1

-
REFERENTIEL DE FORMATION

BACCCALAUREAT PROFESSIONNEL

ANGLAIS

2014 - 2015
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Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgement

SECTION I: Introduction
1.1 Goals and intended outcomes
1.2 Course description

SECTION II: Approach - The Competency-Based Framework

2.1 Definition
2.2 The Competency Chart
2.3 Project work

SECTION III: Syllabus and Teaching Methodology

(Common Core /Vocational Baccalaureate I /Vocational Baccalaureate II)
3.1 Syllabus
3.2 Themes
3.3 Contents
3.4 Teaching Methodology
3.4.1 Teaching Materials
3.4.2 Classroom management
Teachers role
Learners role
3.4.3 Programme requirements
3.4.4 Tips for teachers

SECTION IV: Evaluation and Assessment

Conclusion

References
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Preface
Vocational Education in Morocco is now more than just a means to meet the
requirements of the job market. It is a strategic educational policy meant to develop the
countrys economy in an increasingly changing world. Looking for low-skilled and skillful
workers is still a great demand on the part of employers. However, the human resources
needed to fulfill those jobs are viewed in a much broader educational conception ranging
from building particular work competencies through fostering social inclusion to
developing capabilities.

The Ministry of National Education and Vocational Training is launching a highly

ambitious Project - the Vocational Baccalaureate, which is meant to be implemented and
integrated within the general educational system. Basic streams likely to provide
employment for Baccalaureate holders, mainly automobile sectors, aeronautic companies,
tourism and agriculture are to ones to launch first. Students from third year in middle
school can join this Baccalaureate which extends over a period of three years allowing
students to attend the general education sector, technical education or vocational training.

With reference to the English language instruction, this document provides

guidelines for teachers to consider the best standards. Actually, an effective vocational
pedagogy emphasises the value of active learning, boosts student motivation and creates
an anxiety-free learning environment. Teaching is nurtured by teachers enthusiasm and
maintained through teacher preparation and reflection. Such vocational education also
provides opportunities to develop knowledge beyond memorisation, makes of assessment
a source for learning and enables learners to be autonomous.

Chaddoudi 2015
English Pedagogical Team Coordinator
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Acknowledgement

We would very much like to express our gratitude to all those who have provided help for
us to write this document. Thanks are mainly due to the following people: Mr. Ismaili
Mohammadin (Project Director of the Bac Pro), Mr. Ali Allouch (Head of the Technical
Educational and BTS Division), partners in LOFPPT and to all inspectors of the Ministry of
Education and Vocational Training for their valuable advice to adjust the content and
reorganize the sections of this Teacher Guide for Technical and Vocational Education and
Training.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE GUIDELINES

FOR TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND

TRAINING: (ETVET)
COMMON CORE, FIRST YEAR AND SECOND YEAR BACCALAUREATE

2014-2015

By the ELT Pedagogical Team

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SECTION ONE
Introduction
This document is a subject-specific part of a National curriculum for vocational and
technical education. It describes the teaching of English as a foreign language for vocational and
technical education and training. It is in compliance with the general educational trends and the
main principles of EFL teaching as outlined in the Official English Guidelines (June 2007).

The document comprises four major sections: The First Section specifies the intended
outcomes and a course description, the Second Section deals with the Competency-Based
Framework, the Third Section delineates the syllabus and teaching methodology for the three
years of Vocational Baccalaureate. The last Section gives an overview of the assessment and
performance criteria to be considered.

One definition of vocational pedagogy provided by the National team in charge of

elaborating the curriculum (2014) is:

vocational education entails a scientific approach to acquire knowledge

through discovery learning methods capable of allowing students to gain work
competencies, adapt to their work environment and be creative in their jobs.

This definition already touches upon the large scope targeted by vocational education
and specifically by the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. English indeed
occupies a very important place in students vocational education. It is a key component in their
training and an important medium for them to communicate and have access to science and
technology. In much the same way as other subjects such as mathematics and technological
engineering, English enables students to acquire 21st Century skills: communication, ICT literacy,
leadership, critical thinking, problem solving strategies and aesthetics.

The basic aim of the curriculum is therefore to cater for students multiple intelligences,
develop their thinking skills and discovery learning strategies. Learning, which is basically
competency-based and project-based, is sustained through continuous assessment during the
three-year course and culminating in the Vocational Baccalaureate exam.
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The conception and strategy for vocational training adopted by the Ministry of Education
responds to the urgent and dynamic socio-economic changes of the labour market. It posits
that students enrolling in the stream acquire basic vocational knowledge and life skills necessary
for the expected workplace. Hence, the curriculum/programme should provide the possibility
to:

1. learn English for communicative purposes

2. acquire qualifications relevant to work competencies
3. receive continuous vocational training
4. foster opportunities for obtaining a job
5. develop talent and personal self-fulfillment

1.1 Goals and intended outcomes of the curriculum

The English vocational curriculum is in conformity with the values pertaining to Islam, the
Moroccan identity, culture, citizenship, and values of human rights. The goals of vocational English, as
well as the teaching content and methodology, are all supposed to foster 21st Century skills, cross-
cultural tolerance and globalization. Students must learn the essential skills for success in todays world,
such as critical thinking, problem solving, communication and collaboration.

The generic desirable outcomes of such vocational curriculum, as viewed in the Moroccan
context, include: the communicative competence, the acquisition of working knowledge related to tools
and resources, skills for lifelong learning and self fulfilment.

An effective vocational pedagogy therefore:

1. emphasizes the value of active learning,

2. creates a motivating and anxiety-free environment,

3. provides opportunities to develop knowledge beyond memorisation,

4. nurtures teachers enthusiasm and positive attitude,

5. makes of assessment a source for learning and allows students to be autonomous,

6. Promotes teacher reflection and professional development.

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1.2 Course description :

This vocational course intends to develop students communicative competencies in
English and helps them acquire an optimal lexical repertoire related to English for technical and
specific purposes.

The first year Vocational Common Core (VCC), is somehow similar to the Common Core
in the general educational sector in terms of syllabus design and coverage with slight changes in
perspective bearing on the vocational expectations of students. Specialisation in the course of
study starts at the First Year Vocational Baccalaureate and extends to the Second Year with
greater focus on vocational and technical skills and competencies.

