Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Jun Xu, Ken Nolen, Dennis Shipp, Andy Cordova, Sam Gibbs
Lufkin Automation

Abstract Introduction

More and more directional wells are being drilled A greater number of deviated wells are being drilled
to maximize hydrocarbon recovery and overcome to increase production rates, and to minimize cost
environmental restriction.Todays state-of-the-art and ecological damage. Sucker rod pumping has been
predictive software for rod pumping can be used an efcient method in vertical wells and is becoming
to design and optimize rod pumping in deviated more and more common in deviated wells. During
wells as well as vertical wells. Previously, traditional the last several decades, the deviated well was
methods, including wave equation techniques, presumed to be a vertical well in the design and
assume that the wellbore is vertical. Applying these diagnosis of rod pumping well, which is based on the
methods to rod pumping in deviated wells and in one-dimensional, viscous-damped wave-equation
unintentionally deviated (crooked) wells will result computerized model.Yet the model for vertical well
in substantial errors and cause inappropriate design. is imprecise and not valid for a crooked-hole or a
The new technique considers a deviation survey for deviated well. In 1992, the 3-D deviated well model
the 3-D borehole trajectory and rod/tubing drag based on the modied version of wave equation was
friction in the predictive design method.This paper originally developed by Dr. Sam Gibbs and has been
examines a real case for a severely deviated well by successfully incorporated into Lufkin Automations
using the new software, showing the best practices SROD1 rod pumping predictive and design program.
and optimization. Later, Lufkin Automation developed and released a
new version of the rod pumping diagnostic program,
DIAG, which uses a similar model and algorithm as
SROD for diagnosing deviated wells.2 This paper
presents the new wave equation methodology that
incorporates both viscous friction and drags friction.
A design procedure for intentionally deviated well is
presented. Rod guide design is studied. Some other
important concerns such as drag friction, guide
friction coefcient, buckling and dogleg servility are
discussed. Finally, the effect of designing an optimum
wellbore path before the well is drilled is examined.

NorGlide is a registered trademark of

Norris, a Dover company.
2005 Lufkin Automation.
For more information www.lufkinautomation.com SAM is a trademark of Lufkin Automation.
(LUF502/0405)
 page 2
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Mathematical Model Serious Considerations in Deviated

Well Design
Gibbs introduced a 3-D modied wave equation
method to predict and design rod pumping in Rod Buckling
deviated wells.1 The governing equation of motion
that is solved to model rod pumping performance in Generally speaking, rod buckling can be caused by
deviated wells with rod dynamics, viscous friction downhole rod frictions and faster pumping effect at
and drag friction is expressed as follows: uid pound condition. Some unit geometry
selections with faster trip on downstroke than
2 u (s,t) 2u (s,t) u(s,t) upstroke may aggravate buckling tendency at uid
v 2 
 c  (1) pound condition. Under-balanced units may also
t 2 s 2 t
aggravate buckling problem.
u(s,t)
 (s)[Q (s)T(s)  ]g (s)
s The bottom portion of the rod string in pumping
wells is always in compression from buoyancy on
v represents acoustic velocity in the sucker rod. c downstroke, but buoyancy will not cause buckling.
represents the viscous damping coefcient, which Buckling of a rod string immersed in a uid is
models the effects of uid viscous friction. (s) is governed by the buckling tendency rather than the
the friction coefcient function, which provides for
true load or axial load.The true load is useful for
variation of friction coefcient along the rod string
calculating rod-loading base on stress-range diagrams
(due to bare rods and different types of rod guides). such as the API Modied Goodman Diagram.To
Q(s) and T(s) are functions, which depend on axial determine if there is a tendency for rod buckling,
load and wellbore deviation. And g(s) is rod gravity one must carefully examine the buckling tendency
effect. In the vertical well case, g(s)constant and at the bottom portion of the rod string. Examples
Q(s)T(s)0; hence, Equation 1 reduces to the
of true load (axial load) and buckling tendency
wave equation for vertical wells. A 3-D visualization
are presented in Figure 7 or Figure 11. At
of an element of the rod string as a free-body depth of 10,116 ft on Figure 11, negative true
diagram in a deviated well is shown in Figure 1. load2842 lbs, buckling tendency1006.
Equation 1 is solved with the nite difference The difference between them (1836 lbs) reects
method subject to the complicated boundary
the uid buoyancy effect.
conditions for the pump, surface unit and prime
mover.The algorithm is developed in Lufkin Lea5 introduced the following equation for critical
Automations SROD predictive software. load (lbs) necessary to buckle the rod.

