Essential Features of Protochordates

FIVE CHORDATE Acorn Worms (eg. Saccoglosus sp.)

CHARACTERISTICS short STOMOCHORD present
NOTOCHORD in the anterior region (proboscis)
rigidity/support, locomotion ciliated epidermis
TRIPARTITE each body region
PHARYNGEAL SLITS food has separate coelom
capture/filter feeding
PARTS:
ENDOSTYLE OR THYROID
GLAND filter feeding, Region: Proboscis
hormone production, iodine Anterior end
metabolism Function: for burrowing and
DORSAL HOLLOW NERVE locomotion
CORD central nervous Secretes mucus to catch food
system Preoral ciliary organ
POSTANAL TAIL - locomotion Base of proboscis
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA Region: Collar
Class Pterobranchia Band encircling body
Class Enteropneusta Region: Trunk
Branchiogenital/Thoracic region
Contains sac-like gonads
GENITAL RIDGES bulges
Hepatic region
Contains intestine

HEPATIC CAECA/CAECUM
lateral pouches in the intestine
secrete digestive enzyme
ANALOGOUS to PANCREAS
Abdominal region
INTERNAL ANATOMY
Pharyngeal slits
Chordate-like feature
GILL SLITS > GILL SAC > GILL
PORE
 Gill slit internal; Gill pore
external
Function food capture
FEEDING
Filter feeders
Intestine digestion &
absorption
ESSENTIAL FEATURES
Stomochord
Hollow diverticulum
- similar to notochord by having
vacuolated cells
no sheath, not rigid nor elastic Sea Squirts/Tunicates (eg.
main dorsal blood vessel is Molgula sp.)
found above it
Stomochord epithelial; No resemblance to vertebrates
Notochord connective tissue Ascidiacean tadpole - exhibits
(cartilaginous) chordate characteristics
UROCHORDATA notochord the
NERVOUS SYSTEM tail region
Close to echinoderms (nerve Sessile
net) Solitary, Colonial

EXCRETORY SYSTEM Siphons

Glomerulus Oral - incurrent

Atrial excurrent
DEVELOPMENT
Tunic/Test
Tornaria
Outer covering
Larvae that resembles Secreted by dermal epithelium
BIPINNARIA or AURICULARIA of TUNICIN cellulose and protein
sea star.
INTERNAL FEATURES
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
Mantle
Class Thaliacea (sea salps)
Beneath test
Class Larvacea
Pharynx
Class Ascidiacea
Large thin-walled bag
Function: respiration and feeding
Atrium
 Cavity outside pharynx
Peribranchial sac
Esophagus - Short
PARTS
Stomach - Wide
Intestine - Forms a loop
Anus opening to atrium
Endostyle
Function: secrete mucus and
filtration
Hypobranchial groove
Dorsal lamina ciliated
Stigmata openings in pharynx
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Nitrogenous waste is removed
by diffusion
CEREBRAL VESICLE
Ocellus
Detects light
Lens cells
Otolith
contains STATOCYST which
detects gravity
REPRODUCTION
Sexual and Asexual (Budding
STOLON)
Hermaphrodite

SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOOCHORDATA
Amphioxus (eg. Branchiostoma sp.)
Notochord extends from anterior
to posterior end
Larvae = Mini adult
Burrowing
Cutaneous respiration
Vestibule
Cavity where wheel organ is
located
Buccal cirri
Function: sort rocks from food
Allow water intake
Has chemoreceptors
Wheel organ
Function: Capture food
Oral hood Cladistics
Lateral cavity above vestibule Systematics
Velum deals with the diversity of life
two areas:
Boundary where wheel organ is
TAXONOMY - science of naming
attached
and classifying organisms
Ocelli - PHYLOGENETICS - evolutionary
relationships among organisms
Atrium space in middle, around
pharynx Speciation
Metapleural folds extends up to Caused diversity among species
atriopore splitting of a single lineage into
two distinct lineages
Atriopore -

Midgut caecum chemical digestion
Cladogenesis
Iliocolon ring mechanical digestion
the development of a new clade
Anus -
Clade monophyletic taxon
Hatscheks pit -
Cladogram
Hatscheks groove -
diagram which depicts a
hypothetical branching
sequence of lineages leading to
the taxa under consideration
NODES point of branching;
ancestors
Phenetics
Traditional systematics
 Relationships among phonetic SYMplesiomorphy
APPEARANCE
primitive character shared by
GROUPINGS the taxa under consideration
Monophyletic SYNapomorphy
A clade derived character shared by the
All descendants + recent taxa under consideration
common ancestor
Paraphyletic
Some descendants + recent
common ancestor
Polyphyletic
Some descendants
No common ancestor
Ancestor does not possess trait