For more explicit explanation of the English course in vocational education and training,
the chart and TVET levels 1-2-3 are described below:

English as a Foreign Language for Technical and Vocational Education and Training

(EFL for TVET)

Levels: Common core, First and Second years Baccalaureate

Level Course Name Course Type Course Code Prerequisites

Level 1 ETVET Level 1 Open EFTVET None

Level 2 ETVET Level 2 Open EFTVET ETVET Level 1 or

equivalent

Level 3 ETVET Level 3 Open EFTVET ETVET Level 2 or

equivalent

English for TVET Level 1:

This course builds on students previous language knowledge to introduce them to the
world of vocational English and help them adjust themselves to the requirements in their new
environment. Students will use beginning English language skills in listening, speaking, reading,
and writing for daily purposes. They will engage in short conversations using basic English
language structures and simple sentence patterns, read relatively short adapted texts and write
phrases and short sentences. The course also provides students with the knowledge and skills
they need to begin to adapt to their new lives in the professional world. Prerequisites: None
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English for TVET Level 2:

This course extends students listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in English for
everyday activities as well as technical and vocational purposes. Students will participate in
conversations in structured situations on a variety of familiar and new topics, read a variety of
texts designed or adapted for English language learners, expand their knowledge of English
grammatical structures and sentence patterns, and link English sentences to compose
paragraphs. The course also supports students lifelong learning and continuing adaptation to
the requirement of the Moroccan and international job markets by expanding their strategic
competence and their ability to solve real life problems in novel situations. Prerequisite: ETVET
Level 1 or equivalent.

English for TVET Level 3:

This course further extends students skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing in
English for a variety of everyday and vocational purposes. Students will make short classroom
oral presentations, read a variety of adapted and original texts in English, and write using a
variety of text forms. Students will equally expand their technical and vocational vocabulary
and their study skills to facilitate their integration in the job market. This course also introduces
students to the rights and responsibilities inherent in the Moroccan constitution and to a variety
of current issues. Prerequisite: ETVET Level 2 or equivalent.
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SECTION TWO

Approach - The Competency-Based Framework

This section attempts to define the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) to the

Vocational Education and Training (VET) education in Morocco. Competency-Based Teaching
(CBT) was first introduced in the Moroccan education system in the 90s as a substitute for the
behaviouristic model. It later extended its influence to training centers and institutes of applied
technology. Now, with the Vocational Baccalaureate, the Competency-based approach is
revived and viewed as the key answer to education and training. It is really gaining momentum
as political decisions are reinforced to prepare the work force for the job market.

2.1 Definition of competence

Competency or competence is here defined as the capacity to do something to a pre-

described standard. Competence also relates to an ability to act, succeed, make progress and
adequately achieve tasks and activities of vocational or personal life based on a set of
knowledge, skills, attitudes, perceptions and strategies.

Competency in language teaching and learning has four essential characteristics:

1. It is learner-centered and task-based.

2. It is based around competencies and skills that can be developed and

performed through specific themes and situations.

3. It is organized around a set of learning tasks and/or activities that are:

based on language knowledge, skills, strategies and abilities that learners

have to demonstrate.

4. It assesses learner behavior/ performance in relation to the competencies

focused upon.

(Moroccan EFL Curriculum - 2007)

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Competency-based teaching is an approach defining what a student can really do in the
workplace after completing a three-year vocational course based on learning, project work and
practicum experiences. Competency-Based Language Teaching, according to (Richards &
Rodgers, 2001), focuses on what learners are expected to do with the language. And it tends to
define educational goals in terms of precise measurable descriptions of the knowledge, skills, and
behaviors students should possess at the end of a course of study. The language competencies
targeted are observable and measurable against already established standards and rubrics.

At the heart of the Competency-based teaching in ESL/EFL is the communicative

competence. The communicative competence is a concept that was first developed by Canale
and Swain (1980) and has over decades been maintained in the literature of applied linguistics.
It refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in authentic social
environments. The diagram below shows that communicative competence comprises four
major components, according to Canale and Swain:

(Adapted from Canale & Swain, 1980; Canale, 1983 & Savignon, 1997).

By developing the four major components according to some prescribed standards and
levels of attainment, a Vocational Baccalaureate holder is therefore supposed to be proficient in
basic communication in English with respect to the following competencies:

interpersonal and work-related

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Communicate in interpersonal interactions Communicate effectively in the workplace

a. Can use appropriate language for various 1. Respond appropriately to common personal
purposes (e.g., to identify, describe, ask
information /questions;
for information, state needs, agree or
disagree) ; 2. Complete a personal information form;
b. Understand or use appropriate language 3. Interpret or write a personal note, invitation,
to influence (e.g., to convince, advise,
or letter;
persuade, negotiate meaning) ;
c. Understand or use appropriate language 4.Follow, clarify, give, or provide feedback to
in general social situations (e.g., to greet, instructions;
introduce, thank, apologize) ; 5. Give and respond appropriately to criticism;
d. Use language to ask for clarification or
6.Interpret and write work-related
make requests;
e. Understand, follow or give instructions, correspondence, including notes, memos,
including commands and polite requests letters, and e-mails;
(e.g., Do this; will you do this please?) ;
7. Interpret written workplace announcements.
f. Understand or use appropriate language
to express emotions and states of being
(e.g., annoyed, happy, thirsty, upset) ;
g. Talk about leisure and daily activities and
personal interest.

To specify in a more accurate way the competencies and skills to be developed, a

Competency Chart is included. The Chart specifies the main competencies, lists the skills and
sub-skills and finally defines the expected learning outcomes intended from the course. The
shaded areas in the Levels column correspond to the targeted competencies in each level 1, 2
and 3(Common Core, Bac 1 and Bac 2).