It is a comprehensive computerized mathematical

model program that is used to design a rod-pumping Fcritical 
3
0.795EI ( w)2/144 (2)
system in vertical or deviated wells.The latest
version of SROD features a simulation for hydraulic
pumping units, such as DynaPump, with dual speeds where I  moment of inertia of cross
for upstroke and downstroke. In addition, gas-engine sectiond4/64 (in4)
simulations have been improved, which includes the E  elastic modulus of rod30.5 _105
effects of higher y wheel rotary inertia. Also, in (psi, for steel)
deviated wells the placement of rod guides, the w  weight of rod in uidwair
number of guides needed and their added weight to (10.128_) (lbs/ft)
the rod string are automatically included.

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 page 3
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

The criteria for buckling is that if the rod buckling 10-rod sections for the purpose of practical eld
tendency, which includes rod dynamics effect, is installation. Rod guides may be required in a vertical
greater than Fcritical, then the rods can be expected well too where buckling tendency is higher than
to buckle. However, Equation 2 is only applicable to tolerable. If so, buckling tendency plot is useful to
vertical wells. perform rod guide design.

Rod Guide Design Several lab tests indicated that the asymmetrical
molded guide spacing allowed higher critical Eulers
In rod pumping wells, the most expensive routine load to buckle the rod than did the symmetrical
well-servicing cost is the repair of tubing leaks. molded guide spacing. Based on the lab
In many cases, this wear is caused by side loads from observations, it is recommended that at least one
a deviated wellbore. Also, if rod buckling on the molded guide should be closed to end of rod
downstroke is occurring, rod/tubing wear can result, coupling by about 15 in.3
which is typically near the pump. Although there are
a few options to reduce rod/tubing wear, rod guides Drag and Viscous Friction
along with keeping full pump condition could
possibly be the most practical and the most cost- Bare rod friction coefcient is the coefcient of
effective method of controlling rod buckling and Coulomb friction between bare rod and tubing.
rod/tubing wear problems. Basically, the rod guides Coefcient of friction (COF) times the side load
act as a sacricial component to center the rod (normal force between the tubing and a sucker rod)
string in the tubing so that wear on the is equal to the frictional drag force on the sucker
rods/couplings and the tubing is minimized. However, rod.The bare rod COF default value is 0.2.The COF
different rod guide design criteria has existed in the depends on the type of materials that are rubbing,
industry for a long time. One method, the trial and the roughness of the surface and the lubricity (oil
error method, uses a statistical well failure database. versus water, etc.) This value can range from about
A well with similar conditions and equipped with 0.1 (oil lubricant and smooth surfaces) to about 0.3
rod guides is applied to a well that is not currently (water lubricant and rough surfaces).The COF can
installed with rod guides. If the failure frequency or be computed from dynamometer valve checks6 or
rod guide wear is greater than predicted, then more determined experimentally by trial and error. A trial
guides are added the next time a failure occurs. and error solution requires a dynamometer
Apparently, not only is it quite a costly method, but diagnostic analysis (DIAG) and selecting a COF for
it is also generally limited by the amount of the design program (SROD) that results in good
information in the database. Other methods based agreement between the design and diagnostic
on buckling tendency and the static lab test are analysis.
introduced in papers [3] and [4].
Ratio of guide friction to bare rod friction is used to
Rod guide design technology has been built into adjust bare rod friction if rod guides are installed.
SROD application which can be integrated with the When guides are added in the rod string, the relative
comprehensive wave equation solution, combining friction effects of various guides are expressed as
rod dynamics, rod and guide properties, side load, ratios to the frictional effects of bare rods.The
rod frictions (viscous and drag), rod buckling, various friction ratio default value for molded guides is 1.5,
pump modes and actions, surface unit motion, and which indicates that molded guides increase friction
motor characteristics.Thus, rod guide design and by 50% when compared to bare rods.The default
buckling consideration are based on a real dynamic value for wheeled guides is 0.1, which indicates
condition.The maximum side load on each rod is wheeled guides will lower friction by 90% when
calculated, and it is used to determine if the guide is compared to bare rods. For example, if the
needed and how many rod guides are needed. coefcient of friction for bare rods in a given well
Based on the detail rod guide design, the program with a certain lubricity is 0.2, the coefcient of
simplies the rod guide design with a maximum of friction of molded guides in the same well will be

