Ch 07 HW

Due: 11:59pm on Sunday, February 14, 2016

You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

Work on a Sliding Box

A box of mass m is sliding along a horizontal surface.

Part A
The box leaves position x = 0 with speed v0 . The box is slowed by a constant frictional force until it comes to rest at position x = x 1 .
Find Ff , the magnitude of the average frictional force that acts on the box. (Since you don't know the coefficient of friction, don't include it in your
answer.)
Express the frictional force in terms of m , v0 , and x 1 .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Use the work-energy theorem. As applied to this part, the theorem states that the work done by friction is equal to the change in kinetic energy of
the box:

Wf = K = K f K i .
Find K i , K f , and Wf (which will depend on Ff ), then solve for Ff .

Hint 2. Find the initial kinetic energy

What is K i , the kinetic energy of the box at position x = 0?
ANSWER:

K i = 12 mv 0 2

Hint 3. Find the final kinetic energy

What is K f , the kinetic energy of the box when it reaches position x = x1 ?
ANSWER:

Kf = 0

Hint 4. Find the work done by friction

Find Wf , the work done by friction on the box. Note that the work done by friction is always negative (i.e., friction always dissipates energy).
Express your answer in terms of Ff and other given variables.

ANSWER:

Wf = Ff x 1

ANSWER:

2
Ff = mv 0
2x 1

Correct

Part B
 After the box comes to rest at position x 1 , a person starts pushing the box, giving it a speed v1 .

When the box reaches position x 2 (where x 2 > x 1 ), how much work Wp has the person done on the box?
Assume that the box reaches x 2 after the person has accelerated it from rest to speed v1 .
Express the work in terms of m , v0 , x 1 , x 2 , and v1 .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Again, use the work-energy theorem. In this part of the problem, both the person and friction are doing work on the box:

Wf + Wp = K = K f K i .

Hint 2. Find the work done by friction

What is Wf , the total work done by friction on the box as the person pushes it from position x 1 to position x 2 ?
Answer in terms of given variables. (Your answer should not include Ff .)

Hint 1. Finding the force of friction

The normal force on the box is unchanged from partA. Therefore, the force of friction is the same in this part as in part A.

ANSWER:

( v 2 )( )
Wf = m 0 x 2 x 1
2x 1

Hint 3. Find the change in kinetic energy

What is K , the change in kinetic energy of the box from the moment it is at position x 1 to the moment it is at position x 2 ?
ANSWER:

K = 1 mv 1 2
2

ANSWER:

Wp = ( 1 mv 0 )(x2 x1 ) + 1 mv 1 2
2

2 x1 2

Correct

Introduction to Potential Energy

Learning Goal:
Understand that conservative forces can be removed from the work integral by incorporating them into a new form of energy called potential energy that
must be added to the kinetic energy to get the total mechanical energy.
The first part of this problem contains short-answer questions that review the work-energy theorem. In the second part we introduce the concept of potential
energy. But for now, please answer in terms of the work-energy theorem.

Work-Energy Theorem
The work-energy theorem states

K f = K i + Wall ,
where Wall is the work done by all forces that act on the object, and K i and K f are the initial and final kinetic energies, respectively.

Part A
 The work-energy theorem states that a force acting on a particle as it moves over a ______ changes the ______ energy of the particle if the force has a
component parallel to the motion.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above:

ANSWER:

distance / potential
distance / kinetic
vertical displacement / potential
none of the above

Correct
It is important that the force have a component acting in the direction of motion. For example, if a ball is attached to a string and whirled in uniform
circular motion, the string does apply a force to the ball, but since the string's force is always perpendicular to the motion it does no work and
cannot change the kinetic energy of the ball.

Part B
To calculate the change in energy, you must know the force as a function of _______. The work done by the force causes the energy change.

Choose the best answer to fill in the blank above:

ANSWER:

acceleration
work
distance
potential energy

Correct

Part C
To illustrate the work-energy concept, consider the case of a stone falling from x i to x f under the influence of gravity.
Using the work-energy concept, we say that work is done by the gravitational _____, resulting in an increase of the ______ energy of the stone.
Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above:
ANSWER:

force / kinetic
potential energy / potential
force / potential
potential energy / kinetic

Correct

Potential Energy You should read about potential energy in your text before answering the following questions.

Potential energy is a concept that builds on the work-energy theorem, enlarging the concept of energy in the most physically useful way. The key aspect that
allows for potential energy is the existence of conservative forces, forces for which the work done on an object does not depend on the path of the object,
only the initial and final positions of the object. The gravitational force is conservative; the frictional force is not.

The change in potential energy is the negative of the work done by conservative forces. Hence considering the initial and final potential energies is
equivalent to calculating the work done by the conservative forces. When potential energy is used, it replaces the work done by the associated conservative
force. Then only the work due to nonconservative forces needs to be calculated.
In summary, when using the concept of potential energy, only nonconservative forces contribute to the work, which now changes the total energy:

K f + U f = E f = Wnc + E i = Wnc + K i + U i ,
where U f and U i are the final and initial potential energies, and Wnc is the work due only to nonconservative forces.

Now, we will revisit the falling stone example using the concept of potential energy.

Part D
Rather than ascribing the increased kinetic energy of the stone to the work of gravity, we now (when using potential energy rather than work-energy)
say that the increased kinetic energy comes from the ______ of the _______ energy.
Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above:

ANSWER:

work / potential
force / kinetic
change / potential

Correct

Part E
This process happens in such a way that total mechanical energy, equal to the ______ of the kinetic and potential energies, is _______.
Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above:
ANSWER:

sum / conserved
sum / zero
sum / not conserved
difference / conserved

Correct

Potential Energy Calculations

Learning Goal:

To understand the relationship between the force and the potential energy changes associated with that force and to be able to calculate the changes in
potential energy as definite integrals.
Imagine that a conservative force field is defined in a certain region of space. Does this sound too abstract? Well, think of a gravitational field (the one that
makes apples fall down and keeps the planets orbiting) or an electrostatic field existing around any electrically charged object.

If a particle is moving in such a field, its change in potential energy does not depend on the particle's path and is determined only by the particle's initial and
final positions. Recall that, in general, the component of the net force acting on a particle equals the negative derivative of the potential energy function
along the corresponding axis:
dU(x)
Fx = dx
.
Therefore, the change in potential energy can be found as the integral

U = 1 F ds ,
2

where U is the change in potential energy for a particle moving from point 1 to point 2, F is the net force acting on the particle at a given point of its path,
and ds is a small displacement of the particle along its path from 1 to 2.