NB. It is essential to mention here that the aim of vocational EFL curriculum in these
guidelines draws on the following general aims of the teaching of English in Morocco.
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2.2 The Competency Chart

Competency Skills and sub-skills Performance indicators Levels

1 2 3
listen, understand and respond engage in short conversations
develop full or appropriately to others; using basic English language
partial speak effectively and participate in structures and simple
communication group discussions in different sentence patterns;
competencies situations; (application)
necessary for read, understand and reflect critically read very short adapted texts;
real life upon what is read; (comprehension).
purposes in the write accurately and fluently;
workplace write phrases and short
exchange information, ideas, and
sentences; (application).
experiences;

to acquire an understanding of the

language system; participate in conversations in
develop formal to understand and use the functions of structured situations on a
knowledge of language of everyday life; variety of familiar and new
language and to express oneself using a range of topics; (application).
sub-skills vocabulary;

to acquire semantic and discourse read a variety of texts

necessary for
knowledge; designed or adapted for
communication
to understand the way language English language learners;
adapts to context; (comprehension).

to develop high-thinking and meta expand knowledge, through

cognitive skills ( critical consciousness raising
thinking) ; activities, of English
develop the to develop logical reasoning, decision grammatical structures and
intellectual making, problem-solving, enquiry sentence patterns;
abilities and evaluation skills); (knowledge).
to use ones knowledge of the language
creatively and imaginatively.
link English sentences to
to attain an understanding and
compose paragraphs;
appreciation of peoples attitudes and
develop cross- (application).
values of other cultures;
cultural to consider other cultures and compare
communication them to their own; expand strategic competence
and awareness to get acquainted with, and reflect and the ability to solve real
of global issues upon international issues and relations life problems in novel
(e.g., international organizations, situations. (application).
human rights, womens rights, health,
education, science and technology, ).
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2.3 Project Work

Project work in EFL is now viewed as an essential approach to activate learning and
promote learner training. It is also considered as a major component in developing students
language competencies and skills. When Students are assigned project work by their teacher,
they are invited to work together and develop the sense of cooperativeness but at the same
time feel individually responsible to contribute to the completion of the project or the task they
have been assigned within the group.

By its very nature, project work places the responsibility on the students, both as
individuals and as members of a cooperative learning group. Autonomy becomes a fact of
life (cited in Tudor, 1996,219, cited in Stoller).

Equally important for vocational education is project-based learning which allows

students to develop problem solving strategies and increase their creativeness. Projects, in
vocational streams, indeed, constitute the bulk of experiential learning. Hands-on activities are
part of everyday instruction and training. Students are required to go through processes of trial
and error, and rely on themselves to complete their projects. The teacher has a major role in
training students how to go about the assigned projects. Stoller suggests ten steps to ease and
complete project work:

1. Learners and teacher negotiate and agree on topics/ themes.

2. Learners and teacher identify the final outcome.
3 Teacher makes sure the outcome is of acceptable quality.
4 Teacher coaches learners and helps with the necessary language.
5 Teacher ensures that learners projects are well-designed, manageable and beneficial.
6 Learners gather information, and the teacher ensures learners are collecting
appropriate data.
7 Teacher checks that learners analyse information appropriately and are moving towards
the deadline.
8 Teacher provides the right feedback and helps learners progress while working on their
presentations.
9 Learners present the final project either individually or as member of a group.
10 Learners evaluate each others projects and choose the ones to be celebrated through
displaying them within the classroom/ school. The teacher monitors and praises the
outcomes.
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SECTION THREE

Syllabus and Teaching methodology

(for Common Core /Vocational Baccalaureate I /Vocational Baccalaureate II)

As mentioned before, the methodology opted to teach EFL in these technical and
vocational streams is based on the Competency-Based Approach and other extensions and
procedures such as the task-based and project-based instruction. It is learner-centred,
emphasizing active learning, learner autonomy and professional awareness.

This section includes a definition of the syllabus, the methodology to adopt and the
themes and contents to be exploited with the vocational streams during the three years of
English language instruction.

3.1 Syllabus

Syllabus for vocational classes draws on the national Guidelines for technical and science
steams in general education. It provides students with topics and themes pertaining to their
fields of specialization. The themes are chosen on the basis of their needs and interests to use
English for technical and communicative purposes.

The vocational design course is a combination and interaction of various interrelated

elements ranging from needs analysis, through goal formulation and choice of content, to
evaluation and feedback. It is a roadmap for the teacher and learners to approximate what
ought to be learnt and to achieve the overall teaching and learning aims of the course.

It can be structural, functional, notional, content-based, skills-based or task-based. No

approach is actually favoured here. It is believed that a syllabus can be eclectically designed with
a focus, of course, on communicative needs of students and tasks that simulate the real world
of their professional lives.

During syllabus development as well as during English instruction, grammar receives a

subsidiary role .The focus is rather on meaning and communication. The basic assumption is that
students acquire a language better when the target language is presented in a natural
environment (task or project-based) and when learning is focused on content and real or semi-
real situations.
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However, the CBA does not totally negate the conscious learning of grammar in the course
of acquiring English as a foreign language. The syllabus ought to equally include some
consciousness raising activities necessary to draw learners attention to the intricacies of the
formal aspects of language.

In a compromising vein, teachers can, in the early stages of learning provide students with
meaningful practice to master grammar notions that are prerequisite for communication. But
the more students advance in their studies (Vocational Bac 1 and Vocational Bac 2), the less
dependent they become on the learning of grammar. It is their communicative competence that
gains more ground as they progress in EFL instruction.

3.2 Themes
These are some topics/themes suggested to include in the TVET syllabus:

Digital Media (computers, animation, emailing, recording, video-conferencing, etc.);

Powered Technology: automotive, robotics, engines, etc.);
Foods
Agriculture (forestry, land and water management, etc.);
Business, enterprise and financial literacy;
Programs and events (tourism, sport and recreation, entertainment, voluntary work, etc.)

Topics to be selected should be:

Problems- based : students develop imaginative solutions to problems or issues;
students understand the relationship between ICT and the job
Technology-based:
market;
Production-based: students learning is hands-on, tactile, manipulative and active;
students make choices within their learning and get trained on
Decision-based:
how to make decisions;
students work individually and in teams to complete tasks and
Project-based:
create simple products;
what students learn in class should be applicable to real-life
Reality-based:
situations.
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3.3 Content
The teaching content for the three years of Vocational Baccalaureate - Common Core,
First Year and Second Year is outlined in greater detail in this section.

