FOUNDATION DESIGN

Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the building
or individual columns to the earth. If these loads are to be properly
transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement
or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate
safety against sliding and overturning. Most foundations may be classified as
follows:

1) Isolated footings under individual columns

2) Strip foundations and wall footing
3) Compound footing supporting two or three columns
4) Raft or mat foundation is a large continues foundation supporting all
the columns of the structure.
5) Pile foundation

The choice of the type of foundation to be used in a given situations

depends on the number of factors:

a) Soil strata
b) Bearing capacity and standard penetration test value N of soil
c) Type of the structure
d) Type of loads
e) Permissible differential settlement and
f) Economy

Total load under the footing must be less than the permissible bearing
capacity of the soil to prevent excessive settlement. In general foundation
should resist vertical, horizontal load and moments. In cases where the
bearing capacity of the soil is weak, the super structure load is large and the
soil is not uniform, foundations which can transfer the load to large area of
foundation soil have to be selected.

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Design of ribbed mat foundation

As stated above if the loads transmitted by the columns in the structure

are so heavy or the allowable soil pressure so small that individual footings
to cover more than one half of the area, it may better to provide a
continuous footing under the columns and walls. Such a footing is called a
raft or mat foundation. Raft foundations are also used to reduce the
settlement of the structure located above compressible deposit.

Mat foundation is of different type depending on the material it is formed

from and shape. These are flat plate; flat plate thickened under the column,
two beam and ribbed slab, flat plate with pedestals, cellular construction,
basement and ribbed mat foundations.

The site for the building is in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa). So,
the site condition must be taken from representative values of the site. For
this building specific site condition of the site is not exactly known but
representative value is taken. The soil type in Addis Ababa is mostly clayey
soil with allowable bearing capacity of 150Mpa (taken from Alemayehu
Teferas book).

1) Weakness of the soil bearing strength

2) Large super structure load and
3) Presence of shear wall, justifies the use of mat foundation for the
building.

To justify more, it must be checked whether the total area of footing is

greater than half of the total area of the building or not. If the total area of
the footings for each column and shear wall is greater than half of the total
area of the building, provision of mat foundation will be encouraged.

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Check
The approximate area of the total footing is calculating as shown below.

Sample calculation for area proportioning of footings

Take the foundation on axis E-4 P = 3030.6KN Mx =-121.024KNm My =

7.887KNm

Due to overburden pressure of the soil,( assuming 10% of the load)

P = 1.1* 3030.6 = 3333.6KN
Since Mx<My, assume Ly = 2*Lx
p 6 ex 6 ey
qult A {1 L x LY }

3333.6 6121.024 67.87

225= 2 LX 2 * {1 23333.6Lx 3333.60Lx }

1666.8 0.13
225= Lx
2 {1 Lx }
0.13
By trial & error, Lx2 = 7.41(1 + Lx )
Lx = 3.25m & Ly = 2*Ly = 6.5m

Then area of foundation = Lx*Ly = 3.25*6.5 = 21.25m2

Using the same procedure, area of the footings are calculated as follows.

Axial Mx
Poin load(K (KN My(KN Area(
t N) m) m) m2)
-
1902. 3.33 -
A6 96 3 34.378 8.4576
2417. 1.17 10.742
F6 12 5 -5.19 76
3662. - 16.279
B6 78 6.57 0.08 02
3892. 0.85 17.301
C6 85 4 1.648 56
4064. 18.062
D6 11 3.77 -4.312 71

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 4134. 18.377
E6 84 2.6 -1.575 07
-
1739. 1.03 7.7295
F5 15 9 -3.189 56
1464. 0.30 6.5097
F4 69 5 1.493 33
-
3001. 0.07 13.339
F3 35 4 5.771 33
-
3395. 2.87 15.091
F2 68 9 5.151 91
2143. 1.51 9.5268
F1 55 6 -5.003 89
3770. 15.6 16.759
E1 95 57 9.891 78

