Designation: E 517 00

Standard Test Method for

Plastic Strain Ratio r for Sheet Metal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 517; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 3.1.1.1 DiscussionDue to difficulty in measuring thick-

1.1 This test method covers special tension testing for the ness changes with sufficient precision, in practice an equivalent
measurement of the plastic strain ratio, r, of sheet metal relationship is commonly used, based on length and width
intended for deep-drawing applications. strain measurements (see 9.1.2).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 3.1.2 rmweighted average of r values obtained in three
as the standard. The SI equivalents may be approximate. directions: 0 (parallel), 45 (diagonal), and 90 (transverse) to
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the the rolling direction (see 10.3).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.2.1 DiscussionSome materials may show significantly
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- different values of r for other test directions, in which case an
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- average value may include these when special note is made and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. another subscript is used to avoid confusion with rm as defined
in 3.1.2. Symbols which are often used interchangeably with rm
2. Referenced Documents are r and r-Bar.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.1.3 delta r (D r)measure of the tendency of sheet to
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test- draw in nonuniformly and to form ears in the flange of
ing1 deep-drawn cylindrical parts in the directions of higher r value
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials1 (see 10.4).
E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- 3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn cold-reduced and annealed low-
someters1 carbon steel sheet, r0 and r90 are usually greater than r45, while
E 92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate- in hot-rolled steels r45 may be greater. Other earing tendencies
rials1 occur; thus, for some materials the earing tendency may be
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in better represented by rm ax r min.
ASTM Test Methods2 3.1.4 yield point elongation (for a material that has a yield
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to point) is the total strain associated with discontinuous yielding.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method2 3.2 The definitions relating to tension testing appearing in
Terminology E 6 shall apply to this test method.
3. Terminology
4. Significance and Use
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 plastic-strain ratio r (in sheet metal that has been 4.1 The plastic strain ratio r is a parameter that indicates the
strained by uniaxial tension sufficiently to induce plastic flow) ability of a sheet metal to resist thinning or thickening when
is the ratio of the true strain that has occurred in a width subjected to either tensile or compressive forces in the plane of
direction w perpendicular to the direction of applied stress and the sheet. It is a measure of plastic anisotropy and is related to
in the plane of the sheet, to the concomitant true strain in the the preferred crystallographic orientations within a polycrys-
thickness direction t. Thus, r is numerically equal to talline metal. This resistance to thinning or thicken-ing con-
tributes to the forming of shapes, such as cylindrical flat-
r 5 ew/et (1)
bottom cups, by the deep-drawing process. The r value,
where: therefore, is considered a measure of sheet metal drawability. It
e w = width strain, and is particularly useful for evaluating materials intended for parts
et = thickness strain. where a substantial portion of the blank must be drawn from
beneath the blank holder into the die opening.
4.2 For many materials this ratio remains essentially con-
1
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. stant over a range of plastic strains up to maximum applied
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. force in a tension test. For materials that give different r values

