organic carbonate
provide interesting correlations between band width and esters whose infrared spectral data appear in Table IX, gives
chelate ring size. The mixed ligand type carbonato com- rise to absorption in the region 1720-1760 cm- characteristic
plexes of cobalt(II1) exhibit two strong absorption bands in of >C=O stretching frequency and ionic carbonates (cf.
the region 470-650 and 340-440 mp, confirming the well- Na2COa)at 1410-1450 cm-I. The infrared absorption spectra
characterized spin-allowed transitions. 17 ~ - 1 7 ~ of various metal-carbonato complexes show a very strong
By successive replacement of the carbonate in c0(c0)s3- absorption in the neighborhood of 1600 cm-I, indicating a
with other ligands three series of cobalt(II1) complexes have certain degree of covalent character of the bound carbonate in
been synthesized and their absorption spectra reveal interest- the complex (see vl in Table VIII). It can be shown in the fol-
ing details concerning stereochemistry. One such series iss8 lowing carbonate complexes that there is nearly 40-45z
blue K [ C O ( ~ ~ ) ( C OH20
~)~]. covalent character : Co(NH 3)4C03+, Co(en)COa+, Co(pn),-
violet K[Co(en)(CO&].HzO Cos, Co(tn)2C03+, Co(trien)C03+, [Co(NH3)2(C03)2]-, Co-
(COe)33-. Similar estimate show -50% or even higher cova-
The blue variety is reported to be the cis form and the violet lent character2 I S 4 for the trisoxalato complexes of Fe(III),
one, the trans form. Both the blue and the violet forms are AI(III), Cr(III), and Co(II1). This might mean at least quali-
known in complexes where no carbonate ligand is present, for tatively that the M-0 bond in metal-carbonato complexes is
example, K [ C O ( N H ~ ) ~ ( C ~ H20
O ~ ) ~ ]and
. K[Co(en)(GO&]. less covalent than the M-O bond in metal-oxalato complexes,
H20. The authorsa8themselves recommend further studies on a plausible reason for the nonexistence of Cr(C03)3a-as op-
this intriguing type of blue-aiolet stereoisomerism as it is con- posed to the extraordinarily stable Cr(C204)3a- ion.
trary to our current beliefs concerning the steric capability of The proton magnetic resonance spectra of cis- and frans-
en, CO,, and c204 to span trans positions in an octahedral [Co(NH3)penC03]+ show interesting structural details con-
complex. All our experience has been in favor of cis-spanning cerning the C-H protons in two different environments. 1 4 %
only for these ligands, and it would indeed be interesting to
notice an exception.
Changes in the position and intensity of the absorption
(174) F. A. Miller and C. H. Wilkins, Anal. Chem., 24,1253 (1952).
maximum of several rare earth element tripositive ions upon (175) F. A. Miller, G. L. Carleson, F. F. Bentley, and W. H. Jones,
addition of excess carbonate ion have been interpreted in Spectrochirn. Acta, 16, 135 (1960).
terms of the carbonato complex formation.99 Of the rare (176) R. A. Schroeder, C. E. Weir, and E. R. Lippincott, J . Res. Narl.
Bur. Std., 66A, 407 (1962).
(177) Th. G. Kuzumzelis, Z . Phys., 109, 586 (1938).
(178) R. Duval, C. Duval, and J. Lecomte, Bull. Chim. Soc.. 10, 517
(1943).
(168) C. L. Angell. Trans. Faraday SOC.,52, 1178 (1956). (179) P. Bacchus and A. Kastler, C. R . Acad. Sci., Paris, 220, 398
(169) S . P. Glynn and M . Kasha, J . Chem. Phys., 24,481 (1956). (1945).
(170) S . M. Crawford, Spectrochim. Acta, 18,965 (1962). (180) H. H. Adler, Am. Mineralogist, 48, 124 (1963).
(171) L. E. 0rgel.J. Chem. SOC.,4756(1952). (181) C. K. Huang and P. F. Kerr, ibid., 45,311 (1960).
(172) C. J. Ballhausen, Introduction to Ligand Field Theory, Mc- (182) H. Brintzinger and R. E. Hester, Znorg. Chem., 5,980 (1966).
Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., 1962. (183) R. E. Hester and W. E. L. Grosman, ibid., 5, 1308 (1966).
(173) M. Linhard and M. Weigel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem.. 266, 49 (184) J . Schmelz, T. Miyazawa, S. Mizushima, T. J. Lane, and J. V.
(1951). Quagliano, Spectrochim. Acra, 9.51 (1957).
182 K. V. Krishnarnurty, G. M. Harris, and V. S. Sastri
Table IX
Infrared Absorption Spectra of Covalent Carbonates
R' R" VC-0, cm-1 VC-0, cm-1 Medium" Ref
R'-0
\,
Covalent Carbonate
/""
R"-0
CHs 1755 1280 C 165

1748 1280 L 165
1760 1280 N 97
1760 E 166
C2H 6 1750 E 166
1750 1262 N 97
1739 1262 C 165
1748 C 167
1745 E 166
M 167
1730
n-CaH7 1775 E 166
n-C4Hg 1745 C 167
M 167
1727
r-C4Hg t-C4Hg 1739 C 167
M 167
1712
1773 E 166
1738 E 166
C 167
1795
1776 M 167
CClS 1832 1178 C 165
CClS 1780 -1235 L 165
CHzCHzCI 1750 1246 C 165
CHClCCla 1794 1240 C 165
CH(CHa)CH2CI 1743 1256 L 165
CH(CH&H(CHa)CI 1743 1268 L 165
CH(CHzC1)z 1741 1254 C 165
CH(CsH5)CHzCl 1751 1226 N 165
c
2H5 1756 1234 L 165
Bi~(2-chlorocyclohexyl)~ 1743 N 165
1746 N 165
Diphenyl 1760 E 166
1775 1227 S 165
1779 1260 N 97
Di-p-tolyl 1770 N 166
Di-nl-tolyl 1775 N 166
1783 N 167
M 166
1761
D i-o-tolyl 1765 N 166
1779 C 167
M 167
1757
Bis(o-methoxy)phenyl 1770 N 166
Methylphenyl 1755 1262 L 165
1755 1262 N 97
Ethylpheiiyl 1757 1252 L 165
1757 1252 N 97
Cyclic Carbonates R C=O

'o/
-CH?CHZ- 1818 C 167
1870 1162 L 97
1810 1163 Solid 97
Table IX (Continued)
R VC-0, c m - l YC-O, cm-' Medium" Ref
Cyclic Carbonates
-CHnCHn- 1805
M 167
1779
1817 1138
1763 sh,w c, s 165
1795
sh,w
1 165
1770
1788
sh,w F 165
1762
1160
-CH=CH- C 165
-1770 W
1 165
1801 sh, w
F 165
1796 S
[-CH-CH-], 1833 1162 N 165
-CH(CHn)CHr 1809 1171 C 165
1792 1 165
-CHCICHCI- 1115
1 165
1794 sh, m
-CHCICHr 1151
1797 sh, m
1 165
-CH(CH2CI)CHt- 1803 1165 1 165
-CH(CsH6)CHr 1816 C 165
1770 1164 KCl disk 165
-1770 W
5 165
1730 S 1280 s 89
aC = carbon tetrachloride, L = liquid, N = Nujol, E = neat, M = methanol, S = carbon disulfide, F = thin film, s = strong, m =
medium, w = weak. * Two values are for stereoisomers.
The C-H groups in the trans isomer (cf. Figure 4) are equiva- ligand type carbonato complexes of cobalt(II1) have been in-
lent whereas in the cis isomer they are not. Similar compari- vestigated, one of which, [Co(NH&C03]Br. H 2 0 , by a mis-
son of the ammonias and the amine group is complicated by taken identity. l9 Reported crystallographic data are presented
the quadrupole relaxation of the N14 nucleus and the rapid in Table X.
exchange of protons on these groups with solvent DzO.lE5 Of the covalent carbonates, ethylene carbonate has been
Interesting possibilities exist if electronically similar sulfur thoroughly investigated, '92 and the following interatomic
atoms are substituted for oxygen atoms in the carbonate distances show normal C-C (aliphatic) and C-0 bond lengths
ligand. The following covalent thiocarbonates are known.
HsCZ*\ H s C ~ \ H,C,-S, H5W(
/c=o ,c=s /c=o ,c=s
H$z-0 HsC2-O HSC2-S HjC2-S
(colorless) (yellow) (colorless) (deep reddish orange)
The only metal thiocarbonato complex187is that of Ni(I1) with
cs32-.
of 1.54 and 1.42 A, respectively, in the ethylenic part of the
molecule. However, as compared to the C-0 bond length in
Ni2+ + 2CSa2- = Ni(CS&*- log Kr = 8.8 an ionic carbonate like CaC03 (calcite) which is about 1.24 A
(CIM = 1600 at 510 mp) (three equivalent oxygens), ethylene carbonate does reveal
4. Crystal Structure nonequivalence of one oxygen from the other two. Also this
study indicates ethylene carbonate is not planar, the atoms of
Since carbonic acid has never been isolated, no crystal- COSbeing in one plane and the ethylenic carbons in a different
structure information is available for HzC03. However, plane making a 20" angle. In a subsequent study'" on the
several simple ionic carbonates, basic carbonates of mineral infrared spectrum of ethylene carbonate in the solid, liquid,
origin (cf. azurite188v189and rnala~hite'~~),
and two mixed vapor, and dissolved states (3600-400 cm-l) along with the
Raman spectrum in solution, it has been found that the sym-
(185) P. Clifton and L. Pratt, Proc. Chem. Soc., 339 (1963).
(186) H. L. McMurry, J . Chem.Phys., 9,231 (1941). metry of the molecule is altered from Cz in the solid state to
(187) W. A. Deskin, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 80,5680(1958). Czr in the other states resulting in a planar configuration. This
(188) G. Gattow and J. Zemann, A m . Crysf., 11, 866 (1958).
(189) P.Susse, ibid., 22, 146 (1967).
(190) L. E. Sutton, "Ta;!e of Interatomic Distances and Configuration
in Molecules and Ions, Special Publication No, 18, The Chemical (191) H. C. Freeman and G. Robinson, J . Chem. Soc., 3195 (1965).
Society. London, 1965. (192) C. J. Brown, Acra Cryst., 7,92 (1954).
Table X
CrystallographicData on Carbonates
Symmetry
Compound c[assifcation Space group a , A b, k c, A B Ref
Monoclinic 3.51 9.71 8.05 111 51 196, 197
Monoc1inic 15.11 5.67 3.71 103 45 198
Monoclinic 199
Monoclinic 20.41 3.49 10.31 106 20 200
Orthorhombic 20.23 5.75 5.95 20 1
Monoclinic 4.83 9.52 3.23 92 42 202
Orthorhombic 6.76 7.629 16.886 194
Orthorhombic 12.37 12.14 6.43 191
Monoclinic 11.80 10.60 7.42 98 39 193
Monoclinic 8.92 6.25 6.94 100 30 192
has particular significance in the solution and solid-state C. STABILITY

properties of several carbonato complexes.
