NAME:____SOLUTIONS_____

EEE 203 HW 1

Problem 1.
Consider the signal x(t) whose graph is shown below. Sketch the following signals: x(t-
1), x(1-t), RT1[x], where R denotes the reflection operation and Tt0 denotes shift delay
operation by t0.
x
1

1 2
x(t-1) x(1-t)
1 1

1 2 1 2
T1[x] RT1[x]
1 1

1 2 -2 1 2

Problem 2.
Describe the following signals in terms of elementary functions (, u ,r, ) and compute

x(t ) (t 1)dt and

y (t ) (t 1)dt .
x
2 y
1

1 2 3 t 1 2 3 t
x(t ) = 2u (t 1) 2u (t 3)
y (t ) = r (t 1) 2r (t 2) + r (t 3)

x(1+) + x(1)

x(t ) (t 1)dt =
2
=1

y (1+) + y (1)

y (t ) (t 1)dt =
2
=0
 NAME:____________________
EEE 203 TEST 1

Problem 1. (4pts)
Consider the signal x(t) whose graph is shown below. Sketch the following signals: x(t-
1), x(1-t), T1R[x], where R denotes the reflection operation and Tt0 denotes shift delay
operation by t0.
x
1

1 2
x(t-1) x(1-t)
1 1

1 2 1 2
R[x] T1R[x]
1 1

1 2 1 2

Problem 2. (6pts)
Describe the following signal in terms of elementary functions (, u ,r, ) and compute
dx(t )
and x(t + 1) (t 1)dt .
dt

x
2

dx/dt
1 2 3 t 2
x(t ) = 2u (t 1) r (t 1) + r (t 3)
dx(t )
= 2 (t 1) u (t 1) + u (t 3)
dt 1 2 3

t

x(t + 1) (t 1)dt = x(1 + 1) (t 1)dt

= 1 (t 1)dt = 1

 NAME:____________________
EEE 203 TEST 1

Problem 1. (6pts)
Consider the signal x(t)=u(t+1)-r(t)+r(t-1). Sketch the following signals: x(t), x(-t), x(t-
2), x(2-t), T-2R[x], where R denotes the reflection operation and Tt0 denotes shift delay
operation by t0.

Problem 2. (4pts)
Describe the following signal in terms of elementary functions (, u ,r, ) and compute
dx(t )
and x(t + 1) (t + 1)dt .
dt

x
2

1 2 3 t
 NAME:_____SOLUTIONS____

EEE 203 HW 2
Problem 1. Compute the convolution h*x when x(t) = r(t)-r(t-1)-u(t-1), h(t)=(t-1).
x h
1

1 1
(u(t) is the unit step)

Unfortunately, the x(t) shown is a delayed version of the expression: x(t) = r(t-1)-r(t-2)-u(t-2).
x
(h*x)(t) =[((t-1))*x](t) = x(t-1) = r(t-2)-r(t-3)-u(t-3)
1

1
Problem 2.
Consider the filters:
A. y[n] = x[n + 1] 2 x[n] + x[n 1]
t +1
B. y (t ) = e t x( )d

1. Find and graph their impulse responses. h[n]

A. h[n] = [n + 1] 2 [n] + [n 1]

h[t]
t +1
y (t ) = e t x( )d = e t u (t + 1 ) x( )d = h(t ) x( )d
B.
ystep[n]
h(t ) = e u (t + 1)
t

2. Find and graph their step responses.

A. y step [n] = u[n + 1] 2u[n] + u[n 1]
h[t]
t +1 Lt +1
B. y step (t ) = e t u ( )d = u (t + 1) e t d = u (t + 1)(e t e 1 )
0

3. Which filters are causal? (Justify)

A. Not causal, h(-1) is not zero.
B. Not causal, h(t) is nonzero in [-1,0).
4. Which filters are stable? (Justify)
A. Stable since it is FIR. h[n] is absolutely summable. (|h[n]| = 1+2+1 = 4 < inf. )

B. Unstable since h(t) diverging implies that
| h(t ) | dt diverges.
 NAME:____SOLUTIONS_____

EEE 203 TEST 2 Wed. 9/27/06

30, closed books&notes
Problem 1. Compute the convolution h*x when x(t) = u(t) - u(t-1), h(t)=u(t).