-
6601. 2.62 29.338
E2 09 -2.606 2 18
-
5734. 1.28 25.488
E3 84 -3.425 7 18
-
3030. 121.0 7.88 13.469
E4 6 24 7 33
4339. 60.38 18.4 19.284
E5 1 2 27 89
-
5040. 3.25 22.400
B5 05 1.87 6 22
2615. 0.28 11.625
B4 75 -1.567 2 56
B3 3122. -0.81 - 13.877

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 3.63
35 2 11
4542. 3.70 20.190
B2 81 -2.283 8 27
-
1173. 23.2
B1 24 1.52 74 5.2144
-
2683. 8.98 11.925
A5 24 4.661 4 51
3888. 21.0 17.282
C5 61 -6.595 28 71
- -
5524. 11.01 3.44 24.551
D5 19 4 7 96
2353. 9.08 10.460
C3 64 -0.149 9 62
-
3617. 0.64 16.077
C2 54 0.795 6 96
5167. 3.27 22.968
D2 97 -3.229 6 76
3443. 3.17 15.305
D4 66 3.573 4 16
-
4357. 5.85 19.365
D3 26 -2.619 7 6
-
2675. 16.65 16.3 11.890
D1 29 8 97 18
605.4 4.99 2.6909
A2 6 -1.632 7 33
202.6
CIRC 8 2.1 -2.91 0.9008
-
333.6 4.26
CIRC 3 1.71 6 1.4828
-
369.9 1.89 1.6441
CIRC 4 -2.829 1 78
374.8 0.08 1.6658
CIRC 1 -3.957 1 22
CIRC 366.9 -3.505 1.17 1.6306
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 9 67
365.2 0.40 1.6234
CIRC 7 0.545 9 22
367.9 1.6355
CIRC 9 0.145 -1.17 11

- -
363.4 1.59 2.18 1.6153
CIRC 5 4 2 33
-
356.5 1.71 1.5844
CIRC 1 -3.45 4 89
-
591.2 6.16 4.53 2.6276
CIRC 3 1 3 89
2.19 1.5604
CIRC 351.1 0.47 4 44
356.3 1.44 0.79 1.5837
CIRC 5 6 6 78
-
356.3 1.44 0.76 1.5839
CIRC 8 4 6 11
-
332.0 1.19 3.07 1.4759
CIRC 9 8 2 56
- -
1756. 6.93 2.05
p 53 9 6 7.8068
-
1360. 10.2 0.58 6.0472
p 64 67 3 89
p 773.4 1.91 - 3.4375
5 9 1.33 56
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 4
-
1300. 4.69 3.63 5.7811
p 76 6 1 56
-
975.7 1.52 4.3365
p 3 -8.97 5 78
- -
1059. 22.9 2.41 4.7106
p 9 22 3 67
-
556.2 5.03 0.96 2.4723
p 8 2 2 56
-
1458. 0.06 20.2 6.4828
p 65 8 22 89
-
3387. 6.50 10.0 15.055
p 47 5 2 42
3872. 9.19 17.212
p 71 -6.69 6 04
-
260.7 0.32 0.27 1.1589
p 6 1 5 33
- -
440.2 1.53 1.66 1.9565
p 2 9 2 33
- -
420.1 2.92 2.76 1.8673
p 6 1 8 78
- -
247.0 1.01 1.58 1.0980
p 7 6 6 89
573.62
sum 39

The total area of the footing = 573m2

The total area of the building = 30*26.8 = 804m2

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 Area ratio = 573/804 *100 = 71.26% > 50% so that provision of mat
foundation is economical for this building.

Ribbed mat foundation is economical type of raft foundation which is

preferable for irregular column spacing.