Several methods are known for the detection of complexes in
The crystal structure of [Co(NH3)4C03]+has been studied
solution and for the determination of their stability con-
by several workers193-196 to learn if carbonate chelation would
stant~.~O5-~~2In this section an attempt will be made to discuss
result in a four-membered ring structure. The observed 0-C-0
the various methods employed in the detection of carbonato
bond angle in the complex was 110 and the C-0-Co bond
complexes in aqueous solutions and in systems amenable
angle go, which indicate highly strained four-membered ring
to quantitative study, the determination of their stability con-
formation. Additional evidence comes from the O-Co-0
stants.
bond angle of 70 which is drastically different from the usual
90 found in regular octahedral structures. The crystal struc-
ture of [CO(NH~)~CO~]+ confirms carbonate acting as a mono- I . Stability Constant Data
dentate ligand and internal hydrogen bonding between am- Stability constant data including those of the ion-pair car-
mine nitrogen and the carbonatel91 in the solid state. bonate complexes are presented in Table XI, and widely
scattered experimental evidence for carbonate complexing in
5 . Miscellaneous Structural Evidence systems containing metal ions and carbonate-bicarbonate ions
is shown in Table XII. Although excellent compilation of
The molar electrical conductance of K3[Co(NO&(CO3)d
stability constant data on the carbonate ligand was first pub-
2H20 corresponds to a four-ion electrolyte and is confirmed
lished in 195721Band later revised in 1961,214during the past
by cryoscopic measurements. 1 4 1 Similar observation on a re-
lated binuclear compound, K8[Coz(NO&(CO&J 2H20, con- - decade several new systems have been explored, some with
quantitative interest.
firms its structure in the same study. Conductance measure-
ments also offer supporting evidence for the following com-
pounds: K [ C O ( N H ~ ) ~ ( C O ~ N ) ~~] ~, ~[ ~C~O ( N O ~ ) ~ Ccs6-
O~I,~~ 2. Methods of Determination
[ C O ~ N O Z ) B ( C O ~N) ~~~&, *O~( N O ~ ) Z ( C O ~Co(NH3)dCo-
)~,~~ a. Spectrophotometric Method
(NH3)2(NOz)zC03]3, C0(en)~[Co(NH&oO2)2CO31~, lo and
K[Co(NH3)2(NOz)zCO31. Detailed studies on the absorption spectra of Co(NH3)6+ and

Hydrazine hydrate and C 0 2react with [Co(NH3)aCO# ion ~ ~ +in carbonate solutions (0.01-1.0 M) and a com-
C ~ ( e n ) ions
to form a new coordination compound having the formula, parison of the resulting spectra with that of [Co(NH3)C03+]
( N ~ H ~ C O O ) Z C O ( N ~ H ~which
) ~ C Ois~stable
, in air and soluble ion confirm that the intense band in the ultraviolet region
in water and dilute HCI. The magnetic moment of 4.92 BM experiences systematic shifts in the wavelength of absorption
suggests cobalt in the +2 state.2o4 due to the formation of ion pairs of the type [Co(NH3)aSf.
(205) J. Bjerrum, Metal Ammine Formation in Aqueous Solution.

P. Haas and Sons, Copenhagen, 1941.
(206) A. E. Martell and M. Calvin, Chemistry of the Metal Chelate
(193) L. W. Strock, 2.Cryst., 86,42 (1933). Compounds, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York. N. Y., 1952.
(194) G. A. Barclay and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., 586 (1962). (207) J.,,C. Bailar, Jr., Ed., The Chemistry of the Coordination Com-
(195) C. 0. Haagensen and S . E. Rasmussen, Acta Chem. Scand., 17, pounds, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, N. Y., 1956.
1630(1963). (208) J. Lewis and R. G. Wilkins, Ed., Modern Coordination Chem-
(196) R. L. Sass and R. F. Scheurrnan, Acta Cryst., 15, 77 (1962). istry, Interscience Publishers, New York, N. Y., 1960.
(197) B. D. Sharma, ibid., 18, 818 (1965). (209) K. B. Yatsimirskii and V. P. Vasilev, Instability Constants of
Complex Compounds, Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1960.
(198) I. Nitta, Y. Tomiie, and C. H. Koo, ibid., 5, 292 (1952). (210) F. J. C. Rossotti and H. Rossotti, The Determination of Sta-
(199) R. Brooks and T. C. Alcock, Nature, 114, 435 (1950). bility Constants, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N. y., 1961.
(200) C. J. Brown, H. S. Pieser, and A. Turner-Jones, Acta Cryst., 2, (21 1) H. L. Schlafer, Komplexbildung in Losung, Springer-Verlag,
167 (1949). Berlin, 1961.
(201) J. D. Donahue and L. Helmholz, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 66, 295 (212) M. M. Jones, Elementary Coordination Chemistry, Prentice-
(1944). Hall, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1964.
(202) J. E. Eldridge, Ph.D. Thesis, Dartmouth College, 1943; see ref (213) J. Bjerrum, G. Schwarzenbac:, and L. G. Sillin, Stability Con-
201. stants. Part 11. Inorganic Ligands, Special Publication No. 6, The
(203) V. A. Golovnya, L. A. K o a , and S. K. Sokol, Russ. J. Inorg. Chemical Society, London, 1957.
Chem., 7, 1404 (1962). (214) L. G.,Wlin and A. E..Martell. Stability Constants of Metal Ion
(204) P. V. Gogorishvili, M. V. Karkarashvili, and L. D. Tsitsishvili, Complexes, Special Publication No. 17, The Chemical Society,
ibid., 1, 113 (1956). London, 1961.
Table XI
Stability Constants on Carbonato Complexesu
Complex Log K Temp, " C Conditions, I.( Merhod Ref
1.26 25 +O Potentiometry 27, 28
1.16 25 -0 Potentiometry 27, 28
1.80 25 +O Solubility 223
-0.25 25 +O Potentiometry 28
2.43 ... +O 244
11.52 25 1 M KNOs Polarography 233
46.96 20 7.0 Solubility 22 1
1.73 18-20 ... Spectrophotometry 215, 216
1.95 18-20 ... Spectrophotometry 215, 216
3.4 25 +O Potentiometry 29
6.92 25 0.1-1.0 M Polarography 234
NazCOa
6.02 25 0.1-1.0 M Polarography 234
Na2C03
9.78 25 0.1-1 .o M Polarography 235
NazCOa
23.85 20 -0 Solubility 48
potentiometry
glass electrode
potentiometry
14.57 25 0.2 Solubility 42
8.2 18 1 . 7 MKNOa Polarography 39
8.6 18 1.7MKNO3 Polarography 39
potentiometry
20.7 25 0.2 Solubility 42
22.8 25 1 .o Solubility 222
polarography
-7.2 25 ... Polarography 233
1.08 ... 5.35 Spectrophotometry 56
a p = ionic strength; +O = approaching zero p ; Krefers to cumulative or gross stability constant, M + nL = ML,.
C032-]. Calculations on the degree of ion-pair formation Job's method of continuous variation218has been used in
show greater than 40 in a 0.01 M Na2C03and a tenfold in- the study of uranium(V1tcarbonato complexes, 219 and the
crease in carbonate concentration results in nearly 7 0 z ion following complexes, [UOz(COa)3]4--, [UO2(CO&l 2-, and
pairs.216.216 Such ion-pair formation is well known in co- [U20s(OH)(HC03)]0,are reported to occur at pH 11.2, 7.7,
ordination chemistry. 217 and 5.7, respectively. Conductometric studiesla7 show dis-
The absorption spectra of the carbonato complexes of Pr- continuities at U:C03 ratios 1 :3 and 1 :2 suggesting the exis-
(111), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), Ho(III), and Er(II1) show ap- tence of [UOz(C03)3]4- and [UOZ(CO&]2- ions in equilibrium.
preciable bathochromic shifts in the region 240-1000 mp
compared to those of the corresponding rare earth chloride
+
[UOz(CO&l4- = [UOz(COa)zlz- CO,*-
~01utions.6~Neodymium(II1) shows an exceptionally large
K = 1.7 X (25", I.( +0)
shift accompanied by an increased intensity in absorption, Spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods have been
whereas Dy(III), Yb(III), and Tm(II1) differ little from those used in conjunction to study the e q ~ i l i b r i a l ~ ~
of their chlorides. Graphical eval~ation5~ of the Nd(III)-COa2- UO3*2H2O(s) + COz(g) = UOZCOS(S)+ 2Hz0 KI 'V lo4
spectral data gives the composition and the dissociation con- UO~CO~(S) 2HCOa- + + H20 =
stant for Nd(CO3)2- = 0.0863, Kformation 'V 12.0). An
independent ion-exchange study followed by thermodynamic
+
[UOdCO~)z(HzO)z12- COa(g) K2 % 26
analysisla4 of the anion-exchange behavior of Nd(II1) in In addition carbonato complexes of uranium(1V) of the com-
K2COa solutions confirms the presence of Nd(C03)45- among position Na6U(COl)s.1lH2O and the ion U(C03)6'- have been
several other complexes. characterized.
(215) H. Yoneda, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jap., 28, 125 (1955).

(216) S. R. Cohen, Thesis, Cornell University, 1956; University:Micro- (218) P. Job, C . R . Acad. Sci., Paris, 180, 928 (1925); Ann. Chim., 1101
films 20406. 9, 113 (1928); [ill 6,97 (1936).
(217) G. H. Nancollas, "Interaction in Electrolyte Solutions," Elsevier (219).C. A. Blake, C. F. Coleman, K. B. Brown, D. G. Hill, R . S.
Publishing Co., New York, N. Y.,1966. Lowrie, and J. M. Schmitt, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,78, 5978 (1956).
Table XII
Evidence for Carbonato Complex Ion Formation
Complex Temp, "C Conditions Method Ref
25 KHCOI Ion exchange 55
25 KHCOr Ion exchange 55
25 KHCOa Ion exchange 55
25 KHCOa Ion exchange 55
25 NaZCO, Polarography 238
25 NazC03 Polarography 238
25 NazCO, Polarography 238
25 NazCOa Polarography 236
25 Na2CO3 Polarography 237
25 Na2CO3 Polarography 237
25 NazCOa Polarography 237
0-50 Excess C032- Solubility, preparative 96
25 Excess C03z- Ion exchange 37
25 KzC03 Ion exchange 55
25 KzCOa Ion exchange 55
I . . Excess C03 Polarography 239
, . . 0.1 M (NH4)zCOs Ion exchange 38
... Excess COa2- Preparative 57
Solubility 222
Ionexchange 55
... Saturated Preparative 124
("a)zC03 Solubility
... Excess C032- Preparative 45
Ionexchange 100
I . . Excess CO12- Preparative 50
Ion exchange 134
... Excess C032- High-frequency 51
Titration
... Excess COae- Preparative 64
25 NaZCO3 Polarography 241
NaHC03
... Excess C O P Preparative 48
Conductance
Solubility 52
Freezing point
... 45% KzCOa Solubility 49
25 Excess KzCOa Ion exchange 134
25 Excess K2CO1 Ionexchange 57, 134
25 Excess KzCOa Ion exchange 134
25 Excess KzC03 Ion exchange 134
... ... Preparative 60
... Excess C032- Preparative 60
Solubility
... ... Preparative 95, 248
25 KzC03 Ion exchange 55
25 KzCOa Ion exchange 55
... Excess K2C03 Polarography 239
Preparative
I . . Excess Na2C07 Solubility 245
Preparative 246
Potentiometric 61
Freezing point 60
... ... Spectrophotometry 242
... Excess Coal- Preparative 59
Conductance
... Excess Cot2- Preparative 60
Solubility 43
Spectrophotometry 64
Polarography 241
Table XI1 (Continued)

Complex Temp, "C Conditions Method Ref
... Excess HC08- Polarography 24 1
and C O P
... Excess COSz- Preparative 48
Solubility
Preparative 124
Solubility
[G(co3)618- Excess C032- Preparative 50
[Pu(CO3)al'~- Preparative, solubility 48
Zr(IV) anionic complex ... Excess (NHJzCO~ Ion exchange 227
V(IV) complex ... Excess Na~C03 Ion exchange 228
Pu(II1) complex ... Excess KzC03 Spectrophotometry 48, 49
Pu(IV) complex ... Excess KzC03 Spectrophotometry 49
Polarography
Am(1II) complex ... Excess KzCOs Transference number 247
Solubility, ion-exchange 49
Spectrophotometry 220
Am(V1) complex Excess NazC03 Solubility 49
Spectrophotometry
Cm(II1) complex ... Excess C032- Solubility 49
Ga(II1) anionic complex ... Excess (NH4)zCOs ion exchange 229
In(II1) anionic complex ... Excess (NH4)2COa Ion exchange 230
Based on the absorption spectrum of americium(V1) in The carbonate ligand seems to be favored by Pu(1V) or
0.1 M NaaC03and its distribution on Dowex-1 resin, a red- Pu(V1) over other ligands, and a number of substitution reac-
dish brown carbonato complex has been reported. 2 2 0 The tions yield the compounds that contain both oxalate and car-
infrared spectra of solid americium(V1) carbonates confirm bonate.&
the presence of the 0 - A m 4 group, and further studies may
be needed to determine the exact composition of the Am(V1)-
carbonato complex.
