Unit 1.

Personality development

Personality development is actually the development from the organized pattern of attitudes and
behaviors which makes an individual distinctive.

THINGS TO ENHANCE YOUR PERSONALITY

Don't compare your life
Don't have negative thoughts or things you cannot control. Instead invest your energy in
the positive present moment
Don't waste your precious energy on gossip
Dream more while you are awake

WAYS TO MAKE PEOPLE LIKE YOU

Become genuinely interested in other people.
Smile.
Be a good listener.
Encourage others to talk about themselves.

WIN PEOPLE TO YOUR WAY OF THINKING

Show respect for the other person's opinions.
Never say, You're wrong.
If you are wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically.
Begin in a friendly way.
Try honestly to see things from the other person's point of view.

HOW TO MAKE GOOD PERSONALITY

Don't be loud.
Know when to speak up.
Don't be afraid to talk to others.
Having a sense of humor is a plus.
Remember personality doesn't mean that you should have looks.
Be kind and considerate.

TIPS
Keep a smart head and keep cool.
Don't shout or be aggressive.
Don't doubt yourself.
Be executive in dress.
Create your own personal style.
Don't copy anyone.
 Unit 2

ADOLESCENCE ()
Adolescence is the phase of transition from being a child to an adult.
It extends from 12 to 19 years of age.
it can be broadly categorized into three stages
o early adolescence,
o middle adolescence and
o Late adolescence.
This transition involves biological (i.e. pubertal), psychological and social changes.

Early Adolescence (12-14 years)

Early adolescence is a contradictory () phase.
It is a phase when the child is not yet mature and at the same time she is no longer
a child.
They insist that they have grown up enough to be independent, while parents do
not give them much freedom.
This is the time the youngster finds the drastic physical changes as a source of
irritation.
Middle Adolescence (14-17 years)
Middle adolescence is the phase of transformation from child.
There are a whole lot of changes that occur, be it, physically, mentally,
cognitively, or sexually.
The young individuals look, body, and appearance will be changed
Late Adolescence (17-19 years)
Late adolescents is closer to adulthood this time, the youngster develops a firm
identity ( ) and more stable interests ( ).
Soon-to-be-adults they attain greater emotional stability and have a more
urbanized sense of humor.
They learn to express their feelings in words, compromise and create independent
decisions.

Physical Development
In Adolescence, there will be a dramatic physical changes moving the individual
from childhood into physical maturity.
Normal growth throughout adolescence comprises both in body size and sexual
maturation (puberty).
Physical changes in Males
Height: 4 to 12 inches
Age of Puberty: 9.5 to 14 years
 First pubertal change: enlargement of the testicles
Penis enlargement: begins almost one year after the testicles begin enlarging
Appearance of pubic hair: 13.5 years of age
Hair under the arms, on the face, voice change, and acne: 15 years of age
Nocturnal emissions (or wet dreams): 14 years of age

Physical changes in Females

Height: 2 to 10 inches
Age of Puberty: 8 to 13years of age
First pubertal change: breast development
Pubic hair development: shortly after breast development
Hair under the arms: 12 years of age
Menstrual periods: 10 to 16.5 years of age

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Brain maturation and environmental stimulation play important parts in attaining this
stage. Schooling and culture also play a role.
Vocabulary and other aspects of language development, especially those related to
abstract thought, Adolescents enjoy wordplay and create their own "dialect."
Moral reasoning is based on a developing sense of justice and growing cognitive abilities.

UNIT-3

Early Adulthood

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL CONDITION

The typical young adult is in good condition; physical and sensory abilities are usually
excellent.

Accidents are the leading cause of death in young adulthood, followed by cancer, heart
disease, suicide, AIDS, and homicide.

Lifestyle factors such as diet, obesity, exercise, smoking, and substance use or abuse can
affect health and survival.

Women tend to live longer than men.

 Social relationships, especially marriage, tend to be associated with physical and mental
health.

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES

Premenstrual syndrome, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility can be concerns

during young adulthood.

The most common cause of infertility in men is a low sperm count; the most common
cause in women is blockage of the fallopian tubes.

Psychosocial Development in Young Adulthood

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: FOUR VIEWS

Four important perspectives on adult personality are offered by

o normative-stage models,

o the timing-of-events model,

o trait models, and

o typological models.

Normative-stage models hold that age-related social and emotional change emerges in
successive periods sometimes marked by crises

The timing-of-events model, proposes that adult psychosocial development is influenced

by the occurrence and timing of normative life events. As society becomes less age-
conscious, however, the social clock has less meaning.

The five-factor model of Costa and McCrae is organized around five groupings of related
traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and
agreeableness. Studies find that people change very little in these respects after age 30.

Typological research, pioneered by Jack Block, has identified personality types that
differ in ego-resiliency and ego-control. These types seem to persist from childhood
through adulthood.

Unit 4
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

MIDDLE AGE: A CULTURAL CONSTRUCT

The concept of middle age is socially constructed. It came into use as an increasing life
span led to new roles at midlife.

Middle adulthood is a time of both gains and losses.

Most middle-aged people are in good physical, cognitive, and emotional condition. They
have heavy responsibilities and multiple roles and feel competent to handle them.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL CHANGES

Although some physiological changes result from aging and genetic makeup, behavior
and lifestyle can affect their timing and extent.

Sexual activity generally diminishes only slightly and gradually, and the quality of sexual
relations may improve.

Sexual dysfunction can have physical causes but also may be related to health, lifestyle,
and emotional well-being.

HEALTH

Diet, exercise, alcohol use, and smoking affect present and future health. Preventive care
is important.

Hypertension is a major health problem beginning in midlife. AIDS tends to be more

severe in older people because of weakened immune functioning.

Leading causes of death in middle age are cancer, heart disease, liver disease, and stroke.
Diabetes also is a major cause of death.

Low income is associated with poorer health, in part because of lack of insurance.

Unit 5

Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Efforts to combat ageism are making headway, thanks to the visibility of a growing number of
active, healthy older adults.
 Today, many older people are healthy, vigorous, and active. Although effects of primary
aging may be beyond people's control, they often can avoid effects of secondary aging.

Specialists in the study of aging sometimes refer to people between ages 65 and 74 as
the young old, those over 75 as the old old, and those over 85 as the oldest old. However,
these terms may be more useful when used to refer to functional age.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

LONGEVITY AND AGING

Life expectancy has increased dramatically. The longer people live, the longer they are
likely to live.

Theories of biological aging fall into two categories: genetic-programming theories and
variable-rate, or error theories.

PHYSICAL CHANGES

Changes in body systems and organs with age are highly variable and may be results of
disease, which in turn may be affected by lifestyle.

Most body systems generally continue to function fairly well, but the heart becomes more
susceptible to disease. Reserve capacity declines.