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 page 4
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

simulated as 0.3 (1.5 * 0.2). Guide manufacturers Application to Well Design

should provide guide weight and friction coefcient
data on specied guides based on lab tests. Deviated wells can be categorized into
Unfortunately, only a few guides have been tested in unintentionally deviated (crooked) and intentionally
labs. Norris NorGlide friction test results are deviated. An unintentional deviated well is usually
shown in Table 1. not in a plane but a 3-D spatial curve. Such a well is
demonstrated in Figure 2. An intentionally deviated
Another interesting phenomenon is that the number well usually lies on a vertical or near vertical plane.
of guides per rod does not affect the axial load, drag Such a well is shown in Table 2, Base Case Design
and side load except for the guide weights, but the and Performance.
guide frictional property would have effect on
these values. This well is severely deviated with a pump setting of
11,076 ft. In order to perform a deviated well
Default viscous damping factors are 0.5 for upstroke analysis, the deviation survey must be input into the
and 0.15 for downstroke.These default values are program.The input data is measure depth, inclination
typical for high gravity crude oil, say above 35 and azimuth. Figure 3 is a 3-D wellbore path. Figures
degrees API and high water cuts. Higher damping 4 through 6 show wellbore views looking north, east
factors should be considered when guides are and (down) plan.Table 2 shows the predicted
installed (more uid turbulence and friction), performance as a base case. Rod guide design has
especially in high volume pumping and low been simplied into 10 rod sections (also see
gravity oil. Table 2). Rod string weight per foot is automatically
adjusted to include the weight of the guides.
Dogleg Severity
As seen in base case design, gearbox is overloaded
Dogleg severity, degrees per 100 ft, is based on the 11.7%, unit structure is overloaded 3.4%, and the
radius of curvature method, and expressed in rate of 1 in. ultra high-strength rods are overloaded 15%
change in borehole inclination and azimuth with based on a service factor of 0.9.The buckling
respect to measured depth. Dogleg severity is not tendency is 200 lbs, which is caused by pump
used to calculate side or drag loads along the rod friction. See Figure 7. Complete pump llage is
string. Dogleg severity is a useful guide in dening assumed in the design.
curvature of the wellbore, but it is not particularly
useful in deducing how to pump deviated wells. For The current installation requires 13 guides per rod
example, a dogleg of 3.9 degrees per 100 ft results (interval 2) and 15 guides per rod (interval 3), which
in side load of 395 lbs/rod near the surface (at is not practical.To improve performance, the molded
3309 ft), whereas, the same dogleg near the pump guides in intervals 2 and 3 are replaced with
(at 9970 ft) causes a lower side load of 168 lbs/rod. wheeled guides.The predicted performance is shown
See Figure 8 and Figure 10. on Table 3. Equipment loading is substantially
reduced, but the 1-in. rods are still overloaded 4%.
A typical deviation survey provides the following The operator desires to increase displacement from
data: measured depth (ft), inclination (degrees), 197 BPD to 220 BPD to compensate future pump
azimuth (degrees), true vertical depth (ft) N-S and wear or possible food response. An increase in
E-W rectangular coordinates (ft) and dogleg severity pump displacement with existing equipment would
(degrees/100 ft). Deviation data required by SROD is be difcult to achieve because of high equipment
measured depth, inclination, and azimuth. SROD loads.The best solution to increase pump
calculates true vertical depth, N-S and E-W displacement to 220 BPD without increasing
rectangular coordinates, and dogleg severity. Since equipment loading is to replace the 112-in. pump
the radius of curvature method is commonly used, with a 114-in. pump and increase pumping speed
dogleg severity calculated by SROD should closely from 5.5 SPM to 6.83 SPM.Table 4 is a performance
match dogleg severity shown in the survey. Any report for the improved installation. Gearbox
difference indicates an error in input data. loading is reduced to 77.5% and rod loading is