y (t ) = h(t ) x( )d = u(t )u( )d u(t )u( 1)d

t t
= u (t ) 1d u (t 1) 1d = tu (t ) (t 1)u (t 1) = r (t ) r (t 1)
0 1

Problem 2.
Consider the filters:
A. y[n] = x[n] x[n 1]
t 1
B. y (t ) = x( )d

1. Find and graph their impulse responses.

A. h(n) = (n) (n 1)

B. y (t ) = u (t 1 ) x( )d h(t ) = u (t 1)

2. Which filters are causal? (Justify)
A. Causal because h(n) = 0, for all n<0.
B. Causal because h(t) = 0, for all t<0.
3. Which filters are stable? (Justify)
A. Stable because | h(n) | = 2 <
T
B. Unstable because | h(t ) | dt = lim T 1dt , which diverges.
1
 NAME:___________________
EEE 203 HW 3

Problem 1: Let x(t) be the periodic signal shown in the figure below (square wave with offset).
Compute the coefficients ak of the Fourier series expansion of x(t).

-0.5
2

Let x0(t) be the standard square wave (in the Tables), with T = 4, T1 = 1. Then,
x(t ) = 2.5 x 0 (t + 1) 0.5
2
jk 1
FS{x(t )} = 2.5e T
FS{x0 (t )} 0.5FS{1}


2.5e 2 sin k 2
jk

= for k 0
k
3
4 for k = 0

Note: FS{1} = 1 for k = 0, and 0 otherwise.

sin 2 k 2
Also, the expression for k 0 can be further simplified to 2.5 j
k

Problem 2: Let X(jw) be the Fourier transform of x(t ) = e 2|t| . Find X(j0) and X ( jw)dw .

Using the definition of the Fourier transform:

x(t )e x(t )dt = 2 e

jwt 2t
X ( j 0) = dt = dt = 1
w=0 0

1
X ( jw)dw = 2 2 X ( jw)e = 2x(0) = 2
jwt
dw
t =0

Note: In this case, it is also possible to compute the Fourier transform of x(t):
F {x(t )} = F {e 2t u (t )} + F{e 2t u (t )}
1 1 1 1 1 1 4
= + FR{e 2t u (+t )} = + RF {e 2t u (t )} = + R = + =
2 + jw 2 + jw 2 + jw 2 + jw 2 + jw 2 jw 4 + w2
 NAME:___SOLUTIONS____
EEE 203 TEST 3
10/11/06, 30, closed books and notes, transform tables allowed

Problem 1: Let x(t) be the periodic sawtooth wave signal shown in the figure below.
Compute the coefficients ak of the Fourier series expansion of x(t).

2
T = 1, w0 = = 2
T
1
Direct computation : a0 =
T <T >
x(t )dt = 1
2

dx
FS {x} =
1
FS (k 0)
jkw0 dt
dx 1 + 1 k = 0
FS = FS 1(t ) + (t n) = FS { 1(t )} + FS (t n) =
dt n n 0 +1 k 0
12 k =0

FS {x} = 1
k0
j 2k

Note: Parsevals Theorem states 1

T <T > | x | 2 = | a k | 2 . Applied to our case:
k

1
1

T <T > | x | 2 = 14 + 2
4 2
1
1
k2
= tdt . Complete the computation to derive the well-known formula
0
2
for the series 1/k .
 NAME____SOLUTIONS_____
EEE 203 HW 4 10/18/06

Problem 1:
Consider the filter with impulse response h(t ) = e 2t u (t ) .
1. Find the transfer function
2. Sketch the Bode Plot
3. Find the Fourier transform of the output when x(t ) = e t u (t )
4. Find the Fourier transform of the output when x(t ) = sin(2t )u (t )
5. Find the output when x(t ) = e t u (t ) (a) using convolution, and (b) taking the inverse Fourier
transform of your answer to part 3.
6. Find the output when x(t ) = sin(2t )u (t ) (a) using convolution, and (b) taking the inverse
Fourier transform of your answer to part 4.