Evaluating such an integral in a general case can be a tedious and lengthy task. However, two circumstances make it easier:

1. Because the result is path-independent, it is always possible to consider the most straightforward way to reach point 2 from point 1.
 2. The most common real-world fields are rather simply defined.

In this problem, you will practice calculating the change in potential energy for a particle moving in three common force fields.

Note that, in the equations for the forces, ^

i is the unit vector in the x direction, ^j is the unit vector in the y direction, and r^ is the unit vector in the radial
direction in case of a spherically symmetrical force field.

Part A
Consider a uniform gravitational field (a fair approximation near the surface of a planet). Find

U(yf ) U(y0 ) = y0 F g ds ,
f y

where

F g = mg ^j and ds = dy ^j .
Express your answer in terms of m , g, y0 , and yf .

Hint 1. Relative directions of F g and ds

Note that F g and ds are parallel, and their dot product is simply the product of their magnitudes. That is,

F g ds = mg dy .

ANSWER:

U(yf ) U(y0 ) = mg(yf y0 )

Correct

Part B
Consider the force exerted by a spring that obeys Hooke's law. Find
U(xf ) U(x0 ) = x0f F s ds ,
x

where

F s = kx ^i , ds = dx ^i ,
and the spring constant k is positive.
Express your answer in terms of k , x 0 , and x f .

Hint 1. Relative directions of F s and ds

Note that F s and ds are parallel, and their dot product is simply the product of their magnitudes. That is,

F s ds = kx dx.

ANSWER:

U(x f ) U(x 0 ) = .5k(x f 2 x 0 2 )

Correct

Part C
Finally, consider the gravitational force generated by a spherically symmetrical massive object. The magnitude and direction of such a force are given
 by Newton's law of gravity:
= Gm 1 m 2 r^ ,
FG r2
where ds = dr r^; G, m 1 , and m 2 are constants; and r > 0 . Find
f ds .
U(rf ) U(r0 ) = r0 F G
r

Express your answer in terms of G , m 1 , m 2 , r 0 , and r f .

and ds
Hint 1. Relative directions of F G

Note that F G and ds are parallel, and their dot product is simply the product of their magnitudes. That is,

ds = Gm 1 m 2 dr.
FG r2

2
Hint 2. Integrating 1/r

Recall that
dr
r2
= 1r .
Carefully account for all the negative signs in your calculations.

ANSWER:

U(r f ) U(r 0 ) = Gm1 m2 ( r1f r10 )

Correct
As you can see, the change in potential energy of the particle can be found by integrating the force along the particle's path. However, this method,
as we mentioned before, does have an important restriction: It can only be applied to a conservative force field. For conservative forces such as
gravity or tension the work done on the particle does not depend on the particle's path, and the potential energy is the function of the particle's
position.

In case of a nonconservative force--such as a frictional or magnetic force--the potential energy can no longer be defined as a function of the
particle's position, and the method that you used in this problem would not be applicable.

Video Tutor: Chin Basher?

First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment. Then, close the video window
and answer the question at right. You can watch the video again at any point.

Part A

Suppose our experimenter repeats his experiment on a planet more massive than Earth, where the acceleration due to gravity is g = 30 m/s 2 . When
he releases the ball from chin height without giving it a push, how will the ball's behavior differ from its behavior on Earth? Ignore friction and air
resistance. (Select all that apply.)

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

 To answer this question, you must evaluate how a change in g affects the pendulums trajectory (choices A and B), period (choices C and D),
and mass (choice E).

Trajectory: Here, the key is energy conservation. Think about how kinetic and potential energy interchange as a pendulum swings. For the
pendulum to return to a position higher than its starting point, the system of the pendulum and planet would have to gain mechanical energy.
Where would that energy come from? (The same argument applies to choice B.)

Period: You can answer this question by seeing whether the equation for the period of a pendulum includes g. Or you can use reasoning. A
greater downward acceleration g will cause the pendulum to reach the bottom of its swing more quickly. What does that say about the
pendulums total period?

Mass: The pendulum will weigh more on the massive planet. Will it have more mass?

ANSWER:

Its mass will be greater.

It will smash his face.
It will take less time to return to the point from which it was released.
It will take more time to return to the point from which it was released.
It will stop well short of his face.

Correct
The pendulum will swing back and forth more quickly (with a shorter period) because it is oscillating in a stronger gravitational field than that on
Earth.

Exercise 7.32

While a roofer is working on a roof that slants at 39.0 above the horizontal, he accidentally nudges his 87.0 N toolbox, causing it to start sliding downward,
starting from rest.

Part A
If it starts 4.90 m from the lower edge of the roof, how fast will the toolbox be moving just as it reaches the edge of the roof if the kinetic friction force on
it is 22.0 N ?
ANSWER:

v = 6.01 m/s

Correct

Exercise 7.35

A force parallel to the x -axis acts on a particle moving along the x -axis. This force produces a potential energy U(x) given by U(x) = x 4 where
= 1.44 J/m 4 .

Part A
What is the force when the particle is at position x = -0.990 m ?

ANSWER:

Fx = 5.59 N

Correct
 Energy Required to Lift a Heavy Box

As you are trying to move a heavy box of mass m , you realize that it is too heavy for you to lift by yourself. There is no one around to help, so you attach an
ideal pulley to the box and a massless rope to the ceiling, which you wrap around the pulley. You pull up on the rope to lift the box.

Use g for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity and neglect friction forces.

Part A
Once you have pulled hard enough to start the box moving upward, what is the magnitude F of the upward force you must apply to the rope to start
raising the box with constant velocity?
Express the magnitude of the force in terms of m , the mass of the box.

Hint 1. What force must be applied to the box to keep it moving at a constant speed?
Once you have pulled hard enough to start the box moving upward, what is the magnitude of the force that the pulley must exert on the box so
that it moves at a constant speed?
Express your answer in terms of the mass of the box.

ANSWER:

Fp = mg

Hint 2. What force does the pulley exert on the box?

If you take the tension in the rope to be T , what is Fp , the magnitude of the net upward force that the pulley exerts on the box?

Express your answer in terms of T .