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E 517 00
at various strain levels, a superscript is used to designate the 7. Test Specimen
percent strain at which the r value was measured. For example, 7.1 SizeThe length and width of the specimen are not
if a 20 % elongation is used, the report would show r20. critical, provided care is used to stretch the gage section in a
4.3 Materials usually have different r values when tested in uniform manner, avoiding grip effects and anomalous changes
different orientations relative to the rolling direction. The angle along the gage lengths.
of sampling of the individual test coupon is noted by a 7.1.1 The specimen shall include the full sheet thickness
subscript. Thus, for a test specimen whose length is aligned unless otherwise specified.
parallel to the rolling direction, the r value would be reported
7.1.2 The thickness of the gage section of the specimen shall
as r0. If, in addition, the measurement was made at 20 %
be uniform within 0.0005 in. or 0.013 mm in the gage section.
elongation and it was deemed necessary to note the percent
If the as-received surface is nonuniform, the surface shall be
strain at which the value was measured, the value would be
prepared by machining or by grinding to this tolerance.
reported as r020.
7.1.3 The distance between a gage mark and a grip shall be
4.4 A material that has a yield point followed by discon-
at least twice the width of the reduced section (or gage width
tinuous yielding stretches unevenly while this yielding is
for parallel strips) of the specimen.
taking place. In steels, this is associated with the propagation of
7.1.4 Duplicate specimens should be tested and the average
Lders bands on the surface. The accuracy and reproducibility
r value of these reported for each test direction. If necessary, a
of the determination of r will be reduced unless the test is
third determination may be made, rejecting the extreme.
continued beyond this yield-point elongation. Similarly, the
discontinuous yielding associated with large grain size in a 7.2 TypeAny of three types of specimen may be used.
material decreases the accuracy and reproducibility of deter- Other types including subsize specimens are acceptable pro-
minations of r made at low strains. vided they give comparable values of equivalent accuracy.
7.2.1 Specimen A, with reduced section, as shown in Fig.
5. Interferences 1While this is similar to Fig. 6 of Test Methods E 8, the
reduced section shall be parallel-sided rather than tapered.
5.1 Many factors may affect the measurements taken for 7.2.2 Specimen B, with a uniform width of 0.75 in. or 20
determining r value. In particular, errors in the measurement of mm, machined edges, and no reduced section, as shown in Fig.
the change in width can cause the reported r value to be 2.
invalid. The following phenomena are known to cause severe
7.2.3 Specimen C, precision-sheared a uniform width of
errors in the measurement of the change in width thus affecting
1.125 in. or 28.58 mm, or with machined edges and no reduced
the r value reported.
section, as shown in Fig. 3.
5.1.1 CanoeingCanoeing is a phenomenon which occurs
7.2.3.1 Gage lengths for Specimen C shall be marked on the
in some materials when they are stretched. In these materials,
sheet surface perpendicular to and parallel to the specimen
the test specimen bows about its longitudinal axis taking on a
edges. The gage marks shall be made with Vickers diamond
shape resembling the bottom of a canoe. In this case, unless the
indenters described in Test Method E 92, or similar precise
measurements of the change in width are compensated for,
marks.
there will be significant errors in the r value calculated.
5.1.2 Sharp Knife EdgesKnife edges, used to measure the
8. Specimen Preparation
change in width automatically, while the specimen is stretched,
may cause localized deformation of the specimen under the 8.1 Specimen blanks shall be sheared or sawed individually
knife edges. This problem is intensified by the knife edges and with the exception of Specimen C, which may be used as
being sharp and attached to the specimen with high forces. This sheared, shall be machined individually or in packs to remove
combination produces a compressive stress 90 to the tensile cold-worked edges.
stress being applied to stretch the specimen, which causes 8.2 The dimensions of each specimen shall be measured for
localized deformation. As a result, excessively high r values uniformity of thickness and width in the gage section to meet
may be calculated. the requirements of 7.1.2 and 8.3.
8.3 Within the gage length, parallelism of the edges shall be
6. Apparatus maintained so that no two width measurements differ by more
6.1 Measuring Devices: than 0.1 % of the measured width (Specimens A and B only).
6.1.1 Instruments for measuring length and width shall be 8.4 Reasonable care shall be taken to position the gage
checked for accuracy and be graduated to permit measurements marks symmetrically to the midpoint and centerline of the
to be made to 60.001 in. (6 0.02 mm) or better. specimen or reduced section.
6.1.2 If the longitudinal strain or the transverse strain, or 8.4.1 Gage marks shall be lightly scribed or punched in the
both, are to be obtained using an extensometer, the extensom- surface of the specimen or made with a Vickers diamond
eter shall conform to Practice E 83 as Class C or better. The indenter.
extensometers shall be verified over a range appropriate for the 8.4.2 The gage lengths shall be in compliance with 7.1.3.
strains used to determine r value. 8.4.3 For Specimen A, the gage length shall be centered in
6.2 Testing MachineThe testing machine used to strain the reduced section.
the specimen shall be capable of uniaxially straining the 8.4.4 For Specimen C, a double set of gage marks shall be
specimen in accordance with the requirements in 9.2.5 or 9.3.4. used in compliance with 7.2.3.1.

