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ixlaIsma; f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;dj 2015

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ixlaIsma; f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;dj 2015

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imQK jd;dj vjqkaf,da lrkak(

uDldx. fhu vjqkaf,da lsu i|yd fuu ,sh,a, wjidkfha imhd ;sfnk QR fla;h fhdod .kak' tfia ke;a k
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tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh 2015' ish u ysl weKs'

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fuu m%ldYkh Wmqgd oelaug ksoyi ;sfnk kuq;a uQ,dY%h olajk f,i b,a,d iskq ,ef'
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Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).

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ixjOkfha wkd.;h wjodkul wdmod wjodk wju fkdl< fyd;a ;srir
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fuu jIh t<fUk jirj, wdmod wjodk wju lsu" j;udk mir ;;a;ajh ;=< N+lmd" iqkd" ksj;k
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lrkq ,en we;' kshh jeks fjk;a wdmodjka o lDIsluh
2015 ud;=f cmdkfha fikavdhsys meje;afjk wdmod wjodk jeks wfkl=;a wxY o we;=<;a l< fyd;a fuu ixLHdj g;a
wju lsu ms<sn| f,dal iuqf tlai;a cd;Skaf.a idudl jvd by< hkq we;' idudkH jdIsl ydksfhka ksfhdackh
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Action HFA) id:l lr .ekSu i|yd jQ rduqjla iu; ydksj, jkdlu jk w;r rgj,a wkd.; wdmod ydks
lr .kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf' fuu kj rduqj wkd.;fha wdjrKh lsu i|yd jdIslj fjka l< hq;= uqo,a m%udKh
wdmod ydks wju lsu ie,lsh hq;= ugulska idlaId;a lr f,i th w: ksrEmKh l< yels h'
.ekSu i|yd ork mY%uhkays rgj,aj,g u. fmkajkq we;'
wjodku wju fkdl< fyd;a wfmalaIs; wkd.; ydks ixjOkh
2015 iema;en jk g 2012 fhda-20 (Rio+20) iuqf o inkaO ;SrKd;aul wdjial ^wjia:dkql+,& msjehla njg
iyi%l ixjOk mrud:j, (Millennium Development m;a jkq we;' fYaIfhka u wdmod wjodku f jk g
Goals MDGs) o m%;sM,h mok lr .;a ;srir ixjOk m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha yd iudc hof ie,lsh hq;= fldgila
mrud: (Sustainable Development Goals SDGs) njg m;aj ;sfnk rgj, wkd.; ixjOk yelshdj
ud,djlg wdKavq tl iskq we;' m<uq j;djg fuu kj nrm;< f,i n, jkq we;' tjeks ;;a;ajhkays ;srir
mrud: f.da,Sh ugka fhdod .ekSu i|yd ie,iq ilia ixjOkhla ;nd ia:djr ixjOkhla j;a uqka muqKqjd
flfrkq we;' .ekSu wiSre h'

wjidkfha foaY.=Ksl mhdih inkaOfhka f.da,Sh fndfyda rgj, foaY.=Ksl mhdih wjodk Yd, lrk
tl;djla we;s lr .ekSf wruqfKka hq;=j foaY.=Ksl w;r wdmod msjeh je lrhs' WodyrKhla f,i lehdkq
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UNFCCC) mdYajlrejkaf.a 21 jk iuqj iy lsfhdaf;da m%udKhlska je fj;s hs wfmalaId flf' ixjOkh fjka
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jdrh 2015 foienrfhys meisfha meje;afjkq we;' states SIDS) w;ka fndfyduhla oekg u;a O
ugj,ska by< wdmod wjodkj,g uqyqK fohs' tu ksid
f.da,Sh l%shdj,s ;=k u id:l lr .ekSu i|yd iy l%shdf foaY.=Ksl mhdifha n,mEfuka tu rgj,a wdrlaId lsug
tajd w;r taldnoaO;dj uqka muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd k k tu wjodk wju lsu w;HjYH f'
wdmod wjodk wju lsu Wfoid jQ jvd Yla;su;a lem
ula yd wdfhdackhla w;HjYH nj fmkakq lrk m%n,
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;lafiare jd;dj (GAR15) iska /ia lrkq ,en we;'

3
wdmod wjodk wju lsu hym;a wdfhdackhls ksid laIh frda.h jeks frda. ksid we;s jk miqnEug iudk
miqnEula ixjOkfhys ,d we;s jk nj meye,s f' iEu
f ksid wdmod wjodk wju lsfuys ,d wdfhdackh lsu jirl u cd;Hka;rj jd;d jk wdmodj, udkj j
fjkia fjka mj;sk foaY.=Khla ;=< ;srir f,i ixjOkh jI ,shk 42lg wdikak m%udKhla wys f' fuu ydks
u i|yd iemsh hq;= mQj fldkafoaishla njg m;a f' th ixikaokd;aulj je jYfhka we;s jkafka my< yd ue
idlaId;a lr .; yels mQj fldkafoaishla jk w;r jdisodhl wdodh ldKavhkag wh;a rgj,a ;=< h'
uQ,Huh w:hla .e lr .;a;ls' kd.l h;, myiql
jeks kj wdfhdack wjYH;d ksid f.da,Sh idudkH jdIsl fYaI ;e;s .ekSula we;s lrk jOkhla jkafka h<s h<s;a
ydksh by< hkq we;ehs wfmalaId flfrk w;r 2030 fjoa we;s jk jvd l=vd mudKfha m%dfoaYSh wdmod wdY%s; urK yd
t'c' fvd, %,shk 90la fj;ehs f jk g ;lafiare lr wdl ydks je fjka mej;Su hs' wiudkd;au;dj" mdil
we;'1 ta flfia jqj o fuh fkd je<elah yels ;;a;ajhla ydhkh" whym;a wdldrfhka ie,iq fldg l<ukdlrKh
fkd f' ksis wdmod wjodk l<ukdlrK l%fudamdhka Wfoid flfrk kd.l ixjOkh yd j, md,kh jeks idOl
flfrk jdIsl f.da,Sh wdfhdackh t'c' fvd, ,shk 6la iu. fuu Yd, wjodk imj inkaO h' tu wjodk
jqj fyd;a wjodk wju lsu ksid t'c' fvd, ,shk 360l m%Odk jYfhka n,mdkafka rdcH h;, myiql u; r|d
m%;s,dNhla w;a jkq we;'2 fuh kj yd wu;r idudkH jdIsl mj;sk my< wdodh l=gqnj,g yd iq jHdmdrj,g iy tu
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< jir 15 h;, myiql i|yd jdIslj wdfhdackh cd;sl wdKavq" uy k.r iNd" Wmfhda.s;d fiajd imdolhka"
lsug is jkafka t'c' fvd, %,shk 6ka ishhg 0'1la muKla rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" oHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl wdh;k"
nj hs' tfy;a fndfyda rgj, tu iq wu;r wdfhdackhg l,dmS h yd cd;Hka ; r ixOdk iy fm!oa . ,s l wxYh
o;dj wjika lsf" fi!LHh yd wOHdmkh je hqKq we;= ish ugj, mdYajlrejka fj;ska ie,lsh hq;=
lsf" ;srir yd idOdrK ixjOkh iy;sl lsf cd;sl wdfhdackhla ckkh lr f.k we;'
yd cd;Hka;r mrud: idlaId;a lr .ekSfuys ,d ;SrKd;aul
fjkila l< yels h' flfia jqj o ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj we;s h yels wjodk
yd tajdg ;=vq fok idOl l<ukdlrKh lsug wod<
l<ukdlrKh lrk ,o wdmod" iia;rd;aul udf.damfoaY imhd ;sfnk kuq;a fndfyda
l<ukdlrKh fkdlrk ,o wjodk rgj,a wdmod wjodk wju lsu wdmod l<ukdlrKh f,i
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tlai;a cd;Skaf.a idudl rdcHhka iajdNdl wdmod wju m%;spdrh yd l,a ;nd wk;=re weu inkaO ish yelshdjka
lsf cd;Hka;r oYlh (International Decade for Yla;su;a lsu yd iqfYaI wjodk muKla wju lsu hs'
Natural Disaster Reduction IDNDR) iu; lr
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o .; ;sfnk kuq;a f.da,Sh wdmod wjodku ie,lsh hq;= we;s h yels wjodk l<ukdlrKfha b;d wid:l nj
ugulska wvq ke;' iuyr rgj, yd k.rj, iuyr Tmamq we;' fuu wjodk ckkh jkafka ixjOkh ;=<
wdmodjkag wod<j urK ixLHdj yd wdl ydks wju neka tajdg i fiug k o;dj wju lsu" k.r
lsfuys ,d id:l;ajhla w;a lr f.k ;sfnk kuq;a iuia; ksis m ie,iq lsu yd l<ukdlrKh lsu iy mir
wdmod wjodku ;j u;a je fjka mj;S' moaO;s wdrlaId lsu yd h:d ;;a;ajhg lsu jeks l%shd ud.
wjYH f'
wys jk udkj j jI ixLHdj wkqj uek ne g wdmod

