DESIGN EXAMPLES Version 14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONCopyright by American Institute of Steel Construction All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. "The AISC logo isa registered trademark of AISC. ‘The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engincering principles, While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application ‘withcut competent professional examination ard verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect, The publication of the material cuntained herein i not intended ay a representation or warranty or the pact of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom trom infringement of any patent ‘or patents, Anyone making use of this information assumes ull Fability arising from such use, Caution must bo exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition, The Americar Institute of Steel Construction bears no resporsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference atthe time ofthe inital publication ofthis edition. Printed in the United States of America Revision February 2013, Revision April 2016 Design Examples V162 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONPREFACE ‘The primary objective of these design examples is to provide illustrations of the use of the 2010 AISC Specification for Structural Stee! Buildings (A ISC 360-10) and the 14th Edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual. The design examples provide coverage of all aplicable limit states whether or nota particular limit state controls the {design of the member or connection. In addition to the examples which demonstrate the use of the Munual tables, design examples are provided for connection designs beyond the scope of the tables in the Manual, These design examples are intended to demonstrate tn approach to the design, and are not intended te suggest that tae approach presented is the only spproach. The committee responsible for the development of these design examples recognizes that designers have alternate approaches that work hest for them and their projects. Design approaches that differ from those presented in these examples are considered viable as long as the Specification, sound engineering, and project specific requirements are satisfied. Part I of these examples is orgunized to correspond with the organization of the Specification, The Chapter titles ‘match the corresponding chapters in the Specification, Part IT is devated primarily to connection examples that draw on the tables fio the Manual, recommended design procedures, and the breadth of the Specification, The chapters of Part Il are Inbeled II-A, IFB, II-C, ete Pact III addresses aspects of design that are linked to the perfarmance of a building as a whole, This includes voverage of lateral stability and sevond order analysis, ilustrated through a four-story braced-frame and moment- frame building ‘The Design Examples are arranged with LRFD and ASD designs presented side by side, for consistency with the AISC Manuel. Design with ASD and LRED are based on the same nominal strength for each element so that the only differences between the approaches are which set of load combinations ftom ASCEISEI 7-10 ate used for design and whether the resistance factor far LRED air the safety factor for ASD is used. CONVENTIONS ‘The following conventions are used throughout these examples: 1 ‘The 2010 AISC Specification for Structural Steet Buildings is relerted to as the AISC Specification and the | 4th Fdition AISC Steel Construction Manual, is referred to ws the AISC Manual, 2 TThe source of equations or tabulated values taken from the AISC Specification or AISC Manual is noted along the right-hard edge of the page When the design process differs between LRED and ASD, the designs equations are presented side-by-side. ‘This rurely occurs, except when the resistunce factor, and the Safety factor, ©, ure upplie. 4 ‘The results of design equations are presented to three significant figures throughout these calculations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The AISC Committee on Manuals reviewed and approved V14.0 of the AISC Design Examples: William A, Thornton, Chairman Douglas B. Davis Mark V. Holland, Vice Chairman Robert 0. Disque Abbas Aminmansour Bo Dowswell Charles J, Carter Edward M. Egan Harry A. Cole Marshall T. Ferrell Design Examples V162 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONLanny J. Flyan Patrick J. Fortney Louis F. Gesehwindner W, Scott Goodrich Christopher M, Hewitt W, Steven Hofimeister Bill R. Lindley, Ronald L.. Meng Larry 8. Muir ‘Thomas M. Murray Charles R. Page Davis G Parsons, IL Rafael Sabelli Clifford W, Schwinger William N. Scott William T. Segui Victor Shneur “Mare L. Sorenson Gary C. Violette Michael A. West Ronald G. Yeager Cynthia J Duncar, Secretary ‘The AISC Committee on Manuals gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals who assisted in the development of this document Leigh Arber, Eric Bolin, Janet Cummins, Thomas Dehlin, William Jacobs, Richard C. Kaehler, Margaret Matthew, Heath Mitchell, Thomas J. Schlafly, and Sriramulu Vinnakata, Design Examples V162 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONPART |. EXAMPLES BASED ON THE AISC SPECIFICATION . CHAPTER A Chapter A. References CHAPTER B Chapter B References CHAPTER C Example C.1A Example C.1R, ‘example C.1C CHAPTER D. Example D.1 Example D2 Example D2 Example D.4 Example D5 Example D6 Fxample D7 Example D8. Example D9 CHAPTER E, Example EA Example E.R, Example E.1C Example E.1D Example E.2 Example E.3 Example EA Example E4B Example FS Example E.6 Example E.7 Example E.8 example E.9 Example E.10 Example F-11 Example E.12 Example E.13 Example E.14 CHAPTER F Example F.1-1A, Example F.1-1B ‘example F.1-2A TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL PROVISIONS iN REQUIREMENTS DESIGN FOR STABILITY Design ofa Moment Frume by the Direct Analysis Method Design of a Moment Frame by the Fffective Length Method. Design of a Moment Frame by the First-Order Method DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION \W-Shape Tension Member Single Angle Tension Member WT-Shape Tension Member Rectangular HSS Tension Member Round HSS Tension Member Double Angle Tension Me Pin-Connected Tension Member yebar Tension Member Plate with Staggered Bolts ner DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION. |W-Shape Column Design with Pinned Ends W-Shape Column Design with Intermediate Bracing W-Shape Available Strength Calculation W-Shape Available Strength Calculation Built Built-u W-Shape Compression Member (Moment Frame} |W-Shape Compression Member (Moment Frame) Double Angle Compression Member without Slender Flernents Double Angle Compression Member with Slender Elements WT Compression Member without Slender Elements WT Compression Member with Slender Elements Rectangular HSS Compression Member without Slender Elements Rectangular HSS Compression Member with Slender Elements Pipe Compression Member Built-u_[-Shaped Member with Different Flange Sizes Double-W1 Compression Member Eccentrically Loaded Single-Angle Compression Member DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXU! W-Shape Flexural Member Design in Strong-Axis Bending, Continuously Braced \W-Shape Flexural Member Design in Strong-Axis Bending, Continuously Braced W-Shape Flexural Member Design in Strong-Axis Bending, Braced at Third Points Design Examples V142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION El E-16 E-21 ~F-26 E41 EAT E42 ba 50 E-s4 EST E69Example F.1-28 Example F.1-3A, Example F.1-38 Example F2-1A Example F.2-1B Example F.2-24, Example F.2-2B Example F3A, Example F.3B Example F.4 Example F.5 Example F.6 Example FTA Example F.7B Example F&A, Example F.8B Example FA. Example F.9B Example F.10 Example F.L1A, Example F.11B. Example F.C Example F.12 ‘example F.13 Example F.14 Chapter F Design Example References CHAPTER G Example G.1A Example G.1B Example G.2A Example G.2B Example G Example G.4 Example GS Example G6 Example G7 Example G.8A Example G.8B Chapter G Design Example References CHAPTER H Example HLA Example HIB Example H.2 Example H3 Example Hd W-Shape Flexural Member Design in Suong-Axis Bending, Braced at Third Points \W-Shape Flexural Member Design in Sizong-Axis Bending, Braced at Midspan W-Shape Flexural Member Design in Strong-Axis Rending, Braced at Midspan Compact Channel Flexural Member, Continuously Braced Compact Channel Flexural Member, Continuously Braced (Compact Channel Flexural Member with Bracing at Ends and Fifth Points Compact Channel Flexural Member with Bracing at End and Fiftk Points W-Shape Flexural Member with Noncompact Flanges in Strong-Axis Bending W-Shape Flexural Member with Noncumpuct Flanges in Strung-Axis Bending W-Shape Flexural Member, Selection by Moment of Inertia for Strong-Axis Bending [-Shaped Flexural Member in Minor-Axis Bending HSS Flexural Member with Compact Flanges HSS Flexural Member with Noncompact Flanges HSS Flexural Member with Noncompact Flanges HSS Flexural Member with Slender Flanges HSS Flexural Member with Slender Flanges Pipe Flexural Member Pipe Flexural Member WT-Shape Flexural Member Single Angle Flexural Member Single Angle Flexural Member Single Angle Flexural Member Rectangular Bar in Strong-Axis Bending, ound Har in Bending Point-Symmetrical Z-shape in Strong-Axis Bending. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR. |W-Shape in Strong-Axis Shear \W-Shape in Strong-Axis Shear (C-Shape in Strong-Axis Shear C-Shape in Stwong-Axis Shear Angle in Shear Rectangular HSS in Shear Round HSS in Shear Doubly Symmetric Shape in Weak-Axis Shear Singly Symmetric Shape in Weak-Axis Shear. Built Builew DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION W.-shape Subject to Combined Compression and Bending About Both Axes (Braced Frame} \W-shape Subject to Combined Compression and Bending Moment About Both Axes (Braced Frame} W-Shape Subject to Combined Compression and Bending Moment ‘About Both Axes (By AISC Specification Section H2) W-Shape Subject to Combined Axial Tension and Flexure W-Shape Subject t Combined Axial Compression and Flexure Design Examples V142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 10 FIZ Fla 16 FAS F19 F:20 F22 2a 26 28 F330 32 F.3d 36 F38, Fal a2 Fag 47 50 ss F-63 F-69 Gi as H2 HA HS HAR HeI2Example HSA Example 115B Example HSC Example H6 thapter H Design Example References. CHAPTER Example Ll Example 12 Example 13 Example L4 Example L5 Example 16 Example L7 Example 18 Example 19 Example 110 Example LiL Example L12 Chapter 1 Design Example References. CHAPTER J Example 11 Example 12 Example 3.3 Example J4A Example 1.45 Example 15 Example 16 Example 17 CHAPTER K Example K.1 Example K.2 Example K.3 example K.4 Example KS Example K.6 Example K7 Example K® Example K.9 Example K.10 Example K:11 Example K.12 Example K,13 Chapter K Design Example References APPENDIX 6 Rectangular HSS ‘Torsional Strength Round IISS Torsional Strength HSS Combined Torsional and Flexural Strength W-Shape Torsional Strength DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS Composite Beam Design ‘Composite Girder Design Filled Composite Member Force Allocation und Load Transfer Filled Composite Member in Axial Compression Filled Composite Member in Axial ‘Tension Filled Composite Member in Combined Axial Compression, Flexure and Shear Filled Box Colum with Noncompact/Slender Elements Encased Composite Member Korce Allocation and Load Transfer Encased Composite Member in Axial Compression Encased Composite Member in Axial Tension Encased Composite Member in Combined Axiel Compression, Flexure and Shear Steel Anchors in Composite Components DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS. Fillet Weld in Longitudinal Shear Fillet Weld Loaded at an Angle Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing Type Connections Slip-Critieal Connection with Short-Slotted Holes Slip-Critical Connection with Long-Slotted Holes Combined Tension und Shear in u Slip-Critical Comneetion Bearing Strength of a Pin in a Drilled Hole Base Plate Besring on Concrete DESIGN OF HSS AND BOX MEMBER CONNECTIONS, Weldeditiolted Wide Tee Connection to an HSS Column Welded/Bolted Narrow Tee Connection to an HSS Column Double Angle Connection to an HSS Column Unstiffened Seated Connection to an HSS Column Stiffened Seated Connection to an HSS Single-Plate Connection ta Rectangular HS$ Column ‘Through-Plate Connection Transverse Plate Loaded Perpendicular to the HSS Axis on a Rectangular HS Longitudinal Plate Loaded Perpendicular to the HSS Axis on x Round HSS HSS Brace Connection te W-Shape Column ‘Rectangular HSS Column with a Cap Plate, Supporting a Continuous Beam Rectungulur HSS Column Buse Plate Rectangular HSS Strut Fnd Plate STABILITY BRACING FOR COLUMNS AND BEA\ Design Examples V142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION HIG WT 19 23 #30 1-10 FI2 FS 416Example A-6-1 ‘Nodal Stability Bracing of'a W-Shape Colum Fxample A-6-2 Nodal Stability Bracing of a WT-Shape Column Example A6-3 Nodal Stability Bracing of a Beam—Case I Example A-6-4 Nodal Stability Bracing of a Bear—Case I Example A-6-5 Nodal Stability Bracing ofa Beam with Reverse Curvature Bending, Example A-6-6 Nodal Torsional Stability Bracing of a Beam. PART II, | EXAMPLES BASED ON THE AISC STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL CHAPTER IIA SIMPLE SHEAR CONNECTIONS, Example ILA-1 Example ILA-1B, Fxample 1.A-2 Example LLA-28 Example ILA-3 Example HA-& Example ILA-S Example ILA-6 Example IAT Example ILA-8 Example 1LA-9 Example ILA-10 Example ILA+II Example ILA-11B Example IL A-12 Example 1.A-13 Example ILA-14 Example ILA-1S Example ILA-16, Example T1A-17 Example 1LA-17B Example ILA-I8, Example ILA-19 Example ILA-19B example 1.A-20, Example ILA-21 Example 1.A-22 Example ILA-23 Example ILA-24 Example ILA-25 Fxample I1.A-26 Example ILA-27 Example ILA-28 Example 14-29 Example I1.A-30 Example ILA-31 All-Bolted Double-Angle Connection All-Bolted Double-Angle Connection Subject to Axial and Shear Loading. Roltedi Welded Double-Angle Connection Bolted’ Welded Double-Angle Connection All-Welded Double-Angle Connection. All-Rolted Double- Angle Connection in a Coped Bear Welded/ Bolted Double-Angle Connection (Beam-to-Girder Web), Beam End Coped at the Top Flange Orly Bear End Coped al the Top und Botton Flanges All-Bolted Double-Angle Connections (Beams-to-Girder Web) ... Offset Ail-Holted Double-Angle Connections (Beams-to-Girder Web) ‘Skewed Double Rent-Plate Connection (Beam-1o-Girder Web}. Shear End-Plate Connection (Beam to Girder Web} Shear End-Plate Connection Subject to Axial and Shear Loading All-Bolted Unstiffened Seated Connection (Beam-t0-Column Web) Rolted/Welded Unstiffened Seated Connection (Bearn-to-Column Flange) .. Stiffened Seated Connection (Beam-to-Column. Flange) Stiffened Seated Connection (Beam-to-Column Web) Offset Unstiffened Seated Connection (Bearn-to-Culumn Flange) Single-Plate Connection (Conventional—Beamn-to-Column Flange) Single-Plate Connection Subject to Axial and Shear Loading (Conventional— Beurn-to-Column Flange}. Single-Plate Connection (Beam-to-Girder Web) Extended Single-Plate Connection (Beam-to-Column Web} Extended Single-Plate Connection Subject to Axial and Shear Loading (Beam-to-Colurmn Web) All-Bolted Single-Plate Shear Splice Bolted/ Welded Single-Plate Shear Splice Bolted Fracket Plate Design ‘Welded Bracket Plate Design Eccentrically Loaded Bolt Group (IC Method) Becentrically Louded Bolt Group (Elastic Method) Fecentrically Loaded Weld Group (IC Method) Eccentrically Loaded Weld Group (Elastic Method) All-Bolted Single-Angle Connection (Beam-t0-Girder Web} Role Welded Single-Angl Comestion (Rexm--Colmn Figs), All-Belted Tee Connection (Beam-to-Column Flange} Bolted/Welded Tee Connection (Beam-to-Column Flange) CHAPTER IIB FULLY RESTRAINED (FR) MOMENT CONNECTIONS. Example 18-1 Example 1.B-2 Bolted Flange-Piate FR Moment Connection (Beam-to-Column Flange} Welded Flange-Plated FR Moment Connection (Beam-to-Colurnn Flange) Design Examples V142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 6-11 6-14 6-17 ut MAA uA2 HAs 1A.20 MA-22 HA34 MA.37 MA-41 A-44 MASI A-S4 HA62 A-65 ATL 1A A-8S T1A-86 TA-89 HA92 1A-95 T1A-98 HA-100 MA-110 MA-L12 TA-LI8 MA-134 MA-139 MA-144 MA-150 MA-155 MA-157 TA-159 MA-162 MA-164 TA-169 MA-172 MA-179 UBL uB2 mB-14Example 18-3 Example IBA Chapter 1B Design Example Refererces CHAPTER LIC Example 1.C-1 Example 1LC-2 Example ILC-3 Example IC Example 1.C-5 Example 1LC-6 Directly Welded Flange FR Moment Connection (B8eam-to-Celuma Flange), Fout-Bolt Unstiffened Extended End-Plate FR Moment Connection (Bear-to-Colurmn Flange) BRACING AND ‘TRUSS CONNECTIONS ‘Truss Support Connective Bracing Connection Bracing Connection. ‘Truss Support Connection HSS Chevron Brace Connection Heavy Wide Flange Compression Connecticr (Flanges on the Cutside} CHAPTER IID MISCELLANEOUS CONNECTIONS Example ILD-1 Example 1LD-2 Example 1.D-3 Prying Action in Tees and in Single Angles Bourn Bearing Plate Slip-Critical Connection with Oversized Holes PART Ill. SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLES Example H-1 Part III Example References Design of Selected Members and Lateral Analysis of a Four-Story Building, Introduction Convertions. Design Sequence General Descriplicn of the Building. Roof Member Design and Selection Floor Member Design and Selection Col Wind Toad Determination Scismic Load Determination Moment Frame Model Calculation of Required Strengtt—Three Methods ‘Beam Analysis in the Moment Frame Braced Frame Analysis, Analysis of Drag Struts PART IV. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Table 4.1 Table 1 Table 6-1 Table 6-1 Discussion W-Shapes in Axial Compressions, F, Discussion ‘Combined Flexure and Axial Force, W-Shapes, F, — 65 ksi 5 ksi Design Examples V162 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION uL2 M2 2 LS re 1S MIT MLa8 M46 mL-49 M161 M67 ui? ML-X0 M84 uL87 wa v2 Is I-17 vayPart | Examples Based on the AISC Specification This part contains design examples demonstrating select provisions of the AISC Specification for Structural Stee! Buildings.Return fo Table ot Cartes Al Chapter A General Provisions AL. SCoPE These design exumples ars intended to lusirute the application of the 2010 AISC Specification for Smuctural ‘Steel Buildings (A WAISC 360-10} (AISC, 2010) a (AISC, 2011} in low-seismic applications. For information on design epplications requiring seismic detailing, see the AISC Seismic Design Manual, Al. REFERENCED SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS Section A2 includes a detuiled list of the specifications, codes and standards referenced throughout the AISC Specification. 