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 E 517 00

Dimensions
Specimen A
Standard Alternative
in. mm in. mm
G Gage length 2.00 6 0.01 506 0.25 1.00 6 0.005 25 6 0.13
W Width (Note 2 and Note 3) 0.500 6 0.01 12.5 6 0.25 0.500 6 0.01 12.5 6 0.025
T Thickness thickness of material thickness of material
R Radius of fillet, min 12 13 12 13
L Overall length, min 8 200 714 180
A Length of reduced section, min 3 75 214 60
B Length of grip section, min 2 50 2 50
C Width of grip section, approximate 34 20 34 20

NOTE 1The edges of the reduced section shall be machined parallel over the gage length within a tolerance of 0.0005 in. (0.012 mm).
NOTE 2The ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.005 in. or 0.013 mm. However, the width within the gage length
must conform to 8.3.
FIG. 1 Rectangular Tension Test Specimens with Reduced Parallel Section, for r Determination

Dimensions
Specimen B
Standard Alternative
in. mm in. mm
G Gage length 2.00 6 0.01 50 6 0.25 1.00 6 0.005 25 6 0.13
W Gage width 0.756 0.005 206 0.13 0.756 0.005 206 0.13
T Thickness thickness of material
L Overall length, min 8 200 7 175
C Width of specimen (Note) 0.75 6 0.005 20 6 0.13 0.756 0.005 20 6 0.13

NOTE 1Edges of Specimen B shall be machined parallel over the full length within a tolerance of 0.0008 in. or 0.020 mm.
FIG. 2 Machined Rectangular Tension Test Specimens, Parallel Strip, for r Determination

9. Procedure 9.1.2 For most thin sheet metals, however, it is preferable to

9.1 If the tensile properties of the material are unknown, measure length and width changes and, assuming constant
either make an autographic force/extension record or run a volume, calculate r by one of the following procedures:
separate tension test to determine the yielding characteristics 9.2 Manual Procedure:
and the elongation in accordance with Test Methods E 8, using 9.2.1 Determine the original width of the specimen, w0,
the specimen shown in Fig. 6 of Test Methods E 8. This will within 60.0005 in. or 60.013 mm. If a gage length of 0.75 in.
establish strain limits within which the r determination may be or 20 mm is used, as for Specimen C, one width measurement
made. is sufficient. If a gage length of 1.00 in. or 25 mm or longer is
9.1.1 The plastic strain ratio r may be determined from used, make width measurements at a minimum of three evenly
width and thickness changes resulting from plastic deformation spaced places within the gage length and use the average.
provided these changes can be measured with sufficient accu- 9.2.2 Measure the original gage length, l0, within 60.001 in.
racy in a tension test. or 60.025 mm in a 1.00-in. or 25-mm, or a 0.75-in. or 20-mm

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 E 517 00

Dimensions
Specimen C
in. mm
G Gage Length 0.75 6 0.005 20 6 0.13
W Gage Width 0.75 6 0.005 20 6 0.13
T Thickness thickness of material
L Overall Length, min 7 175
C Width of specimen 1.125 6 0.125 28.58 6 3.17

