Amaury

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Fontica y Fonologa
Reporte 2
Introductory phonology

About phonemes: Phonemic Analysis

Two branches of linguistics that deal with speach sounds.
Phonetic: that studies speech sounds in ways that are close to the speech
stream, focusing in :
Production
Acoustics
Perception
Phonology: tends to be more abstract, dealing with the largely unconsious
rules for sound patterning that are found in the mind/brain of a person
who speaks a particular lenguaje.

To begin the analysis of a lenguages phonology, we therefore seek to locate all
of its basic sounds, the minimal units that serve to distinguish words from each
other. These basic speech sounds are teh phonemes of the language, these vary
in their number of phonemes.
If any two words of a language are pronunced differently, they must differ in at
least one phoneme.
A pair like ([taIm], [daIm]), differing just one single location is called minimal
pair.
The concept of a minimal pair cabn be extender to cover larger sets. A set like
time [taIm]-dime[daIm]-lime[laIm] is a minimal triplet, showing that /t/,/d/ ,
and /l/ are distinct phonemes.
There are also many pas of sounds that do not contrast.
Complementary distribution: two sounds are said to be in complementary
distribution if one sound never occurs in the enviroments in which the other
occurs.
Allophones: is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) or
signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language, the idea is
that the fundamental phonological categories (the phonemes) can be used to
 distinguish words from each other, but the variants of a particular pone (the
allophones), cannot.
Virtually all the phonemes in English show variation base don their context.
Words as sequences of phonemes (under a particular phonemica analysis), the
result is termed a phonemica transcription. This is to be distinguished from a
phonetic transcription, which includes allophonic detail. The term orthographic
transcription simply means that the words are written down using the
customary spelling system of the language.

Phonological rules

Rules are language-specific
Rules are usually productive in the sense that they extend to novel cases
Rules give rise to wll-formedness intuitions
Phonological rules are untaught.

Phonological rules are evidently a form of unconscious knowledge, we cannot
acces our phonological rules through introspection.
Phonology is similar. When we speak, we automatically obey hundreds, perhaps
thousands of phonological rules, but we can neither observe nor articulate what
these rules are.
Phonemicization is the body of knowledge and thecniques that can be used to
work out the phonemic system of a languge.
Minimal pairs.
The absence of a minimal pair does not prove much. Near minimal pairs : there are
cases in which it is imposible to find minimal pas for a phoneme. This probably
occurs more frequently in languages with long words and large phoneme
inventories.