This building is provided with ribbed mat foundation due to advantages

stated above and others. It consists of the slab acted upon by upward soil
pressure at its under side and supported by beams from column to column
at its top with balancing downward columns load

In design of this foundation type it is assumed to be rigid and the portion

between beams is designed as a conventional one way or two way slab
resting on a system of beams and columns whereas, the beams are designed
for the loads coming from the slab.

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Table: Loading from columns and shear wall

Story Point Load FX FY FZ MX MY

-
COMB 109.0 1902.9 34.37
BASE A6 1 4 3.43 6 -3.333 8
-
COMB 151.5 2417.1
BASE F6 1 8 -2.66 2 1.175 -5.19
COMB 3662.7
BASE B6 1 18.71 6.82 8 -6.57 0.08
COMB 3892.8
BASE C6 1 5.88 -2.48 5 0.854 1.648
COMB - 4064.1 -
BASE D6 1 11.78 -6.23 1 3.77 4.312
COMB 4134.8 -
BASE E6 1 0.42 -5.04 4 2.6 1.575
-
COMB 167.1 1739.1 -
BASE F5 1 5 -0.09 5 -1.039 3.189
COMB 1464.6
BASE F4 1 1.85 -1.37 9 0.305 1.493
COMB 3001.3
BASE F3 1 7.1 -0.87 5 -0.074 5.771
COMB 3395.6
BASE F2 1 6.28 2.78 8
-2.879 5.151
-
COMB 139.8 2143.5 -
BASE F1 1 1 -2.97 5 1.516 5.003
COMB 100.5 - 3770.9
BASE E1 1 3 20.88 5 15.657 9.891
BASE E2 COMB -3.47 2.55 6601.0 -2.606 -

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 1 9 2.622
COMB 5734.8 -
BASE E3 1 -1.69 3.59 4
-3.425 1.287
-
COMB 289.6 213.1 121.02
BASE E4 1 7 6 3030.6 4 7.887
-
COMB - 283.7 18.42
BASE E5 1 41.26 8 4339.1 60.382 7
COMB 5040.0 -
BASE B5 1 -4.14 -2.53 5 1.87 3.256

COMB 2615.7 -
BASE B4 1 0.35 1.73 5 1.567 0.282
COMB 3122.3 -
BASE B3 1 -4.53 0.79 5 -0.81 3.632
COMB 4542.8 -
BASE B2 1 4.5 2.6 1 2.283 3.708
-
COMB - 1173.2 23.27
BASE B1 1 94.32 4.87 4 1.52 4
COMB - 2683.2 -
BASE A5 1 11.63 -5.95 4 4.661 8.984
COMB 161.8 3888.6 - 21.02
BASE C5 1 1 7.08 1 6.595 8
-
COMB - 5524.1 11.01 -
BASE D5 1 236.9 11.79 9 4 3.447
COMB 2353.6 -
BASE C3 1 11.26 -0.08 4 0.149 9.089
COMB 3617.5 -
BASE C2 1 -0.88 -1.24 4 0.795 0.646
COMB 5167.9 -
BASE D2 1 3.96 3.68 7 3.229 3.276
COMB 3443.6
BASE D4 1 3.93 -5.4 6 3.573 3.174
COMB 4357.2 - -
BASE D3 1 -7.26 2.66 6 2.619 5.857
-
COMB 198.9 - 2675.2 16.65 16.39
BASE D1 1 8 21.88 9 8 7
BASE A2 COMB 21.81 5.69 605.46 - 4.997

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 1 1.632
COMB - -
BASE CIRC 1 67.95 79.73 202.68 2.1 -2.91
COMB - -
BASE CIRC 1 -8.8 28.14 333.63 1.71 4.266
COMB - -
BASE CIRC 1 13.52 0.87 369.94 2.829 1.891
COMB -
BASE CIRC 1 19.71 15.39 374.81 3.957 0.081
COMB -
BASE CIRC 1 18.07 17.34 366.9 3.505 1.179
COMB
BASE CIRC 1 15.45 -3.87 365.27 0.545 0.409
COMB
BASE CIRC 1 12.93 3.67 367.99 0.145 -1.17
COMB - -
BASE CIRC 1 5.37 17.99 363.45 1.594 2.182