ANSWER:

Fp = 2T

Hint 3. Find the tension in the rope

Find the tension in the rope in terms of F , the force with which you are pulling upward.
ANSWER:

T= F

Hint 4. Putting it all together

On your own or using the previous hints, you should have found equations for he following:

1. the force needed to lift the box at constant velocity, in terms of its mass,
2. the relationship between the force on the box due to the pulley and the tension in the rope, and
3. the relationship between the force applied to the rope and the tension in the rope.
 Use two of these equations to eliminate the force applied by the pulley and the tension in the rope. You should then be able to express the force
applied on the rope in terms of the mass of the box.

ANSWER:

mg
F= 2

Correct

Part B
Consider lifting a box of mass m to a height h using two different methods: lifting the box directly or lifting the box using a pulley (as in the previous
part).

What is Wd /Wp , the ratio of the work done lifting the box directly to the work done lifting the box with a pulley?

Express the ratio numerically.

Hint 1. Definition of work

In each case, the amount of work W you do is equal to the force F you apply times the distance d over which you apply the force:

W = F d.

Hint 2. Ratio of the forces

What is the ratio of the force needed to lift the box directly to the force needed to lift the box using the pulley?
Express your answer numerically.
ANSWER:

Fd
Fp = 2

Answer Requested

Hint 3. Ratio of the distances

What is the ratio of the distance over which force is applied when lifting the box directly to the distance over which force is applied when lifting
the box with the pulley?
Express the ratio of distances numerically.

Hint 1. Find the distance when using the pulley

Find D p , the distance over which you must apply force when lifting the box using the pulley.

Express your answer in terms of h , the total height that the box is lifted.

Hint 1. Pulling the rope a short distance

Using the pully, imagine that you pull the end of the rope a short distance dx upward. The box will actually rise a distance dx/2 .
(Draw a picture if you have trouble visualizing this.)

ANSWER:

D p = 2h

Answer Requested
 Hint 2. Find the distance when lifting directly
When lifting the box directly, the distance over which force is applied, D d , is equal to the vertical distance h that the box is raised.

ANSWER:

Dd
Dp = 0.500

ANSWER:

Wd
Wp = 1

Correct
No matter which method you use to lift the box, its gravitational potential energy will increase by mgh. So, neglecting friction, you will always need
to do an amount of work equal to mgh to lift it.

Potential Energy Graphs and Motion

Learning Goal:

To be able to interpret potential energy diagrams and predict the corresponding motion of a particle.

Potential energy diagrams for a particle are useful in predicting the motion of that particle. These diagrams allow one to determine the direction of the force
acting on the particle at any point, the points of stable and unstable equilibrium, the particle's kinetic energy, etc.
Consider the potential energy diagram shown. The curve represents the value of potential energy
U as a function of the particle's coordinate x . The horizontal line above the curve represents the
constant value of the total energy of the particle E . The total energy E is the sum of kinetic ( K )
and potential ( U ) energies of the particle.

The key idea in interpreting the graph can be expressed in the equation
dU(x)
F x (x) = dx
,
where Fx (x) is the x component of the net force as function of the particle's coordinate x . Note
the negative sign: It means that the x component of the net force is negative when the derivative
is positive and vice versa. For instance, if the particle is moving to the right, and its potential
energy is increasing, the net force would be pulling the particle to the left.

If you are still having trouble visualizing this, consider the following: If a massive particle is
increasing its gravitational potential energy (that is, moving upward), the force of gravity is pulling
in the opposite direction (that is, downward).

If the x component of the net force is zero, the particle is said to be in equilibrium. There are two kinds of equilibrium:

Stable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle back toward the
equilibrium point (think of a ball rolling between two hills).
Unstable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle further away from
the equilibrium point (think of a ball on top of a hill).

In answering the following questions, we will assume that there is a single varying force F acting on the particle along the x axis. Therefore, we will use the
term force instead of the cumbersome x component of the net force.

Part A
The force acting on the particle at point A is __________.

Hint 1. Sign of the derivative

If a function increases (as x increases) in a certain region, then the derivative of the function in that region is positive.
 Hint 2. Sign of the component
If x increases to the right, as in the graph shown, then a (one-dimensional) vector with a positive x component points to the right, and vice versa.

ANSWER:

directed to the right

directed to the left
equal to zero

Correct
Consider the graph in the region of point A. If the particle is moving to the right, it would be "climbing the hill," and the force would "pull it down,"
that is, pull the particle back to the left. Another, more abstract way of thinking about this is to say that the slope of the graph at point A is positive;

therefore, the direction of F is negative.

Part B
The force acting on the particle at point C is __________.

Hint 1. Sign of the derivative

If a function increases (as x increases) in a certain region, then the derivative of the function in that region is positive, and vice versa.

Hint 2. Sign of the component

If x increases to the right, as in the graph shown, then a (one-dimensional) vector with a positive x component points to the right, and vice versa.

ANSWER:

directed to the right

directed to the left
equal to zero

Correct

Part C
The force acting on the particle at point B is __________.

Hint 1. Derivative of a function at a local maximum

At a local maximum, the derivative of a function is equal to zero.

ANSWER:

directed to the right

directed to the left
equal to zero

Correct

The slope of the graph is zero; therefore, the derivative dU/dx = 0 , and |F | = 0 .
Part D
The acceleration of the particle at point B is __________.

Hint 1. Relation between acceleration and force

The relation between acceleration and force is given by Newton's 2nd law,
F = ma.

ANSWER:

directed to the right

directed to the left
equal to zero

Correct
If the net force is zero, so is the acceleration. The particle is said to be in a state of equilibrium.

Part E
If the particle is located slightly to the left of point B, its acceleration is __________.

Hint 1. The force on such a particle

To the left of B, U(x) is an increasing function and so its derivative is positive. This implies that the x component of the force on a particle at this
location is negative, or that the force is directed to the left, just like at A. What can you say now about the acceleration?

ANSWER:

directed to the right

directed to the left
equal to zero

Correct

Part F
If the particle is located slightly to the right of point B, its acceleration is __________.

Hint 1. The force on such a particle

To the right of B, U(x) is a decreasing function and so its derivative is negative. This implies that the x component of the force on a particle at
this location is positive, or that the force is directed to the right, just like at C. What can you now say about the acceleration?

