PROPOSED GEOTECHNICAL STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

KOTA TINGGI , JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM

-FOUNDATION DESIGN-

Prepared for: Prepared by:

Dr. Kamaruddin Bin Ahmad SANDRA Holdings Sdn Bhd

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 SKAA 3712 GEOTECHNICS II

2015-2016/1

NAME MATRIC NO
AFIQ AMAR BIN BAHARI A13KA0003

ANAS MOHAMMED AHMED BIN NAJI A12KM4013

FATIN SHUHADA BINTI MAT SHARIF A13KA0036

MOHAMAD LUKMAN HAKIM BIN MUSTAPHA A13KA0071

MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN JOHARI A13KA0096

NUR ADLEEN FITRIYANA BINTI AZMAN A13KA0125

SANTI EDRA NISA BINTI LAU A13KA0165

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Table of Contents
1.0 PROJECT BRIEF ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Site ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Superstructure ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 COMPANY PROFILE ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Vision .................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Mission................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 Organization Committee ..................................................................................................................... 6
3.0 SOIL PROFILE ...................................................................................................................................... 7
4.0 GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 8
4.1 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 8
4.2 Retaining Wall Analysis ................................................................................................................... 17
5.0 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................................. 24

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1.0 PROJECT BRIEF

1.1 Introduction
SANDRA Holdings is a relatively new company. Incorporated in 2014 as a consultancy
company, SANDRA also started to focus on new core business in property development by
green technology. Our company aimed to be listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia in 10
years forward as the leading infrastructure and property developer with operations in Asia and
the Middle East region. Besides constantly challenging the status quo to go beyond our
boundaries in the development we construct. SANDRA Holdings planned to enrich the earth and
surrounding by implement sustainability in each aspects of our development.

The scope of work for SANDRA Holdings included:-

i) Soil Investigation and Analysis

ii) The laboratory testing programme
iii) Report submission to clients (results and recommendations)

1.2 Site
The site is located along the Kota Tinggi ,Johor Darul Takzim, approximately 5km east of the
city central of Johor Bahru. An interchange bridge project is proposed in the region as an
alternative solution for the traffic congestion issue during peak hour.

1.3 Superstructure
According to the information obtained from the client, it is proposed to cut the slope areas for the
bridge constructions. Hence, a retaining wall structure is proposed to be built in the site. There
will also bridge foundation.

1.4 Objectives
The report seeks to propose:
i) Soil profile of the proposed project site
ii) The design of the retaining wall and its foundation

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2.0 COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 Introduction
SANDRA Holdings is a civil, structural and geotechnical engineering firm which is operated in
Skudai, Johor. It is a company that own by local residents that come from all over Malaysia. This
firm has been approved to operate by the Board of Engineers Malaysia and has been registered
with the Federal Finance Ministry and the State, a number of government agencies and the other
statutory bodies. This firm also accredited by SIRIM QAS Sdn. Bhd to ISO 9001 : 2008 since
June 2010.

SANDRA Holdings was established in December 1999 by the experienced Professional

engineers in conducting consultancy services in the field of Civil, Structural and Geotechnical
Engineering. The scope of the work offered is extensive, covering many areas, including
preliminary studies, detailed design, contract management and project supervision.

SANDRA Holdings offers consulting services to government agencies, statutory bodies, private
parties and private individuals in practice to implement the project tender, contract and contract
Turnkey Build-Operate-Transfer.

SANDRA Holdings operated, managed and implemented by the professional and semi-
professional staffs that specialize in aspects of Civil, Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
with modern management methods and applications-the-art computing applications.

2.2 Vision
The company progresses continuously to be among the top of Engineering and Construction firm
in Malaysia and eventually the region, by consistency delivering projects that meet international
standards.

2.3 Mission
To undertake the engineering and construction business with a focus on becoming the
cost leadership while excellence in every aspect to meet customers stringent regarding
quality, on-time delivery, safety and environmental concerns.
To develop an effective management that stresses productivity, perpetual development of
the organization and installing work ethics in all personnel.