4
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m%.;sh iSud ;sfnk lafIa;%h fuh hs' iudh yd wdl k.r je jk cjhlska hq;=j lghq;= lrka is' ixjOkh
wdfhdackj, wdmod wjodk idOl mQK f,i ie,ls,a,g wdY%s;j is jk fuu mj;k wdmod wjodk wju lsu
.kakd fyda wjodk oekqu ixjOk ie,iqj,g yd mphkag i|yd o odhl f( WodyrKhla f,i ldnka wvq wdlhlg
taldnoaO lrk wjia:d ;j u;a olakg ke;' ta ksid u wdmod mj;kh u jHikld foaY.=Ksl mhdi we;s f
l<ukdlrKh inkaO ie,lsh hq;= je hqKq ;sh wjodku wju lrhs; kshdukh flfrk mir moaO;s wdrlaId
u mj;akd wjodk wju lsug jvd je f.hlska kj lsu yd m%lD;su;a lsu u.ska fkdfhla wdmod wju h yels
wjodk ckkh u yd talrdYs u is we;' h; tfia u wdmod ixf lDIsluh ksid wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj
Yla;su;a h yels h'

tfy;a ixjOkfhys ,d is jk fuu mj;khkag iydh

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wdldrh h<s w: ksrEmKh lsu o w;HjYH f' ndysr
wdmod wjodku oekg u;a fndfyda rgj, ;srir f,i ;ckhkaf.ka wdrlaId u msKsi wdmod wjodk wju lsu
ixjOkh u i|yd wjYH m%d.aOk wdfhdack yd iudc m%Odk m%jdy.; lsu fjkqjg iudh yd wdl l%shdldrl
ho lsf yelshdj n, lrka mj;S' ta iu. u f.da,Sh ;=< ksi.fhka u .e jk wjodk l<ukdlrKh lsu wdmod
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m%d.aOkh muK blaujd mfNdackh lsu ksid moaO;suh fmkakq lrk oYlhla f,i wdmod l<ukdlrKh ie,lSu
f.da , S h n,mE we;s jk wka ; rdhlr yd wkfma l a I s ; fjkqjg wjodk l<ukdlrKh oeka ixjOkfha wu;r
ugj,g wjodk m;a f ;ckh u;= f' fYaIfhka u wx.hla fkd j tys tkata ;=< u ld je .;a mphka
.%y f,dalfha ffcj yelshdj ySk fjka mj;sk neka wdmod ud,djla ixjOk l,df ksi. ,laIKhla njg m;a h
wjodku wju lsu i|yd wjYH mY%uhkays yd im;aj, hq;= nj bka yefa'
ugu wkd.; mrmrdjkaf.a yelshdj blaujd .sh ugula
lrd <d wiu;=,s; ;;a;ajhla we;s ug oeka ienka tu ksid 2015 f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;df m%Odk mKsjqvh
u bvlvla mj;S' fuh wkd.; wdmod wjodk wju lsu jka f ka mj;khg myiq l imhd j;udkfha
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njg fmd u;hla f.dv kef.ka we;' h uguls ka l<ukdlrKh fkdl< fyd;a ;srir ixjOkh ienka u
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5
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f.da,Sh wdmod wjodku ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvq iudk miqnEula ixjOkfhys ,d we;s lf<a h'5
ke;' wdmod l<ukdlrKfhys ,d is jQ je
hqKq iuyr rgj, urK ixLHd ia; f,i fuu ixLHdj,ska fmkakq flfrkafka wdmod
my; jeug ;=vq ;sfnk kuq;a wdmod ksid ydks f,vfrda. ;rug u wdl ixjOkhg yd
is jk wdl ydks oeka iEu jirl u t'c' iudc m%.;shg ;SrKd;aul wNsfhda.hla nj k
fvd, ,shk 250 yd t'c' fvd, ,shk 300 th wiudk f,i fnodyod .efkk wNsfhda.hla
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oeka ;lafiare flfrkafka t'c' fvd, ,shk
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wdmod ydks wdjrKh lsu i|yd fjka l< hq;=
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ta wkqj bka ksfhdackh jkafka wiNdjH ^wyUq&
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wod< jk ;SrKd;aul wdfhdackhka i|yd fhdod
.; yels neka fuh ie,ls h hq ; = wdjia l
msjehla f'

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" 2014 Noy o;a; wkqj 4&

6
wfmalaIs; wkd.; ydks my< wdodh rgj, wdl rgj,g ish ixjOk mrud: idlaId;a lr .ekSu
ixjOkhg yd iudc m%.;shg ;ckh lrhs ms K s i iudc /ljrKh" uyck fi!LHh yd
ksoyia wOHdmkh i|yd w;HjYH wdfhdackhka
fuu wjodku f,dal ck.ykh w;r iu fia lsug fkdyels jkq we;'
fn .sh fyd;a th jev lrk jhfia miq jk
iEu mqoa.,fhl= u jdIslj t'c' fvd, 70lg ixjOkh fjka mj;sk l=vd jhska
wdikak ydkshla w;aug7 fyda o;d fLdfjka rdcHhka ;=< ;srir ixjOkh
my< j;a jk ckhdf.a fouil wdodhu wys
ug8 iudk jkq we;' fuu.ska ksfhdackh jkafka ixjOkh fjka mj;s k l= v d jhs k a
oekg u;a j;a u i|yd ffokslj wr.,hl rdcHhkays (SIDS) wfmalaIs; wkd.; wdmod ydks
fh isk ckhd ish meje;au inkaOfhka u ixika o kd;a u lj fnfyka by< ugul
wjodkulg uqyqK uls' mj;s k jd muKla fkd j ta j dhs k a tu rgj,
meje;aug ;ckhla o t,a, f' WodyrKhla
wdmod wjodku u.ska m%d.aOk wdfhdack fyda f,i hqfrdamh yd uOHu wdishdj iu. ii|k g
iudc ho ug jeks wdl kqj, ie,lsh ixjOkh fjka mj;sk l=vd jhska rdcHhka
hq;= mx.=jla ksfhdackh jk ;ekaj, ixjOk Bg ixikaokd;aulj iEu jirl u ish m%d.aOk
wNsfhda.h meye,sj ia jk ;;a;ajhg m;a f' f;d.fhka 20 .=Khlg jvd wys lr .kq we;ehs
WodyrKhla f,i jvd by< wdodh rgj,a lrk wfmalaId flf' m%d.aOk wdfhdackhg fyda iudc
jdIsl iudc hou my< wdodh rgj,a lrk houg idfmalaIj .;a g ixjOkh fjka mj;sk
hof 400 .=Khla ;r h' tfy;a my< wdodh l=vd jhska rdcHhkays is jkq we;ehs wfmalaIs;
rgj, idudkH jdIsl ydksh iudc hofuka ydks o fjk;a l,dmj,g jvd by< ugul mj;S'
ishhg 22la muK jk kuq;a by< wdodh rgj,
th ishhg 1'45la muKls ^2 rEmh&' ixjOkh fjka mj;sk l=vd jhska rdcHhka
y;rla ;=< jdIslj ksj;k iq<s l=Kdgqj,ska
tu ksid wdmod wjodku wju fkdl< fyd;a fuu we;s h yels wkd.; wdmod ydks wdjrKh lsu

