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    Sket 2

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    Xavier Cirer
    Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that causes pseudomembranous colitis through the production of toxins. It commonly affects hospitalized patients and spreads through spores. Antibiotics disrupt the intestinal flora allowing C. difficile to proliferate. Proper hand hygiene is important to prevent transmission. Diagnosis involves checking stool for toxins or biopsy for histology. Treatment includes oral vancomycin or metronidazole.

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    Sket 2

    Uploaded by

    Xavier Cirer
    47 views6 pages
    Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that causes pseudomembranous colitis through the production of toxins. It commonly affects hospitalized patients and spreads through spores. Antibiotics disrupt the intestinal flora allowing C. difficile to proliferate. Proper hand hygiene is important to prevent transmission. Diagnosis involves checking stool for toxins or biopsy for histology. Treatment includes oral vancomycin or metronidazole.

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    Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that causes pseudomembranous colitis through the production of toxins. It commonly affects hospitalized patients and spreads through spores. Antibiotics disrupt the intestinal flora allowing C. difficile to proliferate. Proper hand hygiene is important to prevent transmission. Diagnosis involves checking stool for toxins or biopsy for histology. Treatment includes oral vancomycin or metronidazole.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    47 views6 pages

    Sket 2

    Uploaded by

    Xavier Cirer
    Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that causes pseudomembranous colitis through the production of toxins. It commonly affects hospitalized patients and spreads through spores. Antibiotics disrupt the intestinal flora allowing C. difficile to proliferate. Proper hand hygiene is important to prevent transmission. Diagnosis involves checking stool for toxins or biopsy for histology. Treatment includes oral vancomycin or metronidazole.

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    of 6

    Clostridium difficile: Gram positive

    1. Spore producing
    - Need to wash with soap and water for spores
    2. Affects nocosomial patients: diarrhea
    - From patient to patient
    - Antibiotics lower to intestinal flora: specially 3.Clindamycin
    - 4. Not proper hand-washing
    Toxins
    - 5. Exotoxin A: Binds to 7.brush border and produces: inflammation, cell
    death and 8. watery diarrhea
    - 6. Exotoxin B: Disrupts cytoskeleton integrity by 9. depolymerizing
    actin: enterocyte death and necrosis
    - Yellowish exudate that forms 10. pseudomembrane that covers the
    colonic mucosa: pseudomembranous colitis
    Diagnostic
    - Pseudomembrane: eg. with histo or PCR
    - 11. Check in the stool for toxin
    12. Obligate anaerobe
    Treatments
    - 13. Oral vancomycin
    - 14. Metronidazole
    Clostridium botulinum: Gram positive
    1. Transmitted by improper canning of food: preformed toxins
    Affects multiple family members
    2. Spore forming
    3. Obligate anaerobe
    Travels through blood: unable to cross brain barrier
    - Acts only at PNS
    4. Causes flaccid paralysis: descending
    5. Early symptoms: Ptsosis and diplopia, neck distentions
    6. Works as clostridium tetani (protease) but different target cell
    - 7. Attacks motor neurons releasing Acethly-coline: inhibits muscle
    contraction
    8. Causes Floppy Baby Syndrome: flaccid paralysis
    - Babies have lower intestinal flora
    - 9. Transmitted usually ingestion of honey (contains many spores)
    - Adults get only in preformed toxins
    Clostridium tetani
    Gram positive
    1. Obligate anaerobe
    2. Spore forming
    - In 3. Rusty nails
    - in 4. Soil
    Symptoms
    - 3. Risus sardonicus or Lock Jaw
    - 4. Opisthotonus: exaggerated arching of back
    Pathology:
    - After puncture--> spores stay in wound site--> tetanus toxin-->
    5. travels retrograde through nerves--> 6. Cleaves SNARE protein -->
    7. Inhibition of release of GABA and Glycine of Renshaw cells
    8. Toxoid vaccine
    - Protein with toxin which induces immune response against the toxin
    Bacillus anthracis
    1. Black eschar: necrosis
    2. Erythematous ring
    3. Large gram positive bacilli in chains
    4. They're encapsulated
    - 5. Made up of protein: 6. Poly-D-Glu
    7. Obligate aerobe
    8. Spore forming
    Toxins
    - 9. Edema Factor (EF): works as adenylase cyclase: 10. increase cAMP IC--
    > increase EC fluid--> Edema--> Lower defenses--> Lower phagocytosis
    - 11. Lethal factor (LF): exotoxin that acts like a protease and cleaves 12. MAP
    kinase (cell growth)--> Tissue necrosis
    13. Causes Wool sorter's disease
    Pulmonary antrhax: starts with no specific symptoms--> then move to mediastinal
    LN --> 14. Hemorrhagic mediastinitis and pulmonary hemorrhage-->
    15. Widened mediastinum--> almost 100% mortality
    Treatment:
    - 16. Fluoroquinolones
    - 17. Doxycycline
    18. Bacillus Cereus: food poisoning
    Enterococcus
    1. Faecalis: more common
    2. Faecium: less common but more serious
    3. It can grow in 6,5% NaCl
    4 Bile resistant
    Causes
    - 5. Biliary tree infections
    - 6. Endocartidits
    - 7. UTI's
    8. Vancomycin resistant (specially Faecium)
    9. Linezoid is used for treatment
    - Very expensive and effective
    - 10. Or Tigecycline
    Both 9. Sickle cell disease (Asplenia) are
    1. Alpha hemolytic: partial hemolysis more susceptible to encapsulated
    - Green organisms
    Streptococcus pneumoniae 10. Macrolides susceptible
    2. Polysaccharide capsule - 11. Also suceptible to 3rd generation
    - Major virulence factor cephalosporins: ceftriaxone
    3. Optochin sensitive Pneumococcal vaccines
    4. Lancet-Shaped diplococci - 12. Adults: without protein-->IgM: not
    5. Bile soluble that good
    6. Causes lobar pneumonia - 13. Children: conjugated with protein--
    - "Rust-colored" sputum > IgG: Good
    - At lower lobes Streptococcus Viridans
    7. Causes MOPS: Nr 1 cause 14. Unencapsulated
    - Meningitis 15. Optochin resistant
    - Otitis media 16. Bile insoluble
    - Pneumonia 17. Strep mutans causes dental caries
    - Sinusitis 18. Causes Subacute endocarditis in
    8. Ig A protease: colozines mucosa damaged valves
    - Specially mitral
    - 19. Adheres to platelets using
    20. Dextrans

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