WHI TE PAPER

Author:
SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer A
Patrick Henning, Ph.D.
Chief Technology Officer Portable Kinematic Oil Analysis Solution for
Spectro Inc.
Field-Based Users
Summary
Kinematic Viscosity is the most widely understood and monitored physical property for lubricants.
Measuring kinematic viscosity at a fixed temperature, in locations other than a controlled laboratory
setting, has been a process/quality control requirement for some time.
This paper describes how using the solvent-free SpectroVisc Q3000 Series device in the field provides
immediate and accurate kinematic viscosity measurements, even when compared to traditional
laboratory viscometers. The SpectroVisc Q3000 Series uses new solvent-free technology to accurately
perform kinematic viscosity measurements requiring no calibration, no density verification, and no
temperature measurement.
This paper explains the SpectroVisc Q3000 Series design and then describes how that design performs
compared to traditional laboratory viscometers. Finally, a case study compares the measurement
results between the SpectroVisc Q3000 Series portable, kinematic viscometer and the SpectroVisc
capillary (Modified Zeitfuchs) tube viscometer used in many commercial oil analysis labs.

1. Traditional Viscometer Theory and Design

Current viscosity measurement techniques rely heavily on the use of capillary, cone and plate, and
concentric cylinder viscometers. These devices are mainly limited to the laboratory setting and contain
obstacles to portability. While the capillary viscometer suffers from difficult and lengthy procedures
for calibration, cleaning, and temperature control, the rotational viscometer is hindered by its rotating
parts and delicacy. Higher sensitivity viscometers have since been developed based on differential or
light scattering methods, but these are expensive and laboratory based [1-4].
Some commercial instruments have been developed to address a need for portable viscosity
measurement, especially where it is essential to determine the status of critical fluids in real-time. Such
viscometers include attempts at miniaturization of the differential [2] and rotational viscometers [5-
7]. Although these devices reduce sample volume, certain components remain complicated and costly,
posing a challenge for their widespread adoption.
Other devices and methods have recently developed based on MEMS technology, including
membrane oscillation frequency measurement [8-10], acoustic wave measurement [11], the
piezoelectric actuated cantilever [12] and the shear resonator [13]. Despite requiring reduced sample
volumes, many of these devices lack temperature control and are not kinematic in nature, so may not
yield comparable results.

2. SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer Theory and Design

The SpectroVisc Q3000 Series viscometer design includes an upper sample-loading well,
microchannel, and temperature control electronics to measure fluids at a constant temperature of
40C. Two models are available: the Q3000 which measures viscosity over the range 10-350 cSt and
the Q3050 viscometer with a range of 1-700 cSt. The SpectroVisc Q3050 also calculates oil viscosity at
100oC from the 40oC measurement with the input of the Viscosity Index for the fluid.

SPECTRO, INC. One Executive Drive, Suite 101, Chelmsford, MA 01824-2563 978-431-1120 www.spectroinc.com [email protected] An ISO 9001:2008 company
 W H I T E PAPE R: SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer A Portable Kinematic Oil Analysis Solution for Field-Based Users 2

Operation of the device is simple; after loading ~60l oil into the upper well of the
chip, gravitational force causes the fluid sample to flow down the microchannel where a
combination of emitters and detectors in the IR range detects its rate of progression. It
requires no user calibration, temperature measurement, or density analysis.
This viscometer operates as a Hele-Shaw cell, where Stokes flow is present between two
parallel plates. The distance between plates is necessarily small relative to the width and
height of the plates. As depicted in the schematic diagram of Figure 1, the presence of only
two parallel plates causes the microfluidic device to be unbounded, meaning that the fluid is
exposed to air on two sides.
The unbounded microchannel is very advantageous for cleaning; you just wipe the
microchannel surfaces after separating the two parallel plates to clean the device. The optical
detection method, where LEDs positioned on the one side of the microchannel and respective
photodiodes on the other side are not obstructed by side walls, is also advantageous.

Although overflow of the microchannel might have been a problem based on the absence of
side walls, surface tension generates a concave meniscus between oil and air, as seen in Figure
2. To have a positive pressure that forms this concave meniscus requires an oleophilic material.

SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer

Figure 2: Concave Meniscus Top View

The laminar flow condition dictated by the small gap between plates ensures the flow can
be modeled as existing only in the vertical direction. At steady state under laminar flow
conditions, viscous and gravitational forces are balanced such that

(Equation 1)
where is dynamic viscosity, u is velocity, r is fluid density and g is gravitational acceleration.
From that, the kinematic viscosity of the fluid can be determined using the average velocity,

Figure 1: Micro Fluidic Kinematic
Viscometer - Schematic

(Equation 2)
where U is the average velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, and d is the channel depth.
!
Here the ! term is neglected because the geometry of the microchannel is straight and the
fluid is moving due to only gravitational force. Near the funnel region this one dimensional
equation is not valid due to transient effects of viscous forces balancing gravitational force.