I. English syllabus for Vocational Common Core

Themes/topics for Common Core:

1. Greetings
2. At School
3. Home and Family
4. Food and Drinks
5. The weather
6. Jobs
7. Transportation
8. Technology

At the end of the Common Core and with respect to basic skills, students are expected to
demonstrate the following:

Listening Speaking Reading Writing

1. Identify the topic of a 1. Articulate sounds in connected 1. Make predictions 1. Copy a short text
listening passage speech about a reading text accurately
2. Identify the participants 2. Produce basic intonation patterns 2. Identify the main 2. Arrange scrambled
and their roles 3. Talk about self, family, immediate idea of a text words into sentences
3. Identify the setting environment, or issues of interest 3. Answer factual 3. Arrange scrambled
4. Identify the main idea of a 4. Describe a sequence of events. questions. sentences into paragraphs
passage 5. Express likes, dislikes; interests, 4. Make inferences 4. Complete sentences by
5. Respond to referential dreams, apology and gratitude about a reading text supplying the missing
questions based on aural 6. Respond verbally to direct 5. Scan text for word or group of words
texts questions, instructions specific information 5. Combine sentences
6. Identify core vocabulary 7. Make suggestions, offers and 6. Skim for the gist or using connectors
visual inputs general impression 6. Produce a short text
8. Give directions and instructions 7. Infer meaning from following a model
9. Ask questions about different context 7. Write short messages
matters 8. Recognize /emails to friends or
10. Describe a process reference relatives
11. Give an oral presentation about a 8. Use capitalisation and
familiar topic punctuation correctly
9. Review, edit and rewrite
own work
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Language development is also determined by the attainment of language functions and

structures:

Functions Structural Content

Introducing oneself & others / Tenses: simple present / present progressive( expressing an action in
greeting people progress and expressing future) simple past/ present perfect + already,
Giving and eliciting yet, ever, never/ future
information / exchanging Modals: Can = may (be allowed to) Can ( be able to)
personal information May = could (possibility) Must / mustnt /dont have to
Expressing preferences Questions: Yes/ no.
Expressing opinions / agreeing Wh questions: where, who, how, what, how many, how much how old,
& disagreeing what time, when, why, whose etc
Expressing likes & dislikes Answers: short (subject- auxiliary/modal) + long answers
Requesting & offering Pronouns: all: personal, objective, demonstrative reflexive, possessive
Expressing abilities Comparative and superlative forms
Expressing possibility Conjunctions/ Determiners
Inviting Prepositions (place and time)
Talking about quantities & Intensifiers and quantifiers
amounts Question tags
Requesting & offering help Genitive (s)
Making suggestions Regular and some irregular plurals
Asking for permission

II. English syllabus for 1st Year Vocational Baccalaureate

Themes/topics for 1st Year Vocational Baccalaureate:

1. Professions
2. Entertainment
3. Health and Welfare
4. Farming
5. Technological Advances
6. Mass Media
7. Culture
8. Travel and Holidays
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By the end of the First Year Vocational Baccalaureate course, the students are expected
to perform the following:

Listening Speaking Reading Writing

Identify the topic of an aural Engage in conversations, Make predictions about a Build paragraphs using a
text; using suitable conversation reading text using the topic sentence ;
Identify the main ideas; management skills and title, captions, pictures, Develop a text using an
Distinguish the main idea appropriate communication first or last sentence of a outline;
from supporting details; strategies; paragraph etc; Use the appropriate
Respond to referential Express personal feelings and Identify the main idea of cohesive devices where
questions based on an aural emotions (anger, happiness, paragraphs or the whole necessary;
text; doubt etc); text; Organize short essays to
Respond to inferential Respond to direct questions, Deduce the meaning of support or reject a point
questions based on an aural instructions, suggestions, unfamiliar words; of view ;
text; offers, visual input etc; Scan for specific Extract and synthesize
Distinguish implicit Respond to factual, referential information; information from several
information from explicit and inferential questions; Skim for gist or general sources and present it in a
information; Give an oral presentation impression; coherent text ;
Deduce the meaning of about a topic of general and/or Make inferences: Trans-code information
words from the context of personal interest; informational, from a diagram, chart,
an aural text; React to classmates talks explanatory and map, etc. into written
Transfer information to and/or presentations pragmatic; text;
complete forms, tables, Report other peoples talks (or Recognize referents; Use capitalization and
graphs etc conversations) effectively. Generate questions about punctuation correctly;
a text; Revise, edit and rewrite
Interpret information own work.
presented in diagrammatic
form.

Language development is also determined by the attainment of language functions and

structures:

Functions Structural Content

Expressing belief or opinion Present perfect (simple and continuous)

Seeking and giving advice Passive voice (simple present, present continuous, simple past,
Asking for and expressing feelings, past continuous)
emotions and attitude Simple past
Expressing promises Past continuous
Expressing hopes and wishes Prepositions ( time, place)
Expressing surprise Conditionals 0, 1, 2
Expressing interest Modal auxiliaries
Expressing apologies Future: will/going to
Expressing suggestions Articles
Expressing possibility Reported speech
complaining Used to
Relative clauses
Enough-too
Reflexive pronouns
Phrasal verbs
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NB. In addition to the new elements to be introduced, it is necessary to recycle the most important
language points taught in the previous course Level 1.

III. English syllabus for 2nd Year Vocational Baccalaureate

Themes/topics for 2nd Year Vocational Baccalaureate:

1. Education
2. Inventions
3. Business
4. Natural Phenomena
5. Agriculture
6. Environment
7. Safety at Work
8. Citizenship

Upon the completion of Level Three (Second Year Vocational Baccalaureate), learners
are expected to attain the following learning competencies and standards:

Reading standards and competencies

Content Performance

1. Reading standard 1: extract meaning from a variety of 1. Predict what a text is going to be about;
2. Skim a text for general idea;
materials written in English;
3. Scan a text for specific information;
2. Reading standard 2: analyze and synthesize reading 4. Make inferences: informational, explanatory and pragmatic;
materials; 5. Infer word meaning from the context;
3. Reading standard3: react to reading materials; 6. Identify referents;
4. Reading standard 4: recognize the authors point of 7. Identify discourse markers and their functions in the text;
view, attitude, intent, and tone; 8. Distinguish fact from detail;
5. Reading standard 5: interpret cultural elements found 9. Distinguish fact from example;
10. Distinguish fact from opinion;
in reading materials;
11. Distinguish cause from effect;
6. Reading standard 6: transfer gained knowledge and 12. Read for the authors attitude;
strategies to other subject matters and communities. 13. Read for the authors intention;
14. Make notes from a reading text;
15. Re-arrange the ideas or topics discussed in the text;
16. Evaluate ideas expressed in a text (i.e. critical reading) ;
17. Draw conclusions from the text.
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Listening standards and competencies
Content Performance

1. Listening standard 1: learners will be able to 1. Being aware of the various components of the process of
demonstrate awareness of the communication process; communication; namely, the message, sender, receiver, shared
2. Listening standard 2: learners will be able to listen to knowledge, channel, feedback, and inference;
various types of texts for a variety of purposes; 2. Use high-order skills (selecting, analyzing, organizing,
3. Listening standard 3: learners will be able to use skills categorizing, evaluating, etc.) to understand spoken texts;
and strategies to enhance listening; 3. Interact communicatively with spoken discourse to
4. Listening standard 4: learners will be able to identify, decipher the literal and implied meanings;
analyze and evaluate a variety of spoken texts. 4. Use listening skills to identify what is culturally appropriate
or inappropriate;
5. Listen and take notes.

Speaking standards and competencies

Content Performance

Speaking standard 1: learners will be able to effectively Identify and use spoken discourse appropriately;
Prepare and deliver information by generating topics,
speak in different situations for a variety of purposes and
organizing ideas, facts or opinions for a variety of speaking
with a variety of audiences ; purposes and audiences (e.g. relating experiences, telling a
story or presenting a report) ;
Speaking standard 2: learners will be able to convey
Use main ideas ( or thesis statements) to organize and
messages and make use of a range of skills and strategies communicate information;
to speak effectively, using their current proficiency to the Participate in group discussions using appropriate language
functions;
fullest; Predict, clarify, analyze, interpret, ask and respond
Speaking standard 3: learners will be able to evaluate to questions;
Plan logical steps and organize resources to carry out a task
information by recognizing the interlocutors purpose, within a given time frame (e.g. collecting information for a
draw conclusions or make informed decisions to interact presentation; giving and following multiple-step directions) ;
Evaluate responses both as interviewers and interviewees;
with the interlocutor effectively; Be aware of cross-cultural similarities and differences;
Speaking standard 4: learners will be able to speak with Use effective and appropriate vocabulary and logical
connectors to relate or summarize ideas, events and other
their interlocutors in a culturally appropriate way. information;
Express personal feelings and emotions (anger, happiness,
doubt, surprise, etc.) ;
Respond to direct questions, instructions, suggestions,
offers, visual input, etc;
Use supra-segmental features (intonation, stress, and
rhythm) accurately.
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Writing standards and competencies
Content Performance

Writing standard 1: learners will be able to use Use mechanics (spelling, punctuation, capitalization) and applying

written language for a variety of purposes and the appropriate structures and vocabulary to get their message

with a variety of audiences; across;

Writing standard 2: learners will be able to use a Use a variety of sentence structures: compound, complex

range of writing skills and strategies in the writing sentences, the active voice, the passive voice, parallelism, etc.;

process to complete a variety of tasks; Use an appropriate text structure according to the conventions of

Writing standard 3: learners will be able to apply the targeted genres ;

the cultural and rhetorical aspects of different text Use cohesive devices and transitions to organize content at the

types to write appropriately; level of paragraph(s) and whole text effectively;

Writing standard 4: learners will be able to apply Select an appropriate style according to their audience;

skills to complete a variety of tasks effectively, Write multiple drafts, and make use of idea-gathering

individually or in groups, for example, projects. strategies, peer-editing and proof-reading.

The following genres and modes are highly recommended in the teaching of writing:

Informal, formal letters (requesting information, applying for a job, complaining, etc. and writing emails);
CVs, ads, memos, taking notes;
Brief biographical texts chronologically ordered;
Reports on projects or action plans;
Explanations of processes (e.g.: recycling waste paper, manufacturing, working machines);
Short essays on a variety of interesting/relevant topics related to the textbook content and field of interest.
Narrative, descriptive, expository, and argumentative essays.

The writing tasks must be closely linked to the following topics:

Education
Inventions
Business
Natural Phenomena
Agriculture
Environment
Safety at Work
Citizenship
 22

Language development is also determined by the attainment of language functions and

structures .As a reminder, two types of functions need to be catered for in this syllabus - social
and rhetoric functions as shown in the chart below:

Functions Grammar Vocabulary

Social functions Rhetoric functions
Past perfect;
- Making and responding to Defining Future perfect; Vocabulary related
requests Cause and effect Conditional 3/Wish, If only to each topic;
- Responding to good and bad Purpose (past); Collocations ;
news Addition Reporting commands, Poly-words, sense
- Expressing regret Concession statements, and questions in the relations;
- Complaining Comparing and present and past. Idiomatic
- Apologising contrasting Modals: present past and past; expressions;
- Asking for advice Infinitive vs. Gerund; Suffixes, prefixes
- Giving advice Phrasal verbs with particular and their meaning.
- Expressing opinion focus on the meaning of particles
- Asking for opinion (e.g. up for increasing, down for
- Agreeing and disagreeing decreasing);
- Expressing certainty and Passive voice and its uses;
uncertainty Passive with modals and its uses;
- Expressing lack of Restrictive and non-restrictive
understanding and asking for clauses;
clarification Linking words.
NB. The various structures cited above must
occur naturally in both the written and
spoken texts.