Spectral evidence also suggests the formation of anionic
complexes in the plutonium(III)-carbonate system. The
absorption spectra of plutonium(1V) in carbonate solutions
(35-45 K2CO3) in the range 400-1 100 mp show evidence for Electrical conductivity data and cryoscopic measurements
the complexes Pu(C03)20, P U ( C O ~ ) ~P~u- ,( C O ~ ) ~ ~and
- , Pu- support these formulas. In aqueous solution, however, the
(C03)66-. At lower carbonate concentration, however, there following replacement reaction would be of kinetic and
is evidence for P u C O ~ (Kinst
~ + = 1.5 X which undergoes thermodynamic interest in view of the different types of oxy-
partial decomposition at elevated pH's (>11.3) according to gen atoms present in the system.
the reactionzz1
PuOt(G04)ze- -k 2c0a2- = P U o ~ ( c o ~ )4-
z ~2G04'-
- K N lO3eS
PuCOa'+ + 40H- = Pu(0H)a + COee- b. Solubility Method
Plutonium(V1) forms several sparingly soluble carbonates
Most metals form sparingly soluble carbonates whose solu-
and carbonato complexes of which [Pu0z(CO&12- (Kinst =
bility in excess carbonate could be appreciable as a result of
1 X 10-15) is well known4 and is analogous to [UOz(COa)d*
carbonate complexing. The solubility of U02(OH)2 (KBp=
(Kinst= 3 X 1O-l6). Interestingly plutonium in various oxida-
1.8 X 10-22) in aqueous carbonate solutions at pH 7.0-9.0 has
tion states shows the following order, Pu4+> Pus+, Pu0z2+>
been accounted in terms of the well-known complexes42
Pu02+, toward complexing, and this order more or less
UOz(C03)22-and U02(C03)34-. The respective stability con-
parallels their ionic potential (e/r). I n the absence of reliable
stants are shown in Table XI. A related investigationzz2on
data on the Pu-C08 systems, this might be illustrated with the
the solubility of uranyl 8-hydroxyquinolinate in 1.3 M
well-known oxalato complexes.
(NH4)2C03and 2 M NH4C1gives a value for the dissociation
Oxidation +4 +3 $6 +5
constant of U O Z ( C O ~ ) ~K.ias
~ - , = 1.7 X ( 2 5 O , p -t 1.0).
state The solubility of Pu(OH)4 in KzC03 at a high ionic strength of

Oxalate Pu(GO&' Pu(C204)a- P~Oz(Cz0r)z~- .. 10.0 has been measured as a function of pH and COa2- ion
PK
complex
Crystal
16.9 > 9.3
0.99 1.03
- 11.4
0.81
...
0.87
concentration.221 The reported value for Kinatfor PuCOa2+is
1.1 X 10-47. Solubility studies also indicate several complexes
radius, A
Charge/radius
Carbonate
4.44 >
PuCOa*+
2.91
...
- 2.47 > 1.15
PuO*(C03)2*- . . *
(220) J. S. Coleman, T. K. Keenan, L. H. Jones, W. T. Carnall, and
R. A. Penneman, Inorg. Chem., 2,58 (1963).
(221) A. I. Moskvin and A. D. Gel'rnan, Russ. J. Inorg. Chern., 3, 198
complex ( 1958).
PK 46.8 > ... 15.0 ... (222) A. E. Klygin and I. D. Srnirnova, ibid., 4, 16 (1959).
188 K. V. Krishnarnurty, G. M. Harris, and V. S. Sastri
of the types [PU(CO~)(OH)Z(H~O)I~, [Pu(CO~)(OH)~(HZO)~I-, complexes of Ce(1V) and Th(1V) with charges of - 6 and - 8.
and [PUCO~(OH)~(H~O)~]~-. These might very well be hydroxy carbonato complexes. The
The role of manganese(I1)-carbonate complex in water- differences in the distribution behavior of U(v1) and Th(1V)
supply chemistry and in natural waters has been elucidated as carbonato complexes form the basis of a method of separa-
through solubility studies. Solubility of MnC03(s) in tion of one from the other by ion exchange.
water at 25" in a solution saturated with COZwas studied by Carbonato complexes have been detected by ion-exchange
analyzing the equilibrium concentrations of Mn(1I) and technique in the case of Y(III),37 Zr(IV),227V(IV),*28 Am-
HC03- ions by periodate and potentiometric titrations, respec- (111),2 2 0 Co(III), 45 Ga(III), 2 2 9 and In(II1). Z a O
tively. The thermodynamic activities, aIInHC03+, U M ~ +,Z and
UHCO,-, were computed from concentration data using the
d. Polarographic Method
Debye-Hiickel relation. An average value of 63 has been
reported for the equilibrium constant for The theoretical principles and the methodology involved in
+
Mn2+ HCOa- = MnHC03+ the determination of the composition and stability of complex
ions by polarography are well known. 2 a 1, 2 a 2 The half-wave
which gives the free energy of formation of the ion-pair com- potential, Ell2, of a metal ion is generally shifted to more
plex, AF = - 197 kcal/mole. negative values due to complexation. By measuring El,, as a
Studies on Sc(III),SG Ce(III), 1 3 3 Fe(III), 1 2 4 Am(III), 49 function of ligand concentration, it is possible to obtain both
Cm(III),49 Th(IV),60-62 U(IV),6O P U ( I V ) , ~P~U ( V I ) , ~and
~ the composition and stability constant of the complex ion in
Am(VI)49 give qualitative evidence for various types of car- question. One of the chief requisites for the application of this
bonato complexes (cf. Table XU). method is that the reduction of the metal complex at the drop-
ping mercury electrode be reversible.
c. Ion-Exchange Method Polarographic studies on copper(I1) in carbonate medium
The method of studying metal complexes in solution by ion establishes the presence of Cu(CO3)2* and Cu(C0a)a'-
exchange is described in detail in the Excel- ions.39,233 The drastic change in the value of the stability con-
lent studies have been made on the carbonato and bicar- stant in going from C U ( C O ~to) ~CU(CO&~- ~ is in keeping
bonato complexes of the lanthanide elements55*l a 4using radio- with the general behavior of copper(I1) complexes. Ampero-
isotopes, I4lCe, 143Pr,147Nd,147Pm,15Y3m,and 152,154Eu, and metric titration of copper(I1) solutions with 1.0 M KHC03
Dowex-1 resin in its carbonate form. By elution chromatog- confirms the presence of C U ( H C O ~ ) ~complex. ~- At higher
raphy the distribution coefficients were measured over a con- bicarbonate ion concentration there is evidence for the
centration range 0.37-2.6 rn KzC03. Graphical evaluation of equilibrium
the data not only gives evidence for M(C03)45-type species in +
C U ( H C O ~ ) ~ ' - HCOa- = Cu(HCO&*-
solution but also confirms solubility studies5O on Ce(1V). K = 1.05 X 1 0 - z ( 2 5 0 , p = 1)
Detailed thermodynamic analysis of Eu(111)-Nd(111)-
carbonate-bicarbonate systems suggests the presence of [M- (Evidence for a hexacoordinated copper(I1) of the formula
(OH)(C03)$- and M(C03)2- complex ions at high and low C U ( H G O ~ ) ~stable~ - , on the resin phase, is a ~ a i l a b l e . ~ ~ )
concentrations of the ligand, respectively. The various equi- Lead(I1) resemblesag copper(I1) in forming a complex ion,
libria are as follows. Pb(C03)z2-. Investigation on the nature of cadmium(I1) in
carbonate medium 46 proves the existence of Cd(C03)3*- since
Carbonate system a plot of El/, os. log u k for carbonate ion gives a slope of
[M(COa)21- +Cose- = [M(C03)3l3-
K3 = 87.8 (Eu)
-0.092 in agreement with the theoretical value of -0.090 for
the complex. Formation of mixed ligand type amine carbonato
+
[M(C03)3]3- COa2- +OH- = [M(C0,)4(OH)]'- complexes of c a d m i ~ m ( I I ) , ~~~i~n c ( I I ) ,cobalt(II),236
~~~
K& = 56.2 (Eu) nickel(II),237 iron(1I),2~8 and i r 0 n ( I 1 I ) ~has ~ ~ been reported in
= 47.8 (Nd) a series of papers. They have the general formulas, [M(Moen)-
Bicarbonate system C03]0, [M(Dien)CO#, [M(Trien)CO3I0, and [M(Amine)-
+
[Nd(HCO&]+ HCO8- = [Nd(HCOa)alO K3 = 510
(CO,),]@ - 2 2 ) - , where M is a bipositive metal, Moen = mono-
ethanolamine, Dien = diethanolamine, and Trien = tri-
+
[Nd(HCOa)s]" HC08- = [Nd(HC03)4]- K4 = 62.7 ethanolamine.
[Nd(HCOr)$ + 2HCOa- = [Nd(HC0,)ola- KbKs = 481
[Eu(HCO&]+ + 2HCOs- = [Eu(HCO&]- KaKn = 3.52 X lo4
[Eu(HC0,)4]- + HCOa- = [Eu(HCOo)5lz- K5 = 17.3
(227) I. P. Alimarin, T. A. Belyavskaya, and B. V. Mu, Radiokhimiya,
1, 645 (1959).
[Eu(HCOo)$ + 2HCOa- [Eu(HCO~)T]~-KeK7 = 101 (228) R. I. Walter, J. Inorg. N K C ~Chem.,
. 6, 58 (1958).
(229) I. P. Alimarin, E. P. Tsintsevich, and A. N. Gorokhova, Zauod-
Studies38 on the absorption of Be(II), Ce(IV), Th(IV), and skaya Lab., 26, 144 (1960).
U(V1) in (NH4)2C03 solutions using batch equilibration tech- (230) I. P. Alimarin, E. P.Tsintsevich, and V. P.Burlaka, ibid., 25, 1287
(1959).
nique as a function of ligand concentration in 0-1.2 M (231) I. M. Kolthoff and J. J. Lingane, "Polarography," Interscience
(NH4)2C03proved the formation of [Be(CO&]- complex and Publishers. New York. N. Y..1952.
(232) L. Meites,J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,7 2 , 184(1950).
(233) L. Meites, ibid., 72, 184 (1950).
(234) R. S. Subrahmanya, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Sect. A , 43, 383
(223) J. D. Hem, J . Chem. Eng. Data, 8,99 (1963). (19 5 6).
(224) F. Helfferich, "Ion-Exchange," McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., (235) R. S. Subrahmanya, ibid., 44,443 (1957).
New York, N. Y., 1962. (236) R. S. Subrahmanya, ibid., 44, 195 (1957).
(225) P.Krueger and J. Schubert, J. Chem. Educ., 30,196 (1953). (237) R. S. Subrahmanya, ibid., 44, 184 (1957).
(226) J. E. Salmon, Reti. Pure Appl. Chem., 6 , 2 4 (1956). (238) R . S. Subrahmanya, ibid., 43, 133 (1956).