Ingroup set of taxa closely related

Outgroup taxon less closely related Embryology
Apomorphy study of embryos
deals with ontogenetic
DERIVED character state
development (individual dev)
Plesiomorphy
STAGES
PRIMITIVE character state
Gametogenesis > Fertilization > Centrolecithal
Cleavage > Blastulation >
Conc. In the center
Gastrulation > Neululation >
Anthropods
Organogenesis > Growth and
differentiation Cleavage
The Egg Initial series of MITOTIC
Animal pole upper DIVISIONS
Reductive
hemisphere (dark)
Cells become smaller
Vegetal pole lower
Cleavage Types
hemisphere (light)
Holoblastic
Arrested at metaphase II
when deposited in the water Total cleavage
and ready for fertilization Entire egg divides
EQUAL microlecithal
Classification
UNEQUAL mesolecithal; ventral
Based on AMOUNT of yolk cells are larger than dorsal cells
Megalecithal/ Merocblastic (discoidal)
Macrolecithal
Division in small area at
Huge amount of yolk animal pole > blastodisc
Birds, reptiles, bony fish
Blastula
Mesolecithal
Microlecithal
Moderate amount of yolk
Hollow sphere; single
Amphibians
layered
Microlecithal Amphioxus
Very little yolk Mesolecithal
Amphioxus, Mammals
Hollow sphere several
Based on DISTRIBuTION of yolk layered
Amphibians
Isolecithal
Macrolecithal
Evenly distributed
Sea urchins, HUMAN Blastula forms as a plate
Several layers on top of
Telolecithal
yolk
Distributed in a gradient
Gastrulation
Amphioxus, reptiles, fish
birds, amphibians Three primary germ layers
Establishment of basic body plan
Morphogenetic movements
 Invagination Mesoderm development
Bending inwards Notochordal mesoderm
To form inpocketting
rapidly rounds up and separates
from lateral mesoderm, forming
Involution a discrete cylinder = notochord

Rolling inward of the inpocket

Invagination > involution Lateral Mesoderm
Ingression No initial segmentation of
Leaving of cells mesoderm
forms as a continuous sheet
Epithetial to mesenchymal
without a central cavity
Epiboly Differentiation occurs from head
to tail
Thinning an spreading
Ectoderm
Epimere (somite)
Intercalation next to the neural tube and
notochord
Two rows become a single row
Sclerotome = vertebral
Convergent Extension column
Dermatome = dermis of
Intercalation of 2 or more rows
the skin
Directional intercalation
Myotome = voluntary
Gastrulation muscles of the body (with
certain exceptions)
Archenteron replace the
blastocoel Mesomere (nephrotome)
Neurulation Lateral and ventral to somites
o Gives rise to the kidneys,
Creates neural tube (CNS) the reproductive organs,
Creates neural crest (diverse cell and their ducts
types)
Peripheral Nervous System Hypomere (lateral plate)
(PNS) extends ventrolaterally from the
Endocrine and mesomere region
paraendocrine derivatives o Coelom = cavity of the
Epidermal pigment cells hypomere
Facial cartilage and bone o Gives rise to the smooth
Connective tissue muscle and connective
tissue coats of the
Neural plate digestive tract
o Gives rise to the linings of
Thickening of dorsal ectoderm all the coelomic cavities,
 the serosa of the viscera,
and all of the mesenteries
o SPLANCHNIC MESODERM
heart
o SOMATOPLEURE (Ectoderm
+ Somatic mesoderm)
Mesenteries
o SPLANCHOPLEURE
(Endoderm + Splanchic
mesoderm) heart

Heart

Organogenesis
embryonic differentiation of the
adult body
induction causes differentiation
Level of the Olfactory Placode

Midgut

Optic Cup
Hindgut

Cloaca

Chick Embryo
Taxonomy of Vertebrates
Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Chordata (Presence of
Notochord)
Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
(Presence of V. Column)
Superclass Agnatha
(Jawless)
Superclass
Gnathostomata (Jawed)
Classes under superclass
Gnathostomata
Class Acanthodii (extinct)
Class Placodermi (extinct)
Class Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fishes
Subclass Holocephali
- (Covered Gill Slits)
Subclass Elasmobranchii
- (Naked Gill Slits)
Order Squaliformes
- Fusiform-shaped
- Ex. Shark
Order Rajiformes
- Dorsoventrally
Flattened
- Skate
Osteichthyes bony fishes
Class Actinoptergyii
Ray-finned fishes
 Subclass Chondrostei Superorder Neognathae
Subclass Neopterygii - Carinates
Division Teleostei Order Columbiformes
- Pigeons
Class Sarcopterygii
Order Galliformes
Lobe-finned fishes
- Domestic Fowls
Subclass Crossopterygii
Order Falconiformes
Subclass Dipnoi - lungfish
- Hawks, Eagles, Vultures
Class Reptilia
Order Anseriformes
Subclass Anapsida
- waterfowls
Order
Chelonia/Testudinata Order Passeriformes
- Turtle - perching birds
Order Captorhinida Class Mammalia
Subclass Lepidosauria Subclass Protheria
Order Rhychocephalia - Oviparous
Order Squamata Subclass Theria
- Lizard, Snake Infraclass Metatheria
Subclass Euryapsida - Yolk Sac Placentals
/Marsupials)
Subclass Archosauria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Crocodilia
- True Placentals
Subclass Synapsida
Order Carnivora
Class Aves
- Cat
Subclass Archaeornithes
Order Lagomorpha
- Archaeopteryx - Rabbit
Subclass Neornithes Order Rodentia
- Rodents
- All other birds
Superorder Odontognathae
- Toothed Marine Birds
Superorder Palaeognathae
- Ratites
 Species: salvator