ANSWER:

directed to the right

directed to the left
equal to zero
 Correct
As you can see, small deviations from equilibrium at point B cause a force that accelerates the particle further away; hence the particle is in
unstable equilibrium.

Part G
Name all labeled points on the graph corresponding to unstable equilibrium.
List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE.

Hint 1. Definition of unstable equilibrium

Unstable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle further away from the
equilibrium point (think of a ball on top of a hill).

ANSWER:

BF

Correct

Part H
Name all labeled points on the graph corresponding to stable equilibrium.

List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE.

Hint 1. Definition of stable equilibrium

Stable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle back toward the
equilibrium point. (Think of a ball rolling between two hills.)

ANSWER:

DH

Correct

Part I
Name all labeled points on the graph where the acceleration of the particle is zero.
List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE.

Hint 1. Relation between acceleration and force

The relation between acceleration and force is given by Newton's 2nd law,
F = ma.

ANSWER:

BDFH

Correct
Your answer, of course, includes the locations of both stable and unstable equilibrium.
Part J
Name all labeled points such that when a particle is released from rest there, it would accelerate to the left.
List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

BDFGH

Incorrect; Try Again; 2 attempts remaining

Part K
Consider points A, E, and G. Of these three points, which one corresponds to the greatest magnitude of acceleration of the particle?

Hint 1. Acceleration and force

The greatest acceleration corresponds to the greatest magnitude of the net force, represented on the graph by the magnitude of the slope.

ANSWER:

A
E
G

Correct

Kinetic energy
If the total energy E of the particle is known, one can also use the graph of U(t) to draw conclusions about the kinetic energy of the particle since

K = E U.
As a reminder, on this graph, the total energy E is shown by the horizontal line.

Part L
What point on the graph corresponds to the maximum kinetic energy of the moving particle?

Hint 1. K , U , and E
Since the total energy does not change, the maximum kinetic energy corresponds to the minimum potential energy.

ANSWER:

Correct
It makes sense that the kinetic energy of the particle is maximum at one of the (force) equilibrium points. For example, think of a pendulum (which
has only one force equilibrium point--at the very bottom).

Part M
 At what point on the graph does the particle have the lowest speed?
ANSWER:

Correct
As you can see, many different conclusions can be made about the particle's motion merely by looking at the graph. It is helpful to understand the
character of motion qualitatively before you attempt quantitative problems. This problem should prove useful in improving such an understanding.

Loop the Loop

A roller coaster car may be approximated by a block of mass m . The car, which starts from rest, is
released at a height h above the ground and slides along a frictionless track. The car encounters
a loop of radius R , as shown. Assume that the initial height h is great enough so that the car
never loses contact with the track.

Part A
Find an expression for the kinetic energy of the car at the top of the loop.
Express the kinetic energy in terms of m , g, h , and R .

Hint 1. Find the potential energy at the top of the loop

What is the potential energy of the car when it is at the top of the loop? Define the gravitational potential energy to be zero at h = 0.
Express your answer in terms of R and other given quantities.
ANSWER:

U top = mg(2R)

ANSWER:

K = mg(h 2R)

Correct

Part B
Find the minimum initial height h at which the car can be released that still allows the car to stay in contact with the track at the top of the loop.
Express the minimum height in terms of R .

Hint 1. How to approach this part

 Meaning of "stay in contact"

For the car to just stay in contact through the loop, without falling, the normal force that acts on the car when it's at the top of the loop must be
zero (i.e., N = 0 ).

Find the velocity at the top such that the remaining force on the car i.e. its weight provides the necessary centripetal acceleration. If the velocity
were any greater, you would additionally require some force from the track to provide the necessary centripetal acceleration. If the velocity were
any less, the car would fall off the track.

Use the above described condition to find the velocity and then the result from the above part to find the required height.

Hint 2. Acceleration at the top of the loop

Assuming that the speed of the car at the top of the loop is vtop , and that the car stays on the track, find the acceleration of the car. Take the
positive y direction to be upward.
Express your answer in terms of vtop and any other quantities given in the problem introduction.

ANSWER:

v top 2
a top =
R

Hint 3. Normal force at the top of the loop

Suppose the car stays on the track and has speed vtop at the top of the loop. Use Newton's 2nd law to find an expression for N , the magnitude
of the normal force that the loop exerts on the car when the car is at the top of the loop.
Express your answer in terms of m , g, R , and vtop .

Hint 1. Find the sum of forces at the top of the loop

Find the sum of the forces acting on the car at the top of the loop. Remember that the positive y direction is upward.

Express your answer in terms of N , m , and g .

ANSWER:

Ftop = N mg

ANSWER:

\texttip{N}{N} = \large{m \left(\frac{{v_{\rm{top}}}^{2}}{R}-g\right)}

Hint 4. Solving for \texttip{h}{h}

The requirement to stay in contact results in an expression for v_{top}^2 in terms of \texttip{R}{R} and \texttip{g}{g}. Substitute this into your
expression for kinetic energy, found in Part A, to determine a relation between \texttip{h}{h} and \texttip{R}{R}.

ANSWER:

\texttip{h_{\rm min}}{h_min} = \large{\frac{5R}{2}}

Correct
For h > 2.5 \; R the car will still complete the loop, though it will require some normal reaction even at the very top.

For h < R the car will just oscillate. Do you see this?

For R < h < 2.5 \; R, the cart will lose contact with the track at some earlier point. That is why roller coasters must have a lot of safety features. If
you like, you can check that the angle at which the cart loses contact with the track is given by \large{\theta = \arcsin\left(\frac{2}{3} \left( \frac{h}{R}
- 1\right)\right)}. Where \theta is the angle measured counterclockwise from the horizontal positive x-axis, where the origin of the x-axis is at the
center of the loop.
 Drag on a Skydiver

A skydiver of mass \texttip{m}{m} jumps from a hot air balloon and falls a distance \texttip{d}{d} before reaching a terminal velocity of magnitude \texttip{v}{v}.
Assume that the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity is \texttip{g}{g}.

Part A
What is the work \texttip{W_{\rm d}}{W_d} done on the skydiver, over the distance \texttip{d}{d}, by the drag force of the air?

Express the work in terms of \texttip{d}{d}, \texttip{v}{v}, \texttip{m}{m}, and the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity \texttip{g}{g}.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

If no nonconservative forces were acting, then the total mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) of the skydiver upon leaving the plane would
be equal to the total mechanical energy of the skydiver after falling a distance \texttip{d}{d}.