3.4 Teaching Methodology

Teaching materials and classroom management in technical and vocational training

ought to be aligned with the theories of learning underpinning the Competency-Based
Approach. The two components encompass a large number of interwoven elements interacting
in the classroom. It is indeed in the classroom situation where such interaction between
teacher, students and teaching materials (textbook) determines the degree of success or failure
of any course. The use of instructional materials and the role of teacher and student are key
components in the successful implementation of the EFL syllabus.
 23
Instructional standards in the vocational education aim at developing:

1. instructional activities that integrate the four language skills to emphasize the
holistic nature of learning;
2. language tasks that enhance students communicative competence;
3. activities that focus on the acquisition of communication skills necessary for students to
function in real-life situations;
4. instruction that focuses on the development of the receptive skills (listening and reading)
before the development of the productive skills (speaking and writing);
5. a variety of grouping strategies (whole-group, small-group, pair work, individual work) in
the classroom to facilitate student-centered instruction;
6. instructional activities that are varied in order to address the different learning styles
(aural, oral, visual, kinesthetic) of the students;
7. activities that integrate language and culture so that students learn about their own culture
and the cultures of others;
8. learning activities that tap higher level thinking processes (analysis, synthesis, and
evaluation);
9. instructional activities that require students to take active roles in the learning process;
transferring critical thinking to real problem-solving situations in their everyday lives.

Adapted from : Model Standards for Adult Education Programs - 1992.

3.4.1 Teaching materials

It goes without saying that teaching materials for technical and vocational education to
teach English as a foreign language should abide by the same teaching approach aiming at
developing the generic skills of students and the global competencies needed for integration in
the job market and other social environments. Textbooks should make of learners needs a
priority to function in the language classroom. Use of instructional materials (textbooks,
handouts, teaching aids, use of the interactive whiteboard, video projector,...) would
enormously help the teacher in developing students language competencies to communicate
fluently and appropriately.
 24
Supplementary materials can also be provided to enhance the learning and boost
students lexical and grammatical knowledge at the beginning stages and gradually train them
to make of communication an effective medium to get things done. Content presented to
students in a scaffolding mode allows students to progressively gain self confidence in their
potential and develop strategies for autonomous learning.

3.4.2 Classroom management

Classroom management is central to good teaching practice. Teachers have to acquire

the necessary skills to maintain discipline and good conduct. Creating a good learning
environment is prerequisite to language and intellectual development of students.

Teachers Role

The teacher has a major role in the implementation of the English syllabus. He has to
make the right choices, the right decisions and commit herself to the profession to improve the
quality of teaching and learning. In addition to the teaching materials available, the teacher is a
resource himself. His role is no longer limited to providing information. It extends to making
sure that learning is really taking place and that the target competencies are gradually
developed through the basic skills and projects assigned.

The Teacher of EFL in vocational training has to:

Raise students awareness to active learning;

Train them in study skills;
Change their negative attitudes and foster their motivation;
Change their role from knowledge receivers to investors in the learning process;
Scaffold and recycle instruction with regard to basic skills.

Students Role

The role of student in the learning process is equally important in the attainment of
teaching goals. Students ought to invest a lot in the learning process and help teacher build
language content and contribute, in a cooperative way, to the achievement of group work
activities. They have to realize that knowledge must not be poured in their heads; it is
integrated and shared with others. Developing learner training strategies is one way towards
enabling learners to become independent and accountable.
 25
3.4.3 Programme requirements
Time allotment

Teaching hours for English during the whole cycle:

English Alloted time for the 3 years Alloted time for every year
General Education
ENGLISH 294 TC {102} + Y1 {102} + Y2 {90}
TOTAL 294

NB. The optimal time allotted for English is 3 hours per week for nearly all streams but some streams
(eg. tourism and hospitality) would require up to 6 hours English instruction per week. Teaching time
allotted and coefficients are determined by how important English is for students enrolled in a
particular stream.

Teaching hours per week:

Vocational Bac Cycle : Teaching hours per week

Disciplines Common Core 1st Year 2nd Year
Culture and communication
Arabic and culture 2 2
French 3 3
English 3 3 (+1) 3 (+1)
Scientific disciplines
Mathematics 3 3
Physics and Chemistry 3 3
Physical Education 2 2
Technical disciplines
18 h (540h annually )
+
Other subjects 18 h (612h a year)
4 week training period in the 2nd
Year
Total 34 h 34 h

Programme coverage:

All learners must cover the 8 units (4 each semester); Second Year vocational textbooks
ought to include four supplementary reading passages. These reading texts should be task-
based and related to the themes below:
 26
Safety at work
Technology car industry and aeronautics
Agriculture
Tourism
Job opportunities

Continuous assessment :

Teachers assess learners performance either holistically or analytically. Quizzes and tests
should tap:

The language skills and competencies

Language: grammar, vocabulary, functions, etc.
Writing competencies

Continuous assessment modes:

3 quizzes (15 to 20 minutes) per semester

2 summative tests per semester

Assessment could provide constructive feedback to both teacher and students about the
degree of success attained with regard to the teaching/learning outcomes.

3.4.4 Tips for teachers

Lesson plan: Six-Stage Lesson plan

Lesson preparation is of paramount importance in determining the success of a teachers

daily performances. It is necessary for the teacher to make the appropriate changes concerning
the textbook units in the light of students needs and learning expectations. Students have to
be motivated through varied teaching materials gauged to their needs and interests.

The lesson plan format below is often used for effective instruction, especially for vocational
streams.
 27
BEFORE YOU START

Set the teaching aim Determine what your students will be able to do
upon completion of this teaching session.

Lesson stage Definition

Provide an activity to focus learner attention on the lesson

Warm-up or Review
objective and/or an activity that encourages learners to use
previously taught skills/vocabulary that tie into the lesson.

Establish the purpose of the lesson by stating the objective

Introduce and relating it to the learners own life. After this lesson,
you will be able to . . .

Present Present new information and checks for comprehension.

Learners are provided opportunities to practice the new

Practice
knowledge that has been presented.

Provide an activity that assesses individual learners on their

Evaluate
attainment of the lesson objective.

Learners use the language /information/ material/ in a new

Apply
situation.

Adapted from : NewInstructorCALPRO.pdf

 28
The SQ4R: A METHOD TO UNDERSTAND BETTER

The Method is recommended to reading long texts such as those suggested as

supplementary reading texts for Second Year Vocational streams. SQ4R method stands for:
-Survey - Question - Read
- Recall
- Review
- Reflect

Survey the text

Read the title, headings, and subheadings.

Look at pictures, captions under pictures, charts, graphs or maps.
Skim any questions at the end.
Read the introductory and concluding paragraphs.
Read summary or abstract.
Anticipate or predict.