Polarographic investigations on ~ e r i u m ( I V ) , ~
uranium(1V)
~9 who examined the species Co(en)2C03+in the neigh-
and -(VI),240,241plutonium(IV), 49 and e ~ r o p i u m ( I I 1suggest
)~~ borhood of pH -9. They concluded that the racemization
the occurrence of several anionic carbonato complexes. reaction bore no kinetic relationship to the much more rapid
carbonate exchange process, indicating that the diacid0 ligand
e. Potentiometric Method replacement could occur with complete retention of configura-
tion. In the presence of added carbonate, the racemization is
The principles and details of this method have been discussed inhibited and appears to be a very complex process, with sev-
in several books on coordination chemistry. 2os The ion-pair eral alternative paths available. In absence of added carbonate,
complexes of magnesium(I1) and carbonate-bicarbonate and the rate law simplifies to the expression
the corresponding calcium(I1) complexes are of great interest
in the study of natural waters and in developing a chemical R = k[(H+)(C0(en)~C0~+)]'/~
model for sea water.28The potentiometric method has been
The suggested mechanism for this consisted of the equilibra-
successfully applied in the detection and determination of the
tions
ion-pair dissociation constants of magnesium(I1) complexes.2 9
It is based on the titration of a solution equimolal in carbonate d-Co(en),C03+ + HaO+ + HzO
and bicarbonate ions with MgClz and measuring the ac- +
d - c i s - C ~ ( e n ) ~ ( H ~ O ) ~H~C+0 , - (2)
companying changes in pH at various stages of the titration.
d-cis-C0(en)~(H~O)~3+ l-cis-Co(en)2(HzO)z~+ (3)
Deviation of the activity coefficients of Cos2- and HCO3- in
MgC12, NaC1-MgCI2, and NaCl solutions can be attributed to with reaction 3 being rate-determining. However, at pH -9,
the formation of complexes of the types MgCOSO, MgHC03+, hydroxo forms of the aquated species predominate, and sev-
and NaC03- (cf. Table XI). eral other paths for loss of optical activity exist. These include
The carbonato complexes of ~ o p p e r ( I 1 )and
~ ~ plutonium- not only racemization but cis-trans isomerization of each of
(VI)48 and the bicarbonato complexes of c a l c i ~ m ( I I )have
~~ the species d-cis-Co(en)2(H20)z3+,d-cis-Co(en)z(OH)(Hz0)2+,
been examined potentiometrically. On the basis of potentio- and d-ci~-Co(en)~(OH)~~+. Much more information is also
__
metric and thermometric titration studies of Th(NO& and needed concerning various other equilibration of the type of
fThr(OH)s](N03)8in KOH and KHCO3 medium with "01, reaction 2, including
evidence has been presented for the equilibria6I
+ 5coaz-= [Th(COa),]'- +
d - c i s - C ~ ( e n ) ~ C O ~ +2 H 2 0
Th'+
d-ci~-Co(en)~(OH)(H~O)~+
H C 0 3 - (4) +
rh,(OH)#+ + 2 o c o a 2 - = 4[Th(C03)5]'- + 8 0 H - +
d - c i ~ - C o ( e n ) ~ C O ~ +OH- + HzO
ruling out the following species reported earlier. 2 4 2 , 2 4 3 d-cis-Co(en)z(OH)z+ H C 0 , - + (5)
[Th(COa)4]'-, [Th(CO&(OH)21'-, [Th(COa)41**- Clearly much more work needs to be done on this system be-
fore a thorough understanding of the nature of this type of
f. Other Methods racemization reaction becomes possible.
Preparative chemistry has been helpful in establishing the
composition of a large number of carbonato complexes of 2. Ligand Substitution and
metals like Be, Sc, Ce, Th, U, Pu, Fe, Co, and Mo (cf. Table Isotope Exchange
IV). Cryoscopic titration technique gives experimental evi-
The earliest studies of carbonate replacement in carbonato
dence for several thorium(IV), uranium(VI), and plutonium-
complexes were concerned with acid hydrolysis (aquation).
(IV) carbonato complexes, and some of these observations
For the nonchelated species, Co(NH3)5C03+ (the only one
have been confirmed by conductometric titration, high-fre-
of this type which has been studied), the picture is now quite
quency titration, and transference number measurements.
complete. Lamb and coworker^^^^^^^^ showed that the hy-
Several applications of carbonate equilibria in nature and
drolysis had an acid dependence, which they ascribed to the
in the laboratory require precise data on the stability constants
equilibrium
of the carbonato complexes, and it is highly desirable if a re-
determination of the stability constants by more than one Co(NH3)&03+ + HsO+
procedure is possible. Co(NHa)sC03HZ+ + Hz0 l/K (6)
followed by substitution of water for the protonated carbonate
D. REACTIONS AND REACTION KINETICS
I . Racemization
Co(NH,)sC03H2+ + H z 0 +Co(NH3)s0Hz3+ + HCOa- (7)
Later work utilizing oxygen-18 labeling250~251
has shown that
Preparation of optically active forms of chelated carbonato
complexes has been accomplished by Werner and several
later investigators (see section 1II.B). The only kinetic study of (244) A. I. Moskvin, I. Geleceanu, and A. V. Lapitskii, Dokl. Akud.
the racemization of such compounds is that of Holden and Nuuk SSSR, 149,611 (1963); Chem. Absfr., 59,2366a (1963).
(245) P. T. Cleve, Bull. SOC.Chem. Fr., 21, 115 (1874).
(246) A. Rosenheim, V. Samter, and I. Davidsohn, Z . Anorg. Allg.
Chem., 35,424 (1903).
(239) J. Dolezal and J. Novak, Chem. Listy, 52,582 (1958). (247) G. N. Yokalev and V. N . Kosyakov, Proc. Intern. Conf. Peaceful
(240) W. E. Harris and I. M. Kolthoff, J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,69, 446 Uses A f . Energy, Geneva, 1955, 7,363 (1955).
(1947). (248) R. G. Monk, Tulunfu, 14, 1367 (1967).
(24l)'A. I. Stabrovskii, Zk.Neorg. Khim., 5, 81 1 (1960). (249) A. B. Lamb and R. G. Stevens, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,61, 3229
(242) Yu. M. Tolmachev, Bull. Akud. Nuuk S S S R , 320,4 (1944). (1939).
(243) B. Franck, Ann. Univ. Mariue Curie-Sklodowska, Lublin-Polonia, (250) J. B. Hunt, A. C. Rutenberg, and H. Taube, ibid., 74, 268 (1952).
.l1,47 (1956); Chem. Abstr., 53, 137436 (1959). (251) C. A. Bunton and D. R. Llewellyn, J . Chem. Soc., 1692 (1953).
190 K . V. Krishnamurty, 0. M. Harris, and V. S. Sastri
the carbonate loss is by means of decarboxylation, since the it to behave as an extremely weak base. This contrasts sharply
metal-oxygen bond of the complex remains intact.262 with the relatively high basicity of monodentate carbonate,
Co(NHa)s*OC0zH2++ Co(NHa)s*OH2+ + COz ki (8) as discussed above, and is paralleled by'the behavior of the
corresponding oxalato complexes. 266 The reactivity of the
(It is of interest that carbonate removal by Pb2+or Hg2+ in bidentate carbonato complexes is thus in a number of respects
aqueous solution also occurs without Co-0 bond fission,though quite different from the monodentate species, both as regards
the situation with respect to Ba 2+ is not so clearly defined.) hydrolysis reactions and carbonate exchange reactions.
Recent kinetic studies164 covering the wide acidity range The earliest kinetic work on this type of compound was
1 < pH < 8 have clarified existing di~agreements'09,26~'26~ Pedersen's study 267a of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the
concerning the magnitudes of K (the acid dissociation con- ion CO("a)4COa' within the limited acidity range 3 < pH <
H ~ +kl) (the rate constant of reac-
stant of C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C O ~ and 4 established by glycolate and acetate buffers. The rate law
tion 8). The former is now conclusively known to have a value was shown to be of the form
of 6.4 at 25" and 1.1 = 0.5 M . From eq 6 and 8, it is seen that
the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant should satisfy koba = ko +
kl(H+) (16)
the relation and was explained in terms of a dual mechanism, with con-
kobld = ki(H+)/[K -k (H+)l (9) tributions from noncatalyzed aquation and specific hydrogen
ion catalysis. Recently, this same reaction has been investi-
This is found to fit the experimental data admirably,lB4with gated267bover a much wider acidity range (1 < pH < 5)) in the
kl = 1.25 sec-1 at 25") p = 0.5 M. The temperature de- absence of buffer at the lower pH's and with a phosphate-
pendence parameters are AH* = 17.0 * 0.5 kcal/mole and citrate buffer at the upper end of the scale. Pedersen's con-
ASk = -0.5 * 1.0eu. clusions have been confirmed and expanded into a detailed
In strongly basic solution, a hydrolysis 0ccurs~6~ but is very mechanism on the basis of data obtained both by acidometric
much slower than the acid-catalyzed reaction and yields the and spectrophotometric techniques. All the observations are
hydroxo product consistent with a successive ring-opening-decarboxylation
+
Co(NHa)&Oa+ OH- +Co(NHs)6OHz+ COS*- kz (10) + mechanism, as follows.
The rate law is of the normal second-order form for alkaline Co(NH&COa+ + H20 +Co(NHa)4(OH)(COaH)+ ko (17)
hydrolysis Co(NHa)iCOs+ + HaO+ +
Co("a)r(OHz)(COsH)*+ ki (18)
R = k2(complex)(OH-) (1 1)
C~(NH~)~(OH*)(COSH)~+
The value of k2 is 3.3 X 10-6 M-l sec-l at 25" and 1.1 = 1.0 M y
and its temperature dependence is described by the param-
Co(NHs)~(OH)(COaH)+ H+ + Ki (19)
eters AH* = 30 kcal/mole and AS* = 18 eu. There is no Co(NHa)4(0Hz)(COaH)'++
evidence for any appreciable contribution to the hydrolysis by CO("~)~(~H)(OHZ)~+COz + kr (20)
a reaction of the type Co(NHa)r(OHz)aa+ + H+
CO(NH~)~(OH)(OHZ)'+ Ki (21)
Co(NH3)6CO3+ + Hz0 + CO(NHa)6OH2+ + HCOg- (12) kl is known to be large by analogy to the decarboxylation
Related studies1ea*265
+
Co(NHa)sCOa+ Hl4C08-=
of the isotopic exchange reaction
CO(NHS)E,~~CO~+
HCOa- + (13)
estimate2baof kl -
of C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C O ~asHdiscussed
+ above and also-based on an
2 sec-l for [CO(~~)~(OH~)(CO&I)]~+
20". Kl and Kz govern "instantaneous" proton-transfer equili-
at
have been made in the range 9 < pH < 10. Interpretation of brations, so Pedersen's rate law (eq 16) is applicable. At 25"
the data in terms of acid hydrolysis and/or direct carbonate and 1.1 = 0.5 M, ko = 1.3 X sec-l and kl = 1.5 M-l
exchange16ap2G4*265
are probably in error. The rate-determin- sec-1, and the corresponding temperature dependence param-
ing processes under the exchange conditions now appear l e 4 * *
eters are, for AH*, 12 5 and 15.3 1.0 kcal/mole, and for
to be the ones by means of which carbon can exchange be- AS*, -37 f 19 and -6.3 3.8 eu. ko isessentiallyinde-
tween C02 and carbonate, namely pendent of ionic strength variation, while kl behaves in the
manner expected for reaction between two unipositive ions.
H&03 H20 + COa (14) Posey and Taube26Ba have shown by means of oxygen-18
tracer studies that only one of the oxygens in the diaquo prod-
HCOa- J_ OH- + COS (15) uct comes from the solvent. The mechanistic formulation
We turn now to consideration of the ligand replacement given above is completely consistent with this observation,
process with respect to chelated carbonato species of the since Co-0 bond fission can occur in the rate-determining
general form CoN4C08+ (where N4 represents (NH3)4, ring-opening reactions defined by ko and kl, while one of the
(NH&, en, enz, pnn, tnz, tren, cy-trien, /3-trien, etc.). In these carbonato oxygens must remain attached to cobalt during
compounds, there is good evidence that the bidentate car- decarboxylation. It is of interest that a polarographic study2sb
bonato attachment, though under great steric strain (see
section III,B), is firm enough even in aqueous solution to cause
(256) (a) S.-F. Ting, H. Kelm, and G. M. Harris, Inorg. Chem., 5 , 696
(1966); (b) C. Andrade and H. Taube, {bid., 5, 1087 (1966).
(252) R. B. Jordan, A. M. Sargeson, and H. Taube, Inorg. Chem., 5,486 (257) (a) K. J. Pedersen, J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,53, 18 (1931); (b) T. P.
(19 66). Dasgupta and G. M. Harris, ibid., 91, 3207 (1969); Proceedings of the
(253) H. A. Scheidegger, Doctoral Thesis, E. T. H., Zurich, 1966.
XIth International Conference on Coordination Chemistry, Haifa, Israel,
1968.