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) >

Perciformes (Perch-likes) > Serranidae (Sea
basses: groupers and fairy basslets) >
Epinephelinae>Epinephelus>coioides
Skin and Exoskeleton
Integumetal glands
UNICELLULAR Glands
(Not found in reptiles, birds,
mammals)
discharge directly onto
epidermal surface through small
pores
eg. Goblet cells
not in contact with epidermal
surface, secretions released only
after physical trauma, stress or
pressure.
eg. Poison cells, alarm
subs. Cells, Leydig
cells
MULTICELLULAR Glands Stratum Corneum - thin,
flattened
ingrowths of stratum of
Stratum Germinativum
germinativum into the dermis.
Open to the surface by a neck- - rounded, columnar cells
like tubule
- basal layer continuously
TYPES: TUBULAR and ACINAR
proliferate
Amphibians
- becomes flattened to be
Giant cells alarm substance in part of Stratum Corneum
tadpoles
Dermis
Mucous gland secret mucus for
lubrication Stratum Laxum
Poison gland secrete poison
- Loose open connective
Birds tissues
Preen gland/Uropygial gland Stratum Compactum
fatty acids, wax, vit D; water-
- Dense parallel, wavy
proofing of feathres
fibers
Mammals
Sebaceous glands produce
sebum to lubricate and
waterproof
Sweat gland/Sudoriferous for
temperature control; waste
excretion
Scent glands means of
communication ( cats, dogs)
Mammary gland secrets milk
Hair HUMAN SKIN

Exclusive in mammals Stratum Corneum

Cuticle scale-like cells; forms Stratum Lucidum
surface of hair
Cortex bet, cuticle and Stratum Granulosum
medulla; narrow and elongated Stratum Spinosum
cells
Medulla lattice-like meshworks; Stratum Basale
filled with air spaces Dermis
FROG SKIN SCALES
Epidermis Cosmoid Scale
- Characteristic of extinct fishes, -consist of fibrous material
Crossoptergyi and Dipnoi
Actinotrichia
Palaeoniscoid Scale
-occur during development of bony
- Characteristic of extinct fishes, fish
Chondrostei
-persist in a few fins and near growing
Placoid Scale edge of fins
- Characteristic of elasmobranch Lepidotrichia
fishes
-branched jointed rays
- Consists of basal plate and spine
-characteristic of Osteichthyes (bony
- Usually termed as denticles fish)
Ganoid Scale -composed of bone
- -also called Lepidosteiod scale Camptotrichia
- -characteristic of gar, pikes, -characteristic of Dipnoi (Lungfish)
sturgeons
Scales/Scutes- epidermal in origin;
- -consists of lamellae of ganoin never separable unlike scales of fish
- -stiff, hard scales Plates - dermal in origin; formed
beneath scales; bony
Cycloid Scale
CARAPACE
- thin,flexible scales
- consist of fibrous connective tissue
- present in Holostei, Dipnoi and
Teleostei
***Age of fish can be determined by
studying the concentric ridges
Ctenoid Scale
-occurs in half of fishes
-differs from cycloid in that the
free/exposed part is covered with
small teeth called cteni
DERMAL FIN RAYS
Ceratotrichia
-slender,flexible,unjointed fin rays
-found in elasmobranchs and
Holocephali
 -also called Plumule
-fluffy covering of young birds
(cushion)
-between bases of contour feathers
- w/o hooklets
FILOPLUME
- also called hair feathers
- a main axis with a few terminal
barbs
FEATHERS - miniature degenerated contour
Feathers, Scales, Claws and Beaks feathers

-epidermal in origin - sensory

Three Types of Feathers: FEATHER TRACTS

CONTOUR FEATHERS - Pterylae area of the skin

where feathers grow
- Covert and flight
- Apteria featherless areas
between pterylae
TYPES OF GAIT
Quill Plantigrade Gait - Walks on the
- Rachis/Shaft, soles of their feet (primates,
hyracoidea)
- Calamus
Digitigrade Gait Stands on the
Vane tips of the digits (dogs,
- Barb lagomorpha)

- Barbule Unguligrade Gait Only the hoof

touches the ground (horse,
- Barbicel/Hooklets artiodactyla)
DOWN FEATHERS