FIG. 3 Sheared Rectangular Tension Test Specimen, Parallel

Strip, for r Determination

gage section, and within 60.002 in. or 6 0.05 mm in a 2.00-in. error in calculated r value decreases with increasing strain, higher
or 50-mm gage section. modulus, lower strength, and at lower r values.) Plastic strains can be
9.2.3 When gage marks are made with two indenters determined by reducing the tensile force on the specimen to zero with the
extensometers in place, or they can be calculated by subtracting the elastic
mounted a known distance apart in a fixture, only final gage strains from the total strains indicated by the extensometers. The longi-
length and width measurements are needed. tudinal elastic strain at any point may be calculated by dividing the true
9.2.4 Pull the specimen axially until it is stretched beyond stress at that point by the nominal value of the modulus of elasticity. The
any yield-point elongation but not exceeding the strain at transverse elastic strain may be calculated by multiplying the longitudinal
maximum applied force. Measurement accuracy is improved as elastic strain by the nominal value of Poissons ratio. Examples: If an r
the strain is increased within the above limits, as explained in value of 2.0 at 15 % strain is determined for steel using longitudinal and
transverse strain measurements measured at a true stress of 50 000 psi
X3.3.1.
(345 MPa), subtracting the elastic strain component from these measure-
NOTE 1Strains of 1520% are commonly utilized for determining the ments would increase the r value calculated from 2.0 to approximately
r-value of formable low carbon steel products. 2.03. If an r value of 1.0 at 10 % strain is determined for aluminum using
longitudinal and transverse strain measurements measured at a true stress
9.2.5 The rate of straining shall be 0.5/min or less, unless of 50 000 psi (345 MPa), subtracting the elastic strain component from
otherwise specified. these measurements would increase the r value calculated from 1.0 to
9.2.6 Measure the final width, w f, and gage length, lf, in the approximately 1.03.
same manner and tolerance as the initial values. Make these
9.3.6 l o = the gage length of the longitudinal extensometer.
measurements with no tensile force applied to the specimen.
9.3 Automatic Procedure: 9.3.7 w o = the gage length of the transverse extensometer.
9.3.1 Attach extensometers conforming to 6.1.2 to the 9.3.8 l f = l o + the change in length determined in 9.3.5.
specimen to measure the longitudinal and transverse strain. 9.3.9 w f = w o + the change in width determined in 9.3.5.
Transverse extensometers must not cause and must not mea-
NOTE 3The manual procedure shall be used as a referee.
sure additional transverse deformation due to the knife edges
deforming the specimen during the test. 10. Calculation
9.3.2 Record the gage length of the extensometers. In the
case of the extensometer measuring transverse strain, the gage 10.1 Calculate r as follows:
length may be the width of the specimen. r 5 ew/et (2)
9.3.3 Pull the specimen axially.
9.3.4 The rate of straining shall be 0.5/min or less, unless where:
e w = ln(wf /w0) and
otherwise specified.
et = ln(t f/t0)
9.3.5 Determine the change in width corresponding to a
change in length from the data created by the extensometers, Assuming the volume remains constant:
when the specimen is stretched beyond any yield-point elon- et 5 ln ~l0w 0/lfw f! (3)
gation, but has not exceeded the strain at maximum applied 10.1.1 Invert as follows to eliminate negative values:
force. Measurement accuracy is improved as the strain is
increased within the above limits, as explained in X1.3.3.1. ln~w0/wf!
r5 (4)
ln ~lfwf/l0w0!
NOTE 2For complete compatibility with the manual method, only the
plastic component of the strain values measured should be used in the 10.1.2 Nomographs based on ln-ln relationships of original
determination of the r value by the automatic method, unless it can be and final gage lengths and widths may be constructed and used
shown that the elastic component of the total strain is negligible. (The to read r directly.