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2.4 Organization Committee
Project Manager
Ir.Dr Mohamad Lukman Hakim Bin Mustapha
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering University of Miami, United States of America
Doctor of Philosophy (Civil Engineering) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru. Johor,
Malaysia

Board of Engineers

SI interpretation
Ir. Afiq Amar Bin Bahari
B. Eng. (Hons) in Civil Engineering, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

Abutment Design
Ir. Muhammad Firdaus Bin Johari
PhD (Civil Engineering), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Foundation Design
Dr. Santi Edra Nisa Binti Lau
B Sc. Civil Engineering (Hons.) University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England

Dr. Fatin Shuhada Binti Mat Sharif

B. Eng. (Hons) in Civil Engineering, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Dr. Nur Adleen Fitriyana Binti Azman

Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
(First Class Honours)

Computer Programming
Anas Mohammed Ahmed Bin Naji
BSc. programming (Hons.) University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England

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3.0 SOIL PROFILE

Unit weight c
Depth (m) Description Average SPT
(kN/ ) (kN/ )
()

0-1.5 Soft clay silt 0 18 0 19

1.5 4.5 Loose silty sand 3.5 14 28 0

4.5 7.5 Soft silty clay 3 17 0 19

Loose-medium
7.5 -10.5 dense gravely, 4.5 15 28.5 0
silty sand

10.5 12 Very stiff silt 19 19 0 0

Loose-medium
12- 12.8 dense gravely, 34 17 37.5 0
silty sand
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4.0 GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS

4.1 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

A) Shallow foundation

= 0
C = 19kPa
SPT-N =0
Unit weight , = 18kN/m
Safety factor =3

i. Assuming one-way eccentricity in B-direction

4
e = = = 0.67 > (Ok!)
6 6

300 (1.5+4.5+1.5)
= 15000

= 0.15 m

8
 B = B-2e
= 4 2(0.15)
= 3.70 m
L = L
= 4m

ii. By using Meyerhoff,s equation,

1
qu = cNcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 2BNFsFdFi

From Table 2, bearing capacity factors to be used in this equation when = 0,

Nc = 5.14
Nq = 1.00
N = 0
Since N = 0, all -terms will be 0.

Shape factors
Fcs = 1 + ()

3.7 1
=1+ (5.14)
4

= 1.18
Fqs = 1 + (tan )

3.7
=1+ (tan 0)
4

=1

Depth factors

( < 1)

Fcd = 1 + 0.4 ()

1.5
= 1 + 0.4 ( 4 )

= 1.15

9
 Fqd = 1 + 2 tan (1-sin)2()

1.5
= 1 + 2 tan 0 (1-sin 0)2( 4 )

=1

Inclination factors
Fci = Fqi = (1 )2
90
0
= (1 90)2

=1

qu = cNcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi
= 19(5.14)(1.18)(1.15)(1) + (25.5)(1)(1)(1)
= 158.02 kN/m2

q(net)all =

158.02(171.5)
= 3

= 44.17 kN/m2

iii. To compare the allowable load with load applied,

Q(net)all = q(net)all x area of footing
= 44.17 x (3.7x4)
= 653.72 kN
Q(net)all = 653.72kN
Qapplied = 15000 kN

Thus, Qapplied > Q(net)all (Not ok!)

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iv. Check with minimum and maximum pressure

qmin,max 6
= (1 )

15000 60.15
=
44
(1 4
)
qmax = 1148.44 kN/m2 > q(net)all (Not ok!)
qmin = 726.56 kN/m2 >0 (No tension experienced by soil)

v. Check for elastic settlement , Se = (1-s)2


For = 1, = 1.2 , r = 0.85

For silt layer,

Es = 8750 kN/m2
s = 0.45
qo
=

15000
=
44
= 937.5 kN/m2

For flexible foundation, For rigid foundation,

Se 4937.5 Se 4937.5
= (1-0.45)2 (1.2) = (1-0.45)2 (0.85)
8750 8750
= 0.16m = 0.11m

vi. Check for consolidation settlement, assumed for normally consolidated layer
eo = 0.2

=
(+2)(+2)
15000
= (4+2(1.5)(4+2(1.5))

= 306.12 kN/m2
v = (17-10)(1.5) + (15-10)(3) + (19-10)(1.5) + (17-10)(0.4)
= 41.8 kN/m2

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 Sc = Cc log( + )
1+
0.8 41.8+306.12
= 0.451+0.2log( )
41.8

= 0.276m

For flexible foundation, For rigid foundation,

settlement = 0.16 + 0.276 Total = 0.11 + 0.276
= 436mm settlement = 386mm

Since both type of shallow foundation obtained total settlement more than 50mm,
thus we have to use pile foundation for the bridge.

