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Protection Seminar Protection Phy Kevin New

1) The document discusses the fundamentals of power system protection, including the basics of faults, protection policies, and backup protection methods. 2) The protection policy objectives are to disconnect faulty circuits with minimum damage, leave the rest of the system healthy, and prevent injury, property damage, and loss of supply. 3) Backup protection is provided for protection (relay and scheme) failure and circuit breaker failure using either remote or local backup depending on the voltage level.

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116 views22 pages

Protection Seminar Protection Phy Kevin New

1) The document discusses the fundamentals of power system protection, including the basics of faults, protection policies, and backup protection methods. 2) The protection policy objectives are to disconnect faulty circuits with minimum damage, leave the rest of the system healthy, and prevent injury, property damage, and loss of supply. 3) Backup protection is provided for protection (relay and scheme) failure and circuit breaker failure using either remote or local backup depending on the voltage level.

Uploaded by

junhe898
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Protection Fundamentals

Kevin Hinkley
Technology and Innovation Manager
TransGrid
What are we doing in this topic?

n Basics of protection
n Policy for Protection

n Backup (CBF) Protection


What is a fault?
n Abnormal current flow greater than nominal
ratings of the equipment
Load current 1 kA, fault current 40kA

n Faults can be due to HV equipment


insulation failure, lightning or human
mistakes.

n Types of faults 3ph, 3ph-e, 1ph-e, 2ph-e,


ph-ph
What is a Fault?
Per unit voltage Circle
Blue QLD
Red NSW
Cyan VIC
Purple SA

Simulation By Michael Bradbery


Why do we have faults?
n To economically deliver power over large distances
X and R must be kept low (Losses)
The voltage is increased to lower losses
n Transformer copper losses are reduced by using a
larger conductor

n Hence low X and R means large current if


connected to earth or phase to phase.
What does a fault do to
the power system?
n Generators slip poles
n Stress generator shafts

n Conductors overheating

n Over rating of equipment

n Split power system


How do we detect and
control a fault?
n CTs
n VTs

n CBs and Relays


n Fuses
How Quick do we need to
remove a fault?
500 kV
Near 80 ms, Far 100 ms
330 kV
Near 100 ms, Far 120 ms
132 kV
Near 120 ms, Far 220 ms
Protection Policy Objectives

n To disconnect the faulty circuit with


minimum damage due to the fault
n To leave the rest of the power system
in a healthy state
n To prevent or minimise
Injury to people
Damage to property
Loss of Supply
Design limitation of Protection

n The protection system is designed to


clear a single fault despite the failure
of one protection scheme or CB.
n This is: N-1
Requirements of a Protection System

n Reliability
Protection should always operate when
required

n Security
Protection should refrain from operating
when not required
Basic Protection Policy

n Any Fault must be:


Seen by two protections
Able to be cleared by two CBs
n Allow for a single contingency (N-1)
Failure of one protection system or
Circuit breaker
n Only remove the faulted element of
the power system
Requirements of a Protection System

n Backup for relay and scheme failure


n Backup for circuit breaker failure

n No dead zones

n No permanent damage due to


clearance times
n Clearance time should not exceed
system stability time (CCT)
Protection Relay Policy

n All main Protections are duplicated


n Relays are of different manufacture
If same manufacturer, then they should
operate on different principles
Exceptions are allowed for some relays
with proven field service
n Conform to appropriate IEC Standards
Industry accepted risks
n It is accepted that the following low
probability events may result in a loss of
system stability under certain operating
conditions:
2-Phase Phase-earth bus fault
Circuit breaker failure
Battery failure at single battery locations
Failure of a CB or disconnector pallet switch
Blindspot fault at critical locations
Blind spot fault

n Fault between the CT and CB


n Protection operates but does not clear
the fault (Total Operation time 100ms)
n Circuit breaker fail logic used to clear
the fault (Total Clearance time 250ms)
No.1 A Protection
No.1 B Protection

B Feeder A Feeder

P1 P2 P1 P2 P2 P1 P2 P1
Backup Protection

n Backup is provide for:


Protection (relay & scheme) failure
Circuit breaker failure.
n Backup can be:
Remote Backup - 66 kV and below
Local Backup - 132 kV and above
Remote Backup

n Backup for relay & circuit breaker is at


a remote location
suited to radial systems
Slower clearance, maximum disruption
Minimum complexity & inexpensive

Source Relay A Relay B


Ideal Local Backup

n Relay & CB duplicated - ie, locally


backed up.
n Faster clearance, minimal disruption

n Complex circuitry & expensive

Source
P1 P2
Current Checked
Circuit Breaker Fail

C D E

A B

Current
Protection Check Timer

Trip CBs B,C,D,E & F


Protection of individual
systems
n Feeder Protection
n Transformer Protection

n Busbar Protection

n Reactor Protection

n Capacitor Protection
What we have done ?

n Basics of protection
n Policy for Protection

n Backup (CBF) Protection

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