COMB -
BASE CIRC 1 -1.56 26.87 356.51 -3.45 1.714
COMB
BASE CIRC 1 13.6 21.61 591.23 -6.161 4.533
COMB
BASE CIRC 1 19.08 4.15 351.1 0.47 2.194
COMB
BASE CIRC 1 13.34 7.85 356.35 1.446 0.796
COMB -
BASE CIRC 1 1.06 12.8 356.38 1.444 0.766
COMB - -
BASE CIRC 1 18.85 14.06 332.09 1.198 3.072
COMB 1756.5 -
BASE p 1 -2.67 8.39 3 -6.939 2.056
COMB - 1360.6 10.26 -
BASE p 1 -0.58 50.75 4 7 0.583
COMB -
BASE p 1 -1.66 -2.65 773.45 1.919 1.334
COMB 101.5 1300.7 -
BASE p 1 -4.26 4 6 4.696 3.631
COMB -
BASE p 1 -1.68 15.27 975.73 -8.97 1.525
BASE p COMB -3.17 1.13 1059.9 - -
1 22.92 2.413

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 2
COMB 107.1
BASE p 1 1.31 9 556.28 -5.032 0.962
COMB 1458.6 20.22
BASE p 1 81.16 -1.19 5 -0.068 2
-
COMB 190.7 155.6 3387.4
BASE p 1 5 3 7 -6.505 10.02
-
COMB 277.0 3872.7
BASE p 1 65.84 6 1 -6.69 9.196
COMB -
BASE p 1 2.78 -1.01 260.76 0.321 0.275
COMB - -
BASE p 1 28.38 0.52 440.22 -1.539 1.662
COMB -
BASE p 1 -5.9 1.99 420.16 -2.921 2.768
COMB - -
BASE p 1 16.68 0.39 247.07 -1.016 1.586
- -
129065 113.3 13.35
SUM .4 49 9

Design of ribbed foundation

Design constants and assumptions

Assume one meter ribbed mat foundation with bottom, top and earth fill
size shown below.

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Assume bearing capacity =150Mpa( allowable)

For propersitioning ultimate bearing capacity is taken because the load

coming from super structure is factored. F.S= 1.5

qultimate= qallowable* F.S =1.5 *150= 225Mpa

Unit weight of soil =17KN/m3

C-30Mpa, concrete

S-400MPa, steel

p 6ea 6eb
soil A {1 a b }

My 164.69 Mx 97.90
ea = = = 0.083m & eb = = = 0.049m
p 1977.60 P 1977.60

Self weight of the foundation

Slab load

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TABLE : self weight of the top and bottom slab

lengt weigh
panel h width DL t
(KN/m2 W(KN
No. L(m) w(m) ) )
429.7
po 6 5.8 12.35 1
429.7
p1 6 5.8 12.35 1
429.7
p1 6 5.8 12.35 1
429.7
p2 6 5.8 12.35 1
429.7
p3 6 5.8 12.35 1
333.4
p4 6 4.5 12.35 0
333.4
p5 6 4.5 12.35 0
333.4
p6 6 4.5 12.35 0
444.5
p7 6 6 12.35 3
444.5
p7' 6 6 12.35 3
444.5
p8 6 6 12.35 3
444.5
P8 6 6 12.35 3

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P9 6 6 12.35 444.53
P9' 6 6 12.35 444.53
P10 6 6 12.35 444.53
P11 6 6 12.35 444.53
P12 6 4.71 12.35 348.95
P13 6 4.71 12.35 348.95
P14 6 4.5 12.35 333.40
p16 5.8 1.8 12.35 128.91
p18 6.4 1.8 12.35 142.25
p17 4.5 1.8 12.35 100.02
p19 30 1 12.35 370.44
p20 28.6 1 12.35 353.15
p21 28.6 1 12.35 353.15
p18 30 1 12.35 370.44
P15 6 4.5 12.35 333.40
Total weight due to 9888.
slab= 03

Unit weight of reinforced concrete is taken to be =25KN/m3

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Beam load

Depth of the beam is 1m and width assumed to be 0.4m.