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 page 5
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

reduced to 98% with a 0.9 service factor.With the pump capacity is increased 23% and equipment
faster pumping speed the buckling tendency remains loading is reduced substantially. Lower equipment
constant at 200 lbs from pump friction only. Figures loads and reduced rod/tubing wear (lower side
8 to 10 are side load, drag load and dogleg severity loads) will greatly reduce repair and maintenance
plots, respectively. costs. Meanwhile, 11 guides per rod are required for
taper 3 before the wellbore path is optimized.
However, if the well is over-displaced and a uid After optimization of the wellbore path, only three
pound develops (85% pump llage) a buckling guides per rod are needed for this section.When
tendency as high as 1006 lbs is predicted 960 ft the well path is carefully planned and controlled, the
above pump. See Figure 11. costs in power, repair and maintenance can be
reduced and some problems related to deviated well
The region subject to buckling extends over the can be eliminated. Some deviated wells thought to
entire 78-in. rods at the bottom and peaks 1006 lbs be infeasible with rod pumping equipment can now
in the 34-in. rods. Equation 2 gives: be lifted.

w 1.634_(10.128)1.425 lbs/ft
Conclusions
I d4/640.02878 (in4)
1. A modied version of the wave equation
method has been developed, which considers
Fcritical 
3
0.795EI ( w)2/144 rod/tubing side loads and drag for deviated
 38 (lbs)  1006 (lbs). wells.

2. Buckling tendency is a serious consideration in

Obviously, 1006 lbs buckling tendency would buckle the rod pumping design, especially for deviated
3 -in. rods.To minimize rod buckling, uid pound wells. Measures can be taken to reduce buckling
4
sinker bars should be considered.The heavy sinker tendency by maintaining good pump llage,
bars will reduce the buckling tendency. Also, pump- smaller pump, slower speed, adding sinker bar
off control to minimize pounding uid is normally and selecting the proper unit geometry.
recommended.
3. Smaller bore pumps can be effectively used to
reduce side/drag loads.
Optimized Wellbore Path
4. Optimum wellbore paths exist that will reduce
Another important design consideration involves
power consumption and equipment loads
selecting an optimum wellbore path before the well
(reduce repair and maintenance costs).
is drilled.The optimum path will minimize side loads
and rod drag, which will reduce all equipment loads,
5. Dogleg severity is a useful guide in dening
power consumption and rod/tubing wear. Optimum
curvature of a wellbore, but it is not particularly
wellbore paths will exist, and the solution can be
useful in deducing how to pump deviated wells.
sought by trial and error. Such an example is given in
A dogleg near the surface results in much
Figure 12.The rst wellbore involves a kickoff at
higher side loads than the same dogleg near
4000 ft, and abruptly builds to an inclination of 32

the pump.
with a max angle building rate of 3
/100 ft. It is
predicted that monthly power charge for this
wellbore is $1571 per month, and the rods and unit
are overloaded. See Table 5. An improved wellbore
path shows an angle building rate of 1
/100 ft until
the maximum inclination of 38
and then reaches to
the target at an inclination of 14
. Power cost for
this improved path is $1222/month (29% savings),

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 page 6
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Acknowledgment 4. Abdo G.: Extending Run Times in Deviated

Wells Case Studies, Southwestern Petroleum
The authors also thank Karin Sanford for her Short Course, 2004.
valuable assistance.
5. Lea J.F., Pattillo P.D. and Studenmund W.R.:
Interpretation of Calculated Forces on Sucker
References
Rods, SPE Production & Facilities, February
1. Gibbs, S.G.: Design and Diagnosis of Deviated 1995.
Rod-Pumped Wells, JPT (July 1992) 774781.
6. Nolen, K.B. and Gibbs, S.G.: Quantitative
2. Xu, J., Nolen K., Boyer L. Gibbs S.: Diagnostic Determination of rod-Pump Leakge With
Analysis of Deviated Rod-Pumped Wells, dynamometer Techniques, SPEPE (Aug. 1990)
Southwestern Petroleum Short Course, 2001. 22530;Trans., AIME, 289.