1
1. H ( jw) =
jw + 2
1 w
2. | H ( jw) |= , H ( jw) = tan 1 (see attached plots)
w +2 2 2
2
1 1 1
3. F {x} = , Y ( jw) = H ( jw) X ( jw) =
jw + 1 jw + 2 jw + 1
1 1 1
4. F {x} = F {sin 2t} * F {u (t )} = [ ( w 2) ( w + 2)] * + ( w)
2 2j jw
1 1 1
= + [ ( w 2) ( w + 2)]
2 w + 2 w 2 2 j

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y ( jw) = H ( jw) X ( jw) = + ( w 2) ( w + 2)
2 w + 2 jw + 2 w 2 jw + 2 2 j j 2 + 2 j2 + 2
t

e u (t )e u ( )d = e u (t ) e d = [e e ]u (t )
2 ( t ) 2t t 2t
5. y (t ) = (h * x)(t ) =
0

1 1 1 1 1
= F 1{Y ( jw)} = F 1 =F + 2t
= e u (t ) + e u (t )
t

jw + 2 jw + 1 jw + 2 jw + 1
 j 2
2 e e j 2
t

0 2 j
2 ( t )
6. y (t ) = (h * x)(t ) = e u (t ) sin( 2 )u ( ) d = e 2t
u (t ) e d

e 2t u (t ) e ( 2 + 2 j ) t 1 e ( 2 2 j ) t 1 u (t ) e 2 jt e 2t e 2 jt e 2t
= =
2j 2+2j 22j 2j 2+2j 22j
e 2 jt e 2t
= m u (t ) m = Imaginary part
2+2j
[
= 14 e 2t cos 2t + sin 2t u (t ) ]
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
= F 1 {Y ( jw)} = F 1 + F ( w 2) + ( w + 2)
2 w + 2 jw + 2 w 2 jw + 2 2 j j2 + 2 j2 2
1 1 j 1 j 1
= F + ( w 2) ( w + 2)
2 jw + 2 j jw + 2 jw 2 j jw + 2 2 + 2 j 2+2j
1 1 j ( 2 2 j ) 1 j (2 j 2) 1 j (2 + 2 j ) 1 j (2 + 2 j ) 1
= F + + + ( w 2) ( w + 2)
2 jw + 2 j jw + 2 jw 2 j jw + 2 2 j 2 2 j + 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 (2 + 2 j ) 1 + (2 2 j ) 1
= F + ( w + 2) +
2 j 2 j ( w 2) + ( w 2) +
2 2 j 2 j ( w + 2) jw + 2
1 1 1
= e j 2t u (t ) + e j 2t u (t ) + 2e(2 + 2 j ) 1 e 2t u (t )
2 2 j 2 2j 2
e j 2t e 2t
= e + u (t ) e = Real part
2 j 2 2 j + 2
[
= 14 e 2t cos 2t + sin 2t u (t ) ]
 NAME___SOLUTIONS______
EEE 203 Test 4
CLOSED BOOK & NOTES. TRANSFORM TABLES ALLOWED. 30

Problem 1:
Consider the filter with impulse response h(t ) = 2e t u (t ) .
1.(1pt) Find the transfer function
2.(2pt) Find the Fourier transform of the output Y(j) when x(t ) = 3 sin t
3.(2pt) Find the output y(t).

2
1. H ( j ) =
j + 1
3
X ( j ) = j [ ( 1) ( + 1)] Y ( j ) = H ( j ) X ( j ) =

2 3 2 3 2 3
2. Y ( j ) = [ ( 1) ( + 1)] = ( 1) ( + 1)
j + 1 j j1 + 1 j j ( 1) + 1 j
6 6
= ( 1) + ( + 1)
j 1 j 1
1
1 6 12 e jt
1
jt + j
j 1
y (t ) = F {Y ( j )} = 2eF
1
( 1) = e = e 6 e
j 1 j 1 2 j 1


3. =6
1 1
(
cos t + tan 1 180 o = 3 2 sin t 45 o )
2 1
ALT. : y (t ) =| H ( j ) | (3) sin[t + H ( j ) =1 ] = 3 2 sin(t tan 1 11 ) = 3 2 sin(t 45 o )
=1

Problem 2:
sin 2t
Consider the filter with impulse response h(t ) = .
t
1.(1pt) Find the transfer function
2.(2pt) Find the Fourier transform of the output Y(j) when x(t ) = sin 3t
3.(2pt) Find the output y(t).