SPECTRO, INC. One Executive Drive, Suite 101, Chelmsford, MA 01824-2563 978-431-1120 www.spectroinc.com [email protected] An ISO 9001:2008 company
 W H I T E PAPE R: SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer A Portable Kinematic Oil Analysis Solution for Field-Based Users 3

Regardless, these effects are avoided with placement of the optics sufficiently down the
microchannel.
To successfully operate the device as a Hele-Shaw cell depends on the aspect ratio of the
microchannel being large enough. However, hydrostatic considerations must be considered
due to the unbounded design. If the hydrostatic pressure by the oil exceeds the opposing
pressure due to surface tension, the fluid will overflow through the unbounded sides. To
maximize surface tension, aluminum acts as a microchannel material because it can be
easily machined and forms a small contact angle with the investigated oils. For example,
the contact angle between engine oil and aluminum surface is 2.73 degrees and engine oil
surface tension is approximately 31mN/m. The surface tension induced pressure value at

the unbound surface is where R1 is radius of meniscus

(half of microchannel depth; 50m) and R2 is infinite (the plate width in relative terms is
very large).
It reasons that 620Pa is the maximum hydrostatic pressure that the surface tension can
hold when two aluminum plates are 100m apart. Therefore, the maximum length of the

microchannel is Based on the previous calculation, as well as the

variety in surface tension and contact angle among oils, the microchannel length used in the
Q3000 series viscometers is 42mm.
Figure 3a and 3b shows the two aluminum plates that were created by an ultra precision
computer machining system and how they attach to a hinge that allows easy opening
and closing.

Figure 3a: Aluminum Plates with Hinge

Figure 3b: LEDs and Photodiode Positions

SPECTRO, INC. One Executive Drive, Suite 101, Chelmsford, MA 01824-2563 978-431-1120 www.spectroinc.com [email protected] An ISO 9001:2008 company
 W H I T E PAPE R: SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer A Portable Kinematic Oil Analysis Solution for Field-Based Users 4

The fluid passing between an LED and a photodiode causes a drop in the photodiode
voltage. Using the time points that mark these voltage drops, the average velocity of the
oil calculates from the elapsed time between photodiode 1 and 2 as well as photodiode 2
and 3. The average velocity is then used in Equation 2 to generate a kinematic viscosity for
the measured sample. Two resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) embedded within the
aluminum plates enable a custom designed proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller
attached to a heating element to effectively maintain the temperature at 40C.

3. Case Study SpectroVisc Q3000 versus Traditional Benchtop

Viscometers
Knowing the viscosity of a lubricant is critical for condition monitoring. As a result, field-
based users need portable viscometers to immediately assess critical equipment while
working on-site. Other portable viscometer options currently available as commercial
products require solvents, density and temperature measurements to arrive at results. They
do not correlate with laboratory viscometers, meaning that the collected data is not co-
trended. In-use oils, in particular, make precise viscosity measurements by any technique a
challenge given their particulates, water and combustion by-products.
The process of comparing results from one instrument to another involves factors, such as:
Wide variability in the performance of in-use oils
Variability in the performance of the viscometers
Variability in application requirements
Rather than use a single benchmark to compare portable and laboratory viscometers, the
following case study provides a method for determining whether a portable viscometer will
do the job given particular requirements.
For this comparison, a SpectroVisc Q3000 serves as a portable viscometer and a SpectroVisc
Q300 as a laboratory viscometer. The SpectroVisc Q3000 is a portable, solvent-free kinematic
viscometer developed for applications where immediate results are required. The SpectroVisc
Q300 is a capillary (Modified Zeitfuchs) tube viscometer designed for laboratory analysis.
Both instruments measured the viscosity of a number of samples, and the measurements were
compared from instrument to field viscometer. Two series of comparisons were made. The first
set of samples consisted entirely of NIST-certified standards and the second sample set consisted
of used oils.
Each sample was run three times, each on the SpectroVisc Q3000 and the SpectroVisc Q300
with kinematic viscosity readings taken at 40C. Results from both sets were averaged and
compared.
The application of NIST standards allows the accuracy of both approaches to be compared
and also to see how closely the portable Q3000 reproduces results consistent with those
of the laboratory. The used oil measurements, on the other hand, are for real-world,
immediate results. Here the actual viscosities are unknown, making absolute accuracy
comparisons impossible. The goal is to determine how the portable tool compares to the
laboratory instrument across a spectrum of widely varying samples. If the results from the
two approaches are close enough for the user, the portable tool can be substituted for the
analytical instrument.
Figure 4 shows the performance of the Q3000 compared to the SpectroVisc Q300 over a
range of certified viscosity standards. The Q3000 performs consistently across the calibrated
range, with a relative standard deviation less than 2%.