2 jk rEmh iudc houg ixikaokd;aulj N+lmd" .xj;=r .e,S" ksj;k iq<s l=Kdgq yd iqkd ksid we;s h yels hehs ;lafiare lr ;sfnk wkd.; ydksh

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR f.da,Sh wjodk ;lafiaref yd f,dal nexl=f o;a; wkqj&

7
i|yd jirla mdid fjka l< hq;= im;a m%udKh jdIsl ydks i|yd t'c' fvd, ,shk 1'4l wu;r
ienka u tu rgj, uq jdIsl iudc hou uqo,la odhl lsug is jkq we; ^4 rEmh&' fuu
blaujk w;r ^3 rEmh& ;j;a rgj,a myla ;=< ixLHdfjka ksfhdackh jkafka je jk iq<
idudkH jdIsl ydksh tajdfha wdKavq j;udkfha wdY%s; ydks muKla jk w;r uqyq ugu by<
wOHdmkh" fi!LHh yd iudc /ljrKh i|yd hdu ksid yg .kakd l=Kdgq jv h ksid we;s jk
jeh lsug iu;a jk fyda jeh lsug wfmalaId wu;r ydks Bg we;=<;a fkd f'
lrk hofuka ishhg 50lg je m%udKhlg
iudk h' foaY.=Ksl mhdih;a iu. fydkavqrdia jhsk
uqyqK fok wjodku fo.=K jk w;r %ksvE yd
lehdkq fdaKsh ;=< foaY.=Ksl mhdih fgdndf.da m;aj, tu wjodku mia .=Khls'
ksid je jk wdmod wjodku tfy;a fulaisfldaj wjodkf wvq ula w;aolskq
we;s w;r bka wjOdrKh jka f ka foa Y .= K s l
foaY.=K s l mhdih fuu wfmal aIs ; wkd.; mhdifha n,mEu rgj,a w;r iuj fn fkdhk
ydks flfrys ie,ls h hq ; = n,mEula lrkq nj yd O rgj,a mSvdjg m;a jkafka fjkia
we;' WodyrKhla f,i lehdkq m%foaYfha wdldrj,g nj hs'
foaY.=Ksl mhdih ksid 2050 jk g wfmalaIs;

3 jk rEmh ixjOkh fjka mj;sk l=vd jhska rdcHhka ;=< m%d.aOk f;d.h" wdfhdackh yd iudc
hou iu. ii|k g ksj;k iq<s l=Kdgq ksid we;s jkq we;ehs ;lafiare lr ;sfnk wkd.; ydksh

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" f.da,Sh wjodk ;lafiaref yd f,dal nexl=f o;a; wkqj&

8
foaY.=Ksl mhdih ksid lDIsldl wdikak wkd.;fha we;s jk foaY.=Ksl mhdi
M,odhs;dj flfrys we;s jk wiudk n,mE ;;a;ajhka mok lr f.k u,d rdcHh ;=<
kshh ksid is jk nv b= ksIamdok ydksh
IPCC wdh;kh mjik m foaY.=Ksl mhdih ks r fma l a I w.h yd o< foa Y S h ks I a m d;fha
wm%sldj mqrd m%Odk OdkH j.djkays wiajkq flfrys m%;sY;hla f,i hk fohdldrfhka u je jkq
iuia; RKd;aul n,mEula we;s lsug fnfyka we;ehs wfmalaId flf'10 lDIsluh u,d rdcHfha
bv ;sfnk w;r wiajkq wvq jk ;rfuys m%n, o< foaYSh ksIamd;fhka ishhg 30lg odhl jk
l,dmS h O;a j hla mej;s h yels h'9 fuu ;;a;ajh ;=< fuu.ska rg cd;sl wdlh fuka
l,dmSh O;ajh ;=< kef.kysr wm%sldf nv u o;dj w;ska my< u whlg m;a h yels h'
b= ksIamdokh je mjd we;=<;a h yels h'
tfy;a lDIs l uh ms < s f j<s k a o< foa Y S h
flka h dj" u,d yd khs c hk rdcHhka y s ksIamd;fhka ishhg 30la yd 38la ckkh lrk
lDIs l ufhka ,efnk wdodhu o< foa Y S h flkahdf yd khscys tu foaY.=Ksl fjkia
ksIamd;fha ^o'foa'ks'& ie,lsh hq;= mx.=jla jk u u ydks ienka u my; fy<kq we;'
neka th tu rgj,a ;=k ;=< jeo.;a ksIamdok
wxYhls'

4 jk rEmh lehdkq fdaKsfha foaY.=Ksl mhdih ksid we;s jk wu;r ydks

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" f.da,Sh wjodk ;lafiaref o;a; wkqj&

9
mq,a wjodku o;d idOlhla f,i myiql" ud. yd m%dfoaYSh h;, myiql jeks
ixjOk j;al Ldokh fjka mj;sk nj hs ^6
mq ,a wjodku ;S j % wjodkug fjkia h' th rEmh&'
N+ lmd fNa o fLdjka g yd iq < s l= K dgq
uxfm;aj,g jvd wiudk;dj yd o;dj jeks miq .sh oYlh ;=< oeka o;a; ,nd .; yels rgj,a
idOlj,g imj inkaO h' tfy;a mq,a wjodku yd N+ m%foaY 85l mq,a wjodku ksid we;s jQ
ksudKh jkafka ixjOkh wdY%s; idOl ksid u ydksh t'c' fvd, ,shk 94la h'11 rlaIs; ydks
neka wdmod wjodk wju lsfuys ,d flfrk iy ;Sj% wdmod ksid we;s jk ydks idudkHfhka
ksis wdfhdackhka u.ska l<ukdlrKh lsug yd ;lafiare flfrk w;r jd;d f' tfy;a mq,a
je<elaug yels f' wjodkf msjeh idudkHfhka jd;d fkd f'
l% s h dj,s h ;= < ola k g ,efnk jeo.;a o;d
fndfyda ydksj,g j.lsj hq;af;a mq,a wjodku ,laIKhla k fuu ydks ord .kafka mSvdjg m;a
jk w;r bka lshefjkafka fYaIfhka u my< ckhd iska u hs'
yd ue wdodh rgj,a ;=< ksjdi" mdi,a" fi!LH

5 jk rEmh foaY.=Ksl mhdihg ,laj ;sfnk ;;a;ajh ;=< th ie,ls,a,g .;a g kshh ksid flkahdj" u,d yd khsc
hk rdcHhkays nv b= yd fufka j.djkag is jk idudkH jdIsl ydksh

(uQ,dY%h( Jayanthi" 2014 12)

6 jk rEmh 1990 isg Yd, wjodku yd ;Sj% wjodku ksid is jQ ydksh

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" cd;sl ydks ms<sn| o;a; mokj, o;a; wkqj&

