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Generegulation

Gene regulation in prokaryotes involves operons where multiple genes are controlled by a single promoter. The trp and lac operons are two widely studied examples. The trp operon controls tryptophan production, while the lac operon controls lactose metabolism. In the lac operon, allolactose acts as an inducer by binding to the lac repressor and preventing it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription. In eukaryotes, individual genes are regulated by promoters. Transcription factors like activators and inhibitors regulate transcription by interacting with enhancers, which connect to the promoter. Histone acetylation and methylation open chromatin for transcription while deacetylation closes it.

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38 views1 page

Generegulation

Gene regulation in prokaryotes involves operons where multiple genes are controlled by a single promoter. The trp and lac operons are two widely studied examples. The trp operon controls tryptophan production, while the lac operon controls lactose metabolism. In the lac operon, allolactose acts as an inducer by binding to the lac repressor and preventing it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription. In eukaryotes, individual genes are regulated by promoters. Transcription factors like activators and inhibitors regulate transcription by interacting with enhancers, which connect to the promoter. Histone acetylation and methylation open chromatin for transcription while deacetylation closes it.

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Gene Regulation

Gene regulation in prokaryotic cell


2 of the most studied operon is the trp operon on and the lac operon
In prokaryotic cell, multiple genes are controlled by one promoter
Trp operon:
o tryptophan production
o essential for creating the polypeptides
o Tryptophan is a corepressor (binds to repressor to activate it)
o In high tryptophan environment, tryptophan binds to repressor, which attaches to operator in
operon, and prevents transcription of tryptophan
Operon is a combination of a set of genes as well as the regulatory dna sequences. For
that set of genes
Promoter, where RNA polymerase binds
Operator is where the repressor binds
Lac operon: lactose
o Cap site: catabolite activator protein: where cap binds and be an activator
o Default state: lac repressor protein (represses transcription of gene) bound to operator
o Allolactose- inducer of transcription. Binds to lac repressor, and lac repressor cant bind to
operator site
o Lactose present: transcription occurs, to metabolize lactose
o Glucose preferred to lactose because it is simpler.
o No glucose with lactose: Alloactose binds to lac repressor, keeps lac repressor from binding
to operator. RNA polymerase preforms transcription. Also involves cap site (makes transcription
happen at a faster rate). Catabolite activator protein: in the presence of cyclic amp, it will bind to
the cap site, further activating the transcription. High glucose low cyclic amp. No glucose, high
CAMP
o Glucose and lactose: allolactose will bind to lac repressor but glucose will create low CAMP,
so cyclic amp wont be able to bind to catabolite activator protein, and catabolite activator
protein will not be able to bind to activator site. Less transcription. Cell would prefer to use
glucose rather than lactose
Gene regulation in eukaryotic cell
In eukaryotic cell, one gene is controlled by one promoter
In mRNA, consists of exons (codes for proteins) and introns (junk DNA)
Splicing: removal of introns
Transcription factors:
o Activators: activates synthesis of mRNA for the gene
o Inhibitor: stops synthesis of mRNA for the gene
Enhancer: where activators/inhibitors connect to fold dna and connect it to promoter
Genes wrapped around histones
Acetylation: Opens histones (Methylation also does the same thing, but it depends on where
in the gene it is occurring)
Deacetylation: closes histones

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