SPECTRO, INC. One Executive Drive, Suite 101, Chelmsford, MA 01824-2563 978-431-1120 www.spectroinc.com [email protected] An ISO 9001:2008 company
 W H I T E PAPE R: SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer A Portable Kinematic Oil Analysis Solution for Field-Based Users 5

Figure 4: Q3000 vs. Q300 Performance Using a Range of Certified Viscosity Standards

4. Results
The following data was obtained using a range of certified viscosity standards:
Table 1 compares the Q3000 against the NIST references
Table 2 compares the Q300 against the NIST references
Table 3 compares results from the two solutions directly
Table 4 compares used engine oils

Not surprisingly, the Q300 laboratory viscometer yielded results that are in line with referenced
ASTM norms (0.44%) for variation. The portable Q3000 reported results were within its expected 3%
specification, and the results from the Q3000 and the lab-based viscometer were also within 3% (Table
3). In the used oil comparison, Table 4 shows that results from the portable Q3000 were consistently
within 3% of the bench top Q300.

SPECTRO, INC. One Executive Drive, Suite 101, Chelmsford, MA 01824-2563 978-431-1120 www.spectroinc.com [email protected] An ISO 9001:2008 company
 W H I T E PAPE R: SpectroVisc Q3000 Series Viscometer A Portable Kinematic Oil Analysis Solution for Field-Based Users 6

5. Conclusion
The key question is whether 3% is adequate in the context of the users specifications. As mentioned
earlier, used oil can present significant challenges for repeatability measurements, especially with oil,
water, fuel and particle contamination any of which can drive repeatability above 5% between
tests of the same sample. OEM engine and rotating equipment providers and users consider viscosity
variations greater than 10% (from nominal values) to be the first evidence of potential problems. A
portable viscometer can detect such issues immediately, allowing improved decision making and more
efficient preventive maintenance.
Undoubtedly, the advent of new solvent-free technology for field-based viscosity monitoring offers
the performance necessary to detect variations of in-use oil to signal an impending problem at the
equipment site. In addition, case study results show agreement within 3% of all samples between
traditional laboratory viscometers and the portable viscometers. This indicates that the SpectroVisc
Q3000 Series device can deliver accurate results in a portable setting, using a fraction of the sample
volumes required by commercial laboratory viscometers.

References
[1] Huang, C.Y., et al., Viscosity and density measurements of macromolecules. Angewandte
Makromolekulare Chemie, 1999. 265: p. 25-30.
[2] van der Heyden, F.H.J., et al., A low hydraulic capacitance pressure sensor for integration with a
micro viscosity detector. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 2003. 92(1-2): p. 102-109.
[3] Wang, W.C., P.G. Reinhall, and S. Yee, Fluid viscosity measurement using forward light scattering.
Measurement Science & Technology, 1999. 10(4): p. 316-322.
[4] Gilroy, E.L., et al., Viscosity of aqueous DNA solutions determined using dynamic light scattering.
Analyst, 2011. 136(20): p. 4159-4163.
[5] Faas, R.W., A Portable Rotational Viscometer for Field and Laboratory Analysis of Cohesive
Sediment Suspensions. Journal of Coastal Research, 1990. 6(3): p. 735-738.
[6] Kuenzi, S., et al., Contactless rotational concentric microviscometer. Sensors and Actuators
a-Physical, 2011. 167(2): p. 194-203.
[7] Sakai, K., T. Hirano, and M. Hosoda, Electromagnetically Spinning Sphere Viscometer. Applied
Physics Express, 2010. 3(1).
[8] Fitt, A.D., et al., A fractional differential equation for a MEMS viscometer used in the oil industry.
Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2009. 229(2): p. 373-381.
[9] Ronaldson, K.A., et al., Transversely oscillating MEMS viscometer: The Spider. International
Journal of Thermophysics, 2006. 27(6): p. 1677-1695.
[10] Smith, P.D., R.C.D. Young, and C.R. Chatwin, A MEMS viscometer for unadulterated human
blood. Measurement, 2010. 43(1): p. 144-151.
[11] Choi, S., W. Moon, and G. Lim, A micro-machined viscosity-variation monitoring device using
propagation of acoustic waves in microchannels. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering,
2010. 20(8).
[12] Rezazadeh, G., et al., On the modeling of a piezoelectrically actuated microsensor for
simultaneous measurement of fluids viscosity and density. Measurement, 2010. 43(10): p. 1516-1524.
[13] Ballato, A., MEMS Fluid Viscosity Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and
Frequency Control, 2010. 57(3): p. 669-676.

SPECTRO, INC. One Executive Drive, Suite 101, Chelmsford, MA 01824-2563 978-431-1120 www.spectroinc.com [email protected] An ISO 9001:2008 company
Q3000 Series_WPv2_2014-02-07