10
nyqO wjodks rgj,a .Kkdjl f ;;a;ajhka ;=k u oel .;
yels h' bka yefkafka wdmod wjodkug tajdfha
m% d .a O k f;d.fha yd b;s ls j, is jk ixjOk yels h dj nyq O me;s l vj,a Tia f ia
idudkH jdIsl ydksh by< wkqmd;hla .kakd nrm;< f,i j, l< yels nj hs ^7 rEmh&'
rgj, wdmodjka oreKq wdl | jej,g fuh uev.ialrh yd yhsh jeks my< wdodh
;=vq h yels h' m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha wjodku rgj,g muKla fkd j fydkavqrdia" cefuhsldj
by< wkqmd;hla .kakd rgj, wkd.; wdl yd ms,smSkh jeks ue wdodh rgj,g iy .%Sish
jOkh wk;=rg ,la h yels h' iudc hof jeks by< wdodh rgj,g o wNsfhda.hls'
wjodku by< wkqmd;hla .kakd rgj, iudc
ixjOkh wNsfhda.hg ,la h yels h' ms,smSkh" *S" fydkavqrdia yd uev.ialrh jeks

7 jk rEmh wdmod wjodku ksid ixjOk yelshdjg we;s jk n,mE

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" f.da,Sh wjodk ;lafiaref yd f,dal nexl=f o;a; wkqj&

11
rgj,a iu. ii|k g cefuhsldj yd .%Sish uqyqK fuu rgj, wjodkj,ska fndfyduhla rlaIKh
fok wjodku fnfyka my< ugul mej;sh;a fldg ke;s w;r ydks ord .ekSug" m%lD;su;a ug
ixjOkfhys ,d we;s jk RKd;aul n,mE yd h<s f.dv ke.Sug bv ie,fik yis wjia:d
w;sYhska iudk h' tfy;a fkdfhla rgj,a iuyr wruqo,a imdokh lr .ekSug wjYH uQ,H ix;
me;slvj, wfkla me;slvj, g jvd n,mEug fyda m%fYh wdKavq i;=j fkd mj;S' fYaIfhka
,la f' .%Sish uqyqK fok m%Odk wNsfhda.h wdl u Yd, whjeh yshka iys; rgj,a idudkHfhka
jOkhg inkaO w;r ms,smSkh uqyqK fok Yd, wdmod ydksj,g ms<sh fhu msKsi rdcH
m%Odk wNsfhda.h iudc ixjOkhg inkaO wdodhfuka wruq o ,a fhduq ls ug wiu;a jk
jQjls' neka nlrKh" cd;s l iy cd;Hka ; r Kh"
foaYSh ix;" foaYSh nelr" wdOdr yd wjodk
rdcH uQ,H m%;H;dj wNsfhda.hg ,la f uQ , HlrK fuj, we;= fjk;a hka ; % K hka
fhdod .ekSf wjYH;dj u;= f'
rglg ish wfmalaIs; jdIsl ydks i|yd wruqo,a
imdokh l< yels jqj o l,d;=rlska kuq;a we;s ta ksid u fndfyda rgj,a jir 100la ;=< we;s jk tla
jk wdka;sl ydks i|yd ms<sh fhug wjYH ydkshl mjd wd;;s mlaIKfhka iu;a fkdjkq
lrk wdl yd rdcH uQ,H m%;H;dj fkd mej;sh we; ^8 rEmh&' WodyrKhla f,i lekvdj" tlai;a
yels h' by< wdodh rgj, wdl ydksj,ska ckmoh" cmdkh yd hqfrdamd rgj,a jir 100la ;=<
ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla rlaIKh fldg ;sfnk we;s jk tla ydkshl uQ,H mr;rhlg uqyqK
w;r tu.ska rdcH uQ,H m%;H;dj Yla;su;a f' fkdfokq we;' tfy;a we,ahdj" ,sh" .%Sish"
tfy;a W!k ixj; rgj,a (least developed bkakSishdj" brdkh" kslr.=jdj" mlsia:dkh yd
countries LCDs) yd ixjOkh fjka mj;sk ms,smSkh jeks O rgj, rdcH uQ,H m%;H;dj
l=vd jhska rdcHhka we;= my< wdodh yd l=vd oreKq wNsfhda.hlg ,la jkq we;'
wdlhka iys; rgj,ska fndfyduhla wdka;sl
ydksj, oreKq wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK fokq we;'

8 jk rEmh jir 100la ;=< we;s jk tla isul uQ,H mr;rhlg uqyqK fok rgj,a

Size of gap for

1-in-100-year event
(2005 million US$)
< 146
147 - 244
245 - 420
421 - 927
928 - 3,300
> 3,300
No 100-year event gap
Countries with less than 5 records of monetary losses and therefore higher levels of uncertainty

^uQ,dY%h( Williges et al." 2014 13&

12
Yla;su;a l< wdmod l<ukdlrKh wjodk f;dr; r= e yd oekqj;alu

ys f hda f .da l% s h d rduq j hgf;a wdmod wjodk ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj iu; flreKq ;eka isg
wju lsu i|yd jQ wdh;ksl yd jHjia:dodhl wdmod ykd .ekSu yd ;lafiare lsu inkaOfhka
Odk Yla;su;a lsu hkq rgj,a fl ld,hla flfrk wdfhdackh o ie,lsh hq;= f,i by<
;=< muKla ie,lsh hq;= m%.;shla jd;d lr f.dia we; ^10 rEmh&' tfy;a fuu mY%uhka u.ska
;sfnk lafIa;%hls ^9 rEmh&' ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqf l=gqnhka" m%cdjka" jHdmdrhka iy foaYSh yd
kslaIlh (HFA Monitor)14 fmkajd fok m f cd;sl wdKavq ish wdmod wjodk l<ukdlrKh
jk g rgj,a 100lg je ixLHdjla wdmod wjodk lrk wdldrh flfrys n,mdk iudh yd wdl
wju lsu i|yd cd;sl wdh;ksl Odk fhdod iSudjka fyda wjia:djka imdokh flfrkafka
we;' 2007 jif isg rgj,a 120lg;a jvd kS;suh l,d;= r ls k a neka tu mY% u hka y s m% ; s M ,hla
fyda m%;sm;a;suh m%;sixialrKj,g ,la we;" f,i wksjdhfhka u ksjdrK ixialD;shla ys
rgj,a 190lg;a jvd wdmod wjodk wju lsu ke;'15
i|yd uOHia:dk msysgqjd we;" rgj,a 85la cd;sl
nyqmdYah fld ksudKh lr we;' g iudka;rj yd iEu ugul u wjodk
f;dr;=re ksIamdokh o ie,lsh hq;= f,i je
flfia jq j o ys f hda f .da l% s h d rduq f m% . ;s we;s w;r ta iu. u wjodk wdoYk m%cdjka
jd;dj,ska fkdlvjd wjOdrKh flfrkafka ms<sn| mph" mj;akd wjodk o;a; iy o;a;
wdmod l<ukdlrKh inka O yels h djka wjodk f;dr;= r e njg mj;kh ls f
Yla;su;a lsfuys ,d wLKavj fndfyda im;a yd oHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl yelshdjka inkaOfhka
mY%uhka lem l< hq;= nj hs' o iudk jOkhla is we;'

wjodk l<ukdlrKh yd wju ls u i|yd tfy;a ksIamdokh flfrk wjodk f;dr;=rej,ska

wfkl=;a wxY iska m%;sm;a;s" kq o~q" m%;Ska ixjOkh fyda wdmod wjodk wju lsu ienka
yd fr.=,dis fhdod .kq ,nk nj iy;sl lsu u oekqj;a jk njg idlaIs ;sfnkafka iq jYfhks'
inka O m% . ;s h jvd uOHia : f' tfuka u wjodk f;dr;=re ksIamdokh lsu idudkHfhka
iudh;ksl iudc j.lSu ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq fkdlvjd u iemhqfuka ;,aj ,nkq we;s w;r
lsu yryd yereKq g fm!oa.,sl wxYh;a iu. mYS , kh ls ug bv ;s f nk O myrKh
u;a inkaOhla mej;S ;sfnkafka iq jYfhks' lrkakka Wfoid tu f;dr;=re wjodk oekqu
njg mj;kh flfrkafka l,d;=rlsks'