3. MATERIAL Section A3 includes a list of the steel materials that are approved for use with the AISC Specificution. The complete ASTM stundards far the most commonly used steel materials can he found in Selected ASTM Standards for Structural Steel Pabrication (ASTM, 2011), Ad. STRUCTURAL. DESIGN DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS Section Ad requires that structural design drawings and specifications meet the requirements in the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steet Buildings and Bridges (AISC, 20100). enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes AD CHAPTER A REFERENCES AISC (20108), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSUAISC 360-10, American Institute for Steel Construction, Chicago, IL AISC (2010b}, Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, American Institute for Steel Construction, Chicago, IL AISC (2011), Stee! Construction Manual, 14th EG., American Institute for Stee] Construction, Chicago, IL. ASTM (2011), Selected ASTM Standards for Structural Steet Fabrication, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cartes Bl Chapter B Design Requirements BI, GENERAL PROVISIONS B2, LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS In the absence of an applicable building code, the default load combinations to be used with this Specification are those from Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCFISFI 7-10) (ASCE, 2010} Chapter B of the AISC Specification and Part 2 of the AISC Manual describe the basis of design, for both LRED and ASD. This Section describes three basic types of connections: simple connections, fully restrained (FR) moment connections, and partially restrained (PR) moment connections. Several examples of the design of cach of these typos of connection are given in Part Il ofthese design examples. Information on the application of serviceability and ponding provisions may be found in AISC Specification Chapter L and AISC Specification Appendix 2, respectively, and thir associated commentaries. Design examples and other useful information on this topie are given in AISC Design Guide 3, Serviceabiliy Design Considerations for Steel Buildings, Second Edition (West et al., 2003), Information on the application of fire design provisions may be found in AISC Specification Appendix 4 and its associated commentary, Design examples and other useful information on this topic are presented in AISC Design Guide 19, Fire Resistance of Structural Steei Framing (Ruddy et al, 2003), Corrosion protection and fastener carmpatibility are discussed in Part 2 of the AISC Manual 84, MEMBER PROPERTIES AISC Specification Tebles B4.1a and B4.1b give the complete list of limiting width-to-bickness ratios for all compression and flexural members defined by the AISC Specification, Except for one seetion, the W-shupes presented in the compression member selection tables as column sections mect the criteria as nonslender clement sections. The W-shapes presented in the flexural member selection tables as beam sections meet the criteria for compact sections, except for 10 specific shapes. When noncompact ot slender-element sections are tabulated in the design aids, local buckling criteria are accounted for in the tabulated design values The shupes listing und other member design tables in the AISC Manual also include footnoting to highlight sections that exceed local buckling limits in their most commonly availa Ie material grades These footnotes include the following notations: © Shape is slender for compression, "Shape exceeds compact limit for flexure * The actual size, combination and orientation of fastener components should be compared with the geometry of the cross section to ensure compatibility ® Flange thickness greater than 2 in, Special requirements may apply per AISC Specification Section A3.1e. Shape devs not meet the h/t limit for shear in AISC Specificatian Section G2... Desig Beamer V8.2 AMER.CAN INSTITUTE OF STF#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cartes B2 CHAPTER B REFERENCES, ASCE (2010), Mindmum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEL 7-10, American Saciety of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. West, M, Fisher and Grills, LG. (2003), Serviceabiliy Design Considerations for Stel Buildings, Design Guide 3, 2nd Ed, AISC, Chicago, IL Ruddy, J.L., Marlo, 1P., loannides, S.A. and Alfawakhiri, F (2003), Mire Resistance of Structural Steel Framing, Design Guide 19, AISC, Chicago,IL. Desig Beamer V8.2 AMER.CAN INSTITUTE OF STF#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table of Carters c. Chapter C Design for Stability Cl. GENERAL STABILITY REQUIREMENTS The AISC Specification requires that the designer account for both the stability of the structural system as a whole, and the stability of individual elements. Thus, the literal analysis used to assess stability must include consideration of the combined effect of gravity and lateral loads, as well as member inclasticity, out-of plumbness, out-of-straighmess and the resulting second-order offects, P-A and P-8, ‘The effects of “leaning alumns” must also he considered, as illustrated in the examples in this chapter and in the four-story building \design example in Part III of AISC Design Examples. P-N and P-8 effects are illustated in AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-C2.1, Methods for addressing Subility, including P-A und P-8 effects, are provided in AISC Specification Section C2 und Appendix 7. C2, CALCULATION OF REQUIRED STRENGTHS The calculation of required strengths iy Musteated in the examples in this chapter und in the four-story building design example in Part Ill of ALSC Design Examples. C3. CALCULATION OF AVAILABLE STRENGTHS the calculation ef availa -story building design example in Part Ill of AISC Design Examples. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table of Carters c. EXAMPLE CIA DESIGN OF A MOMENT FRAME BY THE DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD Given: Determine the required strengtts and effective length factors far the columns in the moment frame shown in Figure C.1A-1 for the maximum gravity load combination, using CRFD and ASD. The uniform load, Wiss includes beam selE-weight and an allowance for column selE- weight Use the dircet anslysis method. All members are ASTM A992 material. Columns are unbraced between the footings and roof in the x- and y-a eas = 0.400 kip Wve = 1.20 kipit Co I T Wiexd0 W12x65 wi2x6s 30-0" 30-0" 30:0" (c) oS) 14 moment frame elevation Solution rom AISC Manual Table 1-1, the W12«65 has 4 = 19.1 in? The beams from urid lines A to B and C to F and the coluens at A, D and F are pinned at both ends and do not contribute tothe lateral stability of the frame, There are no P-A effects fo consider in these members and they may be designed using A=1.0. The moment frame between grid Tines B and C is the source of lateral stability and therefore will be evaluated using the provisions of Chapter C of the AISC Specification. Although the columns at grid Tines A, D and & do not contribute to lateral stability, the forces required to stabilize them must be considered in the moment-frame analysis. The entire frame from yrid line A to F could be modeled, but in this case the model is simplified ay shown in Figure C.1A-2, in which the stability loads from the three “leaning” columns are combined into a single representative column From Chapter 2 of ASCF/SFI 7, the maximum gravity load combinations are: TRED ASD. TaD+16L Doi 1.2(0.400 kipi/t) + 1.6(1.20 kipift) 0.400 kip/f * 1.20 kip 2.40 kipift 1.60 kip Per AISC Specification Section C2.1, for LRFD, perform a second-order analysis and member strength checks using the LRED load combinations. For ASD, perform a second-order analysis using 1.6 times the ASD load combinations and divide the analysis results by 1.6 for the ASD member strength checks, Frame Anaiysis Gravity Loads The uniform gravity loads to be vonsidered in a second-order analysis on the beam from B to C are Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table of Carters TRED. ASD. Tao kipR Ww, = TC 60 kipiiy 2.56 kipift adjacent beams are Concentrated yravity loads to be considered in u second-order analysis on the columns at B and C contributed by RED. ASD wl (2.40 kintt)(30.0f) 36.0 kips 56 kip/ft}(30.0 1} 2 4 kips Concentrated Gravity Loads on the Representative "Leaning; plied to it. Column The load in this column secounts for all gravity leading that is stabilized by the moment frame, but is not directly RFD. ASD Pat = (0.0 AIGA kip) Pas = 144 kips 7= (ROO HRS kip) 154 kips Frame Anaiysis Notional Loads From AISC Specification Fquation C2-1, the notional loads are Per AISC Specification Section C2.2, frame out-of-plumbness must be accounted for either by explicit madeling of the assumed out-of-plumbness or by the application of notional loads. Use notional loads. (0.002(1.0)(288 kips) = 0576 kips TRD aD a0 a a16 %, ~(120 82.40 kip/) ¥, ~(120 (1.60 kip) 288 kips 192 kips =0.002ar N= 0002a¥, 6.002(1.6)(192 kips} 0.614 kips Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table Carters ca Summary of Applied Frame Loads TR rs 36 0kips 260Kips t4skins | s0atips 2eAkips 156ipe 2.40 kom 2.56 kom ome! { oof { Pa ip Leaning Leaning ceiure celumn Fig, C.14-2. Applied toads on the analysis model > Specification Section C2.3, conduct the analysis using 80% of the nominal stiffesses to account for the effects of irelasticity, Assume, subject to verification, that oP, /P, is not greater than 0.5; therefore, no additional slifficess reduction is required (ty = 1.0). Half af the gravity load is cartied by tke columns of the mement-resisting frame. Because the gravity load supported by the moment-resisting frame columrs exceeds one-third of the total gravity load tributary to the frame, per AISC Specificaion Section C21, the effects of P-5 and P-A must be considered in the frame analysis, This example uses analysis software that accounts for both P-A and P-6 effects. (If the software used does not uccount fr P- effects this may be uecumplished by subdividing the columns between the fouting and beur Figures C.1A-3 and C.1A-4 show results ftom a first-order and a second-order analysis. (Ihe first-order analysis is shown for reference oly.) In each case, the drift is the average of drilts at grid lines B and C. First-order results TRED ASD (Reuetions und moments divided hy 1.6) a Boy 0.192 in. (prior to dividing by 1.6) 119 kit 124 kip 75.2 kipft 82.8 kipeft 5.64 621 376 414 kips kips ips ips 71.6 kips 72.4 kips 47-7 kips 48.3 Kips 14-3, Results of first-order analysis. Design Examples W142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table of Carters c. Second-order results TAD 750 (Reaction and moments died by 1.8) Rg 028 Beg“ 21 i (prior ving by 19) Ans 02900 ny 0321 in Bie On ie” 0193 19 ss sores © $9 artes rane Gon 552, 628 3.68, 416 Kips ips Kips Kips 714 kips 728 kios 47.6 Kips 48.4 Kips Fig. C.14-4, Results of second-order analysis. Check the assumption that o/P, < 0.5 on the column on grid ine C. Fay (50 ksix9.1 in) = 955 kips TRED ASD af, 1072 6kips} ah 1 6(484Kips) 7 95Skips 7 95skips =0.0760<05_ ok, =00811<05_ ok, The stiffneys assumption used ir the analysis, t¢ = 1.0, is verified, Note that the drift atic, 1.60 (LRED) or 1.66 (ASD), does not exceed the recommended limit of 2S from AISC Specification Commentary Section Cl The requited axial compressive strength in the columns is 72.6 kips (RFD) or 48.4 kips (ASD}. ‘The required bending moment diagram is linear, varying from zero at the bottom to. 127 kip-ft (LRFD) or 848 kip-tt (ASD) at the top, These required strengths apply to both columns because the notional load must be applied in each direction, Although the second-order sway multiplier (@ is fry large ut 1,60 (LRFD) or 1.66 (ASD), the change in bending moment is small because the only sway moments re those produced by the small notional loads. For load combinations with significant gravity and lateral loadings, the increzse in bending moments is larger. Per AISC Specification Section C3, the effective length factors equal unity; therefore the following effective Tengths can fc used to determine the available compressive strengths (calculations not shown): 2000 200k Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table Carters C6 EXAMPLE CIB DESIGN OF A MOMENT FRAME BY THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH METHOD Repeat Fxample C.1A using the effective length method Determine the required strengtks and effective length factors for the columns in the moment frame shown in Figure C.1B-1 for the maximum gravity load combination, using LRFD and ASD. Use the effective length method. Columns are unbraced between the footings and roof in the x- and eas = 0.400 kip Wve = 1.20 kipit Co I | Wiexa0 g 4 é “ = = & A _ 30-0" ____30-0" soo" co 8) (0) (e) TSC Maral Table 1-1, the W12%65 has 1, ~ $33 in The beams from grid lines A te B and C to E and the columns at A, D and E are pinned at both ends and do not conteibute tothe lateral stability of the frame, There are no P-A effects to consider in these members und they may be designed using K=1,0, The moment frame between grid lines B and C is the source of lateral stability and therefore will be evaluated using the provisions of Chapter C of the AISC Specification. Although the columns at grid lines A, D and F- do not contribute to lateral stability, the forces requited to stabilize them must be considered in the moment-frame analysis. ‘The entire frame from grid line A to E could be modeled, but in this case the model is simplified as shown in Figure C.1B-2, in which the stubiity loud ffomn the three “leaning” columns are vornbined into u single representative column, (Cheek the limitations for the use of the effective length method given in AIS 720 (1) “the structure supports gravity loads through nominally vertical columns. (2) The ratie of maximum second-order drift to the maximum first-order drift will be assumed to be no ‘greater than 1.5, subject to verification in the following. Specification Appendix 7, Section From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the maximum gravity load combinations are: RED. ASD Ww, aD 4 TE Ww, Da E 1.2(0.400 kip/M) + 1.6(1.20 kip) 0.400 kip/M + 1.20 kiprn = 2.40 kip 1.60 kipift Design Examples W142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table of Carters c. Per AISC Specification Appendix 7, Section 7.2.2, the analysis must conform to the requitements of Al Specification Section C2.1, with the exception of the stiffness reduction required by the provisions of Section C23. Per AISC Specification Section C2.1, for LRFD perform a second-order analysis und member strength checks using the LRFD load combinations. For ASD, perform a second-order analysis at 1.6 times the ASD load combinations and divide the analysis results by 1.6 for the ASD member strength checks, Frame Anaiysis Gravity Loads The uniform gravity loads to be considered in a second-order analysis on the beam from H to C ate: TRED. ASD. w= Dat Kip w= 18160 Kip) 2.56 kip/ft Concentrated gravity loads to be considered in a second-order analysis on the columns at B and C contributed by adjacent beams are TRAD aD ul poate z z (2.40 kipitt)(30.0 ft) _ (2.36 kip/t) (30.0 8} 2 2 =36.0kips = 384 kips Concentrated Gravity Loads on the Representative “Leaning Column The load in this colume accourts for all gravity loads that is stabilized by the moment ftame, but not directly applied to it. TRED ASD (60.0 A2AO kipltt) P= (60.0 12.56 Kip) 144 kips 154 kips Par Frame Anaiysis Notional Loads Per AISC Specification Appendix 7, Section 72.2, frame out-of-plumbness must be accounted for by the application of notional loads in accordance with AISC Specification Section C2.2b. Note that national loads need ta only be applied to the gravity load combinations per AISC Specification Section C2.2h(4) when the requirement that Ang yy) L7 is satisfied From AISC Specification Equation C2-1, the notional loads are TRAD ASD = 10 a 16 ¥, = (120 £2.40 kip/®) 1, =(120 f(1.60 iif) 288 kips 192 kips N,=0.0020Y, N;=0.002a¥, 0.002(1.0)(288 kips) 0.002(1.6)(192 kips) Design Examples W142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table Carters ca (20576 bigs [= 06it hips a RED ASD 36.0 kips 36.0kips 144 kips 38.4 kips 384 kips 154 kips 2.40 kipit 2.56 kipit COCCor “COO or kip kip Leaning. Leaning. column column Fig. 18-2, Applied loads on the analysis model Per AISC Specification Appendix 7, Section 7.2.2, conduct the analysis using the full nor:inal stiffnesses, Half ef the gravity load is carried by the columns of the moment-tesisting frame. Because the gravity load supported by the moment-resisting frame columns exceeds one-t TSC Specification Section C2.1, the effects of P-8 on the response of the structure must be considered in the frame analysis, This example uses analysis software that accounts for both P-A and P- effects. When using softwate that does not account for P-S effects, this could be accomplished by subdividing columns between the footing and bear, Figures C.18-3 and C.1B-4 show results from a first-order and second-order analysis. In each case, the drift is the average af drifis at ged lines B and C First-order results TRED ASD (Reactions and moments divided by 1.6) 145 119 kipeft 5.64 ips 71.6 kips 124 kip 75.2 kipeft 621 kips 376 kips 72.4 kips 47.7 kips Avy = 0.155 in. (prior to dividing by 1.6) 82.8 kip 414 ips 48.3 kips Fig. C1B-3, Results of first-order anaiysts Design Examples W142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table Carters ro Second-order results TRED. ASD ‘Aiea = 0.204 in. ‘ana = 0.223 in (prior to dividing by 1.6) Aas _ 0.204 in. Ateg _ 0.223 in Ay O145in Btw 0155 in ial 1.44 73.4 kip-tt 84.1 kipett 110 kip-tt 126 kipstt yy 3.70 4.16 558 6.24 kips kips ips ips 476 kips 48.4 Kips 71.8 kips 72.5 Kips Fig. C-18-4, Results of second-order analysis, he assumption that the ratio of the maximum second-order drift to the maximum first-order drift is no greater than 1.5 1s verified, therefore, the effective length method is permitted. Although the second-order sway multiplier is fairly la (LRED) or 1.44 (ASD). the change in kending moment is small because the only sway moments for this load combination are those produced by the small notional louds. Far loud combinations with significant gravity and lateral loadings, the imereave in bending moments is lager. Caleulate the in-plane effective length factor, K, using the “story stiffness approach” and Equation presented in ATSC Specification Commentary Appendix 7, Section 7.2, With K,= K: 2p PEL Y( An), {REt( An ba CATS) pasermyal slam) Ve i) (pee Ba. C478} Caleula load in all columns, 2P,, a follows: RFD. ASD. EP = 240 kipih(120 A} ER = 1.60 kipifi(120 fh) = 288 kips 92 kips Calculate the ratio ofthe leaning column loads tothe total load, Ry, as follows: ERED. ASD ey EE mene me 7, = EEF wom fe =P, Pe 288 kips—(71.5 kips +72.5 kips} 192 kips—(47.6 kips + 48.4 kips) 288 Kips 192 Kips =0.500 0 S00 Culeulate the Fuler buckling strength of one moment frame. Design Examples W142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table of Carters 10 : 4 2° (29,000 ksi)(533 in} (240 in = 2,680 ips Forte column at line © TRED ASD Laer, kK Ero jae clea) 2 (22/4) “We |e] 1.6(192 kips} _ 288 Kips | [oss 0.15 (0.500) (1.6)(48-4 Kips) | Ti.ss-+0.15(0.500) (72.5 Kips) Tan , 0.145 in (2.650 kins) Taps) (2a0 [os7hkips}(240 in) - - G58 r 7 > (2,650 kipsy| ——_ 18s in _— 2, |(2,6s0 ips) ——245__ Ic oo TBH aa bps] AO) & (650 ps) TTS 1 tips) (240 me) 54020290 - 23482 0389 Use 348 Use K-36 ‘Note that itis necessary to multiply the column loads by 1,6 for ASD in the expression above, With K, ~ 3.45 and K, ~ 1.0, the colume availa order forces, using the following effective lergths (calculations not Shown} Kaly =3.45(20.0) eon 200% KL Design Examples W142 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table Carters cu EXAMPLE C.IC_ DESIGN OF A MOMENT FRAME BY THE FIRST-ORDER METHOD. Repeat Fxample C.1A using the firstorder analysis method, Determine the required strengths and effective length factors for the columns in the moment frame shown below for the maximum gravity load combination, using LRFD and ASD. Use the first-order analysis method as given in AISC Specification Appendix 7, Section 7.3 (Columns are unbraced between the footings and roof ir the x- and eas = 0.400 kip Wve = 1.20 kipit Co I | Wiexa0 g 4 é “ = = & A so orc 8) D) © IC-L. Example C 1C moment frame elevation. From AISC Marual Table 1-1, the W12%65 hus 4 ~ 19,1 in? The beams from grid lines A te H and C to E and the columns at A, D and E are pinned at both ends and do not contribute to the lateral stability of the frame. There are no P-A effects to consider in these members und they may be designed using K=1,0, The moment frame between grid lines B and C is the source of lateral stability and will be designed using the provisions of Appendix 7, Section 7.3 of the AISC Specification, Although the columns at grid lines A, D and F. do not contribute to lateral stabilty, the forces required to stabilize them must be considered in the moment-frame analysis. These members need not be included in the analysis model, except that the forces in the “leaning” tealurins must be included in the exleulation of notional Houds Check the limitations for the use of the first-order analysis method given in AISC Specification Appendix 7. Section 7.3.1 (1) The structure supports gravity loads through nominally vertical columns, (2) The ratio of maximum second-order drift te the maximum first-order drift will be assumed to be no greater than 1.5, subject to verification (3) The required axial compressive strength of the members, where Mlexural sliffnesses ure considered to contribute to the lateral stability ef the moment frame, will be assumed to be no more than 50% of the axial yield strength, subject te verification Per AISC Specification Appendix 7, Section 7.3.2, the required strengths are determined from a first-order analysis using notional loads determined in the following, along with a B. multiplier, as determined from Appendix &, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table of Carters 1 Loads From Chapter 2 of ASCF/SEI 7, the maximum gravity load combinations are: TRED ASD TID TLL my DaE 1.2(0.400 ip) + 1.6(1.20 kipit) 0.400 kipitt + 1.20 kit = 2.40 kipit 60 kip Concentrated gravity loads tobe considered on the columns at 8 and C contributed by adjacent beams are: TRED ASD wt wt 2 2 (2.40 kipit)(30.0 8) (1.60 kepin)(30.0 A) 2 2 = 36.0 kips = 24.0 kips Using AISC Specification Appendix 7, Section 7.3.2, Frame out-of-plumbness is uscounted for by the application ‘of notional loads the requited notional loads are determined as follows: From AISC Specification Appendix Equation A-7 RFD. ASD. a 10 a 16 ¥, = (120 £2.40 kip!) 1, = (120 f(1.60 kipiti) 288 kips 192 kips (in, (no drift for this lond combination) ‘A= 0 in. (no drift for this loxd combination} = 240 in 1-240 in i — DLaKAiL)Y,> 0.0042¥. 