(254) D. J. Francis and R. B. Jordan, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,89, 5591 (258) (a) F. A. Posey and H. Taube, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,75, 4099
(1967). (1953); (b) R. Ralea, G. Burlacu, and D. Giurgiu, Rev. Chim. (Bu-
(255) D. R. Stranks, Trans. Faraday Soc., 51,505 (1955). charest), 7, 1187 (1962).
of the hydration of C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C Oat~the

+ two pHs (3.29 and bration in the range of 8.4 < pH < 9.4. However, the mecha-
4.10) also yields values for ko and kl which agree very well nism of the reverse process is not known so that any rate-
with the values given above. constant estimation is without meaning at this stage.
All other studies of the acid hydrolysis of the CoN4C03+ We consider now in some detail a third type of carbonato
type of complex can be readily fitted into the outlined scheme. ligand replacement reaction-one which can be investigated
For C0(en)~C0~+, the published2693 260 data are interpreted conveniently only in the range 7 < pH < 10, where net de-
-
very satisfactorily by means of eq 16, with ko = 1.3 X
sec- and kl = 0.52 M- sec-l at 25 and p 0.3 M , values
quite close to those for the tetraammine under these condi-
composition of carbonato complexes by acid or base hy-
drolysis is negligible. Here one may evaluate rates of ligand
substitution by examination of its exchange with carbon-14-
tions.257bAn additional term in the rate law previously pro- labeled free carbonate present in the same solution. For the
posed260*261 for C0(en)~C0~+ is probably in error, since it can pentaammine carbonato cobaltic complex, it is now evident 1 6 (
contribute significantly only at pH >4, where the process be- that the residual acid-catalyzed hydrolysis rate, which of
comes complicated by the fact that hydrolysis is no longer course could provide an exchange path, is still much more
essentially complete. Studies of the pn2 and tnz analogs161 rapid even at pH -10 than the observed isotopic carbon inter-
show that there are no great differences introduced by altering change. As explained above, the rate-determining processes
the nonlabile amine ligands, the only significant change being are therefore those by means of which carbon exchanges be-
an increase in ko by a factor of about 3 for the tn2complex. tween COSand carbonate (reactions 14 and 15). However, in
Base hydrolysis of Co(en)&O3+ has been studied by several the case of the tetramine series, CoNdCOa+, the situation is
~ 0 r k e r ~ and ~ appears
5 ~ , ~to ~ ~ ~ of~ a ~relatively slow
consist quite different since ring opening of the chelated carbonato
hydroxide-catalyzed ring-opening reaction followed by an even ligand is a necessary first step in the interchange process.
slower displacement of the carbonate group. Also involved are Harris and coworkers have made a series of studies729 ~ ~ 3 2 6 6 - 2 6 7
a number of cis-trans equilibria so that the overall process of the complexes for which N, = (NH3)4, (en)2, (pn)l, and (tn),
becomes quite complex. and an additional study has been reported85 where Nq =
Co(en)lCO*+ + OH- + cis-Co(en)s(OH)(COs) kl (22) cis-(&en. The significant experimental facts are that the
exchange rate is accelerated in a more or less linear fashion by
cis-Co(en)(OH)(COs) + OH- + increase in (H+) and that plots of the rate us. free carbonate
+ COZ+
__
cis-Co(en)Q(OH)s+ k2 (23)
concentration at a fixed acidity are linear and have a positive
cis-Co(en)z(OH)(C03) rrans-Co(en)l(OH)(COz) (24) slope and a nonzero intercept, and both slope and intercept
are similarly pH dependent. All the data have been success-
cis-Co(en)z(0H)2+ rrans-Co(en)e(OH)2+ (25) fully rationalized16ain terms of a multistep mechanism involv-
At 25 and p N 1 M , kl N 4 X M-l sec-I and k z - ing (a) aquo-dechelation to form a ring-opened aquocarbonato
M-l sec-l. In strongly basic solution both reactions 22 species, (b) various acid and base equilibria involving the ring-
and 23 go essentially to completion, and the rate of isomeriza- opened species, (c) exchange by complete aquation, and (d)
tion of ci~-Co(en)2(0H)(COa)is much too slow262 to require exchange by direct carbonate-for-carbonate interchange. In
consideration in interpreting the successive reaction data. It recent years, much new quantitative data concerning the
is interesting to note that k2 above corresponds to the k2 of equilibrations involved have been rep0rted,25~,25~~, z 6 2 and it is
reaction 10 for C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C Oand

~ + , that these two rate con- now possible to confirm and reinforce several aspects of the
stants differ by only a small factor, if at all, at 25. proposed general mechanism.
Substitution of tren for (en)2 has a relatively small effect on The aquo-dechelation step was gi~en16~ as268
k l , but prevents the occurrence of the cis-trans equilibria, thus
simplifying the interpretation of data obtained at lower
basicities. 2 5 3 For the complex Co(tren)COa+ it has thus been
possible to evaluate rate constants not only for the ring-open- The forward rate of reaction 28 at 25 is now known to be
ing process, kl, but also for ring closure and for noncatalyzed about 10-4 sec- (see acid hydrolysis discussion above), faster
hydrolysis of the ring-opened species. by a factor of about 10 than is necessary to account for the
rate of carbonate exchange. Since the equilibrium constant
Co(tren)CO~+ + OH- J_ Co(tren)(OH)(COs) kl, kl* (26)
Kl is known262to be close to the reverse process is much
Co(tren)(OH)(COa) + HzO more rapid, and establishment of the aquodechelation equi-
+ HCOS-
At 20 and p
6.5 X
- Co(tren)(OH)2+
0.1 M , kl = 6.0 X
sec-, k 3 = 4.5 X
ks, ka*
A4-I sec-, kl* =
sec-I, and k3* = 2.3 x
(27) librium will thus be attained within an houreZ69The rate-
determining exchange steps must therefore succeed the aquo-
dechelation, as previously assumed, and will involve various
sec-I. It is noteworthy that the latter figure is the only
directly observed rate constant so far reported for a carbonate (265) G. M. Harris and D. R. Stranks, Trans. Faraday SOC.,48, 137
anation reaction. Data2S4 on the acid hydrolysis of Co- (1952).
(NH3)5C03+(eq 8) do show that this reaction is also an equili- (266) D. R. Stranks, ibid., 48, 911 (1952).
(267) J. E. Boyle and G . M. Harris, J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 80, 782
(1958).
(268) The product was previously assumed1es,263,*a2to be in the form
(259) J. Y.Tong, E. St. A. Kean, and E. B. Hall, Inorg. Chem., 3, 1103 CON~(OHZ)(CO~)+. However, recent data on the pK of the closely re-
( 1964). !ated complex CoN4(0H?)(C~04)+(S.C. Chan, private communication)
(260) G . M. Harris and V. S . Sastri, ibid., 4, 263 (1965). indicate that the water ligand must be much more acidic than the car-
(261) R. E. Jordan and D. J. Francis, ibid., 6,1605 (1967). bonato group. Presumably there is some degree of sharing of the proton
by internal hydrogen bonding between the OH and COSgroups.
(262) H. Scheidegger and G. Schwarzenbach, Chimia, 19, 166 (1965).
(269) Contributions to the dechelation by the acid- or base-catalyzed
(263) M. E. Fargo, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1,66 (1966). reactions 18 and 22 need not be considered since they are very slow
(264) R. E. Jordan, private communication, 1967. throughout the pH range of the exchange studies.
__
possible reactions of the species in acid-base equilibrium, glycine with triglycinatonickel(II).270 Unfortunately, a clear-
namely cut choice between the two mechanisms is not possible, since
the study has not included high enough free carbonate
+
CON~(HZO)(CO~H)~CON~(OH)(CO~H)+H+ Ks (29) concentrations to test for the curvature of the rate us. car-
bonate concentration plot expected for the ion-pair concept.
2 CoNa(OH)(COa) + H+
CON~(OH)(CO~H)+ KO (30) The data are therefore analyzed without definition of possible
intermediates, according to the reactions
The magnitudes of Kz and K3 are close to 5 X and 2 X
kr
10-9, respectively, at room temperaturesz6zand are not altered
+
__
CON~(OH~)(CO~H)~+ H*CO1-
greatly by changes in the nature of N4 even as drastic as sub-
stituting tren for en.253 The considerable resistance of the +
CoNn(OHz)(*C03H)+ HCO3- (35)
kr
neutral deprotonated product CoN4(0H)(C03) either to hy-
drolysis or isomerization262a263suggests that it is probably in- CoNa(OH)(C03H)+ + H*COa-
active in the exchange process. However, C O N ~ ( H ~ O ) ( C O ~ H ) ~ + +
CoN4(0H)(*C03H)+ HCOs- (36)
is known to decarboxylate rapidly (see discussion above re- The rate of direct carbonate exchange is thus given by
garding reaction 20) and CoN4(0H)(C03H)+may be similarly
unstable, though probably much less so due to the possibility R B = ~~[CON~(OH~)(CO~H)~+][HCO~-] +
of internal bridging by the one remaining acidic proton.268 k4[CoN4(0H)(C03H)fl[HC03-] (37a)
One is therefore provided with two equilibrations to account which, using the symbolism of eq 34 with the definition b =
for the free-carbonate-independent aquation exchange path [total free carbonate], yields the expression
ki
CON~(H~O)(CO~H)~+CON~(OH)(OH~)+COS (31) + RB = k&l(Hf)ab/Kz + ktK~ab (37b)
lit
CoNn(OH)(COsH)+J_ CoNAOH)z+ + COz (32) tains kl- 100 M-l sec- and ka -
When applied to the experimental observations,163* 267 one ob-
0.3 A4-l sec-1 at 25,
showing again the several hundred-fold factor noted for the
accompanied, of course, by additional instantaneous acid- kl/kzratio.
base equilibrations analogous to reaction 21. The rate of car- Mention should be made of the fact that, while the values of
bonate exchange by this mechanism is thus given by the ex- kl, kz, k3, and k4 do not deviate by more than a factor or 2 or
pression 3 for the various N4 species when N4 is (NH3)4,(en),, (pn)z,
or (&en, the complex C0(tn)~C0~+ undergoes carbonate
RA = ~[CON~(H~O)(COQH)~+] + exchange with rate constants smaller by a factor of about an
ke[CoN4(0H)(COaH)+l (33) order of magnitude. The ring-opened (tn), species should
not differ significantly from the others in the series. One there-
Symbolizing the total concentration of all forms of the car- fore must ascribe its decreased reactivity to a decrease in Kl,
bonato complex, chelated or not, by a, and recalling that 4 the dechelation equilibrium constant. This perhaps is a result
is very small, one may recast eq 33 in the form of tighter bonding of the carbonato in the chelate form due to
RA = klKl(H+)a/Kz + kzba (34)
increased steric hindrance by, or greater degree of hydrogen
bonding to, the trimethylenediamine groups as compared to
Since all quantities are known except kl and ke, one can evalu- the other amine ligands.
ate the latter from the experimental observations at two or Finally, there is one further type of isotopic exchange rate
more acidities. This method of analysis has been applied to the study which is relevant to work reviewed so far. This is the
data1G3 with respect to the free carbonate-independent ex- study of the exchange of oxygen atoms between C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C O ~ +
change rate of @-& and to some new data142on the ions cis- ion and oxygen-18-labeled solvent water. The rate constant
and rrans-Co(NH&enC03+, where a wider pH range was observed at 25, pH -9, and low ionic strength is k,, = 1.7 X
covered than in any of the earlier work, enabling greater as- 10-5 sec-1, and was equated to the rate of the previously sug-
surance concerning the interpretation. Using the values al-
-
ready mentioned for Kl and Kz at 25, one derives kl
sec-1 and kz 2 X
- l
sec-l for both sets of data considered.
gested ring-opening process of reaction 17. However, for this,
ko = 1.3 X 10-4 sec-1, as reported above. The oxygen-ex-
change rate constant is, in fact, rather close to the rate con-
The former value is of the order of magnitude expected (see stant for limiting pseudo-first-order carbonate exchange by
discussion above of reaction 20), and kz exhibits the consider-
able decrease in decarboxylation reactivity one would predict
for the half-protonated species.