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 E 517 00
10.2 Use the r value subscripts and superscripts designating n~r! 5 2@~0.025!2 1 ~0.01! 2#1/2 5 0.054 (8)
test conditions when necessary (see Section 3). 12.2.3 For most typical conditions under which r would
10.3 Calculate rm as follows: be measured, that is, for 0.5 < r < 2 and 0.1 <e l< 0.2, a n(r) of
r m 5 ~r0 1 2r45 1 r90!/4 (5) about 0.03 to 0.08 would be anticipated.
10.4 Calculate earing tendency as follows: 12.3 The definition of r leads to a complex dependence of n
(r) on both the applied axial strain, el, and the r value itself.
Dr 5 ~r0 1 r90 2 2r45!/2 (6)
This has been treated in more detail in the Appendix using error
propagation theory. This approximate treatment shows the
11. Report
importance of small coefficients of variation of the dimensional
11.1 The report shall include the following, as agreed measurements (0.1 to 0.2 %) and measurements of r at as high
between purchaser and supplier: a plastic strain within the uniform strain range as is feasible for
11.1.1 Description of material tested, the material under investigation.
11.1.2 Specimen used and sampling direction, 12.4 Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn interlaboratory
11.1.3 Method of width and length (or thickness) determi- study of the r-value of steel was run in 1995. Eight laboratories
nations, tested five randomly drawn test specimens from each of two
11.1.4 Length strain used, materials. The design of the experiment, similar to that of
11.1.5 Other special conditions during testing, Practice E 691, and a within-between analysis of the data is
11.1.6 Brief description of testing machine, given in the research report.3
11.1.7 Number of determinations and r values (significant to 12.4.1 Test Result The precision information given below
0.01), for r-value measured at 15 % elongation is for the comparison
11.1.8 Average value, r m, and of two test results, each of which is the average of five test
11.1.9 Earing tendency, Dr, or rmax rmin. determinations.
12.4.2 PrecisionExpressed as a percentage of the average
12. Precision and Bias test value:
12.1 The plastic strain ratio, as shown in Section 4, is a Manual Procedure Material A Material B
derived quantity. Its precision and bias depend on the precision Average test value 1.06 1.71
and bias of the strain measurements. 95 % repeatability limit (within laboratory) 5.8 % 7.5 %
12.1.1 The use of this test method is not believed to 95 % reproducibility limit (between laboratories) 8.4 % 10.0 %
introduce any systematic error or bias into the results. Automatic Procedure Material A Material B
12.1.2 The precision of the r value measurement shall be
expressed in terms of its coefficient of variation, n(r), that is, Average test value 1.14 1.77
95 % repreatability limit (within laboratory) 4.1 % 5.0 %
the ratio of the measurement standard deviation, s (r), to the 95 % reproducibility limit (between laboratories) 19.2 % 25.3 %
mean observed value, n(r) = s(r)/r.
12.2 From basic statistical considerations, as shown in the The terms (repeatability limit and reproducibility limit) are
Appendix, n(r) can be written in terms of the coeffcients of used as specified in Practice E 177. The respective standard
variation of the width strain,n (ew), and the length strain,n(el), deviations among test results may be obtained by dividing
as: these limits by 2.8.
12.4.3 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias
n~r! 5 ~1 1 r!@~n~ew!! 2 1 ~n~e l!! 2#1/2 (7) of the procedures in Test Method E 517 for measuring r-value
12.2.1 The required precision of the dimensional measure- because no material having an accepted reference value is
ments leads to approximate coefficients of variation of 0.01 and available.
0.025 for the length and width strains, respectively, assuming 13. Keywords
el = 0.1 and r = 1. Exact values can be calculated from the
replicate measurements of initial and final dimensions follow- 13.1 drawability; earing tendency; plastic strain ratio; r; r
ing standard statistical procedures. value
12.2.2 These estimates of n(el) and n(e w) lead to a calcu-
lated n(r), for the assumed value of r = 1, of: 3
Available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:E28-1016.

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 E 517 00
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. THEORETICAL ESTIMATE OF THE PRECISION OF THE r VALUE

X1.1 Definitions ew 5 ln ~Wi/W o! 5 ln W i 2 ln Wo (X1.8)

X1.1.1 From 10.1, an alternative definition of the r value is:
r 5 2ew/~ew 1 el! (X1.1)
s~ew!2 5 s~w!2 S D
ew
W
2
1 s~Wo!2 S D
ew
Wo
2

ew 1 ew 21
X1.1.2 From the definition of r, it also follows that the but W5W and W 5 W
o o

F G
plastic width and length strains are related by the expression:

S D
1 1
r so s~ew!2 5 s~W i!2 1 if s~W! 5 s~Wo!
2 ew 5 1 1 r e1 (X1.2) Wi2 Wo2

X1.2 Error Analysis

and then s~ew!2 5
s~W!2
Wo2
FS D G
Wo
W
2
11 5
s~W!2
W o2
@exp ~22ew! 1 1 #

X1.2.1 The standard deviation of r, s (r), can be approxi- X1.3.1.2 Using the same approach, the standard deviation
mated from Eq. X1.1, neglecting the covariance of the width of the length strain in terms of the true axial strain level, el, and
and length strains for convenience, as follows: the coefficient of variation of the original length measure-

H F G F GJ
r 2 r 2 1/2 ment,n (lo), is:
s~r! 5 s~ew!2 e 1 s~el! 2 el (X1.3)
w s~el! 5 n~l o!@1 1 exp ~22e l!#1/2 (X1.9)
where s (ew) and s (el) are the standard deviations of the X1.3.2 The coefficient of variation of r, n(r), is then
width and length strains. In addition, from the alternative expressed in terms of the relative dimensional measurement
definitions in X1.1.2, uncertainties from Eqs X5 X7:
r r~1 1 r!
ew 5 ew
r
and e 5
2r~1 1 r!
el (X1.4) n~r! 5
11r
el H
n~Wo!2 S D
11r
r
2
@1 1 exp ~22ew!# 1 n~lo!2 @1 1 exp

J
l
1/2
X1.2.2 This leads to the result: ~22e 1!# (X1.10)
s~r!
r2
2
5 ~1 1 r! 2 F
s~ew!
e w2
1
2
s~el!
el2
2

G (X1.5) X1.3.3 (Equation X8) can be plotted as shown in Fig. X1.1

and Fig. X1.2 to illustrate the effects of the precision of the
which can also be restated in terms of the coefficients of axial strain level and the width strain on the r value.
variation, n, as: X1.3.3.1 The beneficial effect of increased strain in reduc-
ing the coefficient of variation of r is shown in Fig. X1.1. The
n~r! 5 ~1 1 r!@n~e l!2 1 n~ew! 2#1/2 (X1.6)
analysis suggests that measurements at engineering strain
which is the form used in the precision and bias statement. levels above 15 % are to be preferred for the highest precision
in the determination of r. Understandably, many materials
X1.3 Application of the Error Analysis cannot be tested at this strain level; r values can, of course, be
X1.3.1 The coefficients of variation of the strain measure- measured in materials with low tensile ductility, but such
ments can then be expressed in terms of the coefficients of values could be much less precise than r values for more
variation of the specimen dimensions. This format shows the ductile materials.
importance of precise dimensional measurements. X1.3.3.2 Increasing the coefficient of variation of the width
X1.3.1.1 The standard deviation of the width strain is: leads to an increased coefficient of variation of r, as seen in Fig.
X1.2. The recommended width measurement tolerances lead to
s~ew! 5 n~W o!@1 1 exp ~22ew!#1/2 (X1.7) a coefficient of variation of width of about 0.001 (0.1 %) which
where n(Wo) is the coefficient of variation of the original leads to an estimated coefficient of variation of r of around 4 to
width measurement. This follows from the same basic error 7 %. This further underlines the need for precise dimensional
propagation analysis used above. Thus, measurements stated in Section 9.

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 E 517 00

NOTE 1Calculated for relative length and width measurement errors of 0.001.
FIG. X1.1 Effect of the Axial Strain Level on the Precision of the r Value

NOTE 1Calculated for an axial strain of 0.10 and a relative length measurement error of 0.001.
NOTE 2The value of n(w) using the recommended width measurement tolerances in this method is approximately 0.001; at axial strain levels above
0.15 (see Fig. X1.1), the n(r) would be approximately 0.05.
FIG. X1.2 Effect of Width Measurement Error on the Precision of the r Value

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