2.1(1.6)(0 in/240 in (192 kips) > 0,0042(192 kips) ips > 0.806 kips ~ 2 La(Aaieyy,> 0.00827, 2.11.0} 0 in./240 in. j(288 kips) > 0,0042(288 kips) = Okips = 1.21 kips Use N,~ 0.806 kips Use N= 1.21 kips Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONSummary of Applied Frame Loads The applied loads are shown in Figure C.1C-2, Return fo Table Carters cn TRFD. ASD 36.0 kips, 36.0 kips 2.40 kipift 121 kip 24.0 kips 24.0 kips 41.80 kipitt 0.806 L ! kip Fig. C.1C.2. Applied loads on the analysis model. Conduct the analysis using the full nominal stffnes 7.22. Using analysis software, the first-order results shown in Fi cs, as indicated in AISC Specification Appendix 7, Section igure C.1C-3 are obtained: bbe used to check this limit, Calculate By per Appendix analysis, TERED. ASD 304 i Ain = 0.203 in 108 kiprft 131 kip-ft 70.8 kip-tt 87.1 kipett 5.32 6.53 3.55 4.35 ips ips kips ips 71.2 kips 72.8 kios 47.5 kips 48.5 kips Fig CIC order drift to the first-order drift does not exceed 1.5. 8, can 8, Section 8.2.2 using the results of the first-order =0.15(144kips/288 kips) 925 TRED ASD PF GOD Kips) G00 (240 Kip) = 144 Kips | #40 Kips) + (300 AY. CO KipiRy 96.0 kips = 144 kips + 426.0 kips) Pun, = 9640 kips + 4(24.0 kips) = 288 kips = 192 kips Ry =1-0.15( Pay [Prer} (Spee. Ea 8-8-8) | Ruy =1-0.15 (Fay /Baney) (Spec. Ea. A-8-8) =1-0.15(96.0kips/192kips) =0.925 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table Carters Ta aD ay 0304 an =0203ia 11 63 ips~$32 ps 11 243-335 ips "tie ieee eres 1 latia fan hut (5888-9 | Pa hae (pe A (Oss) 20a) stp ats oe (pee Ba A (ee 84 8 no i T.00{288 Kips) — Sea The assumption that the rati¢ of the maximum second-order drift to the maximum firstorder drift is ne greater than 1,5 is verified for LRFD, but is not verified for ASD; therefore, this example will proceed for [RFD only. Check the assumption thet WP, <0,5B, and, therefore, the first-order analysis method is permitted. 052, =058, 4, = €.5(50 ksi)(19.1in.”) = 478 ips P, ~1.00(72.8 kips) =72.8 kips < 478 kips 04k. (LRED only) The assumption thatthe first-order analysis method can be used is verified for LRED. Although the second-order sway multiplier is 1.48, the change in bending moment is small because the orly sway moments are those produced by the small notional losds. For load combinations with significant gravity and lateral loadings, the increase in bending moments is larger. The column strengths can be verified after using the By amplification given in Appendix 8, Section 8 2.1 t0 account for second-order effects. In the direction of sway, the effective length factor is taken equal to 1.00, and the ccalumn effective lengths are as follows KL,= 2008 KL, — 200 8 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes D-1 Chapter D Design of Members for Tension Di. SLENDERNESS LIMITATIONS Section DI does not establish a slenderness limit for tension members, but recommends limiting Lir to a maximum of 300, This iy not an absolute requirement, Rody and angers are specifically excluded frum this recommendation, D2, TENSILE STRENGTH Hoth tensile yielding strength and tensile rupture strength must be considered for the design of tension members Il is not unusual for tensile rupture strength to govern the design af a tension member, particularly for small ‘members with holes or heavier sections with soultiple rows of oles. For preliminary design, tables ere provided in Part 5 of the AISC Manual for W-shapes, L-shapes, WT-shapes, rectungular HSS, square HSS, round HSS, Pipe and 2L-shapes. The calculutions im these tubles for available tensile rupture strength assume an effective ares, 4,, of 0.754,. If the actual effective area is greater thar. 0.754, the tabulated values will be conservative and calculations can be performed to obtain higher available strengths. If the actual effective area is less than 0.754,, the tabulated values will he unconservative and calculations are necessary to determine the available strength D3. EFFECTIVE NET AREA ‘The gross area, dy is the total cross-sectional arca of the member In computing net area, 4,, AISC Specification S: diameter sction 4.3 requires that an extra Vie in, be added to the bolt hole A computation of the effective atea far a chain of holes is presented in Example D.9. Unless all elements of the cross section are connected, 4, ~ 4,U, where U is a reduction factor te aecount for shear lag. The appropriate values af U ean be obtained from Table D3.1 of the AISC Specification D4, BUILT-UP MEMBERS ‘The limitations for connections of buill-up members are discussed in Section D4 of the AISC Specification. DS, PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS An example of a pin-connected member is given in Example D7 D6. FYERARS An example of an cycbar is given in Example 0.8 the strength of an eyebar mecting the dimensional requirements of AISC Specificution Section D6 is governed by tensile yielding af the bady. enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes b2 EXAMPLE D.1 W-SHAPF TENSION MEMBER Given: Select an 8-in, W-shape, ASTM A992, fo carry dead load of 30 kips and a live load of 90 kips in tension. The member is 25 ft long. Verify the member strength by both LRFD and ASD with the bolted end connection shown, Verily that the member sutisties the recommended slendemess limit, Assume that eantection limit states do not govern we 3@ 3.00" 2 Dia, bolts in standard holes ws Solution: From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is: TRED. ASD. PU Rips) + 1.6490 kips) PF, — 30 Kips + 90 Kips 180 kips 120 kips From AISC Manuel Table 5-1, try a WB»21 From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows’ wast ASTM A992 F, ~S0ksi Fe = 68 ksi From AISC Manual Tables 1-1 and 1-8, the geometric properties are as follows: wax2t 4, 6.16 in? by ~S.27in yy =0.400 in, d ~828in 7, =1.26in wraxto.s F 0.831 in Tensile Yelding From AISC Manuel Table 5-1, the tensile yielding strength is, TRED ASD DT Kips > TNO Kips ok, 14 Kips > 120 Kips ok enn Beagles V4.2 (OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes D3 Tensile Rupture Verify the table assumption that 4,14, > 0.75 for this eannection Calculate the shear Ing factor, U, as the la ues from AISC Specification Section D3, ‘Table D3.1 cese 2 und ease 7. From AISC Specification Section D3, for open cross the connected element(s} to the member gross ares. ections, U need not be less than the ratio of the gross area of py 2te ap 265 27 in.)(0.400 in) 616 in? 0,684 Case 2: Check as two WT-shapes per AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-D3.1, with ¥ = F =0,831 in, v= 7 Case 7 by 8.27 in, d = 8.28 in bys ¥d u-oxs Use U= 0,908, Calculate 4, using AISC Specification Section B43 Ac = Ay dy > Ye in.Jy 6.16 in? = 4("%eo in, + Ys in. (0.400 in.) 476 in? Caleulate 4, using AISC Specification Section D3. AAU (Spee. Fy, 3-1) = 4°76 in(0.908) 432in? A432 in? A, 6.16 in (0.701 < 0.75; therefore, table values for rupture are not valid. ‘The available tensile rupture strength is, enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters b4 FAs (Spee. Fg. 22-2) 5 Kila 32 in) 81 kips From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile rupture strength is TRED ASD $=075 = 200 $e — 0.750281 kips) P. _ 281 kips 211 kips 2.200 211 kips> 180 kips ok. 141 kips 141 kips > 120 ips ok (Check Recommended Slenderness Limit (2300120 ") 26in 238 < 300 from AISC Specification Section DI ok, The Wax21 available tensile strength is governed by the tensile eupture limit tate at the end connection, See Chapter J for illustrations of connection limit state ct ccks, enn Beagles V4.2 (OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Ds EXAMPLE D2 SINGLE ANGLE TENSION MEMBER Given: Verify, by both ASD and LRED, the tensile strength of un Laxdx¥s, ASTM A36, with one Tine of (4) Yin diamoter bolts in standard holes. The member carries « dead loed of 20 kips and a live load of 60 kips in tension, Calculate at what length this tension member would cease to satisty the recommended slenderness limit, Assume that connection limit states do not gavern Lobos we eso %" Dia, bolts in standard holes Solution From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows’ Lease ASTMA36 F, ~36ksi P= 58 ksi From AISC Manual Teble 1-7, the geometric properties are as follows Laedye A,=3.73in! r, ~0.776 in F=118in From Chapter 2 of ASCEV/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is RED ASD PO kips) + 1.6(60 kis} P, = 20 Kips + 60 Kips 120 kips MUO kips Tensile Yielding P.-FAy (Spec. Eq. D2-1) 36 ksi2.75 in} 135 kips From AISC Specification Section D2, the availn le tensile yielding strength is TRED ASD, $090 aa ‘bP, = 0.90(135 kips) P,_135kipw = 122 kips a 167 = 80.8 kips enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes D5 Tensile Rupture Calculate U/ as the larger of the values from AISC Specification Section D3, Table D3.1 Case 2 and Case & From AISC Specification Section D3, for open cross sections, U need not be less than the ratio of the gross area of the connected elesent(s) to the member gross urea, therefure, 0,300 Case 2 unt T )_hasin, Soin, 0.869) Case 8, with 4 or more fasteners per line in the direction of loading: v. 0.80 Use U~ 0.869, Calculate 4, using AISC Specification Section B4 3. Aca Ae= (d+ Yost 3°75 im? — (ein, + Yi in.) in.) 3.31 in? Calculate 4, using AISC Specification Section D3 AAU (Spec. Fa, 13-1) = 331 in 46.869) 288 in? Poa Fade (Spec, Pa, 2-2) 58 Ksi(2.88 in) 167 kips From AISC Specificarien Section D2, the available tensile rupture strength is: RED. ASD 07S 200 bP, 0.75(167 kips) 167 kips 125 kips 00 83.5 kips 4xdx}o wvailuble tensile strength is governed hy the tensile yielding limit state RFD. ASD. bP, 122 Kips 80.8 kips a, 122 kips > 120 kips ok, 80.8 kips> 80.0 kips ok enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONRecommended Len Using AISC Specification Section DI Lnee~ 3007, ( =(300}(0.776in}| aR ) 120im) wan Note: The L/r limit is a recommendation, net a requirement, See Chapter J far illustrations of connection limit state checks, enn Beagles V4.2 AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTION Return fo Table ot Carters baReturn fo Table ot Carters Ds EXAMPLE D3 WT-SHAPE TENSION MEMBER Given: A WT6x20, ASTM A992 member has a length of 30 fl and carries a dead load of 40 kips and a live load of 120 kkips in tension. The end connection is fillet welded on cach side for 16 in. Verify the member tensile strength by ‘both LRED and ASD. Assume that the gusset plate and the weld are satisfactory wrex20 /— Gusset / plate L od 7 | Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows’ wrex20 ASTM A992. F,~S0ksi Fea 65 ksi From AISC Manual Table 1-8, the geometric properties are as follows’ wrex20 4, = 5.84 in? S01 in 015 in 137 in, F ~ 1.09 in. ~ ¥ (in equation for U) From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is RFD. ASD. B__aakipsy + 1.6120 Kips) Py = ad Kips + 120 Kips = 240 kips = 160 kips Tensile Yielding (Check tensile yielding limit state using AISC Manual Table 5-3, TRED. ASD 'P, = 263 kips > 240 Kips ok (hPa 263 kips > 240 Kip 2 175 kips > 160 kips ok, enn Beagles V4.2 AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes bs Tensile Rupture Check tensile rupture limit state using AISC Manwal Table 5-3 RED. ASD. pF, ~ 214 kips <240 Kips m4 + ie " ® | B= 142 hips < 160 kips ng ‘The tabulated available rupture strengths may be conservative for this ease; therefore, caleulate the exact solution, Cateulate U as the larger of the values from AISC Specification Section D3 and Table D3.1 case 2 From AIS of the connected clement(s} to the member gross area, bts “ae 8.01 in S84 in 0.708 15 in.) 1.09%n, 16.0in, 0.932 Use U 932, Calculate 4, using AISC Specification Section BA 3 4, ~ A, (because there are no reductions due to koles or notches) 584i? Caleulate 4, using AISC Specification Section D3 A= A 5.84 in (0.932) = 5.44 in? Calculate Py P.= Fey 65 ksi(S.44 in.) 384 kips enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION > Specification Section D3, for open eross-sections, L need not he less than the ratio of the gross area (Spee. ka. D3 (Spec. Ea, D2-2)Return fo Table ot Carters 177 kips> 160 kips p-10 Specification Section D2, the available teri rupture strength i TRED aan 075 — Py =0.75(354 kips) P,_ 354 ips 200 Ks a, 2.00 266 kips > 240 kips wwf TIT Kips ok, Table 5-3 as follows Alternately, the available tensile rupture strengths can be determined by modifying the tabulated values, The available tensile rupture strengths published in the tension member selection tables are based on the assumption that 4, ~ 0.75d,. The actual available strengths can be determined by adjusting the values from AISC Manual TED 555 fe (_4 = 214 kips Fi =r ips berth 7 | a, “lang | 214 kips| —>44 1. 142 kips]| 48 agin’) | 266 ips 16 kips ‘The WT6x20 availuble tensile strength is governed by the tensile yielding limit state TRFD. ASD. WP, 263 Kips Be a, ips 263 kips > 240 kips ok, 175 kips > 160 kips ok, Recommended Slenderness Limit E300 0\12.0 in) y lista = 229 < 300 from AISC Specification Section DL o.k. ‘See Chapter J for illustrations of connection limit state checks, AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes D-l FXAMPLE D4 RECTANGULAR HSS TENSION MEMBER Given: ‘Verify the tensile strength of an HSSGx4x34, ASTM AS00 Grade B, with a length of 30 f1. The member is carrying a dead load of 35 kips ard ¢ live load of 105 kips in tension. ‘The end connection isa fillet welded !4-in - Thick single concentric gusset plate with a weld length of 16 in, Assume that the gusset plate and weld are satisfactory HSS64x36 Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows; ASTM ASO0 Grade B F, =46 ksi y= 58 ksi From AISC Marual Table 1-11, the geometric properties areas follows: HSS6x4.3% Ay 6.18in! r= LSS in, © =0349 in, From Chapter 2 of ASCF/SET 7, the required tensile strength is RED. ASD P__ (a5 Kips) + 16(005 ips} P, = 35 Kips + 105 Kips 10 kips 140 kips Tensile Yielding Check tensile yielding limit state using AISC Manual Table 5-4 RED. ASD bn= 256 kips > 210 kips OK | F< 170 kips > 140 kips ok a, Tensile Rupture Check tensile rupture limit state unin AISC Manual Tuble 5-4, enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes p.12 RED. ASD ‘0F, — 201 kips < 210 kips neg. 34 kips < 140 kips ng, ‘The tabulated available rupture strengths may be conservative in this case; therefore, calculate the exact solution, Calculate U from AISC Specification Table D3.1 case 6 B24 BIT a+ (4.00 in)? +2(4.00 in)(6.00 in) $400 15.7600 in) 1.60 in 7 160i, Tain. =0,900 Allowing fora Ysein. gap in fen =Uly + Yovin.ye = 6.18 in! ~2(46 in, + Yo in. }(0.349 in) 5.79in! Calculate 4, using AISC Specification Section D3. AWAD 79 in*(0.900) 5.21 in? Cateulate Py Pe BAg S8 ksi(5.21 in’) = 302 kips From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile rupture strength is (Spee. Eq, 3-1) (Spee. Eq, 2-2) TED an 0.75 On bP, = 0.75(302 kips) Pe W2kips = 227 kips 2, 2.00 207 ips > 210 kips an) > 1S! Kins 1st kips> 140 ips The HSS available tensile strength is governed by the tensile rupture limit state enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION ok,Return fo Table ot Carters D-3 Recommended Slenderness Limit L _ (30.0 & \/ 12.0 in.) tlise) oe) 232 < 300 from AISC Specification Section DI o.k. See Chapter J for illustrations of connection limit state checks, enn Beagles V4.2 AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes pa EXAMPLE DS ROUND HSS TENSION MEMBER Given: ‘Verify the tensile strength of'an HSS6x0.500, ASTM ASO0 Grade B, with a length of 30 0, The member carries a dead load of 40 kips and a live load of 120 kips in tension. Assume the end connection is a filet welded !4-in - thick single concentric gusset plate with a weld length of 16 in, Assume that the gusset plate and weld are satisfactory Hss6x0.500 Pris 7 .v Gusset plate Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTM A500 Grade B Fy 42 ksi F.~ S&S From AISC Manual Table 1-13, the geometric properties are as follows: HSS6%0.500 4, ~ 8.09 in Pr -1.96 in, 1 0.465 in From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is RED. ASD PaO Kips) + 1.6(120 Kips) aU Kips + 120 Kips 240 kips 180 kip Tensile Yielding Check tensile yielding limir state using AISC Manual Table 5-6. RFD. WP, 306 Kips > 240 Kips ok ok, Tensile Rupture Check tensile rupture limit state using AISC Manual Vable 5-6 enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters D.is TRAD ASD {268 Kips > 280 Kips ok. | 2 a ms ms Be 16 kins > 160 ps ok Cheek that 4,4 0.75 as assumed in table, Determine U from AISC Specification Table D3.1 Case 5. L =160in. D =6.00%e. L160 D~ 600in, 2.67 2 1.3, therefore U~ 1.0 Allowing for s Ye-in. gap in ft-up between the HSS and the gusset plate, Ay A= Me + Yorn 8.09 in? —2(0.5U0 in, + Ye in.)(U.465 in.) 7STin? Caleulate 4, using AISC Specification Section D3, AU = 757 in? (1.0) 757 in? 8.09 in 0.936 > 0.75 Ac _stin? 4 0.k,, but conservative Calculate Py P.= Fide (58 ksij(7.57 in?) 439 kips From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile rupture strength is: (Spec, Ba, B3-1) (Spee. Ea, 2-2) TRED ASD eno T= 200 0, 0.751439 ips) 2 _ 49 kips 329 kips a 200 220 kips 329 kips > 240 kips ok. ™ 220 kips > 160 kips Recommended Slenderness Limit L (oo) 0%) (36mm 184 < 300 from AISC Specification Section DI ok. enn Beagles V4.2 AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTION ok.Return fo Table ot Cortes D.1s, See Chapter J for illustrations of connection limit state checks, enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONFXAMPLE D6 DOU! sLE. ANGLE TENSION MEMBER Given: A DL Axdste (H Return fo Table ot Cortes b-7 in, separation), ASTM A36, has one line of (8) Yein-diameter bolls in standard holes and is 25 1. in length. the double angle is carrying a dead load of 40 kips and a live load of 120 kips in tension. Verify the member tensile strength, Assume that the gusset plate and bolts are satislactory, 2Lbxéxis ape Gusset / plate | 1 7@ 3.00 1 Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows: ASTMA36 F, ~ 36 ksi Fea 58 ksi From AISC Manuel Tables 1-7 and 1-15, the geometric properties are as fllows: Locate p= 3.75in! ¥ =L18in. DLAxdx (9% in} 7, = 1.83 in n= 1 2in From Chapter 2 ef ASCEISEI 7, the required tensile strength is TRED ASD PO Kips) 1.6(120 Rips} P, a0 ips + 120 Kips 240 kips = 160 kips Tensile Yielding P.=FAy (Spee. Ea, D2-1) 36 ksi(2)(3.78 in} 270 kips enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Dlg Specification Section D2, the available tensile yielding strength is TRFD ASD %- 090 O16 ‘bP, 0.90(270 kips} Fe _ 270 kips 243 kips ae = 162 kips Tensile Rupture Calculate U as the larger of the values from AISC Specification Section D3, Table 13.1 case 2 and case § From AISC Specification Section D3, for open cross-sections, U need not he less than the ratio of the gross area of the connected element(s) to the member gross area, u-0s00 Case 2 ul © 210i0 asad Case 8, with 4 or more fasteners per line in the divetion oF long: u-os0 Use U= 0.944 Caleulate 4, using AISC Specification Section B43 Ae Ag Hdy + Yin. 2(3.75 in.}— 20% in + Ye in JO im) 6.63 in? Caleulate 4, using AISC Specification Seetivn DS AeA! (Spec. Eq, D3-1) 663 in 40.944) = 6.26 in? Cateulate Pea Fide (Spee. Ea, D2-2) Sb ksi6.26 in) 363 kips From AISC Specificatien Section D2, the availa le tensile rupture strength is enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters py TERED. ASD. $075 ‘Px ~ 0.75(362 kips) 272 kips 182 kips ‘The double angle available tensile strength is yoverned by the tensile yielding limit state, TRED. ASD 2a3 Kips > 240 Kips ok, | Ved Kips > 160 Kips ok Recommended Slenderness Limit (250 8/120 in) me Ura = 248 < 300 from AISC Specification Section DI o.k. Note: Frum AISC Specification Section D4, 1 lustrations of connection limit state ccks, AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTION ingitudinal spacing of connectors between cormpanents of built-Return fo Table ot Carters 20 EXAMPLE 1.7 PIN-CONNECTED TENSION MEMBER Given: An ASTM A36 pin-connected tension member with the dimensions shown as follows carries a dead load of 4 kips tnd a live load of 12 kips in tension, The diameter of the pin is | inch, ia a Yin, oversized hole, Assume that the pin itself iv adequate, Verify the member tensile strength Approx. Ast 4" thick —=| 4 From AISC Manuel Table 2-5, the material properties are us follaws Plate ASTMA36 P, = 36 ksi SB ksi The geometric properties are as follows w = 425 in, 1 ~ 0500 in d =1.00in, a =225in, © ~250in 4, ~ 1.08 in Check dimensional requirements using AISC Specification Section DS.2. L. by = 2t+ 0.63 in 2(0.500 in.) + 0.63 in, 1.63 in, < 1.61 in 161 in controls Qa 1335, 225 in. > 1.73(1.61 in) = 214i, ok, enn Beagles V4.2 AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTIONhw het d 4.25 in, 3 2(1 61 in.) + 1.00 in, 4.22 in ok, 4c ba 2.50 in. = 2.25 in ok. From Chapfer 2 of ASCF/SEI 7, the required tensile strength i: Return fo Table ot Carters D2 TRED. ASD P__ @kips) = 1612 kips) Tkips + 12 kips 4.0 kis 16.0 kips Tensile Rupture Calculate the avaiable tensile rupture strength on the effective net arca QW.) (Spee, Fay BS-1) Si ksi (2}(@.500 in J(L.61 in) ~ 93.4 kips From AISC Specification Section DS.1, the availa le tensile rupture strength is RFD ASD 075 O28 ‘he’s =0.75(93.4 kis) P, _ 93.4 ips 70.1 kips a. 2.00 = 46.7 kips Shear Rupture 2a + a2) = 2(0.500 in.)