3. Shellenberger F.A. and Foley W.L.: Rod Guide 7. Long S.W. and Bennett D.W.: Euler Loads and
Theory, Spacing Methodology, and Field Measured Sucker Rod / Sinkerbar Buckling SPE
Application, Southwestern Petroleum Short paper 35214 presented at the Permian Basin Oil
Course, 1998. and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland,Texas,
March 2729 1996.

Table 1. NorGlide Specications

Coefcient of Friction of RAMEX UHMW

Coefcient of Friction

Sliding Surface (RAMEX) Sliding Speed Static Kinetic

On Itself 2 in./m n 0.35 0.25

On chrome-plated steel 2 in./m n 0.23 0.17
On stainless steel 2 in./m n 0.25 0.14
On cold-rolled steel 2 in./m n 0.31 0.18
On brass 2 in./m n 0.21 0.15

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 page 7
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Table 2. Base Case Design and Performance

SROD v6.0Prediction of Rod Pumping System Performance

Well Name A Deviated Well Data/Time 1/7/2005 11:02:55 AM
Analyst Company Oil Company
Data File SWPSC Example.inp6 (ALLMOLDED) Well Type Deviated

Prime Mover
G. E. 100 HP KOF
Speed Variation (%) 15.5 Cyclic Load Factor 1.741
Power Required (hp) 92 Motor Load (% of Rating) 92
Sheave Ratio (Unit/Prime Mover) 7.464

Pumping Unit
Lufkin M1280-427-216 with MRO Cranks (CC Wise)
Actual Max Load (lbs) 44144 Actual Min Load (lbs) 14082
Pumping Speed (spm) 5.48 Motor Load (% of Rating) 103.4
Polished Rod Power (hp) 47.5 Computed Surface Stroke (in) 215.9

Greater Reducer
Existing In Balance
 

Max Torque (m in-lbs) 1459.5 1429.8

Min Torque (m in-lbs) 957.4 940
Counterbalance (m in-lbs) 4196.8 4178.8
Effective Balance (X100 lbs) 373.2 371.3
Percent of Reducer Rating 114 111.7

Rod String
Diameter (in.) Length (ft) Rod Type Rod Loading Guides
    

1) 1.* 2936 Norris 97 115 M (6)

2) 1.* 150 Norris 97 79 M (13)
3) 0.875 780 Norris 97 106 M (15)
4) 0.875 730 Norris 97 89 M (4)
5) 0.875 270 Norris 97 81 M (5)
6) 0.875 1200 Norris 97 77 M (5)
7) 0.75 2580 Norris 97 89 N (0)
8) 0.75 300 Norris 97 64 M (4)
9) 0.75 1530 Norris 97 61 M (4)
10) 0.875 600 Norris 97 33 M (3)
* Requires slimhole couplings.
Service Factor for Steel Rod 0.9
Max Stress @ surface (psi) 56078 Min Stress @ surface (psi) 18057

Downhole Pump
Bore Size (in.) 1.5 Setting Depth (ft) 11076
Tubing Stretch 0.9 Lost Displacement (bpd) 1
Pump Intake Pressure (psi) 100 Pump Spacing Guide (in.) N/A
Tubing Size (in) 2.875 Tubing Anchor Location (ft) 10578
Tubing Gradient (psi/ft) 0.427 Pump Fillage (%) 99

Stroke (in) BPD at 100% eff. BPD at 80% eff.

  

Gross: 139.6 201 (24h/d) 160 (24h/d)

Net: 137.1 197 (24h/d) 158 (24h/d)

Dyno Service and Pump Cards and Permissible Loads Reducer Torque vs. Rod Position
50000 1500

40000 1000
Torque (in-lbs)

30000
500
Load (lbs)

20000
0
10000
500
0

10000 1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Position (in) Position (in)

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Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Table 3. Wheeled and Molded Guide Design and Its Performance

SROD v6.0Prediction of Rod Pumping System Performance

Well Name A Deviated Well Data/Time 1/7/2005 2:03:29 PM
Analyst Company Oil Company
Data File SWPSC Example.inp6 (WHEELMOLDED) Well Type Deviated

