Full circle solutions for

offshore Wind farms

 offshore Wind farm 3

content
4 Introduction
6 Site screening and
feasibility studies
8 Met mast and wind
resources
10 Environmental impact
assessment
12 Metocean studies
14 Marine geophysics and
unexploded ordnance
16 Marine geotechnics
18 Foundation designs
20 Foundation design for
Thornton Bank phase 1
22 foundation design for
London Array
24 Marine Structures Risk and
Probabilistic Analyses
26 Cable engineering and
routing
28 Offshore substations
30 Monitoring and inspection
of existing structures
COWI staff visiting a mock-up.
 offshore Wind farm 5

Introduction
COWI is a highly versatile and multidisciplinary company operating worldwide
from more than 35 international offices.

COWIs expertise within offshore wind farm projects stands on the shoulders
of our experience developed since 1930 within foundations for large bridges,
offshore oil and gas developments, power systems and marine structures.

COWI offers multidisciplinary and diversified consultancy and we draw on in-

depth expertise for the wide range of disciplines required, which have success-
fully been applied to a wide range of offshore wind farm projects.

COWI offers a broad range of services within every project phase involved in
an offshore wind development. Our 360 approach takes lots of expertise.
Fortunately, we have the people to back it up.

decommisioning

operation,

FULL CIRCLE solution

inspection and
maintenence

offshore wind

construction

idea

design
The purpose behind this full-circle
solution is to minimize the project risk by
offering a simple and coherent approach
by which we support our clients in
achieving the expected high quality
results within budget and on time.
Technical installations chart for the feasibility
studies of offshore wind farms in the resund area
in Denmark.
 offshore Wind farm 7

Site screening and feasibility

studies
Screening process Selected references
The purpose of the screening process is to Screening of offshore sites in the
identify sites where locations for offshore resund area in Denmark for
300 - 400 MW offshore wind
wind farms would be feasible and have the farms
least possible environmental impact on Site identification for 100 MW
nature and humans. The following issues offshore wind farm in Bohai
have to be taken into consideration: Bay in China
Wind energy resources Assessment of the potential
for offshore wind farms along
Grid connection the Portuguese coast
Hydrography Conceptual design of 300 MW
Environment and raw materials offshore wind farm in resund
Sea cables in Denmark
Navigation Identification of potential
offshore wind farm in the
Visual impact. Danish territorial waters
Development of wind farm
layout, wind power calcula-
Chart of the vessel traffic in the area of tions, conceptual design of
the resund. foundation structures and
cable grid. In addition,
estimate the total wind farm
Conceptual design cost for two offshore areas in
the resund area in Denmark
The conceptual design phase aims at selecting the best suited technical and calculate the unit cost per
foundation solution for each wind farm location and characteristics. A basis for kWh.
the economic assessment of an offshore wind power plant is established and
the costs are divided into:
Construction costs for foundations, wind turbines, power system and grid
connection
Operating and maintenance costs.

Feasibility study
The purpose of the feasibility study is to assess the economic feasibility of an
offshore project based on the conceptual design and the available wind energy
resources. The results of the feasibility study include calculation of the produc-
tion costs per kWh and assessment of economic and technical risks during
implementation and operation.
Met mast and wind resources
COWI carries out offshore wind measurements with standard equipment such as
anemometers on lattice towers and Lidars. We are one of the Measnet founders
and one of the few companies accredited for IEC61400 and Measnet quality
measurements.

We supply high quality analysis and combine measurements with wind resource
studies. We also supply site specific wind data input for the design basis for
wind turbines and foundations.

Our services include:

Initial evaluation of wind energy resources
Planning and execution of site-specific wind energy resource investigations.
Analyzing site-specific data and preparing detailed wind energy resource
studies
Micro-siting using state of the art software packages
Calculation of energy production
Second opinion on wind studies and micro-siting.

We offer measurements of movements and loads of grout-connections between

monopiles and transition pieces for offshore wind turbines. We base our advice
on 30 years of experience with structural measurements on wind turbines, and
load calculations with aeroelastic wind turbine codes.
 offshore Wind farm 9

Selected references
Met mast installation to gather
data for optimising the founda-
tion design of the 500 MW
Greater Gabbard Offshore
Wind Farm off the coast of
Suffolk in UK
Measurement equipment
including strain gauges on the
foundation have been installed
on an offshore wind turbine at
Nysted Offshore Wind Farm in
Denmark and several analyses
have been carried out in order
to determine the loads on the
turbine caused by waves and
wind.

Met mast installed by COWI.

We provide high quality analysis of our measured data or of clients data. This is
at times a requirement by a certifying body, and sometimes a comforting means
of control for the operator and owner of a wind farm.