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B) Pile Foundation

Size = 450x450mm
Length = 6m

5+19+34
Average N = = 19
3

i. Calculate the end bearing of pile

Qb = 400NAb
= 400(34)(0.452)
= 2754 kN
ii. Calculate the shaft friction for each layer

For clay: Qs = 3NAs For silt: Qs = 2.5NAs For sand: Qs = 2NAs

Using precast concrete pile which is a high displacement pile,

Qs(6.8-7.5) = 3NAs
= 3(3)(0.452)
= 1.822 kN
Qs(7.5-10.5) = 2NAs
= 2(4.5)(0.452)
= 1.823 kN
Qs(10.5-12) = 2.5NAs
= 2.5(19)(0.452)
= 9.619 kN
Qs(12-12.8) = 2NAs
= 2(34)(0.452)
= 13.77 kN
Thus, Qs = 1.822 + 1.823 + 9.619 + 13.77
= 27.034 kN

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Qu = Qb+Qs
= 1154.25 + (27.034)
= 2781.034 kN
Qu(all)
=

2781.034
= 3

= 927.01 kN

iii. To determine how many piles are needed for one side of the bridge;

Assume unit weight of pile of concrete is 24 kN/m3,

Qup 0.5
= + Wb

0.5(27.034)
= + (0.452 x 6 x 24)

= 33.67 kN

Number of piles needed, n

= +
15000
= 927.01+33.67

= 16

iv. Calculating each pile capacity, Qm =
2 2

Q = 15000 kN
n = 16
My = 300(12.8)
= 3840 kNm
Mx = 0 kNm
x2 = (2.0252 x 8) + (0.6752 x 8)
= 36.45 m2

14
 For pile 1-4,
Qm
= -
2
15000 3840(2.025)
= -
16 36.45
= 724.06 kN < Qall (Ok!)
For pile 5-8
Qm
= -
2
15000 3840(0.675)
= -
16 36.45
= 866.39 kN < Qall (Ok!)
For pile 13-16
Qm
= +
2
15000 3840(2.025)
= +
16 36.45
= 1150.83 kN > Qall (Not ok!)
For pile 9-12
Qm
= +
2
15000 3840(0.675)
= +
16 36.45
= 1008.61 kN > Qall (Not ok!)

Because pile 9 until 16 have exceeded the allowable bearing capacity for a single pile, thus
we have two options to tackle this problem:
1. Change the diameter of pile for a bigger size
2. Add the number of piles needed

We choose to use the second option since we have already used the maximum size for
precast concrete pile which is 450x450mm.

15

Calculating each pile capacity, Qm =
2 2

Q = 15000 kN
n = 20
My = 300(12.8)
= 3840 kNm
Mx = 0 kNm
x2 = (2.0252x10) +(0.6752x10) = 45.56 m2

For pile 1-5

Qm
= -
2
15000 3840(2.025)
= -
20 45.56
= 579.01 kN < Qall (Ok!)
For pile 6-10
Qm
= -
2
15000 3840(0.675)
= -
20 45.56
= 693.03 kN < Qall (Ok!)
For pile 11-15
Qm
= +
2
15000 3840(0.675)
= +
20 45.56
= 806.97 kN < Qall (Ok!)
For pile 16-20
Qm
= +
2
15000 3840(2.025)
= +
20 45.56
= 920.9 kN < Qall (Ok!)

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4.2 Retaining Wall Analysis
CALCULATION FOR LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
Z v (kN/m2) active or passive (kN/m2)
(from ground level)
active 0m = 20 = (20)(1) 2(19)( 1)
= -18
1.5m = 20 + 8(1.5) = 32(1) 2(19)( 1)
(slightly above) = 32 = -6
1.5m = 20 + 8(1.5) = 32(0.36) 2(19)( 1)
(slightly below) = 32 = 11.52
4.5m = 32 + 4(3) = 44(0.36) 0
(slightly above) = 44 = 15.84
4.5m = 32 + 4(3) = 44(1) 2(19)( 1)
(slightly below) = 44 =6
7m = 44 + 8(2.5) = 64(1) 2(19)( 1)
= 64 = 26
passive 0m =0 = 0(1) + 2(19)( 1)
= 38
1m = 8(1) = 8(1) + 2(19)( 1)
=8 = 46