1. H ( j ) = [u ( + 2) u ( 2)]

X ( j ) = j [ ( 3) ( + 3)] Y ( j ) = H ( j ) X ( j ) =

2.
Y ( j ) = [u ( + 2) u ( 2)] [ ( 3) ( + 3)] = 0
j
3. y (t ) = F 1 {Y ( j )} = F 1 {0} = 0
EEE 203 HW 5 NAME:___SOLUTIONS____

Problem 1:
Find the largest sampling interval Ts to allow perfect reconstruction of the signals:
(NOTE: h*x denotes convolution of h and x)

sin 2t sin t
1. *
t t
sin 2t sin t sin 2t sin t
F * = F F = {u ( + 2) u ( 2)}{u ( + 1) u ( 1)}
t t t t
= 2 {u ( + 1) u ( 1)} .
2 2
max. freq. = 1 rad/s, Nyquist freq. = 2 rad/s, min. sampling interval = Ts = = =
2 max Nyq
sin 2 t
2.
t2
sin 2 t 1 sin t sin t 1
F 2 = F * F = {u ( + 1) u ( 1)}* {u ( + 1) u ( 1)}
t 2 t t 2

= {r ( + 2) 2r ( ) + r ( 2)} .
2
2 2
max. freq. = 2 rad/s, Nyquist freq. = 4 rad/s, min. sampling interval = Ts = = =
2 max Nyq 2
sin t
3. * sin 2t
t
sin t sin t
F * sin 2t = F F {sin 2t} = {u ( + 1) u ( 1)} ( 2) ( + 2)
t t j j
=0
.
2 2
max. freq. = 0 rad/s, Nyquist freq. = 0 rad/s, min. sampling interval = Ts = = =
2 max Nyq
i.e., the zero or any constant function can be sampled with arbitrarily large sampling intervals

Problem 2:
For a sampling process with rate 1ms, what is the cutoff frequency of the ideal low-pass filter
needed for reconstruction?

The filter cutoff frequency should be the same as the maximum allowed signal frequency:
2
Ts = 1ms 2 max = max = 1000 rad/s = 500 Hz .
Ts
EEE 203 TEST 5 NAME:___SOLUTIONS___
CLOSED BOOK & NOTES. TRANSFORM TABLES ALLOWED. 30

Problem 1:
Find the largest sampling interval Ts to allow perfect reconstruction of the signals:
(NOTE: h*x denotes convolution of h and x)

sin 2t
1. * cos t .
t
sin 2t sin 2t
F * cos t = F F {cos t} = {u ( + 2) u ( 2)}{ ( 1) + ( + 1)}
t t
= 2 { ( 1) + ( + 1)}
2
max. freq. = 1 rad/s, Nyquist freq. = 2 rad/s, min. sampling interval = Ts = = =
max Nyq

sin t
2. cos 2t .
t
sin t 1 sin t
* F {cos 2t} = {u ( + 1) u ( 1)}* { ( 2) + ( + 2)}
1
F cos 2t = F
t 2 t 2

= {u ( 1) u ( + 3) + u ( + 3) u ( + 1)}
2
2
max. freq. = 3 rad/s, Nyquist freq. = 6 rad/s, min. sampling interval = Ts = = =
max Nyq 3

Problem 2:
The frequency spectrum of a signal is shown in the figure below. Determine the sampling rate
and the cutoff frequency of the ideal low-pass filter needed for reconstruction.

|X(jw)| The maximum frequency in the signal is approximately 4

Hz, or, 4(2) rad/s. Therefore maximum sampling time, to
allow reconstruction, is /8 = 1/8 s. (=1/2fmax)

1 2 3 4 Hz The ideal low-pass filter cutoff is the same as the maximum

frequency in the signal, wc = 8 rad/s = 4 Hz.
EEE 203 HW 6 NAME:_________________

Problem 1:
Consider the causal filter described by the difference equation
1 1
y[n] = y[n 1] + x[n 1]
4 3

1. Determine the transfer function

2. Compute the response of the filter to x[n] = u[n]
3. Compute the steady state response to x[n] = u[n]
4. Compute the steady state response to x[n] = sin( n/6 ) u[n-1]

Problem 2:
Consider the continuous time causal filter with transfer function
1
H (s) =
( s + 1)( s 1)

Compute the response of the filter to x[t] = u[t]

Problem 3:
Consider the discrete time stable filter with transfer function
z 1
H ( z) =
( z 0.9)( z 1.1)

Compute the response of the filter to x[n] = u[n]