Now consider the drag force, which is nonconservative. The drag force opposes the motion of the skydiver, which means that it does negative
work on the skydiver. Thus, the final mechanical energy of the skydiver will be smaller than the initial mechanical energy by an amount equal to
the work done by the drag force.

Hint 2. Find the change in potential energy

Find the change in the skydiver's gravitational potential energy, after falling a distance \texttip{d}{d}.

Express your answer in terms of given quantities.

ANSWER:

\texttip{\Delta U_{\rm g}}{DeltaU_g} = -m g d

Hint 3. Find the change in kinetic energy

Find the change in the skydiver's kinetic energy, after falling a distance \texttip{d}{d}.
Express your answer in terms of given quantities.
ANSWER:

\texttip{\Delta K}{DeltaK} = \large{\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}}

ANSWER:

\texttip{W_{\rm d}}{W_d} = \large{{\frac{1}{2}}mv^{2}-mgd}

Correct

Part B
Find the power \texttip{P_{\rm d}}{P_d} supplied by the drag force after the skydiver has reached terminal velocity \texttip{v}{v}.
Express the power in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

One way to approach this problem would be to apply the definition of power as the time derivative of the work done. A simpler method that works
for this problem is to use the formula for the power delivered by a force \texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec} acting on an object moving with velocity
\texttip{\vec{v}}{v_vec}:

P=\vec{F}\cdot\vec{v}.

Hint 2. Magnitude of the drag force

Find the magnitude \texttip{F_{\rm d}}{F_d} of the drag force after the skydiver has reached terminal velocity.
 Express your answer in terms of the skydiver's mass m and other given quantities.

Hint 1. Definition of terminal velocity

Once terminal velocity is reached, the skydiver's acceleration goes to zero. (The drag force exactly balances the downward acceleration
due to gravity.)

ANSWER:

\texttip{F_{\rm d}}{F_d} = m g

Hint 3. Relative direction of the drag force and velocity

When you find \vec{F_d}\cdot\vec{v}, remember that the direction of the drag force is opposite to the direction of the skydiver's velocity.

ANSWER:

\texttip{P_{\rm d}}{P_d} = -mgv

Correct

Problem 7.72

If a fish is attached to a vertical spring and slowly lowered to its equilibrium position, it is found to stretch the spring by an amount d.

Part A
If the same fish is attached to the end of the unstretched spring and then allowed to fall from rest, through what maximum distance does it stretch the
spring? (Hint: Calculate the force constant of the spring in terms of the distance d and the mass m of the fish.)

Express your answer in terms of d.

ANSWER:

y = 2d

Correct

Problem 7.65

In a truck-loading station at a post office, a small 0.200-{\rm kg} package is released from rest at point \texttip{A}{A} on a track that is one-quarter of a circle
with radius 1.60 {\rm m} (the figure ). The size of the package is much less than 1.60 {\rm m}, so
the package can be treated as a particle. It slides down the track and reaches point \texttip{B}{B}
with a speed of 4.20 {\rm m/s} . From point \texttip{B}{B}, it slides on a level surface a distance of
3.00 {\rm m} to point {C}, where it comes to rest.
Part A
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction on the horizontal surface?
ANSWER:

\mu = 0.300

Correct

Part B
How much work is done on the package by friction as it slides down the circular arc from \texttip{A}{A} to \texttip{B}{B}?
ANSWER:

W = -1.37 {\rm J}

Correct

Conservation of Energy Ranking Task

Six pendulums of various masses \texttip{m}{m} are released from various heights \texttip{h}{h} above a tabletop, as shown in the figures below. All the
pendulums have the same length and are mounted such that at the vertical position their lowest points are the height of the tabletop and just do not strike
the tabletop when released. Assume that the size of each bob is negligible.

Part A
Rank each pendulum on the basis of its initial gravitational potential energy (before being released) relative to the tabletop.
Rank from largest to smallest To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Hint 1. Gravitational potential energy

Gravitational potential energy \texttip{U}{U} is defined as the product of the mass of the object, the acceleration due to gravity, and the height of
the object above a reference level, summarized as

U = mgh.

ANSWER:
 Correct

Part B
Rank each pendulum on the basis of the maximum kinetic energy it attains after release.
Rank from largest to smallest To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Hint 1. Kinetic energy

Each pendulum begins at rest (i.e., kinetic energy of zero). The maximum kinetic energy for a pendulum will occur when it is at the lowest point
in its motion. At this point, all of the pendulums will be the same height above the tabletop. The kinetic energy then will equal the change in
potential energy from the initial point to the point just above the tabletop.

ANSWER:
 Correct

Part C
Rank each pendulum on the basis of its maximum speed.
Rank from largest to smallest To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Hint 1. The role of mass

Both kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are proportional to mass. Thus, a pendulum with larger mass has a larger potential energy
upon release, and a larger kinetic energy at its lowest point. Since the kinetic energy is equal to the change in potential energy, you may write
down the equation mg\Delta h = ^1/_2 m v^2. Notice that mass may be canceled from both sides. Thus, the final speed depends upon the
change in height but is independent of mass.

The situation is similar to that of an object in free fall. In free fall, although larger masses are acted upon by a larger gravitational force, a larger
mass also has more inertia. These two effects cancel out. All objects fall with the same acceleration, and therefore reach the same velocity after
falling equal distances.

ANSWER:
 Correct

Exercise 7.10

A 26.0 {\rm {\rm kg}} child plays on a swing having support ropes that are 1.80 {\rm {\rm m}} long. A friend pulls her back until the ropes are 45.0 {\rm ^\circ}
from the vertical and releases her from rest.

Part A
What is the potential energy for the child just as she is released, compared with the potential energy at the bottom of the swing?
ANSWER:

U = 134 {\rm J}

Correct

Part B
How fast will she be moving at the bottom of the swing?
ANSWER:

v = 3.21 {\rm m/s}

Correct

Part C
How much work does the tension in the ropes do as the child swings from the initial position to the bottom?
ANSWER:
 W= 0 {\rm J}

Correct

Exercise 7.11

You are testing a new amusement park roller coaster with an empty car with a mass of 110 {\rm kg} . One part of the track is a vertical loop with a radius of
12.0 {\rm m} . At the bottom of the loop (point A) the car has a speed of 25.0 {\rm m/s} and at the top of the loop (point B) it has speed of 8.00 {\rm m/s} .