Prime Mover
G. E. 100 HP KOF
Speed Variation (%) 13.8 Cyclic Load Factor 1.822
Power Required (hp) 81 Motor Load (% of Rating) 81
Sheave Ratio (Unit/Prime Mover) 7.505

Pumping Unit
Lufkin M1280-427-216 with MRO Cranks (CC Wise)
Actual Max Load (lbs) 41282 Actual Min Load (lbs) 14286
Pumping Speed (spm) 5.49 Motor Load (% of Rating) 96.7
Polished Rod Power (hp) 40 Computed Surface Stroke (in) 215.9

Greater Reducer
Existing In Balance
 

Max Torque (m in-lbs) 1283.1 1237.4

Min Torque (m in-lbs) 909.1 930.7
Counterbalance (m in-lbs) 4004.2 4034.6
Effective Balance (X100 lbs) 352.7 355.9
Percent of Reducer Rating 100.2 96.7

Rod String
Diameter (in.) Length (ft) Rod Type Rod Loading Guides
    

1) 1.* 2936 Norris 97 104 M (6)

2) 1.* 150 Norris 97 71 W (2)
3) 0.875 780 Norris 97 96 W (3)
4) 0.875 730 Norris 97 88 M (4)
5) 0.875 270 Norris 97 79 M (5)
6) 0.875 1200 Norris 97 75 M (5)
7) 0.75 2580 Norris 97 88 N (0)
8) 0.75 300 Norris 97 63 M (4)
9) 0.75 1530 Norris 97 59 M (4)
10) 0.875 600 Norris 97 33 M (3)
* Requires slimhole couplings.
Service Factor for Steel Rod 0.9
Max Stress @ surface (psi) 52435 Min Stress @ surface (psi) 18316

Downhole Pump
Bore Size (in.) 1.5 Setting Depth (ft) 11076
Tubing Stretch 0 Lost Displacement (bpd) 0
Pump Intake Pressure (psi) 100 Pump Spacing Guide (in.) N/A
Tubing Size (in.) 2.875 Tubing Anchor Location (ft) 11076
Tubing Gradient (psi/ft) 0.427 Pump Fillage (%) 99

Stroke (in) BPD at 100% eff. BPD at 80% eff.

  

Gross: 140.7 203 (24h/d) 162 (24h/d)

Net: 139.1 200 (24h/d) 160 (24h/d)

Dyno Service and Pump Cards and Permissible Loads Reducer Torque vs. Rod Position
50000 1500

40000 1000
Torque (in-lbs)

30000
500
Load (lbs)

20000
0
10000
500
0

10000 1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Position (in) Position (in)

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Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Table 4. Improved Design and Performance

SROD v6.0Prediction of Rod Pumping System Performance

Well Name IB8 Data/Time 1/7/2005 2:54:59 PM
Analyst Paul Company Vintage
Data File SWPSC Example.inp6 (125 PUMP DIA) Well Type Deviated

Prime Mover
G. E. 100 HP KOF
Speed Variation (%) 13.7 Cyclic Load Factor 1.496
Power Required (hp) 82.7 Motor Load (% of Rating) 82.7
Sheave Ratio (Unit/Prime Mover) 5.983

Pumping Unit
Lufkin M1280-427-216 with MRO Cranks (CC Wise)
Actual Max Load (lbs) 39426 Actual Min Load (lbs) 13087
Pumping Speed (spm) 6.83 Motor Load (% of Rating) 92.3
Polished Rod Power (hp) 49.2 Computed Surface Stroke (in) 215.9

Greater Reducer
Existing In Balance
 

Max Torque (m in-lbs) 1087.4 991.9

Min Torque (m in-lbs) 612.8 686.9
Counterbalance (m in-lbs) 3718.6 3821.7
Effective Balance (X100 lbs) 322.2 333.2
Percent of Reducer Rating 85 77.5

Rod String
Diameter (in.) Length (ft) Rod Type Rod Loading Guides
    

1) 1.* 2936 Norris 97 98 M (5)