9 jk rEmh wdmod wjodk md,kh yd m%;sm;a;s ilia lsu inkaO m%.;sh 10 jk rEmh wdmod ykd .ekSu yd ;lafiare lsu inkaO m%.;sh

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduq kslaIlfha o;a; wkqj& ^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduq kslaIlfha o;a; wkqj&

13
 hka;%Khkaf.a iydh o we;sj w;HjYH yelshdjka
Yla;su;a lsfuys ,d Yd, wdfhdackhka lr
l,a ;shd wk;=re wef moaO;s ;sfnk nj hs' ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj w;r;=r -
nx.a,dfoaYh" fudiela" bkahdj yd lshqndj ;=<
l,a ;shd wk;=re wef moaO;s ilia lsu yd wdmod urK ixLHdj ie,lsh hq;= f,i wju lsu
l%shd;aul lsu hkq ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj w;r;=r jeks - id:l;ajh ms<sn| l;dmqj;a wikakg
ie,lsh hq;= m%.;shla w;a lr f.k ;sfnk tla ,eu Yla;su;a l< fmr iQodku o jvd id:l
lafIa;%hls' nx.a,dfoaYh" ,sh" bkahdj" ms,smSkh l,a ;shd wk;=re wef hka;%Khka o tlg tla
yd fjk;a rgj,ska ,efnk id:l;ajh ms<sn| f m%;sM,hla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
l;dmqj;aj,ska fmkakq flfrkafka ld,Sk yd
id:l wk;=re we yd ikaksfokh;a wjodk flfia jq j o iuyr my< wdodh rgj,a
f;dr;=re yd fmr iQodk jqKq ck.ykh;a tlg fYaIfhka u m%dfoaYSh ugf wjYH fmr
tla jQ g wdmodj,ska is jk urK ixLHdj iQ o dk ugu jOkh lr .ekS f yd
ie,lsh hq;= f,i wju l< yels nj hs' fkdlvjd mj;ajd .ekSf ;j u;a wNsfhda.hkag
uqyqK fohs' tfuka u m%dfoaYSh yelshdjka n, u
kslaIKh iy l,a ;shd oekq u inkaO l%u fyda fkdmej;Su m%n, cd;sl wdmod l<ukdlrK
tkak tkak u je hqKq u ksid by< wdodh Odk mjd j, lrhs' f iu. fmr iQodk
rgj, yd l,dmSh ugf ksj;k iq<s l=Kdgq" ie,iq yd m%;spdrh ;=<ska mSvdjg m;a ck;dj
l=Kdgq" .xj;=r" ksh" iqkd yd fjk;a wdmod ms<sn|j l,a ;shd we;s lr .;a woyia ms<sUq u
ms<sn|j flfrk l,a ;shd wk;=re wej, fyda tu ie,iq yd m%;spdrh m%dfoaYSh wjodk
ksrjoH;dj fnfyka je hqKq we;' ta iu. u ;;a ; a j hka y s iq fYa I ;d yd ixlS K;a j h
wjidk myrKh lrkakka fj; l,a ;shd wk;=re ie,ls,a,g .ekSug wiu;a u ksid m%dfoaYSh
we ika k s f okh ls u f.da , S h inehdj ugf wkfmalaIs; fyda RKd;aul m%;smdl
fYaIfhka u cx.u rl:k Nd;h f.fhka we;s u o is h yels h'
je u lrK fldg f.k mj;khlg ,la
we;' jvd hym;a whqka h<s f.dv ke.Su

flfia jqj o fYaIfhka u my< wdodh rgj, wdmod wjodk wju lsf fkdfjka l< yels
wdmod kslaIKh inkaOfhka ;j u;a Yd, fldgila f,i ia;r flfrk kuq;a ysfhdaf.da
ysoeia mj;sk w;r wjYH ;dlaIKsl yd wdh;ksl l%shd rduqf h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsu yd h<s
h;, myiql kv;a;= lsu inkaOfhka tu
rgj,g Ialr;d mej;sh yels h' mj;akd wjodk 11 jk rEmh h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsu yd h<s b lsu inkaO m%.;sh
f;dr;=re l,a ;shd wk;=re we iu. taldnoaO
lsu ;j u;a j, ugul mj;sk w;r bka
woyia jkafka ish wk;=re we wjodkf
ugu ms < s n | f;dr;= r e imdokh fkdlrk
nj hs' tfia u wk;=re we mok lr f.k
l%shd lsu i|yd m%dfoaYSh jYfhka mj;sk fmr
iQodkf ug o ;j u;a w;sYhska wiudk h'

wdmod fmr iQodku

ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqf m%.;s jd;d wjOdrKh

lrka f ka rgj,a j ,s k a nyq ; rhla wdmod fmr
iQodkug wod<j ienE je hqKq ls lr ;sfnk
^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduq kslaIlfha o;a; wkqj&
nj yd fndfyda wjia:dj, Yla;su;a l< l,dmSh
14
b lsu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq jkafka iq mirh" c,h" k.r ie,iq yd l<ukdlrKh
jYfhks' tfia u cd;sl iajhx ;lafiarej,ska iy ;srir;dj wdY%s; tajd we;= wfkla kHdh
fmkajd fokafka fuu lafIa;%h ;=< f.da,Sh m%.;sh m;%hka f.fhka klrKh u yd je hqKq u
iSud ;sfnk nj hs ^11 rEmh&' iska ixjOk m%;sm;a;s yd mphka mj;kh
flfrka mj;s k w;r wjodk wju ls ug
iudf,da p kj,s k a fmka k q flfrka f ka ienE wod<j ysfhdaf.da m%.;s jd;dj, yiq lr f.k
m%.;sh w;a lr f.k ;sfnkafka wjYH;d ;lafiare ke;s Rcq fyda jl% iu m%;s,dN ,efnka mj;S'
;=<g yd h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsf rduq ;=<g wdmod
wjodk wju lsu we;=<;a flfrk nj iy;sl tfy;a fuu mj;khka is fjka mj;skafka
lsf nj hs' flfia jqj o h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a wjodk je jk ;;a;ajhla yuqf h' tlsfklg
lsf fufyhq ie,iqj, yd whjehj, iy neKq f.da,Sh idOl y;rla ^wdmodj,g ksrdjrKh
wjidkfha wdmod wjodk l<ukdlrKh u je u" wiudk;dj by< ug lrd fiaka
inkaO jvd mq,a m%Iaghl wvx.= l< fyd;a u" kd.l ixjOkh f.j;a u yd mdil
i tjeks ;lafiare ;=<g jvd hym;a whqka h<s ydhkh& lrK fldg f.k oeh fkdyels yd
f.dv kef.kak jeks igka mdG we;=<;a l< yels wka;rdhlr ug olajd wjodk by< hd yels
jkafka l,d;=rlsks' njg oeka je jefhka idlaIs ,efnka mj;S'