[2.25 in. + (1.00 in/2)} P, A (Spec. ka. BS 0.6(58 ksi 2.75 in) = 95.7 kips From AISC Specification Section DS.1, the availa le shear rupture strength is TRED ASD $y 075 2-200 75(95.7 kips) P_ 95.7 kips 1.8 kips a, 200 47.9 kips Bearing ps = 0,500 in. (1,00 in.) 500 in.” (OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONR18 Age 1,8(36 ksi)(0.500 in.*} 32.4 kips From AISC Specification Section J7, the available bearing strength is Return fo Table ot Carters 2 (Spee. By, 17. TED aD, =078 w 42, ~ 0.750324 kips) 32.4 kins 243 kips 00 = 16.2 kips Tensile Yielding Aw 425 n.(0.5001m) 2.13 in? Pe BAy (Spee. bq, D2) = 36 tsi 2.13 in?) 76.7 kps From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile yielding strength is TRED aD = 0.90 2,= L6T 4P, = 0.90(76.7 kis) P._ 16.7 ips 69.0 kips a, 167 5.9 kips The available tensile strength is governed by the bearing strength limit state. TRFD ASD 4 4 16.2 kips a > 24.0 kips ok 16.2 kips > 16.0 kips ok (OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION See Example 1.6 for an illustration of the limit sta calculations fora pin in @ drilled ole.Return fo Table ot Cortes 23 FXAMPLE D8 EVERAR TENSION MEMBER Given: A Y%in-thick, ASTM A36 eyebar member as shown, carries 2 dead Toad of 25 kips and a live load of 15 kips in tension. The pin diameter, di 3 in. Verify the member tensile strength. Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-5, the material properties are as follows’ Plate ASTMA36 F, = 36ksi ‘The geomettic properties are as follows: w 3.00 in, b =223 in, 1 win, hoe ~7.50 i, d ~3.00in, 4, 3.03 in KR ~8.00in Check dimensional requirements using AISC Specification Section D6.1 and D6.2 hor 3 %in Hin 3 in ok, 2 wo 38 2.00 in. £84 in.) 5.00 in, ok, enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION3d phe 2.00 in, 3 %(2.00 in) 2.63 in ok a dy + Yin 3.03 in, = 3.00 in, + (> in} 3 in ok, aOR 2 dreos 8.00 in. 57.50 in ok, 6. Kwabs%w 4.00 in} < 2.23 in. < ¥(3.00 in} 2.00 in, < 2.23 in, 2.25 in, ok. From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is: Return fo Table ot Carters p24 TRAD ASD Fastin) 1615 0p 7,350 hips 1S Kips SAD kips 40.04ips Tensile Yelding Calculate the avaliable tensile yielding strength atthe eyeberbady (at). Ajawt 1.00 in. in = 188 in? PFA, (Spee. Ey. B21) 36 ksi(1.88 in."} or7 ks From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile yielding strengths TRED ASD $= 0.90 Q, $e, 0.90(67.7 kip) 60.9 kips 60.9 kips > 54.0 kips ok, 40.5 kips 40.5 kips > 40.0 kipe ok ‘The eycbar tension member available strength is governed by the tensile yielding limit state Note: The eycbar detailing limitations ensure that the tensile yielding limit state at ve eyebar body will control the strength of the eyebar itself. The pin should also be checked for shear yielding, and, if the material strength is less than that of the eyebar, bearing, Soc Example 1.6 for an illustration of th limit state calculations for a pin in a drilled hole enn Beagles V4.2 AMURICAN INSTITU GF STHEI. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes 2s EXAMPLE D9 PLATE WITH STAGGERED ROLTS Compute 4, and 4, for a 14-i swide and Y-in-t 2.00" A at 3 c pw 8 —-P = . 3 E 2% bots in > Yi holes Cas 2.00" Solution: Calculate net hole diameter using AISC Specification Section B43. de de * Yo in. + Yin, 0.875 in, Compute the net width for all possible paths across the plate. Because of symmetry, many of the net widths are identical and need not be calculated 4.0 Ndgg +B from AISC Specification Section 84.3 ig Line AB-E-F; w= 14.0 in, ~ 2(0,875 in) 3in, (2.50in}’ | (2.50in) Line A-B-CD-E-w=14.0in-4( 08755) +7 ogy =115in controls (2.50in) Tine A-R-CD.G: w=14,0in=3(487Sin) + aG00mn) non 250in)? (250in}! Line ABD-E-E! w= 140in.=3(0.87Sin) 250i), (250in) {7 00%8} (3.00%) 2a in ‘Therefore, 4, = 115 in-(0.500 in.) enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes 26 8.75 in? Calculate U. From AISC Specification Table D3.1 case 1, because tension load is transmitted to all elements by the fasteners, unio Ae = Anh! (Spec. Ea, D3-1) = 5.75 in.31.0) = 5.75 in? enn Beagles V4.2 AMRICAN INSTITU GF STEEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters El Chapter E Design of Members for Compression This chapter covers the design of compression members, the most common of which are columns, The ATSC ‘Manual includes design tables for the following compression member types in their most commonly available ‘grades. swide-flange column shapes HSS double angles single angles LRFD and ASD information is presented side-by-side for quick selection, design or verification, All of the tables ‘account for the reduced strength of sections with slender elements, ‘The design and selection method for both LRFD and ASD designs is similar to that of previous AISC Specifications, and will provide similar designs. In this AISC Specification, ASD and LRED will provide identical designs when the live load is approximately theee times the dead load ‘The design of built-up shapes with slender clements can be tedious and time consuming, and it is recommended ‘that standard rolled shapes be used, when possible EI. GENERAL PROVISIONS “The design compressive strength, @.Pq and te ullawable comprensive strength, P/Q, are determined as fullows: 2, = nominal compressive strength based on the controlling buckling mode 4. -0900.RFD} a ~ 1.67 (ASD) Because His used extensively in calculations for compression members, it has been tabulated in AISC Manual Table 4-22 far all of the common steel yield strengths E2. EFFECTIVE LENGTH In the AISC Specification, there is no limit on slenderness, KL/r, Per the AISC Specification Commentary, itis recommended that KLir not execed 200, as a practical limit based on professional judgment and construction Although there is no restriction on the unbraced length of columns, the tables of the AISC Manual are stopped at common ot practical lengths for ordinary usage. For example, a double L3x3x%, with a in. separation has an r, of 1.38 in. Ata KL of 200, this steut would be 237-0" long. This is thought te be a reasonable limit based on fabrication and handling requirements ‘Throughout the AISC Marual, shapes that contain slender elements when supplied in their most common material grade are footnoted with the letter “e”. For example, see a W14x22" E3. FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS Nonslender sections, including ronslender buill-up T-shaped columns and nonslender HSS volumns, are governed by these provisions. The general design curve for critical stress versus Kir is shown in Figure E-1 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GP STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E2 ‘The term L is used throughout this chapter to describe the length between points that are braced against lateral and/or rotational displacement Ba Inclstie meting bs Flaxie bucklin Critical * stress, ksi PN Kur Transition between equations cation varies by F,) Fig. E-1. Standard culumn carve TRANSITION POINT LIMITING VALUES OF KLir ksi Limiting KLir 0.446, ksi 36 134 758 30 113 22.0 60 Tos 26.4 70 % 30.8 E4, TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS This section is most commonly applicable to double angles and W'E sections, which are singly-symmetrc shapes subject to torsional and flexural-torsional buckling. The available strengths in axial compression of these shapes ture tabulated in Part 4 of the AISC Manual and examples on the use of these tables have been included in this chapter for the shapes with KL, = KL, FS. SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS, The available strength of single angle compression members is tabulated in Part 4 of the AISC Manual E6, BUILT-UP MEMBERS ‘There are no tables for buill-u ISC Manual, due to the number of possible geometries. This section suggests the selection of builteu ITH SLENDER FLEMENTS the design of these members is similar to merbers without slender elements except thal the formulas are modified by a reduction factor for slender elements, Q. Note the similarity of Equation E7-2 with Equation E: tnd the similarity of Equation E7-3 with Equation E3-3, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Ea ‘The tables of Part 4 of the AISC Manual incerporate the appropriate reductions in available strength te account for slender elements, Design examples have been included in this Chapter for bull-u L-shaped members with slender webs and slender flanges. Examples have also been included for a double angle, WT and an HSS shape with slender elements, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E4 EXAMPLE EA W. SHAPE COLUMN DESIGN WITH PINNED ENDS Given: P, = 140 kips PL = 420 kips Select an ASTM A592 (F, ~ 50 ksi) W-shape column co carry an axial dead load of _J//4// 140 kips and live load of 420 kips, The column is 30 ft long und is pinned top and bottom in both axes. Limit the column size to a nominal 14-in. shape. Solution: THT From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the toquited compressive strength is TRED. ASD P__(Ia0 ips) + 16(420 Kips P= 140 Kips +420 ips 40 kips 560 kips Column Selection From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0 Because the unbraced length is the same in both the x-x and y-y directions and r, exceeds r, for all W-shapes, -y axis bucking will govern Enter the table with an effective length, KZ,, of 20 ft, and proceed across the table until reaching the least weight shape with an available strength that equals or exceeds the required strength. Select a W14x132 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GP STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes ES Table 4-1 (continued) Available Strength in F,=50ksi Ay Axial Compression, kips i : a i i : i 5 é i From AISC Manual Table 4-1, the available strength for ay-y axis effective length of 30 fis: TRED ASD WP, = 893 Kips > B40 Kips ok FE sane se ok Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INST EEL. CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E46 EXAMPLE EAB W. SHAPE COLUMN DESIGN WITH INTERMEDIATE BRACING. Given: Redesign the column from Example E.1A assuming the column is Iaterally braved about the y-y axis and torsionally braced at the midpoint, Braced Y-direction and Torsionally only Solution: From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the requited compressive strength is TRED ASD P__(140 Kips) + 1.64420 kips) P— 140 kips + 420 Kips 3:40 kips 560 kips Column Selection From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0 Because the unbraced lengths differ in the two axes, select the member using the y-y axis then verify the strength in the xr axis, Enter ATSC Manual Table 4-1 with a yy axis effective length, KZ, of 15 ft and proceed ueross the table until reaching a shape with an available strength that equals wr exceeds the required strength. Try a W14x90. A 15 1. long W14x80 provides an available strength in the y-y direction of TRED ASD oP, 000 kips R = 66rKips Q, ® ‘The 7,1, ratio for this column, shown af the bottom of AISC Manual Table 4-1, is 1.66, The equivalent y-y axis effective length for strong axis buckling is computed as: pote 1.66 wan Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONMet Carters Table 4-1 (continued) Available Strength in Axial Compression, kips F, = 50 ksi ‘Manuel Table 4-1, the available strength of a W14x80 with an effective length of 18 Its: TRED ASD ‘BP, — 925 kips > B40 Kips ok, 618 kips > 560 kips ok, ‘The available compressive strength iy governed by the x-x axis lexural buckling limit slate ‘The available strengths of the columns described in Examples E.1A and & 1B are easily selected directly from the AISC Marual Tables. The available strengths can also be verified by hand calculations, as shown in the following Examples F,1C and F.1D. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters ES EXAMPLE ECW. SHAPE AVAILABLE STRENGTH CALCULATION Given: Calculate the available strength of a W14%132 column with unbraced lengths of 30 fin both axes. The material ‘properties and Toads are as given in Example F,1A, Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are es follows; ASTM A992 Fy 50 ksi Fy = 65 ksi From AISC Manuel Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows wants, A, ~ 388 in? ry =628in, 376 in, ‘Stenderness Check From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K— 1.0 Hecause the unbraced length is the same for both axes, the y-y axis will govern (9008) 1203) Uatem oa) 98,7 0 ksi, the available critical stresses, ¢,#,, and FQ, for KLir=95.7 are interpolated from AISC Manual Table 4-22 as follows: TRED SD OF, 20K E 154 ksi P38 in? (23.0 ksi) 892 kips > 840 kips ok. 8 8 in? (05.4 ksi) 9K kips > S60 kips ok ‘Note that the calculated values are approximately equal to the tabulated values. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GP STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes ES EXAMPLE EAD W. SHAPE AVAILABLE STRENGTH CALCULATION Given: Calculate the available strength of a W14x9C with a strong axis unbraced length of 30.0 ft and weak axis and torsional unbraced lengths of 15.0 fl The material properties and loads are as given in Example 1A, Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows; ASTM A992 Fy 50 ksi Fy = 65 ksi From AISC Manuel Table 1-1, the geametric properties are as Fallows wiaxe0 A, ~ 26. in? re =614in, n, =3.70in, Slenderness Check From AISC Specificutien Commentary Table C-A-7.1, fora pinned-pinned condition, K ~ 1. KL, _1,0(30.0 8) arr =586 governs iy L0{t80 A128} adi LR 486 Critical Stresses The available critical stresses may be interpolated from AISC Manual ‘able 4-22 or calculated directly as follows: Calculate the elastic critical buckling stress, Fe (Spee. Eq. E2-4) 29,000ksi) (say =a33ks Calculate the flexural buckling stress, F. anfé (29,000 ksi F SOs =13 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION}50.0%si Nominal Compressive Sirength Pe Fly 3¥.9ksi(26.5in 1,030 k From AISC Specificatien Section EL, the available compressive strength is Return fo Table ot Carters E10 (Spec. bs, (Spee TRED ASD 2050 = eT ‘bP — 0.90(1,030 kips) . _ 1,030 kips 927 kips > 840 kips ok. a 167 617 kips > 560 kips ok. Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters EAL EXAMPLE EZ BUILT-UP COLUMN WITH A SLENDER WEB Given: Verify that a built-u L1 in. @ in, flanges and a PLY in. x 18 in, web is sufficient to carry a dead load of 70 kips and live Toad of 210 kips in axial compression. The column length is 15 fi and the ends are pinned in both axes, P,=70 kips P= 210 kips het =18" 7 , Solutio From AISC Manual Table 2-5, the material properties are as Follows! ‘Buil-Up Column ASTM AST2 Grade 30 F, ~S0ksi y= 65 ksi The geometric properties are as follows Built-Up Column d~1700in, b= 8.00 in, 4 = 1.00 in A= 15.0in 1 = in From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength is: TERED. ASD PG kips) + 1.610 kips) Fa Kips + 210 Kips 20 kips 280 kips Built-Up Section Properties (ignoring filet welds} A = 2(8,00 in (1.00 in.) + 15.0in,(%4 in) 9.8 in? 1, 2.00 in}(8.00 in}! 15.0.0 in} 12 2 Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters EZ fa5.4 in 198i. 2.08 in ba 1 Dae eye 2(8.00 in’ )(8.00 in.) in.}(15.00 in.}’ _ 2(8.00 in.}(1.00 in.) 1 12 1,100 in Elastic Flexural Buckling Stress From AISC Specificaticn Commentary Table C-A-7.1, fora pinned-pinned condition, K ~ 1.0 Because unbraced length is the same for both axes, the y-y axis will govern by inspection, KL, _10(15.0 8) 1201 , 208i, LR = 865 (Spec. Fa. £3-4) (29,000 ksi} (wes) ahi Elastic Critical Torsional Buckling Stress Note: Torsional buckling generally will not govern if KL, 2 KL; howeve the calculation, the check is ineluded here to illustrate From the User Note in AISC Specification Section F4, a 4 _ 85.4 in “(160 in, as S47Hiné Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E. trom AISC Design Gide 9, Equation 3.4, i yt x5 2(8.00 in.(1.00 in} (15.6 in )(¥ in) 3 = Sal int PEC. Gy | (Ky fie (29,000ksi)(5,470in" | [(.0)(ismy(12) 1.9 ksi > 38.3 ksi yyy | rama (11,200ksi}(5.4tin‘) ‘Therefore, the flexural buckling limit state controls Use F, 383 ksi. Slenderness Check for slender flanges using AISC Specification Table B4.1a, then determine @,, the unstiffened element (flange) reduction factor using AISC Specification Section &7.1 Calculate k using AISC Specification Table B4.1b note [3] not Jin 0.516, which is between 0.35 and 0.76 For the flanges, 4.00 T.00%n. = 4,00 Determine the tTange limiting slenderness ratio 2, Irom AISC Specification Table B4,1a case 2 29, 000 ks) So isi 2.< he; therefore, the Mange is not slender and Q,~ 1.0, Check for a slender web, then determine Q,, the stiffened element (web) reduction factor using AISC ‘Specification Section E7.2, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Ed “hin, = 60.0 Determine the sender web limit frum AISC Specification Table BA.tu vase $ d= 149, fe f go, [OORT 9 4. , therefore the web is sender a-* (Spee a, £7.16) Ay where 4, = effective area based on the reduced effective width, 2 For AISC Specification Equation F7-17 ake fas F., with F, elculated based on = 1.0 Select between AISC:Specificarion Equations £7-2 and E7-3 based on KL/r, Ki/r $65 as previously calculated aE 4 0 Vor, 7.0(50ksi} 13865 ae OF, p = afoos™ (Spee by, £72) = 1ofagss "(sos = 29.0 i [E 034 [E| 6, =1.92t, |=] 1-7 |— |< by where b= A (Spec. Eq. E7-17) Glan =192(0in) [20,34 (B.D) 6 29.0481 |! (I50in/Ain}V 29.0 ksi 12.5 in, < 15.0 in, therefore, compute 4, with reduced effective web width bat + 2B, 125 in(\ in} +2(8.00 in.)(1.00 in.) = 19.1 in? Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION0,0, from AISC Specification Section F7 00(0.965) 0.965 Flexural Buckling Siress Specification Equation E7-2 oF E7-3 applies, Determine whether AIS KLir = 86.5 as previously calculated an Le 41 (cast \o 0,965(S0Ksi) =115> 865 Thetefore, AISC Specification Equation E7-2 applies. (50 ksi) 0658 = 0.965} = 28.5 ksi Nominal Compressive Strength Pen Body . 28.5 ksi(19.8 in) 64 ips From AISC Specificatign Section E1, the available compressive strength is Return fo Table ot Carters E. (Spee. Eg, E7-16) (Spee. Ea. E (Spee. Eg. ET-1) TRED. SD 090 are P= 0.90(564 kips) FL S64 kins 508 kips > 420 kips ok | a 167 = 338 kips > 280 kips ok Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E16 EXAMPLE E.3 BUILT-UP COLUMN WITH SLENDER FLANGES Given: Determine if a built-u Li in, x 10% in, flanges and a PLY in, « 724 in, web has sullicient available strength to carry a dead load of 40 kips and a live load of 120 kips in axial ‘compression. The column's unbraced length is 15.0 ft in both axes and the ends are pinned. 40 kips 120 kips Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-5, the material properties are as follows: Buil-Up Column ASTM AS72 Grade 50 P= S0ksi F.~6Sksi The geometric properties are as follows Built-Up Column 4 =8.00in, by 104 in 4 = Hin Ain, to Min From Chapter 2 of AS ‘SEI, the required compressive strength is: RFD. ASD Ba kipsy + 1.6120 hips) P40 Kips + 120 Kips 40 kips 160 kips Buile-Up Section Properties (ignoring filler welds) Ay ~ 410% im JOA in.) + 7M in. (84 in.) 9.69 in? eecause the unbraced length is the same for both axes, the weak axis will govern, Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E. | (24 inj 0% in)" | 1m 724 in! de ii ES 569i 273 in (4in)(7% in} 2(10%4 in.) (% in)” , 2 2 1, 2(10% in.)