Scribd
Upload
18 views23 pages

Week 02 PT 3 Graphing

This document discusses different types of graphs that can be used to represent quantitative and qualitative data, including histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, stem-and-leaf plots, column charts, pie charts, Pareto diagrams. It provides examples and descriptions of when each graph type is most appropriate based on the characteristics of the data being represented. Key strengths and weaknesses of each graph type are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Jane Doe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views23 pages

Week 02 PT 3 Graphing

This document discusses different types of graphs that can be used to represent quantitative and qualitative data, including histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, stem-and-leaf plots, column charts, pie charts, Pareto diagrams. It provides examples and descriptions of when each graph type is most appropriate based on the characteristics of the data being represented. Key strengths and weaknesses of each graph type are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Jane Doe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

E370

1/13/2015
Sampling, Classifying
and Graphing Data to get
information.
Week 2, Part 3: Graphing
Quantitative
histogram

frequency polygon

ogive

stem-and-leaf plot or display

Summary tables expand into graphs


Column charts with specifications
Classes are mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive.
Classes are always in numerical order.
No classes are skipped, even if they are empty.
Columns touch.
The most commonly used chart for numerical
data
Weak Points
The look of the data is easily influenced by the
classes selected.
An easy graph with which to lie.

Histograms
Minutes Commuting to work in New York
42
39

34 34

22
20
18
15

11
10
7

3
2 2
1
0
2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 72.5 77.5
Minutes
A line version of the histogram
A plot of class midpoints and frequencies
A closed chart
Classes are mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive
Classes are always in numerical order
No classes are skipped, even if they are empty
Strengths
Best way to represent several variables on the same
axes.
Weak Points
Based on a histogram, so same problems.

The Frequency Polygon


Minutes Commuting to Work in New York
45

40

35

F 30
r
e
q 25
u
e 20
n
c
y 15

10

0
0 2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 72.5 77.5 82.5
Minutes
Minutes Commuting to work in LA and New York
100

90

80

F 70
r
e 60
q
u 50
e
n 40
c
y 30

20

10

0
0 2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 72.5 77.5 82.5
Minutes
LA NY Combined
Minutes Commuting to Work in LA, NY and Combined
100

90

80

F 70
r
e 60
q
u 50
e
n 40
c
y 30

20

10

0
2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 72.5 77.5
Minutes
LA NY Combined
A graph of a cumulative frequency
Can be absolute or relative cumulative
Non-decreasing graph
Plot of upper class limits and frequencies
Always begins at (0,0)

The Ogive
Minutes Commuting to Work in New York

250
C
u
m
u
200
l
a
t
i
v 150
e

F
r
e 100
q
u
e
n
c 50
y

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Minutes
A useful alternative to the histogram for
appropriate data sets.
Each observation is divided into a stem and a
leaf.
A stem is a subset of the values based on leading digits.
A leaf is a list of trailing digits that have the stem in
common.
For example, consider observations 19, 27, 28, 32
The stems would be the leading digit in each value, 1, 2 & 3
The leaves would be the trailing digit in each value, 9, 7, 8 &
2.

Stem-n-leaf plot
The stems are listed vertically from smallest to
largest.
The leaves are listed horizontally, in numerical
order, to the right of the appropriate stem, one
value for every observation, even if values repeat.
Observations Stem Leaves
242 24 2 4 5 5
244 25
245 26
245 27
Good for relatively small data sets (n < 150) with
not a lot of detail in the digits.

Organize a stem-n-leaf plot


19 0
20 6
21 1
22 9
23 0 1 4 5 5
24 2 4 5 5 5 5 7 7 8 8 8 9
25 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 7 7 9
26 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 8
27 1 2 3 4 4 5 8
28 0 1 2 3 3 3 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 9
29 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 5 5 6 8 9 9
30 1 2 2 4 8 8 8 9
31 1 2 4 8
32 2 4 4
33 0 1 3
34 9
35 0 5

Stem-n-leaf plot
Qualitative
bar or column chart
Frequencies are represented as bars or
columns, one for each class
When differences between classes is small,
bars enable one to better see the
differences
Not a histogramcolumns do NOT touch

And qualitative graphs . . .


World Oil Reserves
Billions of barrels
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Angola
Canada
China
Iran
Iraq
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Libya
Mexico
Nigeria
Russia
Saudia Arabia
United Arab Emirates
United States
Venezuela
Other
pie chart
Simple, easily understood
Classes are slices, size of slice is frequency
Excellent for relative comparisons among
categories.
Greatly enhanced if color can be used to
distinguish categories.
If there is a large number of categories &/
frequencies are small, it may not be
informative.
If only black & white patterns are available
categories are difficult to distinguish.

Pie Charts
World Oil Reserves
1.9%
1.4%
1.9% 1.7% Saudia Arabia
2.5% Canada
2.7%
Iran
3.0% 19.5%
Other
Iraq
5.1% United Arab Emirates
Kuwait
5.6% Venezuela
13.3% Russia
7.2% Libya
Nigeria
Mexico
7.2%
9.9% Kazakhstan
Angola
8.3%
9.0%
United States
China
Pareto Diagram or chart
A column chart for categorical data.
Columns (categories) are ordered from
highest frequency to lowest
Sorts the important few from the trivial
many.
Only useful on non-numerical data.
If there are lots of categories, it rapidly
pinpoints the important groups.

Pareto Diagram
World Oil Reserves
300

B
250
i
l b
l a 200
i r
o r 150
n e
s l 100
s
o 50
f

Country

You might also like