2) 1.* 150 Norris 97 68 W (2)
3) 0.875 780 Norris 97 90 W (3)
4) 0.875 730 Norris 97 83 M (4)
5) 0.875 270 Norris 97 74 M (5)
6) 0.875 1200 Norris 97 71 M (5)
7) 0.75 2580 Norris 97 81 N (0)
8) 0.75 300 Norris 97 56 M (3)
9) 0.75 1530 Norris 97 52 M (3)
10) 0.875 600 Norris 97 26 M (3)
* Requires slimhole couplings.
Service Factor for Steel Rod 0.9
Max Stress @ surface (psi) 50072 Min Stress @ surface (psi) 16790

Downhole Pump
Bore Size (in.) 1.25 Setting Depth (ft) 11076
Tubing Stretch 0.6 Lost Displacement (bpd) 1
Pump Intake Pressure (psi) 100 Pump Spacing Guide (in.) N/A
Tubing Size (in.) 2.875 Tubing Anchor Location (ft) 10578
Tubing Gradient (psi/ft) 0.427 Pump Fillage (%) 100

Stroke (in) BPD at 100% eff. BPD at 80% eff.

  

Gross: 176.6 220 (24h/d) 176 (24h/d)

Net: 176 219 (24h/d) 175 (24h/d)

Dyno Service and Pump Cards and Permissible Loads Reducer Torque vs. Rod Position
50000 1500

40000 1000
Torque (in-lbs)

30000
500
Load (lbs)

20000
0
10000
500
0

10000 1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Position (in) Position (in)

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Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Table 5. Performance Comparison for Different Wellbore Path Selection (Before and After Optimization)

Before Wellbore Path Optimized After Wellbore Path Optimized

Motor Load (%): 62 53

Structure Load (%) 122 104
Reducer Load (%): 93 83
Rod Load of 1 in. rod (%) 124 95
Net BPD 288 354
Power Cost ($/month) 1571 1222
Number of Guides for 3000 ft of 1 in. rod 0 0
Number of Guides for 950 ft of 78 in. rod 0 0
Number of Guides for 2600 ft of 78 in. 11 3
Number of Guides for 3550 ft of ___ in. 4 4

3-D Wellbore Path

50
30
20 0
20
30
50

Figure 1. Schematic of Rod Figure 2. An Unintentional Deviated

Element in a Deviated Wellbore Path
Well (3-D model)

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 page 11
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Looking North
3-D Wellbore Path

True Depth (ft)

0 1666
1666
2666
1666
666

West (ft) East

Figure 3. 3-D Wellbore Plot for the Studied Well Figure 4. Looking North Borehole Path

Looking East Looking Down

North
True Depth (ft)

(ft)
South

North (ft) South West (ft) East

Figure 5. Looking East Borehole Path Figure 6. Looking Down Borehole Path

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 page 12
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Rod Diameter Axial Load Buckling Tendency

Interval : 10
Diam (in.) : .875

Measured Depth (ft) : 11076

Max Load (lbs) : 5474
Min Load (lbs) : 2935
Buckling Tendency (lbs) : 201

Measured Depth

. A Deviated Well
01-07-2005, 1:34:50 PM

Figure 7. Axial Load and buckling Tendency Plot

Side Load vs. Measured Depth

0 100 200 300 400 500
0
Measured Depth (ft)

5000

10,000

15,000
Side Load (lbs/rod)

Figure 8. Side Load Plot

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 page 13
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

Drag Load vs. Measured Depth Dogleg Severity

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
Measured Depth (ft)

5000

True Depth (ft)

10,000

15,000
Drag Load (lbs/rod) Dogleg Severity (deg/100 ft)

Figure 9. Drag Load Plot Figure 10. Dogleg Severity Plot

Rod Diameter Axial Load Buckling Tendency

Interval : 9
Diam (in.) : .75

Measured Depth (ft) : 10116

Max Load (lbs) : 7067
Min Load (lbs) : 2842
Buckling Tendency (lbs) : 1006
Measured Depth

. A Deviated Well
01-07-2005, 3:21:47 PM

Figure 11. Axial Load and Buckling Tendence for the

Well with Fluid Pound

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 page 14
Rod Pumping Deviated Wells

3-D Wellbore Path

Before Optimization After Optimization

Figure 12. Performance Comparisons for Different Wellbore Paths

Before and After Optimization

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