h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsu imQK nj ;yjqre lr wdl j;al jv jvd;a wdmodj,g ksrdjrKh u
.;a miq fndfyda rgj,a jvd hym;a whqka h<s
f.dv kef.kak hk igka mdGh ;j rg;a fhdod 1990 yd 2010 w;r;=r f.da,Sh o'foa'ks' talmqoa.,
fkd.kakd w;r ta fjkqjg kej;;a idudkH m wdodhu ishhg 122lska je h'16 wdlh jv
lghq;= lrkak hk igka mdGh fhdod .kshs' ka jvd f.da,Sh jk g wvq Y%u msjeh" wmkhk
wjOdrKh flfrkafka wdmodjlska miqj jD; fj<| fmd<j,a fj; m%fYh" h;, myiql"
jk wjia:df jdish .ekSu;a kj ixjOkh ia:djr;ajh yd fjk;a idOl we;= ixikaokd;aul
wdmod wjodk kej; ksudKh lsu fjkqjg jdis mskefuk ia:dk lrd wdfhdack .,d hdf
j<lajk yd u. yk nj iy;sl lsu;a fld;r keUqrejla we;s f'
Ialr o hkak hs'
wdfhdack ms<sn| ;SrK .kakd g tu ia:dkj,
mok jk wjodk idOl flfrys wdmod ugu ie,ls ,a , g .ka f ka l,d;= rls k s '
wjOdkh fhduq lsus fjk;a f,ilska lsj fyd;a fl ld,Sk ,dN
,eu msKsi muK blaujd wjodku fkd i,ld
ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqf 1 jk l%fudamdhd;aul y;s' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka wdmodjkag f.dre
mrud:h iy 4 jk l%shd m%uqL;dj mok jk h yels m%foaY fj; Yd, m%d.aOk m%udKhla .,d
wjodk flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsu i|yd hdu iy wdmodjkag ksrdjrKh ;sfnk wdl
Yd, bvlvla imdokh lrk kuq ; a fuu j;alj, jkdlu ie,lsh hq;= f,i by< hdu
m%Iagh t;r .uka fkdl< uxfm;la njg m;a hs ^12 rEmh&'
we;' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i ish idlaIsj,ska
wefjka f ka ys f hda f .da l% s h d rduq f 1 jk f iu. u wjodk flfrys ixf rdcH yd
mrud:h wdmod wju lsu ;srir ixjOk fm!oa . ,s l wdfhda c k m% j Okh ls u i|yd
m%;sm;a;sj,g yd ie,iqlrKhg taldnoaO lsu ie,iq l< kldrl uq, ms mek ke.Sug
idlaId;a lr f.k ;sfnkafka iS; f,i nj hs' mgka f.k we;' m%dfoaYSh ugf ksis wjodk
f;dr;=re fkdue;s u yd yelshdjka j, u
flfia jqj o fuu meye,s W!k;dj ksid jvd ksid ;j u;a wNsfhda.hg ,la fjka mej;sh;a
ixlSK h:d:hla jika f' iudc /ljrKh" fmare" fldiagdldj" .=jd;ud,dj yd mekudj
wjodk uQ , HlrKh" foa Y .= K s l mhdih" jeks ,;ska weuldkq rgj,a ish rdcH wdfhdack

15
12 jk rEmh fi'' 60lska muK uqyq ugu by< hdfuka miq hd k.rh wo ia jk wdldrh

60cm

609
centimeters

^uQ,dY%h( Peter Harlem, FIU 18&

ie,iq lrK l% s h dj,s ;= < g wdmod wjodku flfrk ;;a;ajhla ksudKh f'
we;=<;a lsug wLKavj mY%uhka ord ;su g
WodyrKhla f,i oelah yels h'17 kd.l moaO;sj," f.da,Sh iemhq oduhkays yd
uQ,Huh .,d hdj, wka; inka; Ndjh
flfia jqj o f olajd is ;sfnkafka wkd.; jefvk ;;a;ajh ;=< ka wefjkafka wjodk
;srir;dj ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a j,g jvd fl ;lafiarej, fjkila is fkdl< fyd;a wdmod
ld,S k j m% d .a O kh iuq ph lr .ekS u i|yd wjodku jv jvd moaO;suh ;;a;ajhg m;a jkq
mj;s k wjia : dj,g je jeo.;a l ula u hs ' we;s nj hs'
fkdie,ls,su;aj yd ys;du;d hk fohdldrfhka
u wjodk ckkh flfrk ;;a;ajh ;=< tajd
inkaOfhka j. ula fkdue;slfuka woyia
jka f ka tu m% ; s mdl ms < s n | j.lS u wjodk
ckkh ug ;=vq ka ;SrK u; mejfrkafka jefvk wjodk wiudk;dj
l,d;=rlska nj hs' tfia u fuu j.lS mejula
fkdue;slu ksid wjodk ckkh lrk phdjka m% d .a O kh tla ;ekl rdYs N + ; u iudh yd
wLKavj mej;S f.k hdug ys;=jlaldr f,i fN!l wiudk;djka ckkh lrhs ' f,da l

16
jeys ck.ykfha Okj;a u is h hg 2 oeka fndfyda l,dmj, wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj je hqKq
f.da,Sh Okfhka ishhg 50lg;a jvd ;uka i;= fjka mj;sk w;r iudc /ljrK wdjrKh je
lr f.k is'19 tfy;a my< u ishhg 50 ;uka fjka mj;S'22 tfy;a mqrjeis wjYH;d iemsu
i;= lr f.k iskafka f.da,Sh Okfhka ishhg i|yd foa Y S h wdKa v q j ,g ;s f nk yels h dfjys
1lg;a wvqfjks'20 ka lshefjkafka f.da,Sh .sks mj;sk lemS fmfkk fjkial ksid fndfyda
ix.=Klh (Gini coefficient) 0'89la21 jk nj hs' tys rgj, iudc /ljrKh fyda wdmod wjodk
w:h jkafka f,dalh mru wiudk;d ug hehs wju lsu i|yd wdfhdackh lsf yelshdj iSud
ie,lsh yels ug lrd <d fjka isk nj hs' we; ^13 rEmh&'

fuys m%;sM,h ;sfnkafka wjodk wju lrk ys f hda f .da l% s h d rduq j w;r;= r wjodk
h;, myiq l i|yd flfrk wdfhda c kh uQ , HlrKh l= g q nh" jHdmdr yd rdcH uQ , H
my< ugj, mej;Su o iudh yd mdil yelshdj Yla;su;a lsf hka;%Khla f,i o je
/ljrKhla fkdue;slu o .%dh yd kd.l jefhka wdlIKhg ,la jQ w;r tu lafIa;%fhys
o;dj o we;= idOl lrK fldg f.k m%d.aOkh ,d ie,lsh hq;= m%.;shla w;a lr f.k we;'
iuqph u wdY%s; ixikaokd;aul jdis N=la;s m%lD;su;a f yelshdj Yla;su;a lsu i|yd jQ
fkdk wxY yd N+ m%foaY jefvk wjodkj,g fuj, f,i wjodk ix; fhdackd l%u yd
uqyqK u hs' wjodk wiudk;df N+f.da,Sh jHik nelr fhdod .ekSu cd;sl yd l,dmSh
me;su N+f.da,Sh l,dm yd rgj,a w;r" rgj,a ;=< jYfhka jv jvd fmdf is jkakla njg m;a
fuka u k.r yd m%foaY ;=< mjd is f' fjka we;'

ys f hda f .da l% s h d rduq j w;r;= r lDIs l dl" rlaIK fj<| fmd<j,a uekka m%d.aOk imd;j
wdydr yd iudc iqNidOk wxYj, o;djg yd we;s kuq;a wjodk uQ,HlrKh lrk m%d.aOk
wiudk;djg i fifuys ,d ie,lsh hq;= fj<| fmd<j,a fj; m%fY u i|yd hka;%Khka
m%.;shla w;a lr f.k we;' WodyrKhla f,i ilid f.k ;sfnkafka my< yd ue wdodh