Part A
As the car rolls from point A to point B, how much work is done by friction?
Use 9.81 {\rm m/s^2} for the acceleration due to gravity.
ANSWER:

-4960 \rm J

Correct

Energy in a Spring Graphing Question

A toy car is held at rest against a compressed spring, as shown in the figure. When released, the
car slides across the room. Let x = 0 be the initial position of the car. Assume that friction is
negligible.

Part A
Sketch a graph of the total energy of the spring and car system. There is no scale given, so your graph should simply reflect the qualitative shape of the
energy vs. time plot.
ANSWER:
 Correct

Part B
Sketch a plot of the elastic potential energy of the spring from the point at which the car is released to the equilibrium position of the spring. Make your
graph consistent with the given plot of total energy (the gray line given in the graphing window).

Hint 1. Determine the sign of the initial elastic potential energy

At the instant the car is released, the spring is compressed. Therefore, is the spring's initial elastic potential energy positive, negative, or zero?
ANSWER:

positive
negative
zero

Correct

Hint 2. Determine the sign of the initial kinetic energy

Is the initial kinetic energy of the cart positive, negative, or zero?
ANSWER:

positive
negative
zero

Correct

Hint 3. Determine the sign of the final elastic potential energy

When the car reaches the equilibrium position of the spring, is the elastic potential energy positive, negative, or zero?
ANSWER:
 positive
negative
zero

Correct

Hint 4. The shape of the elastic potential energy graph

The elastic potential energy of a spring with spring constant \texttip{k}{k} that is stretched or compressed to position \texttip{x}{x} is given by

\large{U = \frac{1}{2}k(x-x_0)^2},
where \texttip{x_{\rm 0}}{x_0} is the equilibrium position of the spring.

ANSWER:

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Part C
Sketch a graph of the car's kinetic energy from the moment it is released until it passes the equilibrium position of the spring. Your graph should be
consistent with the given plots of total energy (gray line in graphing window) and potential energy (gray parabola in graphing window).
ANSWER:
 Answer Requested

Bungee Jumping

Kate, a bungee jumper, wants to jump off the edge of a bridge that spans a river below. Kate has a mass \texttip{m}{m}, and the surface of the bridge is a
height \texttip{h}{h} above the water. The bungee cord, which has length \texttip{L}{L} when unstretched, will first straighten and then stretch as Kate falls.

Assume the following:

The bungee cord behaves as an ideal spring once it begins to stretch, with spring constant \texttip{k}{k}.
Kate doesn't actually jump but simply steps off the edge of the bridge and falls straight downward.
Kate's height is negligible compared to the length of the bungee cord. Hence, she can be treated as a point particle.

Use \texttip{g}{g} for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.

Part A
How far below the bridge will Kate eventually be hanging, once she stops oscillating and comes finally to rest? Assume that she doesn't touch the water.
Express the distance in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.

Hint 1. Decide how to approach the problem

Here are three possible methods for solving this problem:

a. No nonconservative forces are acting, so mechanical energy is conserved. Set Kate's gravitational potential energy at the top of the
bridge equal to the spring potential energy in the bungee cord (which depends on the cord's final length \texttip{d}{d}) and solve for
\texttip{d}{d}.
b. Since nonconservative forces are acting, mechanical energy is not conserved. Set the spring potential energy in the bungee cord
(which depends on \texttip{d}{d}) equal to Kate's gravitational potential energy plus the work done by dissipative forces. Eliminate
the unknown work, and solve for \texttip{d}{d}.
c. When Kate comes to rest she has zero acceleration, so the net force acting on her must be zero. Set the spring force due to the
bungee cord (which depends on \texttip{d}{d}) equal to the force of gravity and solve for \texttip{d}{d}.

Which of these options is the simplest, most accurate way to find \texttip{d}{d} given the information available?
ANSWER:
 a
b
c

Hint 2. Compute the force due to the bungee cord

When Kate is at rest, what is the magnitude \texttip{F_{\rm b}}{F_b} of the upward force the bungee cord exerts on her?
Express your answer in terms of the cord's final stretched length \texttip{d}{d} and quantities given in the problem introduction. Your
answer should not depend on Kate's mass \texttip{m}{m}.

Hint 1. Find the extension of the bungee cord

The upward force on Kate is due to the extension of the bungee cord. What is this extension?
Express your answer in terms of the cord's final (stretched) length \texttip{d}{d} and \texttip{L}{L}.
ANSWER:

Extension = d-L

Hint 2. Formula for the force due to a stretched cord

The formula for the force due to a stretched cord is
F = - k \Delta x,
where \texttip{k}{k} is the spring constant of the cord and \texttip{\Delta x}{Deltax} is the extension of the cord.

ANSWER:

\texttip{F_{\rm b}}{F_b} = k \left(d-L\right)

ANSWER:

\texttip{d}{d} = \large{{\frac{mg}{k}}+L}

Correct

Part B
If Kate just touches the surface of the river on her first downward trip (i.e., before the first bounce), what is the spring constant \texttip{k}{k}? Ignore all
dissipative forces.
Express \texttip{k}{k} in terms of \texttip{L}{L}, \texttip{h}{h}, \texttip{m}{m}, and \texttip{g}{g}.

Hint 1. Decide how to approach the problem

Here are three possible methods for solving this problem:

a. Since nonconservative forces are ignored, mechanical energy is conserved. Set Kate's gravitational potential energy at the top of
the bridge equal to the spring potential energy in the bungee cord at the lowest point (which depends on \texttip{k}{k}) and solve for
\texttip{k}{k}.
b. Nonconservative forces can be ignored, so mechanical energy is conserved. Set the spring potential energy in the bungee cord
(which depends on \texttip{k}{k}) equal to Kate's gravitational potential energy at the top of the bridge plus the work done by gravity
as Kate falls. Compute the work done by gravity, then solve for \texttip{k}{k}.
c. When Kate is being held just above the water she has zero acceleration, so the net force acting on her must be zero. Set the spring
force due to the bungee cord (which depends on \texttip{k}{k}) equal to the force of gravity and solve for \texttip{k}{k}.