COWI has been involved in offshore wind farm layout configuration from the very
beginning. Offshore wind farms are fundamentally different from onshore in the
sense that there is no terrain and roughness.

From a wind perspective the challenge is to make the optimum grid (layout) and
spacing in order to optimize losses due to wakes. Offshore wind farms consist
of multiple rows and estimation of deep array losses is crucial for a reliable AEP
estimate. Virtual roughness, where appropriate, is modelled when estimating the
deep array losses. COWI has gained expertise in modelling deep array losses
and using wake models to optimise specific locations. The relevant economic
optimisation when preparing layout for offshore wind farms combines foundation
costs, cable-costs, electrical losses in cables and lifetime value of electrical
output. Non-economic issues like sailing routes, visual impact and environmental
concern also need to be considered.
 Seabirds constitute one major
Environmental environmental risk, particu-
larly in the shallow seas where
services offshore wind farms are being
constructed. Often, seabirds
migrate and feed exactly at
those sites, which are techni-
IDEA ASSESSMENT cally attractive for wind farms
Fact-finding, incl. plans
and conflicts may arise.
and regulations
Surveys
Baseline studies
Mapping
GIS & data management
Socio-economy.

Design FEASIBILITY
Strategic environmental assess-
ment (SEA)
Environmental impact assessment
(EIA)
Environmental indicators
Mitigation and compensation
measures
Due diligence
Cradle-to-cradle
Environmental law and economics.

CONSTRUCTION MONITORING
Environmental management
and monitoring plan EMP
Training and capacity building
Health, safety and environment
(HSE)
Environmental monitoring.

OPERATION and EVALUATION

management Environmental management
and monitoring plan EMP
Management planning
Training and capacity building
Health, safety and environment
(HSE).

DECOMMISIONING ASSESSMENT AND

MONITORING
Fact-finding, incl. plans and
regulations
Environmental management
and monitoring plan EMP
Training and capacity building
Health, safety and environment
(HSE).
Photo: Petri & Betz
 offshore Wind farm 11

Environmental
Impact Assessment
A thorough environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a mandatory
component in any offshore wind farm project. Based on our extensive
experience COWI applies comprehensive EIA procedures according
to contemporary international standards and the environmental
standards of the funding entity.

A specific EIA may be preceded by a strategic environmental assess-

ment (SEA) for a regional offshore wind power development plan.
COWI has wide experience of conducting SEAs for planning authori-
ties by deploying planners as well as environmental and regulatory
specialists. Our strong international network with partners, institutions
and organisations enables us to obtain complete data and informa-
tion of importance for conducting a comprehensive EIA.

A thorough mapping of environmental sensitivity is essential as a part

of securing a complete environmental baseline.

COWI can develop environmental risk models, which take into

account hydraulic features and oceanographic parameters necessary
for creating a trustworthy picture of the dynamic environment at a
given wind farm site.

An integrated and important element in our approach to environ-

Selected references
mental assessments is the attention we give to interdisciplinary Environmental impact
solutions. Due to our broad in-house competencies we can challenge assessment of the field
possible technical and environmental problems and find suitable development of the Nini and
Cecilie and 10 prospects in
and sustainable solutions, which can be approved by engineers, the North Sea. Our services
socio-economists and environmentalists and meet the needs of included technical descriptions
our clients. Typical interdisciplinary issues comprise sustainability of the facility during the
extension, production and
schemes (inclusive of cradle-to-cradle analysis), health, safety and dismantling/removal phases, a
environment (HSE) issues at construction sites and at the operating description of the environment
wind farms. in the affected area, and
environmental consequence
assessments for each phase
of the project
Update of environmental
impact assessment of further
development of existing oil
and gas fields in the North Sea
Performance of marine
monitoring around the
development of the artificial
island in Qatar (the Pearl of the
Gulf) to evaluate the effects
Also, fish spawning areas and the according to authority
occurrence of marine mammals are requirements.

environmental elements of very high

significance and candidates for
potential conflicts when locating and
establishing wind farms.
Metocean studies
COWI offers the complete service with respect to metocean studies for offshore
wind developments. We analyse meteorological and oceanographical data and
use numerical wave and hydrodynamic modelling state-of-the-art-software to
define design water levels and wave conditions at each site.