Question while you are surveying

Turn the title, headings, and/or subheadings into questions.

Ask yourself, "What do I already know about this subject?"
Read questions at the end of the chapters or after each subheading.
Ask yourself, "How can I answer the questions under the text?.

When you begin to Read

Look for answers to the questions you first raised.

Answer questions at the beginning or end of chapters or study guides.
Reread captions under pictures, graphs, etc.
Note all the underlined, italicized, bold printed words or phrases.
Reduce your speed for difficult passages.
Stop and reread parts which are not clear.
Read only a section at a time and recite after each section.
 29

Recall after you've read a section:

Orally ask yourself questions about what you have just read and/or summarize, in your own words,
what you read.
Take notes from the text but write the information in your own words.
Underline/highlight important points you've just read.
Use the method of recitation which best suits your particular learning style.
Remember to look for answers as you read and to recite or take notes before moving on.
Recall/try remembering key terms and concepts.
Tell your peer what the text is about.

Review with your peer

Share ideas with your peer. Refer to the text.

When you study a text, try to link new facts, terms, and concepts with information you
already know.

Reflect about your reading

Read your notes and check your memory by reciting and quizzing yourself again.
Seek to explain why you have / have not been able to read effectively.
Think of ways to improve your reading.

Adapted from www.wwup.ed/academics/learning_center/sq4r_reading_method.html

 30

SECTION IV

Evaluation and Assessment

Overview

Evaluation is one of the most important processes of the English vocational curriculum.
Reliable evaluation tools must be used to provide constant feedback on the implementation of
all the curriculum components attainment of intended goals, effectiveness of teaching
materials, conduciveness of learning environment, and validity of assessment tools. If
assessment yields positive results, this means that previous development stages in syllabus
design and classroom practice have somehow been successful.

In this section, the focus is mainly on both formative and summative assessment as
viewed by the Standards-Based approach. Assessment in this Baccalaureate cycle is an
important tool for all partners. It is important for teachers to evaluate the progress their
students make after a period of instruction; it is important for students to feel confident about
their progress and change their learning strategies. It is also important for educators and
parents to account for their efforts and investments. But the peak of this course of study is the
Vocational Baccalaureate exam!

Although assessment is that important in education, teachers often give it a perfunctory

thought and consider it and teaching as distinct entities, while they should be considered
analogous and interrelated. But in terms of influence, research has proved that assessment has
a stronger impact on students than teaching:

Assessment, rather than teaching, has a major influence on students learning. It directs
attention to what is important. It acts as an incentive for study. And it has a powerful
effect on what students do and how they do it. Assessment also communicates to them
what they can and cannot succeed in doing. For some, it builds their confidence for their
future work; for others, it shows how inadequate they are as learners and undermines
their confidence about what they can do in the future. Boud, D., & Falchikov, N. (2007) p. 3.
 31
Assessment can be viewed in three dimensions as explained in the graph below:

Assessment
assessment assessment assessment
for as of
Learning Learning Learning
allows teacher to use data helps students become more enables teachers to
derived from assessment aware of their own learning gather evidence from
about students knowledge practice - providing them with a students performance
and skills to guide their scope of reflection to monitor and compare it against
teaching the wash-back their learning process and self- the intended learning
effect of testing. assessment strategies. outcomes.

Though the three dimensions seem to stress specific target objectives, they all bear on
the same concept of reinforcing and directing learning/teaching towards the intended goals.

The Standards-Based approach to assessment is mainly concerned about assessing the

learning outcomes, specifying the tasks to be accomplished by students/testees and
determining the benchmarks and the assessment criteria for each level of attainment.

It is within the Standards-Based Framework that the target competencies and basic skills
of students ought to be assessed. The Standards-Based procedures are viewed as the most
appropriate to determine a set of terminal learning performances and skills. Based on accurate
assessment criteria and performance indicators, such performances indicate the mastery of
skills and predict the capability to integrate in the workplace after obtaining the Vocational
Baccalaureate.

Rubrics

Assessing students language skills and competencies according to pre-established

criteria can be very accurate. So instead of the holistic or impressionistic view, the teacher, by
using rubrics, can approximate students performances in basic skills and determine the level or
levels they have attained. In assessment, when students know exactly what is expected of them
and the teacher explains to students the expected achievement levels, performances are
usually excellent and outstanding. The following grid is suggested for teachers to test/assess
students overall language competencies and skills:
 32
LISTENING COMPREHENSION:

L LEVELS LISTENING STANDARDS & COMPETENCIES Yes No

Can understand single sentences, questions, commands

1 Beginning supported by gestures and mime, and speech which is very
simple and slow.

Can understand phrases and expressions related to areas of

2 most immediate priority (e.g. very basic personal and
Early
family information, shopping, local geography,
Intermediate
employment) provided speech is clearly and slowly
articulated.

Can understand factual information about common

everyday or job related topics, identifying both general
3 messages and specific details, provided speech is clearly
articulated in a generally familiar accent.
Intermediate

Can understand the main points of clear standard speech

on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school,
leisure etc,.

Can understand standard spoken language, live or

broadcast, on both familiar and unfamiliar topics normally
4 encountered in personal, social, academic or vocational life.
Extreme background noise may impede understanding.
Early
Advanced Can understand the main ideas of speech, including
technical discussions in his/her field of specialization.
Can follow extended speech and complex lines of argument
provided the topic is reasonably familiar.

Can understand enough to follow extended speech on

abstract and complex topics beyond his/her own field.

Can recognize a wide range of idiomatic expressions,

Advanced
5 appreciating register shifts.

