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The document contains 28 problems related to discrete mathematics concepts such as: 1) Calculating the cardinality of various sets. 2) Showing that the set of algebraic numbers is countable. 3) Proving properties of groups, rings, and fields. 4) Solving equations in modular arithmetic and computing in Galois fields. Many problems involve using concepts like the Chinese Remainder Theorem, Euclidean algorithm, and properties of permutations, functions, and algebraic structures. The problems cover topics like number theory, abstract algebra, combinatorics, and field theory.

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HarshitJMotwani
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
68 views

Assignment New

The document contains 28 problems related to discrete mathematics concepts such as: 1) Calculating the cardinality of various sets. 2) Showing that the set of algebraic numbers is countable. 3) Proving properties of groups, rings, and fields. 4) Solving equations in modular arithmetic and computing in Galois fields. Many problems involve using concepts like the Chinese Remainder Theorem, Euclidean algorithm, and properties of permutations, functions, and algebraic structures. The problems cover topics like number theory, abstract algebra, combinatorics, and field theory.

Uploaded by

HarshitJMotwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT-2 (Discrete Mathematics)

1. What is the cardinality of the following sets:

(a) S = {f | f : {0, 1}n {0, 1}}


(b) S = {x Z | 3 does not divide x}
(c) S = {ak xk + ak1 xk1 + + a1 x + a0 | ai Qwherei = 0, 1, 2, k}
(d) S = {M | M = [mi,j ]500500 , mi,j Q}
(e) Q Z N
(f) R Q

2. A real number x is said to be algebraic (over the rationals) if it satisfies some polynomial
equation of positive degree xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 = 0 with rational coefficients
ai . Assuming that each polynomial equation has only finitely many roots, show that the set of
algebraic numbers is countable.

3. Show that for fix countable sets A,B the set X of all functions from finite subsets of B into A
is countable.

4. Apply the Chinese Remainder Theorem to solve the following system of congruences:

x 12(mod 25)

x 9(mod 26)
x 23(mod 27)

5. Use the Extended Euclidean algorithm to compute 8861 (mod 1353)

6. Consider the following algorithm for sorting r numbers for r 2.

(a) Use 2r 3 comparisons to determine the largest and second largest of the r numbers.
(b) Recursively, sort the remaining r 2 numbers.
(c) Let ar denotes the number of comparisons used for sorting r numbers. Determine ar .

7. There are two kinds of particles inside a nuclear reactor. In every second, an particle will
split into three particles, and a particle will split into an and two particles. If there is a
single particle in the reactor at t = 0, how many particles are there altogether at t = 100.

8. Gossip is spread among r people via telephone. Specially, in a telephone conversation between
A and B, A tells to B all the gossip he has heard, and B reciprocates. Let ar denote the minimum
number of telephone calls among r people so that all gossip will be known to everyone.

(a) Show that a2 = 1, a3 = 3, and a4 = 4.


(b) Show that ar ar1 + 2
(c) Show that ar 2r 4 for r 4
 2  2  2  2  2  
r r r r r 2r
9. (a) Show that + + + + + + =
0 1 2 i r r

1
(b) Show that the generating function for {ar } when
 
2r
ar =
r
1
is (1 4z) 2 .

10. Let ar denote the number of ways to divide r identical marbles into four distinct piles so that
each pile has an odd number of marbles that is larger than or equal to three

(a) Determine A(z).


(b) Determine a closed-form expression for ar .

11. Let ar denote the number of ways to seat 10 students in a row of r chairs so that no two students
will occupy adjacent seats. Determine the generating function of the discrete numeric function
{ar }.

12. Solve simultaneously the recurrences

an+1 = an + bn + cn , n 1

bn+1 = 4n cn , n 1
cn+1 = 4n bn , n 1
subject to the initial conditions a1 = b1 = c1 = 1.

13. Which of the following groupoids are semigroups? Which are groups?

(a) (N, ?) where a ? b = ab for all a, b N.


(b) (N, ?) where a ? b = b for all a, b N.
(c) (Z, ?) where a ? b = a b for all a, b Z.
(d) (Z, ?) where a ? b = a + b + ab for all a, b Z.
(e) (R, ?) where a ? b = a|b| for all a, b R.
(f) (R, ?) where a ? b = 2a b for all a, b R.

14. Find the no. of homomorphism from (Z, +) to (Q? , ) such that f (2) = 31 .
   
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15. Let = , =
6 4 7 5 2 3 1 1 4 6 7 3 5 2
(a) Is an even permutation?
(b) Is 1 an even permutation?

16. Let (G, ?) be a group and a, b G. Suppose that a2 = e and a ? b ? a = b7 . Show that b48 = e.

17. Let G be a group generated by the elements a and b such that o(a) = 4, a2 = b2 , and ba = a3 b.
Find o(b) and |G|.

18. If G = hai is a cyclic group of order 30, then find all distinct elements of (i) order 5 (ii) order
6.

19. Let G be a group, then prove that G is abelian when a2 = a a G holds.

2
20. Justify your answer:
ab
(a) (Q+ , ?) is not a abelian group where a ? b = 2
a, b Q
(b) (Q, +) and (Q? , ) are isomorphic.

21. Which of the following algebraic structures (R, +, ) form a ring?

(a) Let X be any set and R = P (X), the power set of X. Define A + B = A 4 B and
A B = A B for all A, B R (where A 4 B = (A B) (B A))
(b) In the above set R, define A + B = A B and A B = A B for all A, B R.
(c) Let R be the set of all real-valued continuous functions defined on R. Define (f + g)(x) =
f (x) + g(x) and (f g)(x) = f (g(x)) for all f, g R and for all x R.
(d) Let R be the set of all twice differentiable real-valued functions having second derivative
zero at x = 0. Define (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) and (f g)(x) = f (x)g(x) for all f, g R
and for all x R.

22. Let R be a commutative ring with characteristic p, where p is a prime number. Prove that
(a + b)p = ap + bp .

23. Let f : Z[ 2] Z[ 3] defined by f (a + b 2) = a + b 3 then show that f is a group
homomorphism.

24. Find all c such that Z3 [x]/hx3 + cx2 + 1i is a field.

25. Show that

(a) Z is not a field.



(b) Z[ 3] = {a + b 3 | a, b Z} is not a field.

26. Prove the following:

(a) Let R be a ring with 1 and T be the set of all units of R then ab T a, b T.
(b) An element can not be a unit and zero divisor at the same time.

27. Let E be the modular elliptic curve defined by y 2 = x3 + 3x (mod 17)

(a) Find all points of E (including the point at infinity).


(b) Find 2(8, 14).

28. The field GF(25 ) can be constructed as Z2 [x]/(x5 +x2 +1). Perform the following computations
in this field.

(a) Compute (x4 + x2 ) (x3 + x + 1).


(b) Using the extended Euclidean algorithm, compute (x3 + x2 )1

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