Which of these options is the simplest, most accurate way to find \texttip{k}{k} given the information available?
 ANSWER:

a
b
c

Hint 2. Find the initial gravitational potential energy

What is Kate's gravitational potential energy \texttip{U_{\rm g}}{U_g} at the moment she steps off the bridge? (Define the zero of gravitational
potential to be at the surface of the water.)

Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.

ANSWER:

\texttip{U_{\rm g}}{U_g} = m g h

Hint 3. Find the elastic potential energy in the bungee cord

What is the elastic potential energy \texttip{U_{\rm el}}{U_el} stored in the bungee cord when Kate is at the lowest point of her first downward
trip?
Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.

Hint 1. Formula for elastic potential energy

The elastic potential energy of the bungee cord (which we are treating as an ideal spring) is
\large{U_{\rm el} = \frac{1}{2}k (\Delta x)^2},
where \texttip{\Delta x}{Deltax} is the amount by which the cord is stretched beyond its unstretched length.

Hint 2. How much is the bungee cord stretched?

By how much is the bungee cord stretched when Kate is at a depth \texttip{d_{\rm 1}}{d_1} below the bridge?
Express your answer in terms of \texttip{d_{\rm 1}}{d_1} and \texttip{L}{L}.
ANSWER:

\texttip{\Delta x}{Deltax} = d_{1}-L

ANSWER:

\texttip{U_{\rm el}}{U_el} = \large{\frac{1}{2} k \left(h-L\right)^{2}}

ANSWER:

\texttip{k}{k} = \large{\frac{2mgh}{\left(h-L\right)^{2}}}

Correct

Exercise 7.15

A force of 541 {\rm \; N} keeps a certain spring stretched a distance of 0.500 {\rm \; m} .

Part A
What is the potential energy of the spring when it is stretched of 0.500 {\rm \; m} ?
 Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

U_1 = 135 {\rm J}

Correct

Part B
What is its potential energy when it is compressed of 9.00 {\rm \; cm} ?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

U_2 = 4.38 {\rm J}

Correct

PSS 7.2 Problems Using Mechanical Energy II

Learning Goal:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 7.2 Problems Using Mechanical Energy II.
The Great Sandini is a 60.0-{\rm kg} circus performer who is shot from a cannon (actually a spring gun). You dont find many men of his caliber, so you help
him design a new gun. This new gun has a very large spring with a very small mass and a force constant of 1100 {\rm N/m} that he will compress with a
force of 4400 {\rm N}. The inside of the gun barrel is coated with Teflon, so the average friction force will be only 40.0 {\rm N} during the 4.00 {\rm m} he
moves in the barrel. At what speed will he emerge from the end of the barrel, 2.50 {\rm m} above his initial rest position?

Problem-Solving Strategy: Problems using mechanical energy II

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:

The energy approach is useful in solving problems that involve elastic forces as well as gravitational forces, provided the additional elastic potential energy is
included in the potential energy \texttip{U}{U}.

SET UP the problem using the following steps:

1. Decide what the initial and final states of the system are. Use the subscript 1 for the initial state and the subscript 2 for the final state. It helps to
draw sketches.
2. Define your coordinate system, particularly the level at which y=0. We suggest that you always choose the positive y direction to be upward
because this is what U_{\rm grav} = mgy assumes.
3. Identify all forces that do work, including those that cant be described in terms of potential energy. A free-body diagram is always helpful.
4. List the unknown and known quantities, including the coordinates and velocities at each point. Decide which unknowns are your target
variables.

EXECUTE the solution as follows:

Write expressions for the initial and final kinetic and potential energiesthat is, \texttip{K_{\rm 1}}{K_1}, \texttip{K_{\rm 2}}{K_2}, \texttip{U_{\rm 1}}{U_1},
and \texttip{U_{\rm 2}}{U_2}. The potential energy \texttip{U}{U} now includes both the gravitational potential energy \texttip{U_{\rm grav}}{U_grav} and the
elastic potential energy \large{U_{\rm el}=\frac{1}{2} kx^2}, where \texttip{x}{x} is the displacement of the spring from its unstretched length. Then, relate the
kinetic and potential energies and the work done by other forces, \texttip{W_{\rm other}}{W_other}, using K_1 + U_1 + W_{\rm other} = K_2 + U_ 2. If no
other forces do work, this expression becomes K _1 + U_1 = K_2 + U_2. Its helpful to draw bar graphs showing the initial and final values of \texttip{K}{K},
\texttip{U}{U}, and E=K +U. Then, solve to find whatever unknown quantity is required.

EVALUATE your answer:

Check whether your answer makes physical sense. Keep in mind that the work done by the gravitational and elastic forces is accounted for by their potential
energies; the work of the other forces, \texttip{W_{\rm other}}{W_other}, has to be included separately.

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

The problem involves a spring gun. Therefore, to account for the potential energy associated with its elastic force, the energy approach might be the best
method to solve this problem.

SET UP the problem using the following steps

Part A
Below is a sketch of the initial state of the situation described in this problem. Draw the most suitable set of coordinate axes for this problem. Note that
even though you can choose the y=0 level to be wherever you like, in most situations it is best to set the zero height to coincide with either the initial or
final position, so that the calculations for the gravitational potential energy become easier. For this reason, in this particular problem place the origin of
your coordinate axes on the black dot marking the performer's initial position. Draw only the positive portion of the coordinate axes.
Draw the vectors starting at the black dot. The location and orientation of the vectors will be graded. The length of the vectors will not be
graded.

ANSWER:

Part B

This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

EXECUTE the solution as follows

Part C

This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

EVALUATE your answer

Part D

This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

Exercise 7.27

A 0.60-\rm kg book slides on a horizontal table. The kinetic friction force on the book has magnitude 1.4 {\rm \; N} .
Part A
How much work is done on the book by friction during a displacement of 2.9 {\rm \; m} to the left?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

W_1 = -4.1 {\rm J}

Correct

Part B
The book now slides 2.9 {\rm \; m} to the right, returning to its starting point. During this second 2.9-\rm m displacement, how much work is done on the
book by friction?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

W_2 = -4.1 {\rm J}

Correct

Part C
What is the total work done on the book by friction during the complete round trip?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

W_3 = -8.1 {\rm J}

Correct

Part D
On the basis of your answer to part C, would you say that the friction force is conservative or nonconservative?
ANSWER:

conservative
nonconservative

Correct
The net work done by friction for the round trip is not zero, and friction is not a conservative force.