Can follow extended speech even when it is not clearly

structured and when meaning is only implied.
Has no difficulty in understanding any kind of spoken
6 Proficient language, whether live or broadcast, even delivered at fast
native speed.
 33
SPEAKING:

LEVELS SPEAKING STANDARDS & COMPETENCIES Yes No

Can understand and use simple utterances to greet, talk
about weather, express likes and dislikes, provide personal
information about oneself.
1 Beginning
Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and
answer questions about personal details such as where
he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has.
Can understand sentences and expressions related to (e.g.
very basic personal and family information, shopping, jobs,
Early interests, local geography, employment and so on).
2
Intermediate Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background,
immediate environment, and describe a process in simple
language.
Can understand the main points of spoken language on
familiar matters (job environment, leisure, market, etc.)
Can communicate in situations likely to arise whilst
3 Intermediate traveling in places where the language is spoken.
Can describe experiences and processes, hopes and
ambitions and give reasons and explanations for opinions
and plans.
Can understand the main ideas of complex spoken text,
including technical discussions (presentations) in his/her
Early field of specialization.
4
Advanced Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that
makes regular interaction with native speakers quite
possible.
Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously
Advanced without much obvious searching for expressions.
5
Speaker Can use language flexibly and effectively for social,
academic and professional purposes.
Can understand with ease almost everything heard or read.
Proficient
6 Can express him/herself spontaneously, very fluently and
Speaker
precisely.
 34
READING COMPREHENSION:

LEVELS READING STANDARDS & COMPETENCIES Yes No

Can understand short, simple adapted texts, dialogues on
1 Beginning
familiar matters.
Can understand very short, simple texts - a single phrase at
Early
2 a time, picking up familiar names, words and basic phrases
Intermediate
and re-reading to get the gist.
Can read texts on subjects related to his/her field and
3 Intermediate interest with a satisfactory level of comprehension
(brochures, guides, notices, etc.)
Can read with a large degree of independence. May have an
4 Early Advanced active reading vocabulary, but may experience some
difficulty with low frequency idioms.
Can understand in detail lengthy, complex texts, whether
5 Advanced
or not they relate to his/her own area of specialty.
Can understand and interpret critically nearly all forms of
the written language including abstract, newspapers,
Proficient magazines, or highly scientific or technical writings.
6 Can understand a wide range of long and complex texts,
appreciating subtle distinctions of style and implicit as well
as explicit meaning.
 35

WRITING:

LEVELS WRITING STANDARDS & COMPETENCIES Yes No

Can write simple isolated phrases and sentences name,
1 Beginning
family and home,
Can write simple phrases and sentences about their family,
Early living conditions, likes and dislikes, describe a job/place, etc.
2
Intermediate Can write emails and correspond with pen-pals.

Can write about everyday aspects of his/her environment,

e.g. people, places, a job or study experience in linked
sentences.
Can write very short, basic descriptions of events, past
activities and personal experiences, memos, notes, etc.
3 Intermediate
Can narrate a story; can write letters of application to
thank, complain, persuade, apologize,
Can describe a process in simple sentences and write a
description of an event - feelings expressed in simple
connected text.
Can write clear, detailed descriptions of real or imaginary
events and experiences, marking the relationship between
ideas and following writing conventions of the genre
4 Early Advanced concerned.
Can write clear, detailed descriptions on a variety of
subjects related to his/her field of interest.

Can write clear, well-structured and developed descriptions

and texts in a personal, natural style appropriate to the
reader in mind.
5 Advanced
Can write clear, well-structured narrative or argumentative
essays, using cohesive devices appropriately and respecting
writing conventions.
Proficient Can write clear, smoothly flowing, complex texts in an
6 appropriate and effective style and a logical structure which
helps the reader to find significant points.
 36

The above rubrics can be applied to evaluate students performances in English as a medium for
communication in all modes. The six levels depict the optimum proficiency levels that can be attained
depending on students potentials and permeability to learning. But for students in vocational streams,
consisting of a three-year course, the degree of school attainment may not, in most circumstances, reach
the fifth and sixth levels.

Conclusion
This Guide for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has attempted to provide
a roadmap for teachers, including the most essential elements and guidelines to teach English during the
three-year Vocational Baccalaureate cycle in Morocco. The First Section states the aims and intended
outcomes, and further describes learners profiles and the course entry requirements, the Second
Section defines the Competency-Based model specifying the target competencies and skills, the Third
Section deals with the syllabus, contents and the teaching methodology, while the Fourth Section
provides snapshots of evaluation and assessment processes that are aligned with the Standard-Based
approach - an approach which is mostly concerned about backward mapping, performance indicators
and outcomes.

As a final note, the Ministry of National Education and Vocational Training is highly counting on
the Vocational Baccalaureate Project to give a new breath to the whole education system in the country,
and this by reconsidering the challenging issues so long worrying educational experts:

- how schools can open wider educational horizons.

- how learning can be improved and students reach their full potentials.
- how to make of education an effective tool to promote peace and sustainable development.
- How to bridge the gap between education/training and the job market (providing jobs).

These, and other challenges lying ahead, can hopefully be met by properly implementing
the Vocational Baccalaureate. English, one of the main school subject and a tool for transferring
technology, would certainly help students acquire the communicative competence necessary at
the workplace, and enable them to develop 21st Century skills: ICT literacy, leadership, critical
thinking, and problem solving strategies.
 37
References

English Language Guidelines 2007, Direction des Curricula, Nadia Edition, Rabat.
Blent Alan and Fredricka L. Stoller Maximizing the Benefits of Project Work in Foreign
Language Classrooms V OLUME 43 NUMBER 4 2005 ENGLISH T EACHING FORUM.
Brown, Douglas. (1994b). Teaching by Principles: an interactive approach to language
pedagogy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
Chaibi, Ahmed. (2002). Teaching Vocabulary: practical and theoretical considerations. In
MATE newsletter, Fall 2002.
Coady, J. and Huckin, T. (1997). Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: a rationale for
pedagogy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
M.E.N. (1996). Recommendations pdagogiques et programmes de langlais dans
lenseignement secondaire.
Munby, J.(1978). Communicative Syllabus Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dubin and Olshtain. (1986). Course Design: developing programmes and materials for
language learning. New directions in language teaching. Cambridge. Cambridge University
Press.
Grabe, W. (1991). Current Developments in Second Language Reading Research. "TESOL
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Nunan, D . (1989). Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom. New York: C. U. P.
Falchikov, N. (2007). In: Rethinking Assessment in Higher Education (Boud, D. & Falchikov,
N.), pp. 128-144. Abingdon. Routledge.
Peter van Engelshoven, Workshop on principles of curriculum development for VET,
CARDS programme work material, Belgrade, 2003, page No7.

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