eq 34. For C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C ORA/a
~+, -
aquation, which is expressed by RA/a, where RA is defined in
1.0 X lou5 sec-l under
the conditions specified for kex.1 4 2 This near-equivalence of
The second-order free-carbonate-dependent direct ex- k,, and RA/a suggests that Odell, et may, in fact, have
change path may be interpreted in two main ways. The first been really measuring the aquation portion of the carbonate
adopts the conventional ion-pairing point of view of anation exchange rate with the complex ion. This is possible since
and relates the reaction to carbonate interchange within the free carbonate equilibrates its oxygen atoms with the solvent
ion pairs (all the free carbonate is assumed to be in the form water much more rapidly than the rate they reported, as they
HC03-, which is true within Sz in the range 7 < pH < 9), themselves showed. An alternative explanation follows from
CON~(OH~)(CO~H HC03-
)~+ or CoNa(OH)(COaH)+
HC03-. Alternatively, one can visualize attack by free car-
bonate to displace He0 or OH- and form the unstable inter- (270) R. G. Pearson and R. D. Lanier, J . Amer. Chem. SOC.,86, 765
( 1964).
mediate CON~(CO~H)* + with subsequent ring closure complet-
(271) D. McKenzie, C. OConnor, and A. L. Odell, J . Chem. SOC.,A,
ing the exchange, in the manner proposed for the exchange of 184(1966).
the fact that k,. need not be as great as ko even if it results from AgzC03, and the accompanying racemization effects were well
the same process. The exchange mechanism is assumed to be studied. 145 Guanidinium carbonate finds extensive application
in the preparation and isolation of several carbonato com-
+
C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C O ~ +HzO* Co(NH&(*OH)(C08H)+ (38) plexes, for example62
However, k,, wdl be identical with ko of reaction 17 only if Th(C204)~.6HzO(c) +5(CHNaHs)KO3+
ecery ring-opening-ring-closing euent results in oxygen atom
exchange between water and complex. This clearly need not be
+
( C H N ~ H S ) ~ T ~ ( C O ~ )(CHNaHWz04
S.~H~~ + 2Hz0
so, since in the reverse of reaction 38 the labeled oxygen has Lead(I1) and Hgz+are reported to cause instantaneous pre-
at a maximum a one-third chance of remaining in the complex cipitation of the carbonate in C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C O
ion,
~ +whereas the
ion, and perhaps very much less than this. In fact, the studies reaction with Ba2+ion is 100 times s l o ~ e rFrom. ~ ~ a~study of
by Taube and c 0 w 0 r k e r ~ ~ ~suggest
~ ~ ~ 5 7that
~ exchange of oxygen-18 experiments, several observations have been made
oxygen atoms does not occur between water and the carbonato concerning the reaction
moiety at all, at least in the complete decarboxylation reac-
tion in strongly acid solution.
Co(NH3)&03+ + M2+ + HzO +Co(NH3)s0Hz3++ MCOi
5 . Thermal Decomposition
3. Addition and Polymerization
Extensive studies have been made on the thermal decomposi-
Partial hydrolysis of C O ( C O ~ ) ~ion ~ -has been reported'4' to
tion of simple carbonates and mixed carbonates both of
result in the formation of a sesquicarbonato ion corresponding natural and synthetic origin on account of their scientific
to [ C O ~ ( N O ~ ) ~ ( C O ~The
) ~ ] presence
~-. of binuclear cobalt is
interest and industrial value. An example of such studiesz72
confirmed by preparation and identification of K*[COZ(NOZ)~- is the thermal decomposition of MgC03.3H20 (nesquehonite)
(C03)3].2Hz0.The change in molar conductance and cryo-
scopic measurements of the mean ionic weight confirm the
-
and MgC03.(NH&03 4Hz0 using thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) and
presence of nine ions, and a bridged structure by optical microscopy. Interest in the study on magnesium
\/ \/ compounds stems out of the fact "active" magnesia (MgO) is
-c~co8-co- a good catalyst and can be prepared from any one of the fol-
/\ /\ lowing naturally occurring magnesium carbonates : magnesite,
has been proposed to account for the presence of binuclear MgC03; nesquehonite, MgC03. 3H20; lansfordite, MgC08.
cobalt. On heating the compound loses water first and the 5Hz0; hydromagnesite, 4MgC03 Mg(OH)z 4Hz0 ; and arti- -
anhydrous material decomposes to yield COZ. -
nite, MgC03 Mg(0H)Z. 3Hz0.
K~[CO,(NOZ)S(CO&.] +8KNOa CozOa 3coz + + The thermal behavior of the carbonato complexes of several
types, however, received good attention in the hands of Rus-
(large dark red
cubic crystals) sian ~orkers,5~,5~,98 and routine TGA and DTA studies have
A binuclear sesquicarbonato anion, [CO~(NOZ)~(CO~)~]~-, been reported as part of analytical characterization of newly
has been isolated as its cesium salt (orange microcrystalline isolated carbonato complexes in the solid form (see Table
pentahydrate) and as the hexaamminecobalt(II1) salt (dark IV).
yellow microcrystalline trihydrate). Electrical conductance Ammonium scandium carbonate, NH~SC(CO~)Z. 1.5Hz0,
measurements, elemental analysis, crystallo-optic studies, and decomposes in three stages,96 first losing water at 120", carbon
thermal decomposition studies confirm the above formula for dioxide at 140-190, forming crystalline ScO(0H) at 280-
the complex ion. 305 O, and finally Sc203at 435-480". Thermal studies indicate
Several binuclear mixed ligand carbonato complexes of that one water is somehow most firmly held in NaeTh(C03)b.
Ce(1V) and U(1V) of the types 12Hz0 suggesting nonequivalence of water molecules in the
hydrates.213 The corresponding guanidiunium salt, (CH6N3)s-
(CHN3Hs)sNH4[Ce~(CO3)6F4I Th(C03)5.nHz0,begins to lose all water at 50-80" and de-
(CHN3Hj)s(NH4)~[U,(C03)~~041 .6HzO composes above 150.62The crystals of (NH4)z[ZrO(C03)2] *
3H20 dehydrate readily and on further heating decompose to

are known. Both complexes are unstable in aqueous solu-
tions and the uranium(1V) carbonate oxidizes even in the dry yield COz and NH3 and ZrOz at 600".41
state.e4 (NHddZrO(C03)~l+ZrOz + 2NHdg) + 2COzk) + HzO(g)
The Be(I1) polynuclear complex anion, Be40(C03)66-, has
been well c h a r a c t e r i ~ e dand
~ ~ ~a ~related
~ binuclear species, The following pattern of decomposition is reported for a
[Bez(Hz0)2(C03)2(OH)3] 3--, finds itself as a gravimetric reagent
tetranuclear carbonato complex of Fe(I11). lz4
for the determination of Be(II)121-'z3 as mentioned earlier. +
(NH~)~[F~~O~(CO~)~I.~HZO
Very little is known concerning the polynuclear carbonato
complexes of Fe(II1) and Cr(II1).
2FezOs 7Hzok) 6COdg)+ + + 6NHdg)
The thermal decomposition of several cobalt(II1)-carbonato
4 . Heterogeneous Reactions complexes (K~CO(CO&* 3H20,100 [CO(NH~),I][CO(CO&],~~~
K[CO(NH~)Z(CO~)Z]*HZO,~~~ K ~ [ C O ( C O ~ ) Z ( N O Z ) Z[CO-
~,'~~
In the preparative methods described, several simple car-
bonato complexes are obtained by an elegant heterogeneous
reaction using moist solid Ag2C03in the last stage of synthesis.
A cis-dichloro complex is thus converted to a carbonato com- (272) R. M. Dell and S. W. Weller, Trans. Faraday SOC., 55, 2203
plex without contamination or serious disruption of the rest (1959).
(273) I. 1. Chernyaev, V. A. Golovnya, and A. K. Molodkin, Russ. J .
of the structure. Likewise HgzC03has been used in place of Inorg. Chem., 3, 117 (1958).
(NH3)4C03]N03. l.2H20,274and C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C O where

~X, X = of C 0 ~ , and ~ (iv)
~ ~to collect
9 ~ ~pertinent
~ evidence for the pos-
C1, Br, 1 2 7 3 may be represented by the following equations. sible occurrence of CO, as a detectable species.280In all the
2KaCo(COa)a +3KzCOa + C0z03 + 3COz(g) 24 covalently bound carbonates studied mass spectrally it is
interesting to note dimethyl carbonate is somewhat unique in
--+-COzOa 6"&)
[Co("a)d[Co(COa)a] +
3coz(g) + that it does show a significant parent peak indicating its
2K[Co(NHah(COahI +KzCOs CoaOa + +
4NH3(g) 3Codg) + stability toward electron impact. Although no unequivocal
2Ka[Co(COa)~(NOzhI+KzCOa CozOa +
4KNOz +
COzh) + evidence for the occurrence of COS+ion (m/e 60) as a dis-
6[Co(NHs)rCO&Y+3cOzOc1z N2(g) + + tinguishable moiety in the mass fragments can be given, there
is experimental evidence for the corresponding triply pro-
22"s(g) 3HzO(g) 4-6COdg)
tonated species, C(OH)3f, observed in the mass spectra of
6[Co(NHa)aCOslBr +3Co~OBr2 K ( g ) + +
22NHdg) + 3HzO(g) + 6COz(g) several dialkyl carbonates in varying abundance. This is
further supported by high resolution mass spectrometry. 281
A recent development in thermal studies is the use of mass The special interest in the molecular species C03, carbon
spectrometer with rapid scanning devices to identify the gas- trioxide, has been reviewed recently by one of the authors
eous reaction products and to establish the right stoichiom- (K. V. K.). 283 Subsequently additional experimental evidence
etry in conjunction with other analytical methods. In the for the related C(OH)3f ion has been reported by an nmr
thermal decomposition of [Co(NH&C03]X type complexes, study284which was directed toward a search for the trihydroxy
the exact nature of CozOX~(s)is not known. Also the iodide carbonium ion. In an earlier study where COS has been iso-
and nitrate complexes are reported to yield complex stoichio- lated for the first time in Dry Ice matrix by uv photolysis of
metric results with varying NH3(g)/complex(s), C02(g)/com- several possible structures have been proposed. One of
plex(s) ratios as well as free iodine in the case of the iodide them is
complex.*4 In an earlier TGA studyZ76the anhydrous mixed
ligand type carbonato complexes exhibited the following order 0
of decreasing thermal stability : [ C O ( ~ ~ ) ~ C O>
~ ][Co(pn)z-
CI \
C03]Cl > [C0(tn)~C0~Cl] > [CO(NH3)4C03]N03(explosively *,IO
0
unstable). The dehydration endothermic peak maxima tem-
peratures obtained in DTA, however, indicate the following
order of stability for the corresponding hydrates : [ C ~ ( p n ) ~ - suggesting nonequivalence of the oxygens in COS. The ob-
C03]Cl.H 2 0 < [CO(NH~)~CO&O~] -
H 2 0 < [C0(tn)~C0~1- served infrared absorption frequencies for normal COS and
Cl.H20 < [Co(en)2COaICl.H20. the related isotopic species are shown in Table XI11 along with
The pyrolysis of several covalently bound organic car- the known vibrational frequencies of the ionically, covalently,
bonates of the dialkyl, diaryl, and alkyl-aryl types has been and coordinately bound carbonate. The large number of ob-
the subject of extensive investigation both from a kinetic served bands in the infrared spectrum of COSseem to indicate
standpoint and mechanistic correlation standpoint.27e-278 close similarity to the coordinated carbonate.