Exercise 7.33

A small block with mass 0.0400 {\rm kg} is moving in the xy-plane. The net force on the block is described by the potential- energy function U(x,y)= (5.55
{\rm J/m^2} )x^2-(3.85 {\rm J/m^3} )y^3.

Part A
What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the block when it is at the point x= 0.37 {\rm m} , y= 0.50 {\rm m} ?
 Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

a = 126 \large{{\rm \frac{m}{s^{2}}}}

Correct

Part B
What is the direction of the acceleration of the block when it is at the point x= 0.37 {\rm m} , y= 0.50 {\rm m} ?
ANSWER:

\theta = 145 ^\circ counterclockwise from the +x-axis

Correct

Springs in Two Dimensions

The ends of two identical springs are connected. Their unstretched lengths \ell are negligibly small and each has spring constant \texttip{k}{k}. After being
connected, both springs are stretched an amount \texttip{L}{L} and their free ends are anchored at y = 0 and x= \pm L as shown . The point where the
springs are connected to each other is now pulled to the position (\texttip{x}{x}, \texttip{y}{y}).
Assume that (\texttip{x}{x}, \texttip{y}{y}) lies in the first quadrant.

Part A
What is the potential energy of the two-spring system after the point of connection has been moved to position (\texttip{x}{x}, \texttip{y}{y})? Keep in
mind that the unstretched length of each spring \ell is much less than \texttip{L}{L} and can be ignored (i.e., \ell \ll L).
Express the potential in terms of \texttip{k}{k}, \texttip{x}{x}, \texttip{y}{y}, and \texttip{L}{L}.

Hint 1. An important property of the potential energy

Recall that potential energy is a scalar and hence can be added like a number. You should find the potential energies of each of the springs, then
add these two energies together to get the total potential energy of the system.

Hint 2. Potential energy of the left-hand spring

Find the potential energy of the spring on the left side of the figure when the point where the two springs are connected is pulled to the position
(\texttip{x}{x}, \texttip{y}{y}).

Hint 1. Stretched length of the left-hand spring

Find the total elongation of the spring on the left when its end (the point at which it connects to the other spring) is at the point (\texttip{x}
{x}, \texttip{y}{y}).
 ANSWER:

{\rm elongation}_{\rm left} = \sqrt{\left(\left(L+x\right)^{2} + y^{2}\right)}

ANSWER:

\texttip{U_{\rm left}}{U_left} = .5 k \left(\left(L+x\right)^{2}+\left(y^{2}\right)\right)

ANSWER:

\texttip{U}{U} = k\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+L^{2}\right)

Correct

Part B
Find the force \texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec} on the junction point, the point where the two springs are attached to each other.
Express \texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec} as a vector in terms of the unit vectors \texttip{\hat{i}}{i_unit} and \texttip{\hat{j}}{j_unit}.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Once you have obtained the potential energy you can calculate the corresponding force as the gradient of the potential energy.

Hint 2. Components of the force vector

The components of the force are
\large{F_{x} = -\frac{dU}{dx}\; {\rm and}\; F_{y} = -\frac{dU}{dy}}.

ANSWER:

\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec} = -2kx \hat{i}-2ky \hat{j}

Correct
Notice how much more difficult it would have been to obtain the force via vector addition (computing the two components of the force from each
spring, then adding them). This is the power of scalar potential functions: They allow you to simply add up the contributions, without having to worry
about vectors or coordinate axes. By taking the gradient of the potential, you automatically obtain the desired vector quantities.

Exercise 7.35

The potential energy of two atoms in a diatomic molecule is approximated by U\,( r ) = a/r^{12} - b/r^6, where \texttip{r}{r} is the spacing between atoms and
\texttip{a}{a} and \texttip{b}{b} are positive constants.

Part A
Find the force F(r)on one atom as a function of r.
Express your answer in terms of the variables a, b, and r.
ANSWER:

F(r) = \large{{\frac{12a}{r^{13}}}-{\frac{6b}{r^{7}}}}

Correct
Part B
Find the equilibrium distance between the two atoms.
Express your answer in terms of the variables a and b.
ANSWER:

r_{min} = \large{\sqrt[6]{2} \sqrt[6]{\frac{a}{b}}}

Correct

Part C
Is this equilibrium stable?
ANSWER:

yes
no

Correct

Part D
Suppose the distance between the two atoms is equal to the equilibrium distance found in part A. What minimum energy must be added to the molecule
to dissociate it-that is, to separate the two atoms to an infinite distance apart? This is called the dissociation energy of the molecule.

Express your answer in terms of the variables a and b.

ANSWER:

E_0 = \large{\frac{b^{2}}{4a}}

Correct

Part E
For the molecule CO, the equilibrium distance between the carbon and oxygen atoms is 1.13\times 10^{ - 10}\; {\rm{ m}} and the dissociation energy is
1.54\times 10^{ - 18} \;{\rm{ J}} per molecule. Find the value of the constant \texttip{a}{a}.
ANSWER:

a = 6.6810138 {\rm J \times m^{12}}

Correct

Part F
Find the value of the constant \texttip{b}{b}.
ANSWER:

b = 6.411078 {\rm J \times m^{6}}

Correct
 Problem 7.39

A block with mass 0.50 {\rm kg} is forced against a horizontal spring of negligible mass, compressing the spring a distance of 0.20 {\rm m} (the figure ).
When released, the block moves on a horizontal tabletop for 1.00 {\rm m} before coming to rest.
The spring constant \texttip{k}{k} is 100 {\rm{ N/m}}.

Part A
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction \mu _{\rm{k}} between the block and the tabletop?
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:

\mu _{\rm{k}} = 0.41

Correct

Problem 7.53

A 0.275 {\rm kg} potato is tied to a string with length 2.00 {\rm m} , and the other end of the string is tied to a rigid support. The potato is held straight out
horizontally from the point of support, with the string pulled taut, and is then released.

Part A
What is the speed of the potato at the lowest point of its motion?
Take free fall acceleration to be 9.80 {\rm m/s^2} .
ANSWER:

v = 6.26 {\rm m}/{\rm s}

Correct

Part B
What is the tension in the string at this point?
ANSWER:

T = 8.09 {\rm N}

Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 94.9%.
You received 11.38 out of a possible total of 12 points.