( im ](3.81 in.) = 122 int Web Slendermess Determine the limiting slenderness ratio, 2, trom AISC Specificution Table B4.1a case 5: =149/= 5 2 hy j therefore, the flanges are slender For compression members with slender elements, Section E7 of the AISC Specification upplies. The nominal compressive strength, P., shall be determined based on the limit states of flexural, torsional and flexural-torsional ‘buckling. Depending on the slendemess of the column, AISC Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3 applies. F. is used in both equations and is calculated as the lesser of AISC Specification Equations E3-4 and E44, From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0 Because the unbraced length is the sare for both axes, the weuk axis will govern Kb, (Spec. Eg. E3-4) ? (29,000 ksi) (659) 688 ksi Elastic Critical Stress, F, for Torsional Buckling Note: This limit state is not likely to govern, bul the check is included here far completeness, rom the User Note in AISC Specification Section E4, Lhe c 4 72.4 in (7.65 in? 4 = 1,030 in" From AISC Design Guide 9, Fquation 3.4, Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E19 4 in-(% in} (Spec. kg. b-4) 1 \ (11,200%si}(0.407in’){ —— } + (29,¢00s}(1,050in*) | Taint vai } (180%ny? =T12 ksi > 65.9 ksi 65.9 ks Slenderness Reduction Factor. O because the web is not slender, = QQ, from AISC Specification Section F7, where Q,= Calculate Q,, the unstffened element (flange) reduction factor from AISC Specification Section E7.1(b}. Determine the proper equation for Q, by checking limits for AISC Specification Fquations F7-7 to FT-9 b =14.0 as previously calculated 064 6.59, ROUTINE TERY 50 ksi Lat (29, 00U ksi(0.743) 30 ksi FA therefore, AIS B Ek 0.64, irecification Equation E7-8 applies Lay, (b) [F, . =vans—oos{ 8) (E (Spec. Fa SO ks = 1.415~0.65(14.0) | 0s _ ? | (39,000 ksi}[O-745) 0977 Nominal Compressive Strength Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONan [Zan | 2mo OF, 0.97 (50 ksi) 115 > 65.9, therefore, AISC. ecification Equation E7-2 applies 35.8'ksi(9.69 in) 347 kips From AISC Specificatien Section El, the available compressive strength is Return fo Table ot Carters E20 (Spec. Fg, FT-1) TRED ASD %= 090 P,~ 080(387 Kips) 312 kips > 240 kips O16 (P_MTkips ox, | 167 208 kips > 160 kips ok, Note: Built taken directly ftom AISC Manual ‘able 4-1 Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION lection could beReturn fo Table ot Cortes E21 EXAMPLE E4A. W. SHAPE COMPRESSION MEMBER (MOMENT FRAME) This example is primarily intended to ilustrate the use of the alignment chart fer sidesway uninbibited columns in conjunction with the effective length method Given: S= ale Webs of columns and ER 3IEz —— airdersarointhe ‘The member sizes shown for the moment Tt |= plane ofthe fame. feame illseated here (sidesway urinbibited in eee = 2 the plane of the frame) have been determined ta be adequate for lateral loads. The material for both the column andthe girders ASTM, t—_W245S_ gly W285 T=35t ‘A992, The loads shown at each level are the 2h = uccurnulated deud loads and live loads ut that Iie = 1360 in Ie = 1980 in story. The column js fixed atthe base bout ag | . the x-x axis af the column. =e alle Determine ifthe columm is adequate to support eG. ‘the gravity loads shown. Assume the column wo af tinuously supported in thet n ireetion (t-y axis ofthe column). Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows: ASTM A992 B= 50 ksi = 65 ksi From AISC Manuel Table 1-1, the geametric properties are as Fallows: wiexso 1, 800 in w2axss, 4, = 1,350 in W482 A,~ 24.0 in? 1.881 int Column B-C From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength for the column between the roof and fleor is CRED ASD = 12 (415 Kips) +1.6(125 kis) ais +125 = 250 kips 167 kips Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E22 Effective Length Factor Calculate the stiffness reduction parameter, t», using AISC Manual Table 4-21 RED ASD 7250 kips 4, 280in 104 ksi 1 =1.00 'herefore, no reduction in stiffness for inelastic buckling will be required Determine Guy, and Gr Yet Gig “rE DEL {881 in‘) 29,000 ksi] (frum Spee, Comm. Ey. C-A-7-3) 1.00) 29.0 4 138 (from Spee. Comm. Eq. C LEM 2(29, 000 ksi] (881 in‘) man} 1.350 in) 229,000 ksiy| PP (508 (1.00) 1.63 From the aligament chart, AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-A-7.2, K is slightly less than 1.5; therefore use K'~ 1.5, Because the column available strength tables are based on the KL about the y-y axis, the equivalent effective column Iength of the upper sexment fr use im the table is (KL). 13(140 f} 244 sali KL ‘Lake the available strength of the W14x82 from AISC Manual Lable 4-1, ALKL~9 0 the avails | vompression i Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes RFD §P, = 940 Kips > 250 Kips ok, ok, Column AB From Chapter 2 of ASCEISEL 7, the required compressive strength for the column between the floor and the foundation is RED ASD P__ (lOO Kips) + 1.60300 kips) P10 kips + 300 Kips 100 kips 400 ips Effective Length Factor Calculate the stiffness reduction parameter, t, using AISC Manual Table 4-21 TRED ASD F_ 600 kips 400 Kips 4, 240in a, 240in? 25.0 ksi 16.7 ksi 1.00 4 =0,994 Determine Gia and Gesioe accounting for colume.inelastcity by replacing E.l, with r4(Eud.). Use t= 0.994. E (Ete) FEIT) { 29,000 ksi(x#1 in) } Gy (rom Spec, Comm, Fg, 1a (0.994) S___1 V e.c00 350187] 600 Kips ok, ok, ‘A more accurate strength could be determined by interpolation from AISC Manual Table 4-1, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters EXAMPLE E4B. W. SHAPE COMPRESSION MEMBER (MOMENT FRAME) Given: Using the effective length method, determine the available strength ef the column shown subject to the samme gravity loads shown in Example E.4A with the ceolumn pinned ut the base about the sex axis, All other assumplions remain the Webs of columns and girders are in the plane of the frame, Solution: As determined in Fxample F.4A, for the column segment B-C between the roof and the floor, the column strength is adequate As determined in Example F.4A, for the ealumn segment A-B between the floor and the foundation, Gg = 1.62 Atthe base, Gruen = 10 (pinned) from AISC Specification Commentary Appendix 7, Section 7.2 Note: this isthe anly change in the analysis. rom the alignment chart, AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-A-7.2, K is approximately equal to 2.00 Because the column available strength tables are based on the effective length, KL, about the yxy axis, the effective column length ofthe segment A-B for use inthe table Ke (= j _ 2000(14.0 8) 24 nsf Interpolate the available strength ofthe Wt 4x82 from AISC Manual Table 4-1 ASD ok 573 kips> 400 kips ok Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E26 EXAMPLE ES DOUBLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBER WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS Given: Pp = 20 kips P, = 60 kips Verify the strength of a 2L4x3%x% LBB (%-in. separation} strut, ASTM 36, L/g//is with a Tength of § ft and pinned ends carrying an axial dead load of 20 kips and live load of 60 kips, Also, calculate the required number of pretensioned bolied or ‘welded intermediate connectors required. Solution: 3 From AISC Marwal Table 2-4, the material properties areas follows: 4 ASTMA36 Fy 36 ksi Fo ksi TNT From AISC Manuel Tables 1-7 and 1-15, the geometric properties are as follows: Lax¥o0% LBB. r= 0.719 in, 2L4y3¥6x9% LBB r= 125in, 1, — 135 in. for Mein. separation 1, = 1.69 in, for ¥-in, separation spter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength is: ERED. ASD Table Solution From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, fora pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0 For (KL), ~ 8 ft the available strength in axial compression i taken from the upper (X-X) portion of AISC Manual Table 49 xs TD SD, R= Kips > 120 Kips ok 847 kips > 80.0 kips ok, For buckling about the y-y axis, the valucs are tabulated for « separation of % in, ‘To adjust to a spacing of % in., (KE), is multiplied by the ratio ofthe r, for a Yin. separation to the r, for a%-in separation, Thus, 1.0(8.00 ($55) KL), (xe), (Tevin } 734 ft Design Examples V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E27 ‘the calcula, lent (KL), in the preceding text is a simplified approximation of AISC Specification Section 6.1. To ensure a conservative adjustment for a Yin. separation, take (KL), ~ 8. The available strength in axial compression is taken from the lower (¥-Y) portion of AISC Manual Table 4-9 as: TRED ASD. GP = 130 Kips > 120 Kips ok, 86.3 kips > 80.0 kips ok, therefore, x-¥ axis flexural buckling governs, Intermediate Connectors From AISC Manual Table 4-9, at least two welded or pretensioned bolted intermediate connectors are required. This can be verified as fellows ««~ distance between connectors S.00 (12 init) T spaces 2.0, From AISC Specification Section F6,2, the effective slenderness ratio of the individual components of the built-n fourths of the ‘governing slenderness ratio of the built-u 1.0(8.00 A){12 inst} a = 168 controls Lo(s.00 €){02 inst} 169 in 56.8 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E28 » {2 3K 0.719in (268) 0} 14 in. > 320m. ok, thus, «< Note that one connector would mut be adequate ay 48.0 in, > 41.4 in, The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the AISC Manual, Available strength values can be verified by hand calculations, as follows Caiculation Solution From AISC Manuel Tables 1-7 and 1-15, the geometric properties are as follows: Laxavnts 214x396 LLB (14 in. separation) A> 5.36 in? r= 1.69 in. F233 in H=0813 Slenderess Check 00 in, Yin. 10.7 Determine the limiting slenderness ratio, 2,, from AISC Specification ‘Table B4.1a Case 3 dy was fE/R, = 0.4525, 000 K5736 Ks: 128 2. 76.8, therefore : =p Je (Spee. bs. 42-2) 0.65887 [(36 ksi) 264ksi controls Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling For nonslender double angle vompression members, AISC Specification Equation E4-2 applies. Fay is taken as F,, for flexural buckling about the »-y axis from AISC Specification Equation E3-2 or E3-3 as applicable, Using AISC Specification Section E6, compute the modified KLir, for built up members with pretensioned bolted ‘or welded connectors, Assume two connectors are required. 56.0 in/3 =32.0in (single ungle) 79 in «in nh O719in. 44.5 >40, therefore (Spee. Eg, E6-2b) 6102134 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL TE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E30 (Spee. kg. #3-4) (2) (29,000 ksi) ~~ (61.0) = 76.9 ksi (Spec. Fa, F3-2) (Spec. Eq, E4-3) (11,200 ksi) (2 amgtes)(0.132 in (536 in"}(2.33 in} = 102 ksi 4, -[ft8e\. [_ See | Usk (Spec. Ea. E4-2) [Geeks (wozisi)(us3} | 2(0813) (29.6ksi + 102ksi} 2TT ksi docs not control ‘Nominal Compressive Strength P= Fads (Spee. Fy. E41) = 26.819i(5.36 in?) 42 kips From AISC Specification Section El, the available compressive strength is TRFD ASD rary aa 4. =0.90(142 kips) 2 12kips 8 kis > 120 kips ox, fa. 167 85,0 kips > 80.0 ips ok. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL TE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes EAL EXAMPLE E.6 DOUBLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS Vet Soke Deen ifs 2.590% LLB Cn, sprint, ASTM AD6, with engl Kips nde Toad of 30 Kip nae compression A, cles the rose tuner of poe tole or weld needa cones Sotton: 2 From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows’ ASTMA36 F,~36ksi F.~S8ksi THT From AISC Manuel Tables 1-7 and I-15, the geometric properties are as follows: Lexan (652 in 2L5+3x¥4 LLBB 2 in, 19 in, for Yin. separation 7,= 13 in. for %in, separation ipter 2 of ASCE/S 7, the required compressive strength is: TRFD ASD lm =1.2{10 kips) 1.6130 kips} FTO Kips +30 hips 60.0 Kips = 40.0 kips Table Solution From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K ~ 1.0, rom the upper portion of AISC Manual ‘lable 4-9, the available strength for buckling about the x-x axis, with (KL), ~ 8 fis TRAD Sb GR, NTT Kapa > GOD Kips on 8.0 kips > 40.0 kips ok. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITU IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E32 For buckling about the y-y axis, the tabulated values are based on a separation of % in. To adjust for a spacing of ‘Win, (KE), is multiplied by the ratio of r, for w-in, separation to, for a %-in, separation (x2), -10(80 (+ 8 in | 716A ‘his calculation of the equivalent (KL), does not completely take into account the effect of AISC Specification Section E6.1 and is slightly unconservative, From the lower portion of AISC Manual Table 4-9, interpolate fora value at (KL), ~ 7.16 f. ‘The available strength in compression is: TRED ASD G52 kips > 60.0 kips ok | ah ok ‘These strengths are approximate due to the linear interpolation from the table and the approximate value of the equivalent (KC), noted in the preceding text. These can be compared to the more accurate values calculated in detail as follows intermediate Connectors From AISC Manual Table 45, itis determined that at least two welded or pretensioned bolted intermediate ‘connectors are required, This can be confirmed by calculation, as follows: 4 ~ distance between connectors (8.00 8) 1250.2} Tapuces 320i, From AISC Specification Section E6.2. the eflective slenderess ratio of the individual components of the built-u fourths of the governing slenderness ratio ofthe buill-up member, cc Solving for a gives, a aK 0.652 in KL, 1.U(8.0 f)(02.0 in ft) Te2in 593 1,0(8.0 )(12.0 in /A) 133 i 72.2. eumtrals Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITU IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters 3(0.652 in} (72.2) a0} 2353 in> 320i, ok. ‘The governing slenderness ratio used in the calculations of the AISC Manual tubles includes the effets of the provisions of Section F6,1 and is slightly higher as a result, See the following for these calculations, As a result, ‘the maximum connector spacing calculated here is slightly conservative. Available strength values can be verified by hand calculations, us follows, Caleulation Solution From AISC Manual Tables 1-7 and 1-15, the geometric propertics are as follows, Lsxaxi J = 00438 in. 0,853 in F ~ 0.688 in 2L5%3x¥4 LBB Ay 3.88 in? ny ~ 1B in. F =2,59 in, H = 0657 Slenderness Check 0 in, Yin 200 Calculate the limiting slenderness ratio 2, from AISC Specification Table B4.la Case 3 a, =04s F = 04s, 36 ksi 128 2.1, j therefore the angle has a slender element For a double angle compressin member with slender elements, AISC Specification Section 7 applies. The ‘nominal compressive strength, P,, shall he determined based «n the limit sites of flexural, torsion ad flexural- torsional buckling. F, will be determined by AISC Specification Equation E7-2 ot E7-3. Calculate the slendemess reduction fucter, Q Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL TE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E34 O- 0.0, from AISC Specification Section #7. Calculate Q, for the angles individually using AISC Specification Section FT. le, 04s | 1282200 F 01 aoe 36 ksi ° 25.8>20, 1 applies. (Spee. Eg. E7-11) =1.34-0.76(20.0} sua 0, =1.0 (no stiffened elements) Therefore, 0=0.0- = 0.804(1.0) exo Critical Stress. Fy From the preceding text, K'= 10, AISC Specification Equations E7-2 and E7-3 require the computation of F. For singly symmetric members, AISC ‘Specification Fquations F3-4 und B4-S apply, Flexural Buckling about the x-x Axis KL. _1.0(8.0 1)(12.0 in) TAD in (Spee. Eq. 3-4) =814ksi docs not control ‘Torsional and Flexueal-Torsional Buckling 1.0(8.0 (12.0 int) Tain Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GP STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E. na Using AISC Specification Section F6, compute the modified KLir, for buill-a ted ‘or welded connectors, a= 96.0in/3 2.0 in n> ro(aingle angle) 652 in, 232i 0.652 in, 49.1 > 40, therefore, (Spee. kg. £6-2b) (from Spee. Fg. F4-8) (Spec. Ea, 4-9) (11,2004) (2angles)(0.0438i (Basin? 125 = 307 ksi (Spec. Fa, E4-5) 2(0.657) (49.2ksi-+37.7ksi) (“s ane). f eee] Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION268ksi_contrals Use the limits based on F, to determine whether to apply Specification Fquation F7-2 or F7-3, OF, _ 0x04(36 ksi) 2225 12.9 kst £264 ksi, therefore AISC Specification ke p op 8.4 ksi Nominal Compressive Strength = Fody 184 ksi(3.88 in’) 714 kips uation E:7-2 applies 804] 0.658 #36 si) From AISC Specificatign Section El, the available compressive strength is Return fo Table ot Carters E36 (Spee. Eg (Spee. Eq. E71) TRED ASD. 8.= 090 O=167 B_ 714 kips j-P, = 0.90(71.4 kips TA hips ‘ (71-4 Kips) a” 167 64.3 kips > 60.0 kips. ok, 42.8 kips > 40.0 kips ok. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Eat EXAMPLE E.7 WI COMPRESSION MEMBER WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS Given: P= 20 Kips Select an ASTM A492 nonslender W'-stape compression member witha length of P= 80 Kips 20 to support x deudTond of 20 kips and lve loud OF 60 kis tn axial compression, LULU, The ends ae pinned f Solution: from AISC Manual Table 2-4, the materia properties areas follows z ASTM A992 4 F, =50 si Fei From Chapter 2 of ASCEISEI 7, the required compressive strength is: TRED ASD [ez = 1.2(20 Kips) +1.6(60 kips} 20 kips+ 60 Kips 120 kips 80.0 kips Table Sulution From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, fora pinned-pinned condition, K ‘Therefore, (KL), ~ (KE), ~ 20.0 0. Select the lightest nonslonder member from AISC Manual Lable 4-7 with sufficient available strength about both the «-x axis (upper portion of the table) and the -y axis (lower portion of the table} to support the required strength Try a WI7x36, ‘The availble strength in compression is: TEED ASD $.P, = 18 Kips> 120 kips controls ok Ships ADOpS eomiean vk 6.2, =221 kips > 120 kips ok. 1147 kips> 80.0 kips ok ‘The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables ef the AISC Manual. Available strength values cam be verified by hand calculations, as follows, Caiculation Solution From Al Manuel Table 1-8, the geometric properties are as follows wires Ay~ 10.0 in? re L8l in 1 =2.46 ie, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E38 J 1sQiet F = 1.29 in 4, ~326in4 4, 607 in* d~7.02ie. by = 0415 in, 3, 10.0 yy ~ 0.720 in. ‘Stem Slendemess Check a w 7.02%n, 0.415in 169 a Determine the stern limiting slenderness ratio, A, from AISC Specification Table 4.1 Case 4 ons e F, =07: 8.1 2 120 kips ok 85.0 kips > 80.0 kips ok Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E42 EXAMPLE E.8 WI COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS, Given: ips: P= 18 kips Select an ASTM A992 WT-shape compression member with a length of 20 ft 10 _Ligs/d/ support a dead load of 6 kips and live load of 18 kips in axial compression, The ends are pinned Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows’ [ASTM A992 F, = S0ksi Fi, 6S ksi From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength is: TRED ASD. lez 1.2(6 Kips} +1.6(18 kips} 2, = Ckips +18 kips = 26.0 kips = 24.0 kips Table Solution From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0 Therefore, KL), = 20.0 0, KD), Solect the lightest member from AISC Manual Table 4-7 with sufficient available strength about the both the x-x axis (1 le) und the yy axis (lower portion of the table) to support the required strength Try aWT 7x15. The available strength in axial compression from AISC Manual Table 4-7 is: RED. ASD BBe = OTK DS S00 Kios OM | Ps 444 kipy> 24.0 kips ok a. L, os 4c, =36.6kips > 360kips controls, ok, | Z*=24.4kips>24.0kip» —_conteals ok The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the ATSC Manual, Avuila 8, the geometric properties are as follows: wr7xts 4,=4.42 in? 1-207 ia r= 149in J =0.190in* @,-06n1 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F=18 in, 1, =190in! 5, -9.79in* d-692in 1, ~ 0270 in by = 6.23 in, yy ~ 0385 in ‘Stem Slenderness Check 6.92 in 0.270 in 236 Determine stem limiting slendemess ratio, 2, from AISC Specification Tuble B4.1a case 4 =o75 [2 iB 29,000 ksi si =075, 181 > hej therefore, the web is slender Flange Sienderness Check by ___673 in 2(0385 in} =874 Determine flange limiting slenderness ratio, 2, ftom AISC Specification Table B4.1a Case 1 a, -0.36 |= FB = .s0, 23000 se 1 che; therefore, the Mange is not slender Because this WT7%15 has a slender web, AISC Specification Section E7 is applicable. The nominal compressive strength, P,, shall be determined based on the limit states of cxural, lorsienal ard flexural-torsional bucking xx Axis Critical Elastic Flexural Buckling Stress K.t,_1.6(20.0 0)(02 init} a 207 in =116 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E44 = (Spee. bs. #38) G) (29,000 ks) (16) 23s Critical Elastic Torsional and Flesural Torsional Buckling Stress KL _1.0(260 f)(12 inst) Tain =161 (Spec. Eg. E4-8) ¥ (29,000 ksi} (sie = Osi Torsional Parameters tthe shear center for a 'I-skaped section is located or the axis of symmetry at the mid-depth of the flange. x, = 0.0 in (Spee. Fg, E4-11) 19.0 in’ +9.79 int + (1.39 in) + + ( ) 4.42 in, (Spee. Eg. E4-10) (1.39 in} 845 in? Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION11,200 ksi(@.190 in GAD In (845 in) = 57.0 ksi K an -(aErm 105 ksi controls (11.0 191s 570s [- AUDA. S| (U.G ksi + 57.0 ksi) Check limit for the applicable equation, OF, _(0.611}(50 ksi) 235 225 13.6 ksi > 10.5 ksi, therefore, AISC Fe =ONTTE, =0.877(10.5 ksi) 9.21 si Rak, 9.21 ksi(4.42 in?) 40.7 kips Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION ecification Fquation F7-3 applies Return fo Table ot Cortes E. (Spec. Eg. £4-9) (Spee. Eg. E4-5) (Spee. Eg. 7-3) (Spee. Eg. BT-1)From AISC Specificatign Section El, the available compressive strength is Met Carters E46 LRFD. ASD. % 090 6.2, = 0.90(40.7kips) 36.6 kips > 36.0 ips 167 P_ 40.7kips a 16 14.4 Kips > 24.0 kips ok, ok, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes ET EXAMPLE E.9 RECTANGULAR HSS COMPRESSION MEMBER WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS Given: Select an ASTM ASO Grade B rectangular HSS compression member, with a Ld Tength of 20 f, to support a dead load of 85 kips and live load of 255 kips in axial ‘compression. The base is fixed and the top is pinned. Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows’ ASTM A500 Grade B F, = 46 ksi Fe S8 ksi From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, he required compressive strength is: RED ASD [?,1.2(85 Kips) + 1.6(255 kips) , =85 kips +255 kips 510 kips = 340 kips Table Sobution From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a fixed-pinned condition, K = 0.8 (Kt), KL), = 6.8(20.0 A} = 16.0 Enter AISC Manuel Table 4-3 for rectangular sections oF AISC Manual table 4-4 for square sections. Try an HSS12x10%%4, From AISC Manuel Table 4-3, the available strength in axial compression is: TERED. ASD @P, = S18 hips > S10 Kips ok. 45 kips > 240 kips ok, ‘The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the AIS values can be verified by hand calculations, as follows, Manual. Available strength Caieulation Solution From AISC Manual able 1-11, the geometric properties are as follows: HSS12«1003% Ap= 146 in? 7 4.61 in ry 4.01 in tog 0.349 in, Slenderness Check Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E48 Note: According to AISC Specification Section B4.1b, ifthe comer radius is not known, 6 and h shall be taken as the outside dimension minus three times the design wall thickness, This is generally a conservative assumption Calculate bt ofthe mast slender wall. h 12.0in,-5(0.349in.) 0349in, 314 Determine the wall limiting slendemess ratio, 2, from AISC. Specification Table B4.1a Case 6 =1.40, 352 ‘Ah, ; therefore, the section does not contain slender elements, Because 7, < reand (KL), ~ (KL), Will govern the available strength, Determine the applicable equation, Kb 0.8(200 8)(12 inst) 7 401 in 2473 am E471 2H F 46 ksi 118 2479, therefure, use AISC Specification Equation E32 Cpe. 42-9) _ (29,000 ksiy (47.9) 12s a [oss (sec Fa F32) (Spec. Eg. E3-1) = 39.4 ksi(146 in’) Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION375 kips From AISC Specification Section Fl, the available compressive stremgth is Met Carters E49 TRED. ASD, a 525 ips 0.90 (575 kips 90(575 kips) os = 518 kips > $10 kips ok. 344 kips > 340 kips ok, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E50 EXAMPLE E10 RECTANGULAR HSS COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS, Given: P,= 26 kips P.=77 kips Select an ASTM ASO0 Grade B rectangular HSS12x8 compression member with a Lgs/// Tength of 30 A, ta support an axial dead load of 26 kips and live load of 77 kips. The base i fixed and the top is pinned, A column with slender elements hus been selected te dempnstrate the design of such a : member 3 Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTM AS00 Grade B Fy 46 ksi Fe ~ SB ksi From Chapter 2 of ASCK/SEI 7, the tequited compressive strength is: TRFD ASD F =12(26 haps) +1 6(77 kips) 7, = 26 Kips +77 Kips 154 kips = 103 kips Table Solution From AISC Specificatien Commentary Table C-A-7.1, fora fixed-pinned condition, K = 0.8 (Kb) = (KD) = 0830.0 )=2408 Enter AISC Manual ‘Table 4-3, for the HSS12x8 section and proceed to the lightest section with an available strength that is equal tor greater than the required strength, in this case an HSS 1238s, From AISC Manuel Table 4-3, the available strength in axial compression is: RED. ASD. ‘QP, = 156 kips > 154 kips ok, kips = 103 kips ok, the available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the AISC Manual. Available strength values var be verified by hand calculations, a follows, including ad/ustments for slender elements. Caiculation Solution From AISC Manuel Table 1-11, the geometric properties areas follows: Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E. HSSIZ8xe A, ~ 676 in? 1 = 4.56 in 3.35 in = 43.0 = 66.0 ayy = 0.174 in Slenderness Check Calculate the limiting slendemess ratio, 2, from ATSC Specification Table B4 1a case 6 for walls of HSS. sof r ogo PUES ais = 35.2 < 43.0 and 35.2 < 66.0, therefore both the §-in, and 12-in, walls are slender elements Note that for determining the width-to-r (@. For the selected shape, b= 800 in. ~3(0.174 in} 7.48 in, f= 12.0 in, ~3(0.174 in} 113 in AISC Specification Section F7 is used for an HSS member with slender elements, The nominal compressive strength, P, is determined based upen the limit states of flexural buckling. Torsional buckling will not govern for HSS unless the torsional unbraced length greatly exceeds the controlling flexural unbraced length, Lifective Area, A ~z (Spec. £9, E7-16) surnmation of the effective areas of the cross section based on the reduced effective widths, bi. For flanges of square and rectangular slendet-clement sections of uniform thickness, Ef, 038 [E oon fE| 8 [Een Spe. Bg, E718) “fF Gry F ree Es where f= P, /4,, but ean conservatively be taken as #, according to the User Note in Specification Section 7.2. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes For the 8-in, walls, ee pes sdin. $7.48 in Length that is ineffective ~ b=, 7.48 in, — 6.53 in = 0.950 in, For the 12-in, walls, oleate | (e861 1,92(0.174 in.),/ 22000 St), __O38_ [29,000 ksi a6ksi | (66.0)V dks TAB in. $11 in, Length that is ineffective = bb, 1S in, = 718 in, =432in 6.76 in.? — 2(0.174 in 0.950 in.) 2(0.174 in.)(4.32 in.) = 4.93 in? For cross sections composed of only stiffened slender elements, U ~ Q, (Q, ~ 1.0) (Spee. Eq, E7-16) 29,000 ksi 0729146 ksi) 139 > $6.0, therefore AISC Specification Equation E7-2 applies anf For the limit state ef Mexural buckling, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Es3 (Spec. ke _ (29,000 ksi) (86.0) = 387s Fe (Spec. Eg. E7-2) ovasfasss 3.3 ksi Nominal Compressive Strength Pe Fidy (Spec. Eg 24,3 ksi(6.76 in) = 158 kips From AISC Specification Section El, the available compressive strength is, TRFD ASD 8-090 O16 " PL _158kips )-P,- 0.90158 Kips) z ean aie 142 Kips < 154 kips 54.6 kips < 103 kips See following note. See following note. Note: A smallee available stengtk is calculated here because a conservative inital assumption (/~ F,) was made in applying AISC Specification Equation F7-18, A more exact solution is oblared by iterating from the evetive area Ac, step using f= F,/4, until the value of f converges. The HSS column strength tables i the AISC Manual were calculated using this iterative procedure. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Ed EXAMPLE Ell PIPE COMPRESSION MEMBER 35 kips P= 105 kips Given: Select an ASTM AS3 Grade B Pipe compression member with a length ‘of 30 M1 te support a dead load of 35 kips and live load of 105 kips ie axial compression. The column is pin-connected at the ends in both axes and braced at the midpoint inthe y-y direction, Solution: Braced Yeairection From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties areas follows: only ASTM AS3 Grade B Fp 3S ksi TTT F< 60 ksi From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI7, the required compressive strength is: CRED ASD Tips} “1.6(105 Kips) F,_35 kips #105 kips 210 kips = 140 kips Table Solution From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K ~ 1.0, ‘Therefore, (KL), = 30 0 ft and (KL), = 15.0 ft Buckling about the x x axis contrs Enter AISC Manual Table 4-6 with « KL of 30 1 and proceed across the table until reughing the lightest seetion with sufficient available strength to support the required strength. Try a 10-in, Standaed Pipe. From AISC Manual Table 4-6, the available strength in axial compression is: ASD ok, 48 kips > 140 kips ok, ‘The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the AISC Manual. Available strength values can be verified by hand calculations, as follows. Caiculation Solution From AISC Manuel Table 1-14, the geometric properties areas follows: Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fipe 10 Std. 4, = 115 1 3.68 2-2 316 No Pipes shown in AISC Manual Table 4-6 are slender at 35 ksi, so no local buckling check is required; however, some round HSS are slender at higher stee! strengths. The following calculations illustrate the required check Limiting Width-to-Thickness Ratio: 2, =O.11E/F, ftom AISC Specification Tabie B12 case 9 = 0.11(29,000ks:/35 ksi) 9 2< hp; therefore, the pipe is not slender Critical Stress, Fy ke _(300 R)(I2 inst) r 3.68 in an LOOSE 7.8, therefure ATSC Specification Fquation F3-2 applies =918 (Spee. Eg. E3-4) b GF 129,000 bi) (97.8) 2894s (Spee. By, 2-2) 2A ksi Nominal Compressive Strength B=FA, (Spec. Eg. E3-1) 21.4ksi(t1 > in’) 246 kips Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E56 From AISC Specification Section El, the available compressive strength s TRAD ASD 080 aie : 2 246 ips JF, = 090 (246 kips) 4. (: ips a. 16 = 221 kips> 210 kips ox. | =147 kips> 140 kips ok [Note thatthe design procedure would be similar for a round HSS column, Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes EST SHAPED MEMBER WITH DIFFERENT FLANGE SIZES EXAMPLE E12 BUILT-UP Given: Compute the avail le strength of a built- length of 14 ft. The ends are pinned, The outside fa 0.75 429,000 ksi/SOksi “18.1. ‘Therefore, the member is a slender element member and the provisions of Section E7 must be followed. Determine the elastic buckling stress for flexural buckling about the y= 8 4-12 KL _1.0(9.0 8302 ins) ES 4 Ee, (es. 80-4 (i Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E66 #2(29.000 ksi 5.0)" 9.6 ksi Flexural buckling about the x-axis Flexural buckling about the x-axis is determined using the modified slendemess ratio to account for shear ‘deformation ef the intermediate connectors, Note that the provisions of AISC Specification Section E6.1, which require that KLit be replaced with (KLit)q, apply if “the buckling mode involves relative deformations that produce shear forces in the connectors between individual shapes..." Relative slip between the two sections accuts for buckling about the x-axis so the provisions of the section apply cxly to buckling about the x-axis, The connectors ure welded at the ends and the intermediate point. The modified slendetness is ealeuluted using the spacing between intermediate connectors a ~ 4.5 (12.0 in/R) ~ 34.0 in, m4, 2T in 2 $4.0in me 127m =425 Because ary >40, use ATSC Specification Equation E6-2b, ay ae xy (Spee, Fag 76-26) rh (.0(200 g(a iin) 29 [Sam ana(aso (120 in) (essasonjoireinty) 5g (arm | =y(28.9)" +(366)" = 466 (fram Spec. Eq. E34) Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E467 _ (29,000 ksi (466) 152 ksi ‘Torsional buckling: (Spee. Eg E44) Tey Law? ‘The cruciform section made up of two back-to-back W1's has virtually no warping resistance, thus the warping contribution is ignored and Equation B4-4 becomes (11,200 ksi9(0.808 ny (165 in +19.1 in} 49.2 ksi Use the sinalest elastic buckling stress, Fy, ftom the limit states considered above to determine F,, by AISC Specification Equation E7-2 or Equation E7-3, as follows: = 0.496 Fe ~ Fasten 39.6 ksi (y-axis flexural buckling) OF, 0.49650 ksi) A SOK = 0,626 < 2.25 ‘Therefore use Equation E7-2, | oe Fi, =olosss® Ir, 0.496 [0.658°* |(s0 ksi) =I9.Lksi Determine the nominal compressive strength, Py Pao Bea Ay (Spee. Fq. B7-1) = (19.1 ksi)11.8 in?) = 225 kips Determine the availa le compressive strengtty [ERED [asp Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters E68 4% — 080 $F, =01.90(225 kips) 203 kins Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E69 EXAMPLE E.14_ ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SINGLE-ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBER (LONG LEG ATTACHED) Given: Determine the available strength of an eccentrivally loaded ASTM A36 L8x4x%e single angle, ay shows, with an effective length of § ft. The long leg of the angle is the attached leg, and the eccentric load is applied at 0.751 as shown. Use the provisions of the AISC Specification and compate the results to the available strength found in AISC Manual Table 4-12. Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows; ASTM A36 From AISC Manual Table 1-7: LBxaxte b= 8.00. d= 4.00. t= %oin. = 0.829 in = 281 in, A= Savin’ 1= 342 in* I, = 6.03 in* 1 = 384in! 0.867 in tan a = 0.268 Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes E70 From AISC Siapes Database VIA: Fig. £ 14-1. Geametry about principal axes. ‘The load is applied at the location shown in Figure E,14-1. Determine the eccentricities about the major (w-¥ axis) and minor (zz axis} principal axes for the load, P. From AISC Manual Table 1-7, the angle of the principal axes 18 Found to be a ~ tan-"(0.268) ~ 15.0" Using the geometry shown in Figures E.14-1 and E.14-2: 0 =[(F +0.95¢)—(0.5h—F) ane sin of 2222) cova (0.829 in. 0.75 Ys in.)]~(4.00 ic. —2.81 in.)(0.268)} (0. as9)-[ eee = 1.45 in ¥+0.751)eosa—(0.5b-F}sina = [0.829 in.+(0.75}(%« in.) (0.966)—(4.00 in,-2.81in.}(0.289) 810 in Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters EJ Hecause of these eccentricities, the moment resultant kas components abcut both principal axes; therefore, the combined stress provisions of AISC Specificution Section H2 must be followed. Fig. E.14-2, Applied moments and eccentric axial load. Due to the load and the given eccentricities, moments about the w-w and z-z axes will have different effects on pointy A, Bund C, The axial force will praduce a compressive stress und the moments, where positive moments are in the direction shown in Figure E.14-2, will praduce stresses with a sign indicated by the sense given in the following. In this example, compressive stresses will be taken as positive and tensile stresses will be taken as negative. Point Caused by M, Caused by M, A tension tension B tension compression c compression tension Available Compressive Sirength ‘Check the slenderess of the longest leg for uniform compression, a in Ye in = 183 6 8 From AISC Specification Table B4.1a, the limiting width-to-thickness rati is Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes ET Since bit - 18.3 > 12.8, this angie must be treated as a slender element compression member according to AISC Specification Section E7.1(c). To determine the appropriate equation for determination of Q, compare Bit to 0 F 2 nao i VA “<0.91 waa ks 6 ksi <258 Thus, Q, is computed fora slender unstiffened element in campression from AISC Sperification Equation E7-11 o-o = 0.850 Determine the critical stress, F,, with KL = 60.0 in. for buckling about the 2-2 axis KL _ 60.0in. 0867 in = 69.2 car ean | 2200s ‘OF, CRORE <14s ‘Therefore, use Equation F7-2: oe, | uss (Spee. kg. EF (Spee, Fg, F3-4) (29,000 ksi) (2) 58.8 ksi ‘Therefore: Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes (Spee. By. E7-2) 06s Flag es) a.sso| 247 ksi ‘The nominal strength, 7, is Pa = Fordy (Spec. Fa F7-1) = 247 ksi(S.11 in) = 126 kips From AISC Specification Section El, the available compressive strength is TRED ASD 0. =187 4-090 2126 kips OR 90(126 kips) Qe 113 ips = 75.4 kips Determine the available Hlexural strengths, M,,, and My, and the available flexutal stresses at each peint on the cross section, Limit State of Yielding Consider the limit state of yielding for bending about the w-w and 2-2 axes at points A, B and C, according to AISC Specification Section F10.1 Sac =11.0%n Mya = Sue =(264s1)(11.0 m4} = 396 kipein Mags =1.5M ye (from Spec. a. F10-1) =1.5(396 kip-in.} 59 kipein Sue =14.6in* yar = Fy Sun 36 bs) (146 in’) = 526 kipein Moxa “LSM ye (liom Spec. F10-1) =1.5(526 kip-in } = 789 kip Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONSuc = 7,04 in’ Myc: = FySwc (36 ks:)(7.08 in) 253 kipsin Mone = 13M yc =1:5(283 kip-in) 380 kip-in Seq = L461 in? Mya = BS = (36 ksi(1.61 in) = 580 kipsin Mus SM ya 3(38.0 kipse.) 7.0 kip-in, Sup =2S1in? Mya ~ FySc = (36i)(251 in?) =136 kipin, Sar 09 in? Myc = FSsc 364s) (509 in’) 2183 kipsin Mac “15M, 1.5(183 kipin.) 275 kipcin Select the least M, for each exis For the iit state of yielding shout the w-w ais, Mg =380 kip. For the limit state of yielding about the 2-2 axis, My, =87.0 ip-in Limit State of Lateral-Torsional Buckling Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTION Return fo Table ot Carters E74 (from Spec. Ea. F10-1) (from Spec, Fa, F10-1) (dom Spee, Ba. F10-1)Return fo Table ot Carters E. From AISC Specification Section #10.2, the limit state of lateral-trsional buckling of a single angle without ‘santinuous restraint along its length is a function af the elastic lateal-torsional buckling moment about the major principal axis, For bending about the major principal axis for an unequal leg angle: sue (mom From AISC Specification Section F1, for uniform moment along the member length, Cy, = 1.0, From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-F10.1, an L8x4xHe has B. =$.48 in, From AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-F10.4b, with the tip ofthe long leg (point C) in compression for bending about the w-axis, fl, is taken as negative. Thus . J +e.| (yet F105) (60.0 in.)(%in.)} s.48 ny? + (12052)| OE Fs csasiny _ 49028, wot 4.9(29,000 ksij(3.84 in)(1.0}) soem tal, 505 kip-in Because M,ac = 253 kipein, axes resulting in the following, moments Using AISC Specification Appendix 82, an approximate second-order analysis can be performed. The required second-order flexural strengths will be By, Mand B;, M., respectively, where Cn 4 -—S, (Spec. bq. Af R and o(LRED) @=1.6 (ASD) Cq~ 1.0 for a column with uniform moment along ity Iength For each axis, parameters P.iy and P,,, a8 used in the moment magnification terms, By, and By, are: Paw ae (Spee. Ba. A-8-5) (29,000 ksin6.4 in (60.0 in.) 2,890 kips Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL IE GF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cartes E78 wi (my 72 (29,000 ksi)(3.84 in nd Utom Spee. Eq, A-8-3) Baw Lo. ah 2,800 kips (ftom Spec. ba. A-8-3) Thus, the cequited second-order flexural strengths ate , 10 rw Poe ar 2,890 kips } M,, = Re] —# Mate TE 3085 is | Interaction of Axial and Flexural Strength Evaluate the interaction of axial and flexural stresses according to the provisions of AISC Specification Section 1, the interaction equation is given as. fu, Sow , fos |g ve ta, 2-1 Fe Faw * Fin [1° (Spec Fa, 12-1) where the stresses are to be considered ut each point on the cross section with the appropriate sign representing the sense of the stress. Because the required stress and available stress at any point are both functions of the same section property, A of S, it is possibie to convert Equation 112-1 from a stress based equation to a force based ‘equation where the section properties will eancel Substituting the available strengths and the expressions for the required second-order flexural strengths into AISC ‘Specification Equation 12-1 yields: RFD. ASD. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL TE GP STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cartes E79 10 (1.45 in) 2B kip. | ay Ta a <10 | 0 30s Kips | 2, (0.810 in ips P(1.45 in} $4 kips 165 kip-in (77.800 Kips J [zcosieinyy__1_) 52.1 kipin Toor, | 1 (305 kips | Lo ‘These interuction equations must now be applied at each critical point on the section, points A, Bund C using the appropriate sign for the sense of the resulting stress, with compression taken as positive For point A, the w term is negative and the z term is negat ive. Thus TS Kips 248 Kips 5 50 kips J <0 [ane in) 10) Alosro in) Ez Takin. |S By iteration, P= 86.2 hips TRFD ASD R_P(145in}f 1 _] |_#& _Pitasinjy iv __) EUS iT 00F 75.4 kips 165 kip-ia .60R, 52.1 Kipein, 607, 305 kips | | ene 10 By iteration, P, = 56.1 kips. pokes |g <10 For point B, the w term is negative and the z term is posit RED. By iteration, P, ~ 62.5 kips ive, Thus ASD PR _B(L4Sin)/ 10 Fis kips 165 kipsin. | ; OOP By iteration, P, ~ 41.1 kips 2,890 kips J 10 For point C, the w term is positive and the 2 term is nega tive. Thus: TRFD. ASD Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITLTE G 1 STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cartes 80 (48 )f [a Aisin in Taps 2a Kip, | 1 OO ins 165K | T13 Kips 248 kien, | 1-7 S59 ips | \ <10 . <10 io 2,(0810in}/_10 | a0 S2Tkipan || 160% 05 Kips} 305 kip | Ry iteration, P= 1S8 hips By iteration. P, = 9.7 hips Governing Avalble iength TRB A From theafove Tea Py 62 Eps From ie above Tetons, Fy a0.1 RS From AISC Manual Tale 12. 