13 jk rEmh f;dard .;a rgj, foaYSh wdKavq iska flfrk tal mqoa., hou

^uQ,dY%h( UNISDR" 2013 Satterthwaite and Dodman o;a; wkqj 23&

17
rgj,ska iq;rhla muKls' f jk g jHik
rla I Kh fj; m% f Yh ;s f nka f ka tu rgj,
l=gqn yd jHdmdrj,ska iq m%udKhlg muKls'
foaYSh rlaIK wxYj,g yelshdjla fkdue;slu kd.l fjkafjkaj isjk ixjOkh'
fyda m%;s,dN ,ef wjia:dj ;sfnk wh w;r
jHik rlaIKfha msjehj,a yd m%;s,dN ms<sn|j kd.lrKh wdl jOkh ms<sUq lrk neka
;sfnkafka iS; oekqj;alula u jeks ndOl f.j;a kd.l ixjOkh u o wdmodj,g
;sfnk nj o tfuka u ksrjoH yd YajikSh ksrdjrKh jQ ia:dkj, wjodku rdYsN+; ug
wjodk kq fkdue;s ksid Ialr;djka ;sfnk odhl f' flfia jqj o my< yd ue wdodh rgj,a
nj o rgj,a jd;d lrhs' fndfyduhl kd.l ixjOkh o kd.l

14 jk rEmh f;dard .;a n%iS, k.r ;=< u| yd o< nEjq u; msys fkdu;a l=gqn

Thousands

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Rio de Janeiro
(Rio de Janeiro)

So Paulo (So Paulo)

Salvador (Baha)

Belm (Par)

Fortaleza (Cear)

Recife (Pernambuco)

Belo Horizonte
(Minas Gerais)

Manaus (Amazonas)

So Lus (Maranho)

Porto Alegre
(Rio Grande do Sul)

Curitiba (Paran)

Teresina (Piau)

Macei (Alagoas)

Joo Pessoa (Paraba)

Cuiab (Mato Grosso)

Rio Branco (Acre)

Florianpolis
(Santa Catarina)
Informal households situated on steep slopes
Macap (Amap) Informal households situated on moderate slopes
Total number of informal households

Vitria (Esprito Santo)

Note: Steep slope: equal to or greater than 30% (16.7); moderate slope: between 5% (2.9) and 30% (16.7).

^uQ,dY%h( Alval et al." 2014 25&

18
wjldYh" h;, myiql" fiajdjka yd wdrlaIdj wjodk flfrys ixf jk nj iy;sl lsu u;
inkaO by<ska u wiudk jQ m%fYhlska iuka; fnfyka r|d mj;skq we;'
f'24

m%;sM,h k iudh jYfhka fjkafjkaj isjk iajdNdl im;a mfNdackh

kd.l ixjOkh hs' th Yd, yd ;Sj% hk
fohdldrfha u wdmod wjodk inkaOfhka kj wiS; wdl jOkhla <d lr .ekSug W;aidy
rgdjka ys lrhs ^14 rEmh&' fYaIfhka u fndfyda lsu n,Yla;sh" msis c,h" jkdka;r yd id.r
g my< wdodh l=gqnj,g wvq jkdlulska hq;= jdi N+" msis jd;h yd ire mi f.da,Sh mudKj
bv iys;" h;, myiql yd iudc /ljrKh je jefhka yd ;s r ir fkdjk wdldrfhka
W!k fyda fkdmj;sk iy mdil ydhkh by< wmfNdackh lsug ;=vq we;' n,Yla;sh yd
ugul ;sfnk wdmodj,g ksrdjrKh jQ m%foaYj, iajdNdl m%d.aOkh fuf,i wmfNdackh lsu
jdih lsug n, flf' ksid we;s jk mdil md igyka oeka .%yf,dalfha
ffcj Od;dfjka ishhg 50la muK miq lr hhs
ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj wjodk flfrys ixf ^15 rEmh&'
kd.l ixjOkfhys ks r ; ug rgj,g
Yd, bvlvla imdokh lrhs' by< wdodh .%yf,dalfha ldnka vfhdlaihs (CO2) uqod yef
rgj,a yd ue wdodh rgj, iuyr Yd, k.r iS u dj ,s h khlg ta l l (ppm) 350la jq j ;a 2 8
ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj w;r;=r fuu lafIa;%fhys j;udkfha mj;sk ug fkdlvjd by< hk
,d lemS fmfkk m%.;shla w;a lr f.k we;' w;r oeka ,shkhlg tall (ppm) 400 olajd
uE; jirj, w;s Y hs k a u wfma l a I d iy.; <d fjka mj;S' WIaK;ajh" jIKh yd uqyq
ixjOkhla w;a lr .;a rgj,ska iuyrl k.r ugu jeks idOlj, fjkia Tiafia f.da,Sh
tajdfha ie,iqlrK yd l<ukdlrK md,kh h<s foaY.=Ksl mhdih iuyr N+ m%foaYj, yd
w;a lr .ekSug o m<d;a md,k wdh;k" l=gqn wxYj, wdmod ug fjkia lrka o wdmod
yd m%cdjka w;r kk yjq,ald;ajhka we;s lsu wjodk ;Sj% lrka o is'
yryd tu k.rj, md,kh Yla;su;a lsug o iu;a
we;' wfkla w;g mdil wxYh cd;Hka;r yd l,dmSh
m%;sm;a;s Yla;su;a lsu i|yd iy Nd;h flfrys
tfy;a my< yd ue wdodh rgj,ska fndfyduhla n,mEula lsu i|yd ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj fhdod
fYaIfhka u l=vd kd.l uOHia:dkj, ksis m .ekSug iu;a we;' fufia u foaY.=Ksl mhdi
yd wjodk flfrys ixf wdldrfhka kd.l wxYh o jeo.;a wu;r foaYmd,ksl yd wdl
ixjOkh ie,iq ls ug yd l<ukdlrKh iydhla yd f.hla ckkh lr we;'
lsug wjYH yelshdjka fkdue;slfuka fmf<hs'
fuys m%;sM,hla f,i kd.l wdmod wjodk tajd wdmod wjodk wju lsu oeka ysfhdaf.da l%shd
wju lrkjdg je f.hlska jOkh we;' rduqf wdrNfha g jvd ffcj O;ajh" c,h"
;srir;dj" n,Yla;sh yd foaY.=Ksl mhdih
t<fUk oYlj, kd.l ixjOkfhys ,d inkaO kHdh m;% ;=<g jvd uekka taldnoaO
oejeka; m%d.aOk m%udKhla .,d h;ehs wfmalaId flf' mdil n,mE ;lafiare we;= mdil
flf' f olajd f.dv k.d ;sfnkafka 2030 jk l<ukdlrKh inkaO m%Iaghka yd fuj,
g kd.lrKh h hq;= hehs wfmalaIs; m%foaYj,ska .Kkdjla oeka wdmod wjodku ms<sn|j meye,s
ishhg 40lg wdikak m%udKhla muKls' 2000 iy f,i u ie,ls,su;a jk w;r oeka iEu ugul
2030 w;r;=r kd.l bv jeiau inkaOfhka u wdmod wjodk l<ukdlrKh inka O
wfmalaIs; jHdma;sh mj;skafka ishhg 56 iy 310 mdil m%Iaghkays je jefhka wdfhdackh
w;r mrdihl h'26 wdmod wjodk wju lsf lrkq ,ef'
wkd.;h fuu wkd.; kd.l ixjOkh