Dimethyl carbonate vapor is reported to show extraordinary
stability toward pyrolysis and photolysis even at temperatures
7. Photochemical Studies
as high at 350.279
Photochemical studies on gaseous carbon dioxide are too
6. Mass Spectral Studies numerous to summarize here. 288-z94 Several such s t ~ d i e s ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~
Coordinated carbonate in complexes of the type [CO(NH~)~- have been reported for carbonic acid and simple carbonates
COJX decomposes on heating, and therefore direct introduc- but none on carbonato complexes. The effect of iron(I1) on
tion into a mass spectrometer would only result in analyzing the photoreduction of C02 in aqueous solution to form oxalic
gaseous CO?, NH3, and HzO. Among the products of thermal
dissociation small amounts of N2 and NO have also been de-
tected mass spectrally but not N 2 0 because of a masking C 0 2
(283) K.V. Krishnamurty,J . Chem. Educ., 44,594 (1967).
peak (m/e (284) G. A. Olah and A. M. White, J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,90, 1884
Several covalently bound carbonates, primarily organic (1968).
carbonate esters, have been studied with the following objec- (285) N. G. Moll, D . R. Clutter, and W. E. Thompson, J. Chem. Phys.,
45,4469 (1966).
tives: (i) to ascertain if a covalent carbonate is relatively (286) H.G. Thode, M. Shima, C. E!. Rees, and K. V. Krishnamurty,
stable under electron impact, (ii) to study electron impact Can. J . Chem., 43, 582 (1965).
induced rearrangements, 280--282 (iii) to observe protonation (287) H.C. Urey, J. Chem. Soc., 562 (1947).
(288) M. H.J. Wijnen, J. Chem. Phys., 24,851 (1956).
(289) J. E.Cline and G. S. Forbes, J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,61, 716 (1939).
(290) M. Qureshi and S. S. Muhammed, J. Osmaniu Unio. Coll., 1, 48
(1933);Chem. Absrr., 31,948(1937).
(274) W. W. Wendlandt and H. Woodlock, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 28, (291) H.Jucker and E. K. Rideal, J. Chem. Soc., 1058 (1957).
1485 (1966).
(275) W. W. Wendlandt, T. D. George, and K. V. Krishnamurty, ibid., (292) A. Cohen and B. Wolfgang May, Z. Phys. Chem., B, 26, 117
21, 69 (1961). (1934).
(276) G. G. Smith and B. Kosters, Ber., 93,2400 (1960). (293) W. Groth, ibid., 37 (1937).
(277) G. G. Smith, D . A. Jones, and R. Taylor, J . Org. Chem., 28,3547 (294) B. H.Mahan, J. Chem. Phys.. 33,959 (1960).
(1963). (295) E. Baur, 2. Phys. Chem., 131. 143 (1928); Helv. Chim. Acta,
(278) G. G. Smith and B. L. Yates, ibid., 30,434 (1965). 20,387 (1937); E.Baur, etul., ibid., 6.959 (1923);8,828(1922);21,1038
(1938).
(279) A.S. Gordon and W. P. Norris, J. Phys. Chem., 69,3013 (1965). (296) N.R. Dhar and A. Ram, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 206, 171 (1932);
(280) K.V. Krishnamurty, IndianJ. Chem., 7, 161 (1969). Nuture, 129,205 (1932).
(281) P.Brown and C. Djerassi,J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 88,2469 (1966)' (297) E. C. C. Baly, J. B. Davies, M. R. Johnson, and H. Shanassy,
(282) P. Brown and C. Djerassi. ibid., 89,2711 (1967). Proc. Roy. Soc.. A116,197 (1927).
Table XIII
Vibrational Frequencies of Various Related "Cot" Species
Carbon tri-
oxide ( C Z , ? ) Observed bands ( ~ r n - 9 2 ~ 5 For reaction 39 the equilibrium isotope effect reported301- 302
(a) 12Ci603 568 593 972 1073 1880 2045 3105 3922 is 0.875 at 0" and 0.900 at 30", suggesting depletion of l4C in
(b) 13c1603 565 592 947 1074 1835 1991 3050 the complex ion relative to free carbonate, the latter being the
(c) 12C'sOa 540 562 955 1015 1845 2008 3011 strongly bonded state of carbon. For reaction 40 the equilib-
also 2140 in (a) and 2029 in (c) rium isotope effect303is 0.990 i 0.019 at 25" and for reaction
41 3 0 3 more or less the same, 0.991 =t0.014 at 25". All the three
Carbonate: Frequency assignments (cm-l) m
ionic (&h) vi Va v4 Vi
reactions, however, in a subsequent studyao4showed no true
1zCi60az- 1063 1415 (2) 680(2) 879 isotope effect, and the observed equilibrium constants have
13c16032-1063 1376 (2) 677 (2) 851 been explained in terms of a nonexchanging impurity, a 0 5 , J 0 6
izCi80az- 1025 1416(2) 674 (2) 868 the nature of which is still unknown. A recent explanation307
vi: C-O symmetric stretching; v 3 : C-0 takes into account that the isotope effect is indeed only ap-
asymmetric stretching; v4: in-plane parent and might be due to colloidal decomposition products
deformation; u 2 : out-of-plane deformation. (Coco3)holding the *C032- in a nonexchangeable form.
Carbonate: covalent
The exchange equilibrium constants: [ C O ( N H ~ ) ~ ~ ~ C O ~ + - -
(G V ) Obseroed bands (cn~-1)9~ Hi4C03-, C, [Co(N~3)41ZC031+-'4C032-, K2, and [Co-
II,C--o, (NH3)412C03]+-14C02, K3, representing the respective
,c=o 1760 1280 793 969 914 equilibria have been calculated by the application of the
11C -0
H"(;--11.c-o,
theory of equilibrium isotope effects.287In the absence of ex-
C
, =O 1750 1262 790 1021 858 perimental data on the fundamental vibrational frequencies
H"C-11.C-o of the complex ion [Co(NH3)rC03]+, a substitute molecular
H.C--O\ species, COC12 (phosgene), has been used for evaluating the
I ,c=o 1870 1162 774 1074 974
IIIC--0 ratio partition functions: f = Q 1 4 C ~ C l z / Q 1 2 ~ O c 1 1(For
. recent
data on the fundamental vibrational frequencies of the normal
Carbonate : Calculated and observed bands f o r bidentate ion see ref 155.) The calculated equilibrium constants at three
coordinate ( C W ) carbonate ( c m - l ) l S 6
different temperatures are shown below. * 0 2 Knowledge of the
\,VOI\ /(I\,-
,L-O 1595 1038 771 370 1282 669 429 ... d partition function ratios is useful in predicting the exchange
I O equilibrium constants but the paucity of spectroscopic data
[Co(NH3)4C03]Cl 1593 1030 760 395 1265 673 430 834 for both the normal and isotopically substituted molecules
makes it a distant goal.
Frequency data taken from ref 286; lzCi803z- from Urey.287
* See Gatehouse, Livingstone, and Nyholm.@?See Fujita, Martell,
and Nakamoto.156 Calculated.
Temp, " K Ki Kz K3
273.16 0.858 0.876 1.116
acid by ultraviolet radiation received recent attention. 298,299 293.16 0.871 0.887 1.106
The photolysis of dimethyl carbonate yields Con, dimethyl 313.16 0.882 0.897 1.098
ether, and occasionally methanol, depending on imposed ex-
perimental conditions. 300
Interest in the study of Mgz+ion effect on the 13Cfractiona-
8. Isotope Efects tion in the equilibrium
Although de~terium,16~~ a r b o n - 1 4 , ~ ~ ~ and

, ~ 5 5 oxygen- +
13COZ(g) *ZCOs2-(aq)= 12COz(g) + WOs2-(aq)
182"-252-257 have been used as tracers for studying the kinetics derives mainly from the fact that magnesium is the third major
and mechanism of isotopic exchange between free carbonate- constituent among the various ionic species in sea water. It
bicarbonate ion and several cobalt(II1) carbonato mixed ligand has been suggestedz9 sea water contains nearly 6 7 z of its
type complexes (see section III.D), only the following three total C032- as MgCOaO neutral complex, the actual structure
reactions received attention from the standpoint of evaluating of which, however, is conjectural at the present time although
the equilibrium carbon isotope effects. magnesium(I1) is knownzseto exhibit hexacoordination in Mg-
(H20)B2+and M ~ ( G O ~ ) Z ( H Z O If
) Zone
~ - . assumes a coordina-
tion complex of the type [ M ~ ( H Z O ) ~ CinOwhich
~ ] ~ carbonate
acts as bidentate, then the symmetrical XYa form of free car-
(301) D. R. Stranks and G. M. Harris, J . Chem. Phys., 19,257 (1951).

(302) D. R. Stranks and G. M. Harris, J. Phys. Chem., 56,906 (1952).
(303) P. E. Yankwich and J. E. McNamara, J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1325
(1952).
(304) E. Saito and B. Lazard, J . Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1,218 (1955).
(298) N. Getoff, Z . Naturforsch., 18B, 169 (1963); Oesterr. Chem.-Ztg., (305) D. R. Stranks, Trans. Faradar SOC.,51,492 (1955).
64, 70 (1963). (306) D. R. Stranks and R. G. Wilkins, Chem. Reu., 57, 743 (1957); see
(299) N . Getoff, Int. J . Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 13,205 (1962). p 829.
(300) M. H. J. Wijnen, J. Chem. Phys., 27, 710 (1957); 28, 271, 393 (307) S . Sheel and G. M. Harris, unpublished results quoted in ref 25
(1958); J . Phys. Chem., 56, 2105 (1961). of Lapidus and Harris.Ifl3
bonate changes to what is in effect an X Y Z Ztype of structure been accomplished by way of the carbonato complexes. Car-
resulting in altered symmetry and perhaps changes in the char- bonate complexing is efficient in the separation of indium(II1)
acteristic vibrational frequencies. This would lead to pref- from zinc(II), cadmium(II), and aluminum(II1) by a combina-
erential 13C enrichment in MgC030 neutral complex according tion of ion-exchange techniques using cation and anion ex-
to the following equilibrium. ~hangers2~o (KU-2 in NH4 form and EDE-1OP in COSform).
WOz(g) + MglzCO2(aq)= WO2(g)+ MglaCOlo(aq) Separation of gallium(II1) from large amounts of zinc(I1) on
EDE-1OP resin was equally efficient as also small amounts of
Experimentally it was found to be so as shown by the increased zinc(I1) from large amounts of gallium(II1) on KU-2 cation
value of the equilibrium isotope effect in the presence of MgZ+ exchanger.229
ions286 in C02-C032- exchange ( K M ~ C>O 1.012). ~ O Frequency
data are not available for Mg1zC030and MglaC030to calcu- B. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
late the theoretical equilibrium constant. However, by using a
substitute like COFz (carbonyl fluoride) in place of the actual Extensive literature is available on the leaching of uranium
MgC030 complex, an inverse isotope effect (0.935) has been ores by soluble carbonates and the important role the car-
reported286 stressing on the inadequacy of the COFz model. bonato complexes play in uranium metallurgy. Carbonate
It would therefore be of interest to make the normal co- leaching of pitchblendea15and the precipitation of uraninite
ordinate calculations for the MgC030 neutral complex and ob- from a solution containing the uranyl carbonato complexes316
tain frequency data that might permit evaluation of the parti- and recovery of uranium from carbonate leach solutions by
tion function ratio, Q M ~ ~ ~ c o ~ and o / calculation o ~ ~ ,solvent extractions" have received considerable attention
Q ~ ~ ~ ~ of~ the
equilibrium constant. Equilibrium isotope effects will thus in view of the importance of uranium as a nuclear material.
have diagnostic value in the detection of complexes, and it The occurrence of UOZ(C0&2- at pH 4.5-6.5 and U02-
would seem a metal ion-carbonate ion system has certain ex- (co&4- at pH 6.5-11.5, as observed in laboratory experi-
perimental advantages over other ligand systems. ments, has been reported to be of mineralogical significance
while considering the genesis of Colorado Plateau ores.