TABLE: self weight of girders

lengt
beam h width depth weight
axis L(m) w(m) d(m) W(KN)
A 5.8 0.4 1 58.00
B 28.8 0.4 1 288.00
C 26.8 0.4 1 268.00
D 26.8 0.4 1 268.00
E 28.8 0.4 1 288.00
F 26.8 0.4 1 268.00
1 24 0.4 1 240.00
2 30 0.4 1 300.00
3 28.25 0.4 1 282.50
4 28.25 0.4 1 282.50
5 28.25 0.4 1 282.50
6 30 0.4 1 300.00
z 16.75 0.4 1 167.50
3293.
total weight due to beam= 00

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Back fill load

Unit weight of the back fill soil is assumed as 20KN/m3.

lengt weigh
panel h width DL t
(KN/m2 W(KN
No. L(m) w(m) ) )
396.7
P1 6 5.8 11.4 2
396.7
P2 6 5.8 11.4 2
396.7
P3 6 5.8 11.4 2
396.7
P4 6 5.8 11.4 2
396.7
P5 6 5.8 11.4 2
307.8
P6 6 4.5 11.4 0
307.8
P7 6 4.5 11.4 0
307.8
P8 6 4.5 11.4 0
410.4
P16 6 6 11.4 0
410.4
P17 6 6 11.4 0
410.4
P18 6 6 11.4 0
410.4
P19 6 6 11.4 0
410.4
P20 6 6 11.4 0
410.4
P21 6 6 11.4 0

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P10 6 4.5 11.4 410.40
P9 6 4.5 11.4 410.40
P11 6 4.5 11.4 322.16
P13 6 4.5 11.4 322.16
P12 6 4.5 11.4 307.80
p14 6 4.5 11.4 119.02
p15 6 4.5 11.4 131.33
p17 6 6 11.4 92.34
p19 6 6 11.4 342.00
p20 6 6 11.4 326.04
p21 6 6 11.4 326.04
Total weight due to 9128.
slab= 89

Total load slab load = 9888.03KN

Girder beam = 3293KN

Back fill load =9128.89KN

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 TOTAL = 22309.92KN

Area proportioning

Factored self weight= 1.3 * 22309.92KN = 29002.896KN

Pd = 1*(Gk + SW) + 1.6*(5*28.8*32) Where, live load of

parking floor = 5KN/m2

= (129065.4 + 29002.896) + 7372.8

Pd = 165441.1KN

p 6ea 6eb
soil A {1 a b }

Allowable bearing capacity of soil =150Mpa (for clay soil in Addis

Ababa)
ultimate = 1.5*150= 225Mpa

My 13.36 Mx 113.349
ea = = = 0.00008296m & eb = = =
p 165441.1 P 165441.1

0.00068157m

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 p 6ea 6eb
Qactual = A {1 + a + b }

= 179.5KN/m2 < 225Mpa so, the area is adequate to

transfer the superstructure load to the sub soil within the soils
bearing capacity.

The effect of moment is almost negligible so the pressure is almost the same
at all corners, so it is uniform.

DESIGN OF MAT FOR Pd=179.5KN/m2

Bottom slab

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Table: Support and field moments for
foundation slab
Panel L Lx Ly/Lx Pd(KN/m Ld( Coefficient Moment.