DIAGRAM FOR LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE

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No Force per meter (kN) Moment Moment
arm (m) (kNm)
1 [20+(18-10)(1.5)]3x0.36 11.52 4 46.08
2 0.5(14-10)3(3)x0.36 6.48 3.5 22.68
3 [20+(18-10)(1.5)+(14-10)(3)]x2.5x1 110 1.25 137.5
4 0.5[(17-10)(2.5)]x2.5x1 21.88 0.83 18.16
5 0 0 0.5 0
6 0.5[(17-10)(2.5)]x1x1 3.5 0.5 1.75
15 300 300 7 2100
7 0.5(10X4.5)x4.5 101.25 2.5 253.13
8 24x0.6x6.4 92.16 1.5 138.24
9 24x0.6x5 72 2.5 180
10 17x0.4x1.2 8.16 0.6 4.9
11 8x1.5x3.2 38.4 3.4 130.56
12 14x3x3.2 134.4 3.4 456.96
13 17x1.9x3.2 109.44 3.4 372.10
14 20x3.2 64 3.4 217.6

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DIMENSION USABILITY CHECKING

Stability against overturning

0 1.75+138.24+180+4.9+130.56+456.96+372.1+217.6+2100
FS= =
0 46.08+22.68+137.5+18.16+253.13
3602.11
=
477.55
= 7.54 > 3 Design ok!

Stability against sliding on the base

Assume that friction again at the base of the wall, = 18o

Vertical force, V = 138.24+180+4.9+130.56+456.96+372.10+217.6 = 518.56 kN

Horizontal force, H = 46.08+22.68+137.5+18.16+1.75 2100 = 52.37 kN

518.56 tan 18
FS = =
52.37
= 3.22 > 3 Design ok!

CALCULATION ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY

Eccentricity

e =M/Q
= 1624 / 518.56
= 3.13 > B / 6 = 5 / 6 = 0.83

*use e = 0.83
19
Effective width

B = B 2e
= 5 2(0.83)
= 3.34

Ultimate bearing capacity, qu

=0 Nq = 1 Ny = 0 Nc = 5.14 c = 19

q = 20 + 1.5(8) + 3(4) + 7(2.5)

= 61.5 kN/m2

shape factor :
Fcs = 1.03
Fqs =1
Fys = 0.94

depth factor : (Df / B = 0.2 < 1)

Fcd = 1.08
Fqd =1
Fyd =1

Inclination factor :
Fci =1
Fqi =1
Fyi =1

20
 qu = C Nc Fcs Fcd Fci + q Nq Fqs Fqd Fqi + 0.5y B Ny Fys Fyd Fyi
= (19) (5.14) (1.03) (1.08) (1) + 0.5 (5) (61.5) (1) (1) (1) (1) + 0
= 170.14 kN/m

qnet(all) = (qu q) / FS
= (170.14 61.5) / 3
= 36.21 kN/m2

Bearing capacity check

qnet(applied) =V/A
= 518.56 / (3.34)(23.96)
= 6.48 kN/m2 < qnet(all) = 36.21 kN/m2 Design ok!

Bearing capacity check

q = (V / BL)(1 6e / B)
= [518.56 / 5(23.96)][1 6(0.83) / 5]

qmax = 8.64 kN/m2

qmin = 0.02 kN/m2

*both qmax and qmin is positive and less than qnet(all) Design ok!

21
 Check for settlement

Elastic settlement :

Since L/B = 5.8, r = 2.2

With reference to Appendix: Table 3,
Es = 3.63 MN/m2 = 3630 kN/m2
s = 0.2
B0
Se = (1 s2) r

3.34x6.48
= (1 0.22) x 2.2
3630
= 13 mm

Consolidation Settlement :

Compression Index, Cc = 0.45

Void ratio, e0 = 0.2
v = 8x1.5 + 4x3 + 7x2.5 + 7x0.5/2 = 43.25 kN/m2

= (+)(+)
6.48523.96
= (5+0.25)(23.96+0.25) = 6.11 kN/m2
v+
H = Cc log ( )
1+0 v
0.5 43.25+6.11
H = 1+0.2 (0.45) log ( )
43.25

= 0.011m
= 11mm

Total settlement, S = Se + Sc
= 13 + 11
= 24 mm < 50 mm Design ok!

22
Proposed pile foundation and retaining wall

3D View

23
5.0 APPENDIX

24
From Geotechnical Designs I,

25
Table below shows the depth of pile cap and pile dimensions according MS 1314:2004;

26