9. Miscellaneous Rate Studies Carbonate chelation is also useful in removing uranium con-
tamination from clothing.818
Both bicarbonate and carbonate ions are found to be unreac- In the rare earth industry carbonate complexing is used for
tiveaoswith the hydrated electron (eaq-) in a M CH30H the removal of thorium(1V). Manganese(II)-carbonato com-
medium; the second-order rate constants were estimated as plexes seem to participate in the extraction of manganese from
<lo6 M-l sec-1. No carbonato complex, however, has been its minerals by (NH4)2C03leaching.a 1 9 In the hydrometal-
studied. lurgical processing of manganese carbonate ore, COZat high
Several kinetic ~ t u d i e s ~ 0 g on
- ~ lthe
~ acid- and base-catalyzed pressure brings manganese into solution, perhaps as a com-
hydrolysis of dialkyl, diary1 and cyclic carbonates have been plex, and reprecipitates MnC03 (also FeCOJ while keeping
reported in recent literature, and they might be of mechanistic MgCO3 and CaC03 in solution when the pressure of COZis
value in kinetic investigations involving metal-carbonato released. The ion-pair complex MnHC03+ has been identi-
complexes. fied as one of the stable species that needs special attention in
the purification of potable ~ a t e r s . 2 2The
~ rate of oxidation of
IV. Applications Mn2+ in aerated water increases with increasing pH and
A. ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS markedly decreases if HC03- ion is present.
The effect of adding several cobalt(II1) and chromium(II1)
Although carbonate ion has been in use in analytical chemistry ammine compounds to the nickelation vats in the nickel elec-
for either precipitating carbonates, hydroxides, or basic car- troplating industry has been studied. 3 2 1 Positive effect on
bonates or for neutralizing acid solutions, there are only a few luster formation in nickel plating was reported in the presence
carbonato complexes of analytical interest. As has already of [Co(en)2C03]C1up to a concentration of 0.2 g/L Other uses
been mentioned a spectrophotometric titration method for the for the cobalt ammine compounds like [ C O ( N H ~ ) C O ~ ] N O ~
analytical determination of carbonate-bicarbonate and car- and [CO(NH~)~CO&SO~. 3H20 are as initiators in the photo-
bonate-hydroxide mixture makes use of the ultraviolet ab- polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. 8 2 2
sorption of the ligand.160 An iodometric method for the de- Photopolymerization of acrylamide monomers is possible in
termination of cobalt has been developed using Co(C03)aa- about 30-35 min with the help of these two carbonato com-
ion as an intermediate314 and a colorimetric method employ- plexes.
ing this green complex ion absorbing at 260 and 440 mp. lo6
A procedure for the gravimetric determination of beryl-
lium(II)121-128 involves the sparingly soluble compound,
[CO(NH~)~][B~(H~O)~(CO~)~(OH)~]~ 3H20. Analytical separa- (315) F. A. Forward and J. Halpern, Trans. Can. Inst. Mining Mer., 56,
634 (1953); Chem. Absrr., 48, 89 (1954).
tion of uranium(V1) from iron(II1) and other elements has (316) L. J. Miller, Econ. Geol., 53, 521 (1958).
(317) W. E. Clifford, E. P. Bullwinkel, L. A. McLaine, and P. Noble,
Jr., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 80,2959 (1958).
(308) J. K. Thomas, S . Gordon, and E. J. Hart, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 1524 (318) T. Kitabataka, Radioisotopes (Tokyo), 7, 206 (1958); Chem.
(1964). Abstr., 53,21229 (1959).
(309) I. Levin, L. A. Pohoryles, S. Sarel, and V. Usieli, J. Chem. SOC., (319) M. D . Dzhincharadze, Elektrokhim. Margantsa, Akad. Nauk
3949 (1963). Gruz. SSR, 2, 171 (1963); Chem. Abstr., 62, 2533 (1965).
(310) S. Sarel. I. Levin, and L. A. Pohoryles, ibid., 3079 (1960). (320) A. Horvath, Kohasr. Lapok, 94, 315 (1961); Chem. Abslr., 56,
5696 (1962).
(311) L. A. Pohoryles, I. Levin, and S. Sarel, ibid., 3082 (1960). (321) E. Grunwald and Cs. Varhelyi, Reo. Chim. (Bucharest), 14. 416
(312) G. D . Cooper and B. Williams, J. Org. Chem., 27,3717 (1962). (1963); Chem. Abstr., 59,14972 (1963).
(313) N. F. Miller and L. 0. Case, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 57, 810 (1935). (322) Gevaert Photo-producten N. V., Belgian Patent 674,442 (Au? 31.
(314) H. A, Laitinen and L. W. Burdett, Anal. Chem., 23,1268 (1951). 1964); Chem. Absrr., 62,2400 (1965).
C. BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS ing to pcoI = 10-a.62 atm, it was concludedaz8that sea water
is saturated with respect to CuO and the dissolved species is
The transport of calcium(I1) in the blood (pH 7.3) has been CuC030,the neutral ion-pair complex at pH 8.1. However, at
accounted for in terms of several bound-calcium species: elevated pHs the occurrence of the anionic complex Cu-
Ca2+ ion (48%); Ca-phosphate complex ( 5 %); CaHC03+ (C03)22-is well known.
(3 %); Ca-citrate complex (3 %); Ca-protein bound (41 %). Several carbonato complexes of the ion-pair type have been
The less important ones are Ca(HC03)20or CaC030 ion-pair reported to occur in small abundance28 in a representative
complexes. 3 3 The occurrence of zinc in the enzyme carbonic sample of sea water of 19% chlorinity, pH 8.1 at 25 and 1 atm
anhydrase naturally leads to the speculation if a carbonato total pressure. Of the total calcium(I1) 91 % is present as Ca2+
complex of zinc(I1) has any part in the overall hydration-de- ion, 8 % as CaS040 ion pair, 1 % as CaHC03+ ion pair, and
hydration equilibrium of COSand H20. I n an infrared spectral 0.2% as CaC030 ion pair. Likewise, of the total magnesium-
approach to this problem intended to elucidate the catalytic (11), 87 % is present as Mgz+ion, 11% as MgS04O ion pair, 1 %
mechanism of carbonic anhydrase,32ait has been found that a as MgHC03+ ion pair, and 0.3% as MgC0z0 ion pair. The
bicarbonate coordination with the zinc moiety can adequately Garrels-Thompson model for sea waterz8 thus demonstrates
explain the observed absorption bands. The carbonyl oxygen that of the total carbonate in sea water only 9 % is present as
and the hydroxyl oxygen of the coordinated bicarbonate ion free C032- ion, and the rest is attached to Ca(I1) and Mg(I1)
0-H (to a small degree to Na+ ion) as the ion-pair complexes. It is
\ / interesting to note that a substantial fraction of the total car-
/c-o-zn- \ bonate in sea water, nearly 67%, is reported to occur as Mg-
0 C0,O neutral ion pair. This has numerous consequences in
are assumed to be held in the hydrophobic cavity of the en- marine chemistry, marine biology, and algology. In concen-
zyme in the hydration and O=C==O in the dehydration reac- trated brines it is even conceivable higher species such as Ca-
tions. (C0Jr2- and Ca(OH)s(C03)24-might occur.
Protonated carbonic acid, C(OH)3+, also called trihydroxy In the study of equilibria among metal carbonates in water
carbonium ion, found re~ently28~128~ might be of interest from at 25 and 1 atm total pressure and in presence of COS, the
a mechanistic point of view for the understanding of the var- stability of the following compounds has been reported:32
ious biological carboxylation processes. In an attempt to study Pb3(OH)2(C03)2,hydrocerussite; C U ~ ( O H ) ~ ( C O ~ azurite;
)~,
the metal-complex catalyzed rearrangement of trimethylamine and C U ~ ( O H ) ~ C malachite.
O~, Malachite is stable relative to
N-oxide, several metal ions and metal complexes have been azurite under normal earth conditions ( ~ c o ,= 10-3.62atm);
found to be effective. However, [Co(en),C03]+ ion is reported however, azurite can exist at higher pcoa and lower water
to have no catalytic effect324on the oxidative demethylation of activity obtainable in semiarid areas.
(CH3)3N-0. While studying the fate of cobalt uptake, it has The list of applications is by no means exhaustive. The
been found after subcutaneous injection of [Co(NH3)4CO3]C1; unique nature of carbonate ligand will be of multidisciplinary
nearly 60 appeared in the urine in 3 hr and up to 80 % in 24 interest in areas of research that might appear totally unrelated
h1-.~25 at first g l a n ~ e . ~ ~ Q
Acknowledgments. One of us (K. V. K.) is grateful to the
D. GEOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS Research Foundation, State University of New York for par-
tial support in the early phases of this work and to Research
Modern geochemistry dealing with the nature of the solute in Council, Texas A & M University for continued support. The
various natural waters is primarily concerned with the problem facilities offered by Drs. W. M. Sackett and R. A. Geyer at
of chemical speciation. The chemistry of COS and certain the Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University,
metal ions in sea water is a good example. The occurrence of for completion of this project are gratefully acknowledged.
U02(C03)3 4- in sea water a 2 6 and in hydrothermal solutions327 The same author is indebted to Drs. H. G. Thode, G. H.
has been reported with overwhelming supporting evidence Nancollas, G. Schwarzenbach, C. K. Jorgensen, and J. C.
not only for the complex-ions ambient stability but also at Bailar, Jr., for stimulating discussions, encouragement, and
elevated temperatures (150) and pressures. Extensive studies interest in this work. The authors are thankful to Drs. J. F.
on the stability relations among uranium compounds indicate Endicott, R. B. Jordan, and A. M. Sargeson for providing
that several carbonato complexes like u o 2 c 0 3 , U02(COa)2- some of their unpublished results and to the anonymous re-
(H20)2z-, uo2(co3)34- participate in the geochemistry of viewers of the draft outline for suggesting useful hints in
uranium.32From a study of the solubility of CuO in water as organizing parts of the preparative chemistry section of this
a function of pH under normal earth conditions correspond- review.
K. V. K. wishes to express his deep gratitude to his late
(323) M. E. Riepe and J. H. Wang, J. Amer. Chem. SOC., 89, 4229 wife who was of great help in typing and organizing parts of
(1967). this manuscript.
(324) J. C. Craig, F. P. Dwyer, A. N. Glazer, and E. C. Homing. ibid.,
83, 1871 (1961).
(325) M. Simesen, Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn., 62, 347 (1939); Chem. (328) P. W. Schindler, Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 67, American
Abstr., 33,9437 (1939). Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 1967.
(326) I. E. Starik and L. B. Kolyadin, Geokhimiya, 204 (1957); Chem. (329) NOTE ADDED IN PROOF.Since communication of this manuscript
Abstr., 52, 4260 (1958). to the editor the following article appeared in literature: Carbonato
(327) G. B. Naumov, Geokhimiya, 1, 6 (1959); Chem. Abstr., 53, 9920 Complexes of Cobalt(III), C. R. Pirinz Mac-Coll, Coord. Chem. Reo.,
1359). 4, 147 (1969).

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Chemical Reviews 171

Volume 70, Number 2 April 1970

THE CHEMISTRY OF THE METAL CARBONATO COMPLEXES

Contents binding of the carbonate with numerous cations is essentially

structure ii might be further explored. The analytical, bio-

Ia MHCO*+ MgHC03+ (27-30) MnHCOj+ (3 1)

Table 111 1 . Preparative Chemistry

(124) 0.E. Zvyagintsev and Yu. S . Lopatto, Rum. J . Inorg. Chem., 7,

optical isomerism are possible from a theoretical standpoint NHq "4

typical biscarbonato complex and Figure 4 shows a flow dia-

cis-[Co(NH&enCOo]+ 504 125 142

Tuble VI Table VI1

1529 1326 11066 850 755 97

1602 1284 ... 836 762 155

... 1260 ... 856 756 97

CHs 1755 1280 C 165

Cyclic Carbonates R C=O

has particular significance in the solution and solid-state C. STABILITY

K[Co(NH3)2(NOz)zCO31. Detailed studies on the absorption spectra of Co(NH3)6+ and

(205) J. Bjerrum, Metal Ammine Formation in Aqueous Solution.

(215) H. Yoneda, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jap., 28, 125 (1955).

Table XI1 (Continued)

state The solubility of Pu(OH)4 in KzC03 at a high ionic strength of

of the hydration of C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C Oat~the

reaction 10 for C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C Oand

3H20 dehydrate readily and on further heating decompose to

(NH3)4C03]N03. l.2H20,274and C O ( N H ~ ) ~ C O where

Although de~terium,16~~ a r b o n - 1 4 , ~ ~ ~ and

(301) D. R. Stranks and G. M. Harris, J . Chem. Phys., 19,257 (1951).

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