Oracle Database Overview

Hong Lee
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Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

RDBMS is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F.

Codd. Data and the relationships are stored in the form of tables.
Referential integrity between tables is often enforced by the
combination of a primary key and a foreign key.
RDBMS offers strong consistency guarantees, it uses transactions
that provide "all-or-nothing", meaning each unit of work performed
in a database must either complete entirely or have no effect at all.
RDBMS provides strong concurrency control. Its concurrency
mechanisms manage and support multiple users accessing the
same group of resources (such as tables, rows).
RDBMS interface is flexible and offers data independence. Uses
interface with RDBMS in SQL a standard interactive and
programming language for querying and modifying data and
managing databases.
Such RDBMS include Microsoft SQL Server, DB2, Sybase and
Oracle.

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Database Market Share

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 What is an Instance?

A database instance, or an instance is made

up of the background processes/threads
needed by the database software.
These processes usually include a process
monitor, session monitor, lock monitor,
database writer, etc. They will vary from
database vendor to database vendor.
An instance controls 0 or more databases
A database can have 1 or more instances

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 What is a Schema?

A SCHEMA IS NOT A DATABASE, AND A

DATABASE IS NOT A SCHEMA.
A database application schema is the set of
database objects (tables, indexes, triggers, etc.)
that owned by a user that apply to a specific
application.
These objects are relational in nature, and are
related to each other, within a database to serve
a specific functionality.
For example payroll, purchasing, order, etc.
Usually several schemas coexist in a database.

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 Tables, Indexes, Constraints

Table - a set of columns that contain data. In the old

days, a table was called a file.
Row - a set of columns from a table reflecting a record.
Index - an object that allows for fast retrieval of table
rows. Every primary key and foreign key should have an
index for retrieval speed.
Primary key (PK) - 1 or more columns in a table that
makes a record unique.
Foreign key (FK) - a common column between 2 tables
that define the relationship between those 2 tables.

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 The Three Normal Forms

First Normal Form: All column values are atomic - Indivisible

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 The Three Normal Forms

Second Normal Form: All column values depends on the value of the
primary key

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 The Three Normal Forms
Third Normal Form: No column value depends on the value of any other
column except the primary key.

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 DBA Tasks

System DBA
Installing and upgrading the database software and
application tools
Allocating system storage and planning future storage
requirements for the database system
Creating database and its parameters
Creating database storage structures (tablespaces)
Creating database objects (tables, views, indexes)
Create users and grant database privileges
Setup database security and auditing
Setup database backup
Recover database when necessary
Setup database monitoring
Database optimization and performance tuning
Perform database maintenance (reorgs, collect stats)
Design and Implement database high availability strategy
Contact database vendor for technical support
Ensuring compliance with the database license agreement
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 DBA Tasks

Application DBA
Reviewing database designs and application functionalities
with the business, developers, and data modelers
Reviewing database structure changes that provided by
application developers and data modelers
Implement the database structure such as tables, indexes
Working with application developers to tune the performance
of the database
Reviewing and tuning the SQL scripts
Designing and implementing the database migration
Helping load/unload data
Database refreshing and cloning
Data replications

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 Oracle Instance and Database
Oracle Instance
Oracle background processes:
SMON System Monitoring
PMON Process Monitoring
CKPT Checkpoint process
ARC0 Archive log process
LGWR Log writer

Memory
SGA System Global Area
PGA Program(Private) Global Area

Oracle Database
Data files
Control files
Redo log files
Archive log files
Parameter files

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A Simple View of Oracle Instance and Database

System Global Area (SGA)

Shared_pool
Database
Buffer Cache Redo Log
Buffer

Database Files
Oracle Processes Control Files
Redo Log Files
Archive Log
Files
Oracle
Oracle Instance Database

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Database Data Redo Log
Cache Buffer

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How do I connect to the Oracle database

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tnsnames.ora listener.ora tnsnames.ora

sqlnet.ora sqlnet.ora

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 What is a Tablespace?

A tablespace is a logical storage unit in an Oracle database.

users01.dbf users02.dbf

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 Database Space Management

Add a new tablespace

SYS1.d SYS2.d USER01.d

bf bf bf

CREATE TABLESPACE USERS

DATAFILE USERS01.dbf

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 Database Space Management

Add datafiles to a tablespace

SYS2.d SYS3.d
SYS1.dbf bf bf

ALTER TABLESPACE SYSTEM

ADD DATAFILE SYS2.dbf

ALTER TABLESPACE SYSTEM

ADD DATAFILE SYS3.dbf

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 Database Space Management

Dynamically sizing a datafile

SYS1.d SYS2.d USER01.d

bf bf bf

ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE

USER01.dbf AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 20M MAXSIZE 1000M

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 Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

ASM is a database instance that provides:

Load balancing in parallel across disk drives
Prevention of disk space fragmentation
Online disk space reorganization
Data redundancy to provide fault tolerance
ASM instance - Instance that manages the diskgroup
metadata
Disk Groups
Logical grouping of raw disks
Determines file mirroring options
ASM Disks - LUN presented to ASM
ASM Files - Includes database files

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 Volume Management vs ASM

Direct I/O No File System Buffers

Asynchronous I/O
Striping and Mirroring 21
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ASM Best Practices

RPM

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 Install Software and Create Database

Kernel settings:
# Shmmax set to half of the physical mem.
kernel.shmmax = 4294967296
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmni = 4096
fs.file-max = 327679
kernel.sem=250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_max=262144
net.core.wmem_max=262144
OS Patches
Run root.sh
Oracle id: (ora1adm, ora5adm, ora9adm)
Directories:
/u01 Oracle software
/u02 ~ /uxx Oracle database
X-window is required
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Sysadmin and DBA

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 Oracle Backup and Recovery
SMON System Monitor
Background process that automatic recover the database after a
crash
Export/Import
Fast unload/load data and structure to a dump file
Can only recover to when the export was taken
Import will be slow for large database
Best suited for Dev/Test, refreshing
Data Pump
Newer version of export and import
Parallelism
Can stop and restart
RMAN (Recover Manager)
Oracle backup and recover tool (language)
Able to recover database to point-in-time
Integrated with many media management tools
Flashback recovery
New technology that use Flashback Area and Undo space to undo
the changes
Best suited for logical data corruption (user error)

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Recovery with RMAN and tape

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Recovery with Flashback

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 Database Monitoring

What:
Database up and down
Database alert log error
Database directory usage (archive log, software)
Database backup status
Tablespace space usage
Database listener up and down

How:
K-shell scripting integrated with NSM
Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM)/Grid Control

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Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) / Grid Control

Grid control
console

Management Management
server (OMS) repository

Managed
targets

Agent Agent Agent Agent

RAC Database Database Database

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OEM/Grid Control Server Performance

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OEM/Grid Control Database Performance

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OEM/Grid Control Top Activity

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OEM/Grid Control Top SQL

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OEM/Grid Control SQL Tuning

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OEM/Grid Control Memory Advice

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High Availability Standby Database

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High Availability Standby Database Failover

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High Availability Real Application Cluster

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High Availability Real Application Cluster

Node 1 Node n

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High Availability Real Application Cluster

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High Availability Real Application Cluster

RAC

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Q&
A
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS

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