EEE 203 HW 6 NAME:_____SOLUTIONS_

Problem 1: Consider the causal filter described by the difference equation

1 1
y[n] = y[n 1] + x[n 1]
4 3
1. Determine the transfer function
2. Compute the response of the filter to x[n] = u[n]
3. Compute the steady state response to x[n] = u[n]
4. Compute the steady state response to x[n] = sin( n/6 ) u[n-1]
Note: For a stable system if x converges to a periodic signal x_s, then y converges to a periodic signal that is the
system response to the x_s. This can be computed using Fourier theory. A useful simplification is:
x(t ) = e j o t y (t ) = H ( jo )e j o t

For Continuous Time:

x(t ) = cos(ot ) y (t ) =| H ( jo ) | cos(ot + H ( jo ))
x ( n ) = e j o n y ( n ) = H ( e j o ) e j o n
j o j o
For Discrete Time: x( n) = cos(o n) y ( n) =| H (e ) | cos(o n + H (e ))
where, H ( s ), H ( z ) are the continuous and discrete system transfer functions, respectively.

1.
1 1 1

() = 3 = 3
1 1 1
1 4 4
1 4 4 4 4

2. () = () 1
= 1
3
= 9
1 + (1)
9
() = 1 1
9
+ (1)
9
=
(1)
4 4 4
4 1 4 0 1 2
() = () + () () =
9 4 9 0.333 0.417 0.438
3. The filter is stable since the pole (1/4) has magnitude less than one. Hence, the steady-state
4
response is well-defined. For the constant steady-state, () = ( = 1) cos 0 = 9

4. () = sin + , = 6
1
sin
Then, () = 3
sin 6 atan
6
1 = 0.42 sin 6 39
1 2 2
cos
6 4
cos +sin
6 4 6

Problem 2: Consider the continuous time causal filter with transfer function
1
H (s) =
( s + 1)( s 1)
Compute the response of the filter to x[t] = u[t]

1 1
() = () =
( + 1)( 1)
1 1/2 1/2
() = 1 + +
( + 1) ( 1)
() = (1)() + 1/2 () + 1/2 ()
Problem 3: Consider the discrete time causal filter with transfer function
z 1
H ( z) =
( z 0.9)( z 1.1)
Compute the response of the filter to x[n] = u[n]

() = () =
1 ( 0.9)( 1.1)
1 1
0.2 5 5
() = 1 + 0.2 = 1 +
( 0.9) ( 1.1) ( 0.9) ( 1.1)
0 1 2 3 4 5
() = (5)0.9 () + (5)1.1 () =
() 0 1 2 3.01 4.04 5.1
EEE 203 TEST 6 NAME:___SOLUTIONS___
CLOSED BOOK & NOTES. TRANSFORM TABLES ALLOWED. 60

Problem 1:
For the continuous time system with transfer function
200( s 1)
H (s) =
( s + 10)( s + 20)
1. Find the ROC, assuming that the system is stable.
2. Find the steady-state response to x(t) = u(t).
3. Find the amplitude of the steady-state output for a sinusoid input of frequency 1 rad/s (x(t) =
sin(t)).

1. The poles are at 10, 20. Since the system is stable the ROC includes the jw-axis and extends to the
nearest pole (left and right). So, ROC = Re s > -10
200( s 1) 200(0 1)
2. y ss = H [ x ss ] = 1= =1
( s + 10)( s + 20) s= j 0
(0 + 10)(0 + 20)

200( s 1) 200 2
3. y ss (t ) =| H ( j1) | sin(t + H ( j1)) Ampl. = = = 1.405
( s + 10)( s + 20) s = j1 101 401

Problem 2:

For the discrete time system with transfer function

1
H ( z) =
( z + 0.5)( z 0.5)
1. Find the ROC, assuming that the system is stable.
2. Find the ROC, assuming that the system is causal
3. For the stable H(z), compute the response to a step x[n] = u[n].

1. The poles are at 0.5, 0.5. Since the system is stable the ROC includes the unit circle and extends to the
nearest pole. So, ROC = {z : |z| >0.5}.
2. The ROC of a causal transfer function extends from the largest (in magnitude) pole, to infinity. So,
ROC = {z : |z| >0.5}.
z
Z {u[n]} =
z 1
0.5 0.5 1
1 z ( 1)( 1.5 ) (1)( 0.5 )
2. Y ( z ) = H ( z ) X ( z ) = = + +
(1.5 )( 0.5 )

( z + 0.5)( z 0.5) z 1 z + 0.5 z 0.5 z 1

y[n] = Z 1{Y ( z )} = 1
3 (0.5) n 1 u[n 1] + (1)(0.5) n 1 u[n 1] + 43 u[n 1]