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 Type y 2) m) s (KNm/m)
5. 1.034 xs 0.04 Mxs
6 8 48 179.50 5.8 = 1 = 247.57
5. 1.034 xf Mxf
6 8 48 179.50 5.8 = 0.03 = 241.54
5. 1.034 ys 0.03 Mys
6 8 48 179.50 5.8 = 7 = 223.42
5. 1.034 yf 0.02 Myf
S1-S5 6 8 48 179.50 5.8 = 3 = 138.88
4. 1.333 xs 0.07 Mxs
6 5 33 179.50 4.5 = 1 = 258.08
4. 1.333 xf 0.05 Mxf
6 5 33 179.50 4.5 = 3 = 192.65
4. 1.333 ys 0.04 Mys
6 5 33 179.50 4.5 = 5 = 163.57
4. 1.333 yf 0.03 Myf
S6-s15 6 5 33 179.50 4.5 = 4 = 123.59
xs 0.04 Mxs
6 6 1 179.50 6 = 1 = 264.94
xf 0.03 Mxf
6 6 1 179.50 6 = 12 = 201.61
ys 0.03 Mys
6 6 1 179.50 6 = 9 = 252.02
S16- yf Myf
S25 6 6 1 179.50 6 = 0.03 = 193.86

Check depth for flexure

dmin = Mmax
0.8 bfcdPmaxm (10.4 Pmaxm)

= 264.9
0.8100013.60.01931.97(10.40.01931.97) = 230.1mm<

300mm.OK!

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Reinforcement for bottom slab

b=1000mm and d= 300mm (50mm concrete cover is assumed)

As= bd is geometric steel ratio

= [
1 1
2M max
2
b d f cd ] f cd
* f yd

fcd= 0.68*30/1.5 = 13.6Mpa

fyd = 400/1.15 = 347.826Mpa

= [
1 1
226410 6
1000300213.6 ] 13.6
* 347.826 = 0.0096< max

As = 0.0096*1000*300 = 2883.67mm2

Use 20@100m

Reinforcement for other moments

mome b d Ascal Asprovide

nt (mm) (mm) c d
20c/c10
247.57 1000 300 0.0089 2670 0
20c/c10
241.54 1000 300 0.0087 2610 0
0.0079 20c/c13
223.42 1000 300 7 2391 0
16c/c10
138.88 1000 300 0.0047 1410 0
20c/c10
258.08 1000 300 0.0094 2820 0
20c/c15
192.65 1000 300 0.0067 2010 0
20c/c15
163.57 1000 300 0.0056 1680 0

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 16c/c10
123.59 1000 300 0.0042 1260 0
20c/c10
264.94 1000 300 0.0096 2880 0
20c/c15
201.61 1000 300 0.0071 2130 0
0.0091 20c/c10
252.02 1000 300 5 2745 0
20c/c15
193.86 1000 300 0.0066 1980 0

Reinforcement detailing

Reinforcement detailing at the supports

Length of each bar is lx/3 on both sides.

L= 6/3=2m, L= 4.5/3= 1.5m so, the total length of support bar between
panel 1and 10 is 3.5m.

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Reinforcement detail at the span

Hook length L= /5

D= d-d=300 -50 =250mm

Over lap of positive bars (splicing) =1.3Ld where, Ld is development

length

Ld = fyd/4fbd for 20mm

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 20347.82
Ld= 41.351 = 1286mm

Over lap length= 1.3*1.286=1.677m

Ld = fyd/4fbd for 16mm

16347.82
Ld= 41.351 = 1029.8mm

Over lap length= 1.3*1.0298=1.338m

Load transfer from slabs to girder beams

The loading or reactions from slab is transferred to the beam in both

direction.

According to EBCS, 2-1995

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Vs= Vx= vxPdLx

Vs= Vy=VyPdLx

This can be equivalent with full length distributed load on the beam having
the same effect on beam. This is done by equating the maximum moment of
the above load dispersion to the new equivalent beam.

vx and Vy are coefficients of shear taken from table A-3 pp114 EBCS
2,1995.

vx= F( Support condition , Ly/Lx)

Vy = F( support condition)

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