19
15 jk rEmh f.da,Sh mdil md igyka ffcj Od;dfjka ishhg 50la
muK miq lr hhs

Number of Earths required

1.6

Carbon Built-up land

1.4 Fishing ground Forest products

Cropland Grazing products

1.2

World Biocapacity
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2010

^uQ,dY%h( Global Footprint Network 27&

wdmod wjodk wju lsf wkd.;h l,amkdka; u" jdofhys fhu yd je hqKq
mphka i|yd Wkka lsu hs'
ysfhdaf.da l%shd rduqj w;r;=r wdmod wjodku
f.fhka je ;sfnk neka wdmod wjodk
wju lsu u o f.fhka mKduh fjka mj;S' md,kh m%;sixialrKh lsu
k.r md,khka" jHdmdr yd uQ,H wxYh we;= kj
mdYajlrefjda fjki fmrg f.k hka is;s' wdmodj,g iQodk u yd m%;spdr oelau i|yd
wjodk md,kh" wjodk oekqu" msjeh-m%;s,dN wLKavj lem .;a fYaI{ wdmod l<ukdlrK
Yaf,aIKh yd j. u jeks Odldr lafIa;%j, wxYhla rgj,a fkdlvjd b,a , d is kq we;'
is jk klrKhka ks i d merKs ms < s . ekS wjodk wLKa v j je jk ;dla rg tjeks
wNsf hda. hg ,la jk w;r kj wjia: d jD; wxYhla Wfoid flfrk b,a,S je jkq i wvq
fjka mj;S' fkdjkq we;'

2015 f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;dfjka mskefukafka tfy;a ixjOkh flfrys n,mdk wdmod yd
l%shdj i|yd jev igykla fyda rduqjla fkd j foaY.=Ksl wjodk fj; ta ta wxYj, yd N+
wdmod wjodk wju lsf wkd.;h ms<sn|j oeka m%foaYj, Yla;su;a l< md,k Odk Tiafia
is fjka mj;akd klrKhka ykd .kakd m% Ia g h hq ; = h' fuh kj wdfhda c kj,
idlPdjls' jd;df wNsu;d:h jkafka wdmod wjodk ksis m l<ukdlrKh flfrk nj o
wjodk wju lsug" foaY.=Ksl mhdihg yd mj;akd m%d.aOk f;d.h ;=< wjodku oHudk u
;srir ixjOkhg wod<j 2015 yd bka Tfnys kj wju lsu i|yd wjodk l<ukdlrKh ksjer
cd;Hka;r .siqj,ska u;= flfrk wNsfhda.hkag flfrk nj o iEu ugul u m%lD;su;a f
i fiug rgj,a mgka .kakd g ;j rg;a yelshdj Yla;su;a lsu i|yd mY%u oefrk nj

20
o iy;sl lsu msKsi wfmalaId iy.; wjodk we;' ms jeh-m% ; s , dN Ya f ,a I Kh inka O
l<ukdlrK ixfhda.hla b,a,d is' tjeks mq ,a m% Ia g hlg wdmod wjodku wju
lsug wod< wdfhdackj, weig fmfkk nj yd
wdlIKSh;ajh je l< yels h'
wjodk f;dr;=rej, isg wjodk oekqu olajd
uQ , H moa O ;s ;= < fuu m% Ia g hg wdfhda c k
wjodk f wdldrfhka l<ukdlrKh lsug ;SrK tu ;SrK ksid we;s jk wdmod wjodk
k g je wjodk oekqj;alula yd oekqula m%;smdl iu. imj inkaO lrka j;al
wjYH f' yq wjodk f;dr;=re ksIamdokfha isg yd Kh mrdi ;=<" nerl yd Kh wkqmd;sl;d
Odldr myrKh lrkakkag wjfndaO lr .; ;=< iy wdl wkdjels ;=< ksi.fhka .e h
yels yd l%shdj i|yd mok lr .; yels f;dr;=re yels wjodk ykd .ekSu i|yd Wo h yels h'
fyj;a wjodk oekqu lrd wjOdkh udre lr wjodk uQ,HlrK yd iudc /ljrK mshjrhka
.kska iudh wjodk f;dr;=re ksIamdokh u o my< wdodh l=gqn" iq jHdmdr yd m<d;a md,k
mj;khlg ,la h hq;= h' wdh;k olajd mq,a lsug .ekau msKsi
;lkhla imdokh lsug o Bg yelshdj we;'
Yd, wjodku flfrys jv jvd ixf u
fYaIfhka u jeo.;a f' mq,aj me;sr mj;sk
fyhska f iajrEmfha wjodk Rcqj u l=gqnfha"
m%cdjkaf.a" l=vd jHdmdrj, yd m%dfoaYSh n,Od j. u Yla;su;a lsu
wdh;kj, tfkod ie,ls,su;a iu. inkaO
h' tfuka u th fndfyda rg yev .eiafjkafka wdfhdack ;SrK .ekSf " uQ,H wxYfha yd
iudhj" wdlj yd mdilj f.dre ug wjodk fnodyod .ekSf hka;%Khkays mQK
we;s bvlv iska neka wjodk l<ukdlrK wdmod wjodk l<ukdlrK msjehj,a yd m%;s,dN
yd ;srir ixjOk mphka yryd th id:lj i,ld ne,sh yels jkafka j.lsj hq;a;ka Tjqkaf.a
wju l< yels f' ;SrKj,g j. jk ;;a;ajhg m;a l< yels jqj
fyd;a muKls' iudchka wdmod wjodkj,g fya;=
yd tajdfha m%;smdl hk fol u flfrys jvd
msjehj,a yd m%;s,dN ;lafiare lsu ixf ;;a;ajhg m;a jkafka k miqj we;s jk
ydksj, yd n,mEj, j.lSu iudh l;sldjg
iEu ugul u wdmod wjodk l<ukdlrKfha yd idlPdjg ,la l< yels iudc .egjla njg
ms jehj,a yd m% ; s , dN rdcH yd fm!oa . ,s l m;a jkq we;' meye,sj jgyd .;a wdmod ydks yd
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;s r ir;djg" wdl ixjOkhg yd iudc f;dr jk g wdmod wjodk l<ukdlrKh i|yd
m%.;shg wod<j my<g .,d hk m%;s,dN iy u. iemfhk foaYmd,k iydfha by< ug mjd
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jk iunr;djka biau;= lr oelau i|yd msjeh- lsug wiu;a jkq we;'
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ljqreka o" m%;s,dN fk<d .kafka ljqreka o hkak we;af;a O ldh Ndrhka h' tl jQ kq o~q
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21
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kslaIKh yd jd;dlrKh u; j. u r|d mj;S' ixjOkh ;srir lsu

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i|yd Wo lsug tajdg yelshdj we;' ksid ixjOkh ;srir lsug k wdmod wjodk
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22
2015 f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;df ksmehq
y ixlaIsma; f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;dj jd;df we;=<;a m%Odk idlaIs yd
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y m%Odk jd;dj ;=< wka;.;hg wod<j ;j rg;a je hqKq lrk ,o inkaOl
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Wfoid il%sh is;sh" fhda" PdhdrEm yd isoa wOHhk fj; m%fYh imhhs'
y ge, m.Kl yd iaud rl:k myrKh lrkakkag Tangible Earth (GfT)
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jd;dj, wvx.= wdmod is we;= oYl .Kkdjl il%sh mD oHd;aul o;a;
lg, iys; ;%sudk f.da,Sh w;=re uqyqK;lska hq;=" ;ksj l%shd l< yels uDldx.
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idOlh" wdmodj" wdmod isu yd ;j;a oE wkqj .fIKhg ,la l< yels h'
y 2015 f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;dj my; oelafjk iajrEmj,ska
fj ixialrKhla f,i o ,nd .; yels h(
wka; l%shdld m%Odk jd;dj - bx.%Sis niska
m%Odk jd;dj (PDF) - wrd" k" m%xY" reishdkq yd iamd[a[ NdIdj,ska
ixlaIsma; f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;dj - wrd" k" m%xY" cmdk" reishdkq yd iamd[a[ NdIdj,ska
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wdmod ydks yd wjodk o;a; mok fj; m%fYh

2015 f.da,Sh ;lafiare jd;df ish ksmehq fj; my; oelafjk fj msgqfjka m%fY h yels h(

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