4P, 628 bigs | Trom AISC Manual Table 12, P/O 4kips Thus, the calculations demonstrate how the values for this member in AISC Manual Table 4-12 can be confirmed the slight variations between the calculated solutions and those from AISC Manual Table 4-12 are due to rounding. Design Examples V14.2 AMERICAN INSTITL TE GP STEEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fl Chapter F Design of Members for Flexure INTRODUCTION This Specification chapter contains provisions for culevating the Mexural strength of member subject to simple bending sbout one principal axis. Included are specific provisions for shaped members, channels, HSS, toes double angles, single angles, rectangular bars, rounds and unsymmetrical shapes. Also included is a Section with proportioning requirement for beams and girders, There are selection tables in the AISC Manual for stazdard beams in the commonly available yield strengths. The section property tables for mast crass sections provide information that can be used to conveniently identify noncompact and slender element sections, LRED and ASD information is presented side-by-side Most of the formulas from this chapter are illustrated by the following examples. The design and selection techniques illustrated in the examples for both LRFD and ASD will result in similar designs. FI. GENERAL PROVISIONS Sclection and evaluation of all members is based on deflection requirements and strength, which is determined as the design flexural strength, 44M, or the allowable flexural strength, M,iOs, where My tae lowest nominal flexural strength based on the limit states of yielding, lateral torsionsl-buekling, and local buckiing, where applicable "0:90 (LRFD) 9, ~ 1.67 (ASD) This design approach is followed in all examples. The term Ly is used throughout this chapter to describe the length between points which are either braced ayainst lateral displacement of the compression flange or braced against twist of the cross section, Requirements for bracing systems and the required strength and stitiness at brace points are given in AISC Specification Appendix 6 The use of C, is illustrated in several of the following examples. AISC Manual able 3-1 provides tabulated Cy values for some common situations. F2, DOUBLY SYMMETRIC COMPACT SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS BENT ABOUT THEIR MAJOR AXIS AISC Specification Section F2 applies to the design of compact beams and channels. As indicated in the User Note in Section F2 of the AISC Specification, the vast majority of rolled L-shaped beams and channels fall into this culeyory. The curve presented as a solid line in Figure F-1 is a generie plot of the nominal Nexural strength, ‘Mp, 88 8 function of the unbraced length, Ly, The horizontal segment of the curve atthe far lef, betwoen Ly = 0 f and Z,, is the range where the strength is limited by flexural yielding. In this region, the nominal strength is taken as the full plastic moment strength af the section as given by AISC Specification Equation F2-1. In the range of the curve al the far right, starting at Z,, the strength is limited by elastic buckling, The strength in this region is given by AISC Specification Equation F2-3. Between these regions, within the linear regicn of the curve between ‘M,~M, at Ly on the left and M,~ 0.7M,—0.74,S, at L, on the right, the strength is limited by inelastic buckling. The strength in this region is provided in AISC Specificatian Fyuation F2-2, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F2 ‘The carve plotted as a heavy solid line represents the case where C,~ 1.0, while the heavy dashed line represents the case winere C, exceeds 1.0, Tke neminal strengtks calculated in both AISC Specification Equations F2-2 and 2.3 are linearly proportional to Cy, but are limited to M, as shown in the figure Eq, F241 Eq. F22 Eq. F2-3, t I i M, with C, > 1.0 i I i My with C= 1.0 (Spec. Eq. F2-1) My [m (M, 0785. eM, (Spee. Eq. F2-2) ay) My—FoyS: My (Spee. Eq, F2-3) (Spee. Eq. F2-8) The provisions of this section are ilustrated in Example F.1(W-shape beurn} and Example F.2 (channel) Plastic design provisions are given in AISC Specification Appendix 1, Z., the maximum unbraced length for prisitie member segments containing plastic hinges is less thar ,. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Ra 3, DOURLY SYMMETRIC T-SHAPED MEMBERS WITH COMPACT WERS AND NONCOMPACT OR SLENDER FLANGES BENT ABOUT THEIR MAJOR AXIS The strength of shapes designed according to this section is limited by local huekling of the compression flange. Only a few standard wide flange shapes have noncompact flanges. For these sections, the strength reduction for F, 50 ksi steel varies. The approximate percentages of M, about the strong axis that can be developed by noncompact members when braced such that L, < L, are show as follows, Wala = 99% W14x99 = 99% Wi4x90 = 97% Wi2x65 = 98% Witx12 - 99% Wad] — 99% Waxid — 99% Wx — 94% WExK.S 97% The strength curve for the flange local buckling limit stat, shown in Figure F-2, is similar in nature to that of the lateral-torsional buckling curve. The horizontal axis parameter is A—Dy/2t, The flat portion of the curve ta the left ‘of Ay isthe plastic yielding strength, M,. The cutved portion to the right of Ais the strength limited by elastic buckling of the flange, The linear transition between these wo regions isthe strength limited by inelastic fla Eq. F2-1 Eq. F3-1 rm 1) (Spec, Fg, F3-1) (Spec. Eq. F3-2) where nat Tie ‘ihe strength reductions due to flange local buckling of the few standard rolled shapes with noncompact flanges are incorporated into the design tables in Chapter 3 of the AISC Manual from AISC Specification Table B4.1b footnote (al, where 0.35 < k-< 0.76 Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Rs ‘There ure no standard Lshuped members with slender flanges. The nuncarmpact flange provisions of this seetion are illustrated in Example F.3 F4, OTHER I-SHAPED MEMBERS WITH COMPACT OR NONCOMPACT WEBS BENT AROUT THEIR MAJOR AXIS ‘This section of the AISC Specification upplies to doubly symmetric L-shaped members with noncompact webs and singly symmetric I-shaped members (Ihase having different anges) with compact or noncompact webs, FS, DOUBLY SYMMETRIC AND SINGLY SYMMETRIC LSHAPED MEMBERS WITH SLENDER WEBS RENT ABOUT THEIR MAJOR AXIS this section applies to L-shaped members with slender webs, formerly designated as “plate girders”. F6, I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS BENT ABOUT THEIR MINOR AXIS L-shaped members and channels bent about their minor axis are not subject to Iateral-torsional buckling. Rolled or built-up shapes with noncompact or slender Manges, as determined by AISC Specification Tables B4.1@ and B4.1b, must be checked for strength based on the limit state of flange local buckling using Equations F6-2 or F6-3 as applicable. ‘The vast majority of W, M, C and MC shapes have compact fla lop the full plastic ‘moment, M,, about the minor axis. The provisions of this section are illustrated in Example F.5, F7. SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR HSS AND BOX-SHAPED MEMBERS ‘Square and rectangular HSS need only be checked for the limit states of yielding and local buckling. Although lateral-forsional buckling. is theoretically possible for very long rectangular HSS bent abput the strong axis, deflection will control t {matter ‘The design and section property tables in the AISC Manual were ealculuted using a design wall thickness of 93% cf the nominal wall thickness, Strength reductions due te local buckling have been accounted for in the AISC ‘Manual design tables. The selection of rectangular or square HSS with compact flanges is illustrated in Example F.6. The provisions for rectangular or square HSS with noncompact flanges are illustrated in Example F.7. The provisions for HSS with slender flanges are ilustrated in Example F.8. Available flexural strengths of rectangular and square HSS are listed in Tables 3-12 and 3-13, respectively. F8, ROUND HSS the definition of HSS encompasses both tube and pipe products. The lateraltorsional buckling limit state does not apply, but round HSS are subject to strength reductions from: local buckling. Available stengihs of round HSS tnd Pipes are listed in AISC Manual Tables 3-14 and 3-15, respectively. The tabulated properties and available flexural strergts of these shapes in the ATSC Manual are calculated using a design wall thickness of 93% of the nominal wall thickness. The design of a Pipe is illustrated in Example F.9 K9, ‘TEES AND DOUBLE ANGLES LOADED IN THE PLANE OF SYMMETRY ‘The AISC Specification provides a check for flange local buckling, which applies only wher the Mange is in compression cue to flexure. This limit state will seldom govern. A check for local buckling of the web was added in the 2010 edition of the Specification. Attention should be given to end conditions of tees to avoid inadvertent fixed end moments which induce compression in the web unless this limit state is checked. The design of @ WT- shape in bending is ilustrated in Fxarmplle F.10. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters ES 10. SINGLE. ANGLES Section FLO permits the flexural design of single angles using either the principal axes or geometric axes (x-x and dy axes), When designing single angles without continuous bracing using the geometric axis design provisions, M, must be multiplied by 0.80 for use in Fquations FI0-1, F10-2 and F10-3, The design of a single angle in bending is illustrated in Example F.11 F11. RECTANGULAR BARS AND ROUNDS Thete are no design tables in the ALSC Manual for these shapes. The local buckling limit state does not apply t0 uny bars, With the exception af rectangular burs bent about the strong axis, solid square, rectangular and round bars are not subject to leteral-tersional buckling and are governed by the yielding lait state only. Rectangular bars bent about the strong axis are subject to lateral-torsional buckling and are checked for this limit state with Equations F11-2 and Fl 1-3, as applicable, These provisions can be used to check plates and webs of ees in connections. A design example of a rectangular bar in bending is illustrated in Example F.12, A design example af a round bar in bending is illustrated in Example F.13, F12, UNSYMMETRICAL SHAPES Due to the wide range of possible unsymmetrical cross sections, specific lateral-torsional a local buckling. provisions are not provided in this Specification section, A general template is provided, but appropriate literature investigation and engineering judgment are required for the application of this section. A Z-shaped section is \iesigned in Fxample F.14 F13, PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AND GIRDERS This section of the Specification includes a limit state check for tensile rupture due to holes in the tension flange of beams, proportioning limits for L-shaped members, dotail requirements for cover plates and connection requirements for buill-n stueside, Also included ate unbraced Tenth requirersents for ‘beams designed using the moment redistribution provisions of AISC Specification Section B3 7. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITU OF STFEL CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters 6 EXAMPLE F.1-1A_W-SHAPE FLEXURAL MEMBER DESIGN IN STRONG-A. INUOUSLY BRACED Given: Select an ASTM A992 W-shape beam with a simple span of 35 ft. Limit the member to a maximum nominal depth of 18 in, Limit the live load deflection to £/360. The nominal leads are a uniform deud loud of 0.45 kip/M tnd a uniform live Toad of 0,75 kip/t, Assume the beam is continuously braced. Wo= 0.45 kipitt Wy = 0.75 kipitt 35 Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (ful fateral support) From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTM A992 > S0ksi Fa 65 ksi From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required flexural strength is: TRID ASD. Wy = LOS Raph ¥1.6 (0.75 Kapil CaS Kitt O75 Ripe LF kipitt 120 kipift 1.74 kip (35.0 8) a, E2okintt (35.0 8)" “ 8 % 266 kipeft 184 kipstt Required Moment of Inertia for Live-Load Deflection Criterion of 1/360 Beg = 360 35.0812 in/A) 360 = 117 in Swit « . Tyjagas “a from AISC Manwal Table 3-23 Case 1 IRAE, (0.750 kip/AY(3S.0 £)°(12 im” 584 (29,000 ksi TTT in) 1H in! Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters BT Beam Selection Select a W18%50 from AISC Manual Fable 3-3, Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F2, the section is compact, Revause the beam is continuously braced and compact, only the yielding limit state applies. From AISC Manual Table 3-2, the available flexural strength is TRED SD GM = OM pe May S75 kip > 266 kip. ox) aa = 250kip-N> 184 kp-h ok From AISC Manuel Table 3-2, /,~ 800 in’ > 746 in? o.k. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Ex EXAMPLE F.-1B W-SHAPE FLEXURAT. MEMRER DESIGN IN STRONG-AXIS BENDING, CONTINUOUSLY BRACED Given: Verify the available flexural strength of the W18x50, ASTM A992 beam sclected in Example F.1-1A by applying the requirements of the AISC Specificutier directly Sotution: From Al Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows: wisxs0 ASTM A992 F,=50 ksi F.= 65 ksi From Al Manel Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows: Wi8xs0 ZO in? The required flexural strength from Example F.1-1A is TRED ASD ike f,— 266 Kip-R Nominal Flexural Strength, My Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F2, the section is compact, Because the beam is continucusly braced and compact, only the yielding limit state applies. M, M, 52, (Spec. Eq, F2-1) si ks(101 in’) ~ 5,050 kipein, or 421 kiptt From AISC Specification Section F1, the available flexural strength is: RFD. ASD b= 090 a, 167 M,_ 421 kip-te ‘uM, ~ 0.90421 kip-tt) 2, eT 9 kip-ft > 266 kip-ft ok. 2 kip > 184 kip- ok. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F9 EXAMPLE F.1-2A_W-SHAPE FLEXURAT. MEMRER DESIGN IN STRONG-AXIS BENDING, BRACED AT THIRD POINTS Given: Verify the available flexural strength of the W18%50, ASTM A992 beam selected in Example F.1-LA with the ‘beam braced at the ends and third points, Use the AISC Manu tables Wo = 0.45 Kipitt Ww, = 0.75 kipitt me x Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (bracing at ends and third points) Solution: ‘The required flexural strength at midspan from Example F.1-1A is: TERED. ASD = 266 kip-A Mea ip Unbraced Length aso 3 =e Le Fy inspection, the middle segment will govern. From AISC Manual Table 3-1, for a uniformly louded beam ‘braced at the ends and third points, C, = 1.01 in the middle segment. Conservatively neglect this small adjustment inthis case Available Strength Enter AISC Manual Table 3-10 and find the intersection of the curve for the WIR%S0 with an unbraced length of 11.7 f Obtain the available strength from the appropriate vertical scale to the lef From AISC Manuel Table 3-10, the available flexural strength is: RFD. ASD GM, = 502 kip-Tt > 266 kip-tt ox] Me Qu OU kip-f > 184 kip-f ok, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F10 EXAMPLE F128 W-SHAPE FLEXURAT. MEMBER DESIGN IN STRONG-AXIS BENDING, BRACED AT THIRD POINTS. Given: Verify the available floxural strength of the W18xS0, ASTM A992 beam selected in Example F.1-LA with the bbeam braced at the ends and thied points. Apply the requirements of the AISC Specification directly. Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows: ASTM A992 F,~ 30 ksi = 65 ksi From AISC Manual Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows wia»s0 S.~ 88.9 in® ‘The required flexural strength from Example F.1-1A is TRED ASD Mi, = 266 Kip M, = 184 kip Nominal Flexural Strength. My Cateulate Cy For the lateral-torsional buckling limit state, the nonuniform moment modification factor can be calculated using AISC Speefcation Fquation F1 12SMau i Spee Eq FI 2.SM gue + 3M, +4Mg 43M (Spee. Ea > For the center segment of the Beu, the equred omens far AISC Specfication Equation F1-1 ean be eaeuated ss percentage of the maximum midspin moments" My, = 1,00, My 0.972, My = 1.00, snd Me=0972, 12.5(1.00) ) + 3(0972} F4{ 1.00) +3[0.972) For the end-span beam segments, the required moments for AISC Specification Equation Fl-1 can be calculated as a percentage of the maximum midspan moment a5: My, = 0.889, M, = 0.306, My = 0.556, and Mc= 0.750 125(0.889) ~ Z5(ORN9] + 30.306) 4(0556)+3(0.750) 146 G Thus, the center span, with the higher required strength and lower C,, will gover. From AISC Manuel Table 3-2: Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Fal S838 WOR For a compact beam with an unbraced length of , < L; <., the lesser of either the Mexural yielding limit state or the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling limit state controls the nominal strength M, ~ 5,050 kip-in, (from Fxarple F,1-1B) MG, [¥.-04.-09F (Spec, Fg, F2-2) f 7 jyy(UeT a5 | 1.015,050 kipsin.— 75,050 kip-in =07(50 ki) (88.9 in GES , DSOipin, MTeoR 4,060 kip-in. or 339 kip-ft From AISC Specificatien Section Fl, the available flexural strength is: TED SS = 0.90 JM, 0.90(929 kip Soko (299 kip.) Tat 305 kiptt > 266 ips ok 203 kipeft > 184 kip. ok Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STF#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fz EXAMPLE F.13A_W-SHAPE FLEXURAT. MEMRER DESIGN IN STRONG-AXIS BENDING, BRACED AT MIDSPAN Given: Verify the available flexural strength of the W18x50, ASTM A992 beam selected in Example F.1-LA with the ‘beam braced at the ends and center point, Use the AISC Manual tables Wo = 0.45 Kipitt Ww, = 0.75 kipitt i 3! Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (bracing at ends & midpoint) Solution: ‘The required flexural strength at midspan from Example F.1-1A is: TERED. ASD = 266 kip-A Mea ip Unbraced Length 35.08 be 2 =1758 From AISC Manual Table 3-1, for a uniformly loaded beam braced at the ends and at the center point, C+ ~ 1.30, ‘There are several ways to make adjustments to ATSC Manual Table 3-10 ta account for C, greater than 1.0. Procedure A Available moments from the sloped and curved portions of the plots from AISC Manual Table 3-10 may be ‘multiplied by Cy, but may not exceed the value ofthe horizontal portion (@M, for LRED, M2 for ASD). Obtain the available strength of s W18x50 with an nbraced length of 17.5 ft from AISC Manual Table 3-10, Enter AISC Manual Table 3-10 and find the intersection of the curve for the W18xS0 with an unbraced length of 17.5 fl Obtain the available strength from the appropriate vertical scale to the lel, TRED ASD ol, = 222 kip M 24 From Manual Table 3-2, 48 kip-ft From Manval Tabl boM, = 379 kip-ft(a } “ 252 kip-ft (upper limit on CuM,) Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fas TaD ASD Aajest for Cr Adjust for 1.30047 kip.) ~ 191 kip-tt 1.20(222 kip-} 289 kip. Check Limit. Check Limit 289 kip ft < 6.6, =379 ip-8t ok, | 91 kipsts Be 252 kip ok Check available versus required strength. Check available versus required strength, 259 kips> 266 ipo snk, | 191 Ripstt> 188 ips ok Procedure For preliminary selection, the required strength can be di AISC Manual Table Calculate the adjusted required strength, livided by C, and directly compared to the strengths in 10. Members selected in this way must be checked to ensure thatthe required strength does not exceed the available plastic moment strength of the section, TRED, AD mM,” 266 kip- AV 30 = 203 kip-ft M,” TR kip-t1.20 = 142 kip-At (Obtain the available strength for a W18%S0 with an unbraced length of 17.5 ft from AISC Manual lable 3-10. TED ASD, pM, = DOD Kip A> 205 kip ok | A 4 ipoft> 205 kip-f Me 148 kip-ft> 142 kip-t ok, uM, 379 kip-ft> 266 kip. ok. | Me a50 ptt > 184 kip- ok ‘STHF1.ConsrRuCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fla EXAMPLE F.13B W-SHAPE FLEXURAT. MEMRER DESIGN IN STRONG-AXIS BENDING, BRACED AT MIDSPAN Given: Verify the available floxural strength of the W18xS0, ASIM A992 beam selected in Example F.1-LA with the bbeam braced at the ends and center point. Apply the requirements of the AISC Specification directly. Solution: From Al Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows: ASTM A992 F,~S0ksi F= 65 ksi From AISC Manuel Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows: wr 8x60 fy ~ 1.98 in Si 88.9 in? T1248 in hy = 17.4 in ‘The required flexural strength from Example F.1-1A is: RED ASD. = 266 kip Mi = Wap Nominal Flexural Strength. My Caleulate €, 12.5Mux 25M gue + 3M, +4M 5 43M (Spee. Ea EI-1) ‘The required moments for AISC Specification Equation FI-1 can be calculated us a percentage of the maximum ‘midspan moment as; My,,= 1.00, M, = 0.438, Mp = 0.751, and Mc= 0.938. G ~ 231.00) = 130 From AISC Manual Table 3-2: Ly S83 ft 1,169 For a compact beam with an unbraced length Ly > L, the limit state of elastic lateral-torsional buckling applies, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes FE Cateulate F,, with [17.5 8 (Spec. ka. #2-4) [izshaa inn) (Tania =a My~ FoScS My (Spee. Eq, F2-3) 43.2 ksi(8R.5 in.) 5,840 kip-in, < §,080 kip-n, (ftom Example F.1-1B) M,~ 3,840 kip-in or 320 kip-ft From AISC Specification Section Fi. the available flexural strength is TRED. ASD, b= 0.90 fot, 0900320 kp.) = 288 kip-t 288 kip-ft > 266 kip-A ok, | 192 kip-ft> 184 kip-ft ok, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STF#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F16 EXAMPLE F.2-1A COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER, CONTINUOUSLY BRACED Given: Select an ASTM A36 channel to serve as a roof edge beam with a simple span of 25 ft, Limit the live Toad deflection to 1/360, The nominal loads are a uniform dead load of 0.23 kip/ft and a uniform live load of 0.69 kip/ft. The beura is continuously braced. 0.23 kipitt w= 0.69 kipitt 4 + 25! Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (full fateral support) Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTMA36 B36 ksi F= Ski From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required flexural strength is: TERED ASD We 12023 KiplAy + T.6(0.69 Kip) ve 023 Kip + O69 Kipit 138 kip 0.920 kipitt 1.38 kip/ (25.6 1) 220 wit (25.0 8 x ® 08 kip-f 19 kip-ft Beam Selection Per the User Note in AISC Specification Section F2, all ASTM A36 channels ure compact, Because the beurn is compact and continuously braced, the yielding limit state governs and M, = M,. Try C15x33.9 from AISC Manual Table 3-8 RFD. ASD Mt, — GM, 137 kip-ft> 108 kip-ft 91.3 kip-tt > 71.9 kip-ft ok Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONLive Load Deflection Assume the live load deflection atthe cetter ofthe beam is limited to 1/360. L 360 25.0 (12 inf) ane) 0.833 in fom AISC Manual Table 1-5, For C18%39.9, /,~ 315 in! The maximum calculated deflection is: Ac from AISC Manual Table 3-25 Ci 3e4eT (0.69 kip/®) (25.0 A)" (12 in it)” 384( 29,000 ksi) 0.664 in, < 0.833 in. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTION Return fo Table ot Carters FATReturn fo Table ot Carters Fs EXAMPLE F.2-18 COMPACT CHANNEL. FLEXURAL MEMBER, CONTINUOUSLY BRACED Given: Fxumple F.2-1A can be easily solved by utilizing the tables of the AISC Manual, Verify the results by applying the requirements of the AISC Specification directly Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTMA36 F,= 36 ksi Fe 58 ks From AISC Manual Table 5, the geometric properties are as follows’ o18+93.9 2,= 50.8 in! ‘The required flexural strength from Example F.2-1A is TRFD ASD M,— WR kip Ma Tid wipe Nominal Flexural Strength, Me Per the User Nate in AISC Specification Section F2, all ASTM A36 C- and MC-shapes ure eumpuct, A channel that is continuously braced and compact is governed by the yielding limit state, MoM, ~ FZ, (Spee, Eq, F2-1) 36 ksi(S0.8 in.) 1,830 kip-in, or 152 kip-A From AISC Specification Section Fl, the available flexural strength is: RED. ‘ASD. % 050 5 = 167 M, _ 152 kip-t pM, ~ 0.90(182 kip-) een * 1S? kip-t) 2, 167 137 kip > 108 kipeft ok 91.0 kipeft > 71.9 kipeft ok. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes 19 EXAMPLE F.2-2A COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH BRACING AT ENDS AND FIFTH POINTS Given: Check the C18x33.9 beam selected in Example F.2-1A, assuming it is braced at the ends and the fifth points rather than continuously braced. 0.23 kipift 0.69 kipift 4 Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (bracing at ends & 115 points) Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTM A36 Fy 36 ksi Fo S8 ksi ‘The center segment will govern by inspection ‘The required flexural strength ut midspar from Fxample F.2-1A is TRED ASD Mi, = 108 kip-h M119 phe rom AISC Manuai ‘Table 3-1, with an almost uniform moment across the center segment, Ci, no adjustment is required 00; therefare, Unbraced Length _ 25.08 5 5.00 8 Obtain the strength of the C18%33.9 with an unbraced length of 5.00 ft from AISC Mana! Table 3-11 Enter AISC Manual Table 3-11 ard find the intersection of the curve for the C15x33.¢ with an unbraced length of 5.00 ft, Obtain the ayailuble strength ftom the appropriate vertical scale to the left TRED ASD BMG, = 130 Kip-te> 108 kip-A ok, = 87.0 kip-fL> 71.9 kipefl ok. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STF#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F-20 EXAMPLE F.2.28 COMPACT CHANNEL FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH BRACING AT ENDS AND FIFTH POINTS Given: Verify the results from Example F.2-2A by calculation using the provisions of the AISC Specification Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows’ ASTMA36 Fy = 36 ksi Fe 58 ks From AISC Manual Table 5, the geometric properties are as follows’ c18*93.9 S.= 42.0 in” ‘The required flexural strength from Example F.2-1A is TRFD ASD M,— WR kip Ma Tid wipe Nominal Flexural Strength, Me Per the User Nate in AISC Specification Section F2, all ASTM A36 C- and MC-shapes ure eumpuct, From AISC Manual Table 3-1, for the center segment of a uniformly loaded beam braced at the ends and the fifth points: C= 100 From AISC Manual Table 3-8, for u C18533.8 L,= RISK £,- 14S ft For a compact channel with F< Jy < Ly the lesser of the flexural yielding limit slate or the inelastic Tateral- torsional buckling limit-state controls the avsilable flexural strength, The nominal flexural strength based on the flexural yielding limit state, from Example F.2-1B, is: M,~ My ~ 1,830 kip-in ‘The nominal flexural strength based on the Tateral-torsional buckling limit state is Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters FI moo] m, ~(M, 0.748, 7 (Spec. Ea. 2-2) hal, “tof 830 kip.in.~ [1,830 kip-in ~6.7(36 ki) (42.0 in’) | 2&2 lssaas7sR J) S830 kin = 1,740 kip-in, < 1,830 kip-in, ok. ‘M,~ 1,740 kip-in. of 145 kip-f From AISC Specification Section Fl, the availa le flexural strength is a SB 0m aH 131 kip-ft . supa» ain ot |sestips> n94ipa ok Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters 22 EXAMPLE F.3A W-SHAPE FLEXURAT. MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES IN STRONG- AXIS BENDING. Given: Solect an ASTM A992 W-shape beam with a simple span of 40 ft. The nominal loads are a uniform dead load of 0.05 kipit and two equal 18 Kip concentrated live louds acting ut the third points of the bears, The bean is continuously braced, Also calculate the deflection, Ve Wp= 0.05 kipitt 8 kips | 40! Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (continuous bracing) Note: A beam with noncompact flanges will be selected to demonstrate that the tabulated values of the AISC ‘Manual account for flange compactness. Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required flexural strength at midspan is: TED ASD. :2(0.05 kip/ft) w, = 0.05 kipift (600 kip P= 1.6(18 kips} P.= 18 kips 8 kips z y cip’t ye 0, (ooo wy (a00 s(rnsning 20H | yl 0 pt 400 8 (soins) 228 96 kipft = 250 kip. ft Besm Selection For a continuously braced W-shape, the available flexural strength equals the availa Te plastic flexural strength, Select the lightest section providing the required strength from the bold entries in ATS Manual Table 3-2 ry aW21 x8, This beam has a noncompact compression flange at F, = 50 ksi as indicated by footnote “I” ie AISC Manual ‘Table 3-2. This shape is also foctnoted in AISC Manual Table 1-1 Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONP23 Manual Table 3-2, the availuble flexural stremyth is TRED ASD 398 kip-ft > 396 kip ok, 265 kip-ft > 250 kip-ft ok, Note: The value M,, in AISC Manual Table 3-2 includes the strength reductions due to the noncompact mature of the shape. Deftection 4 99 in. from AISC Manual Table 1-1 ‘The maximum deflection occurs atthe center ofthe beam, Sal, Fit rom AISC Manual Table 323 cases 1 and 9 38067 | 2867 5 (0.0500 kipy}(40.0 }*(12 ini) 18.0 kips(40.0 RY (12 int) 34 (29,000 ksi) (959 in] 28(29,000kxi)(959in") 2.66 in ‘This deflection can be compared with the appropriate deflection limit for the application, Deflection will eften be more critical t Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters B28 EXAMPLE F.3R W-SHAPF FLEXURAT. MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES IN STRONG- AXIS BENDING. Given: Verify the results from Example F.3A by calculation using the provisions of the AISC Specification. Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTM A992. F,= 30 ksi Fe 65 ks From AISC Manual Table 1-1, the geometsic properties are as follows: wat x4 5, = 93.0 in.’ Z.= 107in! vm 2, -947 ‘The required flexural strength from Example F 34 is: RED. ASD 396 kip-A M250 kip Flange Slenderness by 2, gat ‘he limiting width-to-thickness ratios forthe compression flange are’ = o.3e, OUEST 50 KS =9.15 ‘ug> A> Dry therefore, the compression Hange is noncompact. This could alsa ke determined from the footnote “Pin AISC Manual Table 1-1 Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Naminal Flexural Strength, My Because the beam is continuously braced, and therefore not subject to lateral-torsional buckling, the available strength is governed by AISC Specification Section F3.2, Compression Flange Lacal Buckling, My~ ls 50 ksi(107 in.) 5,350 kip-in, or 446 kip-f (Spee, Fg, F3-1) 5,310 kip-in, of 442 kip-ft From AISC Specificatien Section Fl, the available flexural strength is: RED. ASD B= 090 ‘iM, = 0.90 (442 kip-ft) 442 Kip- ft 398 kip-ft > 296kip-ft ok, 67 = 26Skip-ft > 250kip-M. ok, ‘Note that these available strengths are identical tc the tabulated values in AISC Manual Table 3-2, whick account for the noncompact flange, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F26 EXAMPLE F.4 W-SHAPE FLEXURAL MEMBER, SELECTION RY MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR STRONG-A -shape flexural member by the moment of inertia, to limit the live load deflection to 1 in, The span length is 30, The louds are w uniform dead loud of 0.80 kip/ft und a uniforn live loud of 2 kipit ‘The beam is continuously braced. Wo 0.8 kipitt We 2 kipitt 30: Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (full fateral support) Solution: From AISC Mamuel Table 2-4, the material properties are us follows ASTM A992 F, = 50 ksi 65 ksi From Chapter 2 af ASCE/S 7, the required flexural strength is TRED. ASD Ww, VAQOROO Kip) + 1-62 Kapil Ww, GRO Kipit +2 kip 16 kipift = 2.80 kipift 4.16 kipit (30.0 1° _ 2.80 kipitt (30.0 8)" 5 8 468 hip-ft = 315 kip-ft ‘Minimum Required Moment of Inertia ‘The maximum live toad deflection, Aygy, @cours at midspan and is calculated as Swit! from AISC Manual Table 3-23 case 1 384ET Rearranging and substituting Aya, ~ 1.00 in $(2 kipsift)(30.0 )* (12 inset} 384(29,000 ks) (1.00 in) 260 in* Besam Selection Solectthe lightest section with the required moment of inertia from the bold entries in AISC Manwal Vable 3-3, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes F.27 Try wW24x58, 1,7 1,350in4> 1.26010." ok, Reecause the W24x56 is continuously braced and compact, its strength is governed by the yielding limit state and AISC Specification Section F2.1 From AISC Manuel Table 3-2, the availa le flexural stremyth is TERED. ASD ll, — GoM. 503 kip-ft a 503 kip-ft> 468 kip ok, ft 334 kip-M> 315 kip-f ok. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STF#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F-28 EXAMPLE F§ 1-SHAPED FLEXURAL MEMBER IN MINOR-AXIS RENDING Given: Select an ASTM A992 W-shape beam loaded in its minor axis with a simple span of 15 ft, The Toads ure a total uniform dead load of 0.667 kip/ft and a uniform live load of 2 kip/t. Limit the live load deflection to L/240. The ‘beam is braved tthe ends way, Note: Although not a common design case, this example is being used to illustrate AISC Specification Section F6 (U-shaped members and channels bent about their minor axis). Wp 0.667 kip/t w= 2 kipitt F 15 Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (braced at ends only) Solutio From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are es follows’ ASTM A992 B= 50 ksi Fy 65 ksi From Chapter 2 of ASCF/SFI 7, the required flexural strength is: TRED: ASD. We = TAOGET RPA +62 KT) w= OST ip a RipA 4.00 kit 2.67 kip ft 400kipi (15.0 = 2S7HiDI(15.0 8) i———eres ae 113 kipft = 75. kip-t Minimum Required Moment of Inertia The maximum live load deflection permitted is + 240 5.0 (12 init) 240 = 0.750 in Sl! IME. 5(2.00 kipitt}(15.0 8)" (12 int} 38429, 000 ksi)(0.750 in} from AISC Manual Table 3-23 cave | Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters 29 105 in Beam Selection Select the lightest section from the bold entries in AISC Manual Table 3-5, due to the kelihood that deflection will govern this design, ‘Try aW12%58, From AISC Manuel Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows’ wiaxse $, =214in? Z,~32Sin? 4-107 in > 105 in? ok, AISC Specification Section F6 applies, Because the W12x58 has compact flanges per the User Note in this Section, the yielding limit state governs the design M,- FZ, S16F,S, (Spee. Fg. F6-1) SU ksi32-5 in) €1.6(50 ks)21.4 in) 1,630 Kips, < 1,710 kipein, ak, -My= 1,630 kip-in. or 136 kip-f From AISC Specification Section Fl, the available flexural strength i RFD ASD 050 a, 17 aM, = 0.90(136 kip-A) He ESKER eM, ip Ta Tei a, 147 81.4 kip-t 122 kip-ft > 113 kip-R ok | 81.4 hips > 75.1 kip-ft ok. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F230 EXAMPLE F.6 HSS FLEXURAT MEMBER WITH COMPACT FLANGES Given: Select a square ASTM A500 Grade B HSS beam to span 7.5 ft, The loads are a uniform dead load of 0.145 kip/tt ‘and a uniform live load of 0.435 kip/ft. Limit the live load deflection to £240, The beam is continuously braced 0.145 kipitt 0.435 kipift Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (Cul fateral support) Solution: From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows: ASTM ASO0 Grade B F, 46 ksi F,= 58 ksi From Chapter 2 uf ASCF/SEI 7, the required flexural strength is TRAD ASD. 210.145 kip/fy + 1.6(0.435 kip) We, = 0.145 ip + O43 kip 870 kip 0.580 kipift (0.870 kipitt)(7.50 f° pygw O80 i750 1° ¥ 5 12 kip-ft = 408 kip-R ‘Minimum Required Moment of Inertia ‘The maximum live load deflection permitted is: L 240 7.50 (12 inf) 240) 0,375 in Ae Determine t minimum required I us Follows, from AISC Manual ‘Table 3-23 Case 1 50.435 kip }(7.50 "(12 ins)? 384(29, 000 Ksi)(0 375 i) asin! Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fal Beam Selection Select an HSS with a minimum /, of 285 in“, using AISC Manual Table 1-12, and having adequate available strength, using AISC Manual Table 3-13, ry an HSS3¥xB}6K. From AISC Manuel Table 1-12, f,~2.90in4>28Sin* ak, From AISC Manuel Table 3-13, the available flexural strength is: TERED. ASD GM, 6.67 kip-> 6.12 kip-f ok. Me sane sone Ok Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Faz EXAMPLE F.7A_ HSS FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES Given: Select a rectangular ASTM ASO0 Grade BHSS beam with a span of 21 1, The loads include a uniform dead loud ef 0.15 kip/ft and a uniform live load of 0.4 kip’. Limit the live load deflection to £/240. The beam is braced at the end points nly. A noncumpuct member was selected here to illustrate the relative ease uf selecting noncompact shapes from the AISC Manual, as compared to designing a similar shape by applying the ATSC ‘Specification requirements directly, as shown in Example F.7B. Wo: wi 0.15 kipift 0.4 kipift Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (braced at end points only) Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows ASTM ASO0 Grade B F,=46 ksi F,= 58 ksi From Chapter 2 uf ASCE/SEI, the required flexural strength i TRED. ‘ASD. we PAO TS kipity » 1.6(04 kip) Ww, OTS Kip +04 Kip. 820 kipift 0.550 kiptt 0.820 kipitt(21.0 n)* 0.550 kipitt(21.0 n)° ® 5 5.2 kip-tt = 30.3 kip ‘Minimum Required Moment of Inertia ‘The maximumn live load deflection permitted is L 20 21.0 8(12 n/t) 0 1.05 in bs ‘The maximum calculated deflection is = 28 from AISC Manual able 3.23 case 1 ET Reatranging und substituting Ay,,~ 105 in, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fan 5(0.4 kipitt)(21.0 AY (12 int)? 384 (29, 000 Ki) (1.05 in] ~ 573 int Beam Selection Select a rectangular HSS with a minimum Z, of $7.5 in’, using AISC Manual Table 1-11, and having adequate available strength, using AISC Manual Tuble 3-12, Try an HSS10%6.o%e oriented in the strong direction, This rectangular HSS section was purposely selected for illustration purpases because it has a noncompact lange. See AISC Manual Table 1-12 for compactness eriteria, [= 146in*>S75in* ol From AISC Manuel Table 3-12, the available flexural strength is RFD. ASD OM, = 57.0 Kip-lt > 45.2 kip-ft ok Be s19kipn> 302 kip ok Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fad EXAMPLE F.78 HSS FLEXURAT. MEMBER WITH NONCOMPACT FLANGES Given: Notice that in Example F.7A the required information was easily determined by consulting the tables of the ATSC ‘Manual. The purpose of the following calculation is to demonstrate the use of the AISC Specification equations to ‘calculate the flexural strength of un HSS member with w noncompact compression flange. Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties ure us follaws ASTM A300 Grade B 46 ksi B= 58 ksi From AISC Manuel Table 1-11, the geometric properties areas follows: HSS10»6x%6 Z.=180in” 8.149 in? Flange Compaciness 31,5 from AISC Manwal Table 1-11 Determine the limiting ratio for a compact HS iafE 5 =112, ange in flexure ftom AISC Specification ‘Table 84.1b Case 17, =28.1 Flange Sienderness Determine the limiting ratio for a slender HSS flange in flexure from AISC Spee aouanfE 1p Gs 35.2 leat Table B4.1 Case 17, .; therefore, the flange is noncompact, Far this situation, ATSC Specification Equation F7-2 applies, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Cortes Fas Web Slenderness A t = $4.5 from AISC Manual Table 1-11 Determine the limiting ratio for u compact HSS web in flexure from AISC Specification Table B4.1b Case 19. ap, [I 46 ksi 41.3 kip-f ok, | Me 2.8 kip-t> 276 kip-tt ok, Note that the strengths given in AISC Manual Table 3 clements, 3 incorporate the effects of noncompact and slender Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONDeflection The maximum live load deflection permitted is: L “240 21.0 R12 int) a0 1.085 in 4, $44 in fom AISC Manual Table 1-12 The maximum calculated deflection is: aS wil” from AISC Manual Table 3-23 Case 384E1 __5(0375 kip/A)(21.08%)'(12ims)" 384 (29,000 ksi) 54.4 in} 104in,<105in, ok. Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTION Return fo Table ot Carters a7Return fo Table ot Carters Fas EXAMPLE F.8B HSS FLEXURAL MEMBER WITH SLENDER FLANGES Given: In Fxample F.8A the availuble strengths were easily determined from the tables of the AISC Manual, The purpose cf the followizg calculation is to demonstrate the use of the AISC Specification equations to calculate the flexural strength of an HSS mertber with slender lunges Solution: From AISC Manuel Table 2-4, the material properties are us follaws ASTM ASO0 Grade B (rectangular HSS) F,~46 ksi B= 58 ksi From AISC Manual Table 1-12, the geometric properties areas follows: HSS8x8x%e 4 =344in! 157 in? ha aa ‘The required flexural strength from Example F.8A is: TRED ASD. a13 kip M,= 276 ip-i lunge Sienderness ‘The assumed outside radius of the comers of HSS shapes is 1.51 The design thickness is used to check compactness Determine the Hiting ratio for » slender HSS flange in flexure from AISC Specification Table B4. 1b Case 17. 140, | B = 40, [25S 46 ksi =352 6 r 10> Ry; therefore, the flange is slender Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F239 Web Slenderness Determine the limiting ratio for a compact web in flexure from AISC Specification ‘Table B4.1b Case 19. therefiure the web is compact Nominal tlexural Strength. My For HSS sections with slender flanges and compact webs, AISC Specification Section F7,2(c) applies M,~ BS. (Spee. Eq. FT Where S, is the effective section madulus determined withthe effective width of the compression flange taken as 1.92(0.174 in b (Spec. Eq. F7-4) 29,000 i | 46ksi | 8,00 in ~3(01174 in) from ATSC Specification Section RA. 1b(d} ABin,>653in, ok 653 in ‘The ineffective width of the compression flange is: b= b= 7.48 in, ~ 6.53 in 0950 in, An exact calculation of the effective moment of inertia und section modulus could be performed taking into account the ineffective width of the compression flange and the resulting neutral axis shift. Alternatively, a simpler but slightly conservative calculation can be performed ky removing the ineffective width symmetrically from both the top and bottom Manges, +(0.950in}(0174in}(3.917 | 7 (0.950 in.) (0.174 in? 12 Ly = S44 int Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters F490 fective yeti modulus ean now be eal ols lg ai 493 in! 300in./2 =123in! MRS, (Spec, Fg F7-3) 46 Ksi(12 3 in) S66 kip-in, or 472 kip t From AISC Specification Section Fl, the availa le flexural strength is TRED ASD = 090 1M, ~0:90(472 kip} 12 hips ‘ (472 Keen) 0, 167 $425 kip. > 41.3 kip ok, 28.3 kip. > 27.6 kip ok, [Note that the celculated available strengths are somewhat lower than those in AISC Manual Table 3-13 due to the use of the conservative calculation of the effective section modulus, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTIONReturn fo Table ot Carters Fal EXAMPLE F.9A PIPE FLEXURAL MEMBER Given: Select an ASTM AS3 Grade B Pipe shape with an 8-in. nominal depth and a simple span of 16 ft, The loads are a total w load of 0.32 kip/Nt and a uniform live load of 0.96 kip/ft. There is no deflection limit for this ‘beam, The beat: iy braved only a the ends, Wo = 0.32 kipitt w= 0.96 kipitt * 16! L Beam Loading & Bracing Diagram (braced af end points only) Solution: From AISC Maral Table 2-4, the material properties areas follows: ASTMAS3 Grade B By 35 ksi F.= 60 ksi From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI7, the required flexural strength is: TRED ASD. We 12(0.32 Kiply 1.6(0.96 Kip) Vey — O52 Kipiit + 06 Rpt 1592 kipift 128 kipit 1.92 kipifi(16.0 fy’ ay, 2h Kine (16.0) “ 8 5 614 kipett 41.0 kip-tt Pipe Selection Select a member from AISC Manual Table 3-15 having the required strength Select Pipe 8 x-Strong. From AISC Manual Table 3-15, the available flexural strength is TRED. ASD. eM, = BTA Kips 614 hips ok, Me B14 eps " 54.1 kipett> 41.0 kip-tt ok, Design Beamgles V4.2 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STH#I CONSTRUCTION