BFM3403 - FLUID DRIVE

SYSTEM
Lab 04 Report SENSORS AND MOTOR
APPLICATION
Mohammad Radzi (FB14009)
Muhammad Suhail (FB14006)
Amin Huzaifah B Idris (FB14036)

Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering

University Malaysia Pahang
Pekan, Malaysia.

Abstract This is an introduction

of PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER (PLC) system using
the specification of sensor, motor,
relays and switches. The
component must be apply to
hydraulic and pneumatic system.
By implementing sensors and
motor as part of hydraulic or
pneumatic system with working Photoelectric sensor
wiring and PLC programming the
analog input function, analog
output functions, the distributed Photoelectric sensor, or photo eye is
control (fieldbus) interface, digital sensor emits a light beam (visible or
inputs and outputs (I/Os), the infrared) from its light-emitting
CPU, and isolated power. element. A reflective-type
I. INTRODUCTION photoelectric sensor is used to detect
the light beam reflected from the
target. A thru beam type sensor is
used to measure the change in light
quantity caused by the target crossing
the optical axis. A beam of light is
emitted from the light emitting
element and is received by the light
receiving element.
 Reflective model

Both the light emitting and light

receiving elements are contained in a
single housing. The sensor receives Inductive Sensor
the light reflected from the target.
A proximity (inductive) sensor is an
electronic oscillator consisting of an
inductive coil made of numerous turns
of very fine copper wire, a capacitor
for storing electrical charge, and an
energy source to provide electrical
excitation
Thru beam model

The transmitter and receiver are

separated. When the target is
between the transmitter and receiver,
the light is interrupted.

Retro reflective model

Both the light emitting and light

receiving elements are contained in When a piece of conductive metal
same housing. The light from the enters the zone defined by the
emitting element hits the reflector and boundaries of the electromagnetic
returns to the light receiving element. field, some of the energy of oscillation
When a target is present, the light is is transferred into the metal of the
interrupted. target. This transferred energy
appears as tiny circulating electrical
currents called eddy currents. The
flowing eddy currents encounter
electrical resistance as they try to
circulate. This creates a small amount
of power loss in the form of heat (just
like a little electric heater). The power
loss is not entirely replaced by the
sensors internal energy source, so the Capacitive proximity sensors can
amplitude (the level or intensity) of detect both metallic and non-metallic
the sensors oscillation decreases. targets in powder, granulate, liquid,
Eventually, the oscillation diminishes and solid form. This, along with their
to the point that another internal ability to sense through nonferrous
circuit called a Schmitt Trigger detects materials, makes them ideal for sight
that the level has fallen below a pre- glass monitoring, tank liquid level
determined threshold. This threshold detection, and hopper powder level
is the level where the presence of a recognition. In capacitive sensors, the
metal target is definitely confirmed. two conduction plates (at different
Upon detection of the target by the potentials) are housed in the sensing
Schmitt Trigger, the sensors output is head and positioned to operate like an
switched on. open capacitor. Air acts as an
insulator; at rest there is little
capacitance between the two plates.
Like inductive sensors, these plates
are linked to an oscillator, a Schmitt
trigger, and an output amplifier. As a
target enters the sensing zone the
capacitance of the two plates
increases, causing oscillator amplitude
change, in turn changing the Schmitt
trigger state, and creating an output
signal. Note the difference between
the inductive and capacitive sensors:
Capacitive sensor inductive sensors oscillate until the
target is present and capacitive
Capacitive displacement sensors are
sensors oscillate when the target is
non-contact devices capable of high-
present.
resolution measurement of the
position and/or change of position of
any conductive target. They are also
able to measure the thickness or
density of non-conductive materials.
Capacitive displacement sensors are
used in a wide variety of applications
including semiconductor processing,
assembly of precision equipment such
as disk drives, precision thickness
measurements, machine tool
metrology and assembly line testing.
These types of sensors can be found in
Because capacitive sensing involves
machining and manufacturing facilities
charging plates, it is somewhat slower
around the world.
than inductive sensing ... ranging from
10 to 50 Hz, with a sensing scope from A DC motor is any of a class of rotary
3 to 60 mm. Many housing styles are electrical machines that converts
available; common diameters range direct current electrical energy into
from 12 to 60 mm in shielded and mechanical energy. The most common
unshielded mounting versions. types rely on the forces produced by
Housing (usually metal or PBT plastic) magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC
is rugged to allow mounting very close motors have some internal
to the monitored process. If the sensor mechanism, either electromechanical
has normally-open and normally- or electronic, to periodically change
closed options, it is said to have a the direction of current flow in part of
complimentary output. Due to their the motor. DC motors were the first
ability to detect most types of type widely used, since they could be
materials, capacitive sensors must be powered from existing direct-current
kept away from non-target materials lighting power distribution systems. A
to avoid false triggering. For this DC motor's speed can be controlled
reason, if the intended target contains over a wide range, using either a
a ferrous material, an inductive sensor variable supply voltage or by changing
is a more reliable option. the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in
tools, toys, and appliances. The
universal motor can operate on direct
current but is a lightweight motor used
for portable power tools and
appliances. Larger DC motors are used
in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, or in drives for
steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of
DC motors with AC motors possible in
many applications.
DC geared motor