Site specific metocean studies are performed to establish hydraulic design

conditions for offshore wind farms. The studies are presented in report form
providing a general description of the area in question including seawater
properties, such as salinity, temperature and density variations. Baseline data for
the study are presented. Such data typically comprise measured or hind-casted
wind, waves, water levels, currents and atmospheric pressure.
 offshore Wind farm 13

Hydrodynamic modelling of waves, current and water levels forms a key part of
Selected references
the metocean study. COWI applies the state-of-the-art DHI MIKE hydrodynamic Analysis of metocean
modelling suite. Wave conditions are modelled by use of MIKE21 SW, typically conditions including wind,
waves, currents and water
for durations of 10 to 20 years to allow full statistical analysis of design condi-
levels and preparation of the
tions. Normal and extreme current speed as well as tidal levels and storm surges preliminary design basis for
are derived from hydrodynamic modelling MIKE21 HD for periods covering a full the gravity based foundation
for the Storgrundet Offshore
year and selected storm events.
Wind Farm located in Swedish
territorial waters in the
Statistical analysis forms the second major part of the metocean study. This southern part of the Gulf of
Bothnia. For the given site
analysis includes extreme statistics, scatter tables and joint probability analysis
three layouts of turbine
directly applicable to the load cases of the IEC-61400-3 standard. positions, comprising 46, 56
and 70 wind turbine
generators located in water
COWI applies time and spatially distributed wind and pressure fields as forcing of
depths from 10.5 m to 27.5 m
the models. Wave boundary conditions are provided from regional/global wave are envisaged with 3 MW to 5
models. Model bathymetry is derived from the global sea chart database MIKE MW wind turbines
C-MAP combined with site specific surveys. In combination, the global avail- The metocean study for the
offshore wind farm ARCADIS
ability of such data allows us to perform metocean studies for any site, typically
Ost 1 in Germany included
within 3 months from receipt of client-specific data. salinity, temperature, density,
seasonal variations, wind,
wave, water level time series,
Scour and scour protection
misalignment plots and
Seabed/structure interaction in terms of scour, backfilling and scour protection extreme analysis
is presently an area of intense research. COWI maintains very close contact with Metocean study and
universities and research institutions within this field and contributes to develop- preliminary design basis for
Suurhiekka Offshore Wind
ment of design approaches. COWI has extensive experience of both desk
Farm in Finland.
designs of scour protection and planning and supervision of physical model
tests.
Marine geophysics and
unexploded ordnance
The results of the geophysical survey together with the geotechnical investiga-
tions give the geological information needed to design the most cost effective
solution for the foundations.

COWI reviews the existing information in order to prepare a comprehensive

invitation to tender (ITT), introducing the basic requirements, best practises and
legal terms, to allow an efficient contractor selection process, in which we also
assist our clients. COWI distributes the ITT to qualified bidders, reviews propos-
als, gives advice on the contractor selection and starts managing the relationship
with the client-selected contractor.

After the contract award COWI manages the relationship between client and
contractor, reviews and ensures the quality of all project preparation docu-
mentation such as quality and health, safety and environment (HSE) plan and
documentation.
 offshore Wind farm 15

COWI optimises the survey proposed by the contractor in order to minimise

Selected references
the survey time (i.e. optimising the number of lines and turns) while maximis- Preparation of invitation to
ing safety and data gathering performance by supporting the simultaneous tender for marine geophysical
survey to support decision
acquisition of all required data, which normally comprise bathymetry (multibeam
making on the route selection
echosounder), acoustic imaging of the sea bed (side scan sonar), vertical for the export cable and
layering of the seabed (sub-bottom profiles) and detection of possible metallic detailed post-processing of
magnetometer survey results
obstruction on the seabed (magnetometer).
for unexploded ordnance
detection for the Anholt
Acting as the clients consultant during calibrations, data acquisition and with Offshore Wind Farm in
Denmark
operational safety assistance, COWI adds value to the survey performance.
Planning and survey design,
CPT investigations for export
After the survey COWI manages the relationship between the client and the cable for the West of Duddon
contractor and deals with all required negotiations. Sands Offshore Wind Farm in
UK
Clients consultant and
Finally, COWI checks the data processing, charting and reporting in order to
representation before, during
guarantee that final deliverables meet the required quality. The deliverables will and after the survey for the
be focused on: Wikinger Offshore Wind Farm
in Germany
Supporting the selection of a minimum number of locations to perform geo-
Quality check and assurance
technical investigations and characterise the area
of survey data (regular seabed
Supporting the creation of a geological report. mapping) and UXO-
assessments on the London
Array Offshore Wind Farm in
Unexploded ordnance (UXO) survey
UK.
COWI offers support on managing the risk of potential UXO in relation to jack-up
rigs and cable installation operations. Our services include:
Comprehensive risk assessment as a basis for possible UXO surveying and to
comply with local legislation and the clients HSE requirements
Design, survey and mitigation (if needed).

For the Wikinger Offshore

Wind Farm the survey
redesign represented an
important reduction of the
survey time.
 Jack-up risk assignments
COWI has carried out risk evaluation
regarding the sea bed conditions for
jacking up on a number of offshore
wind turbine sites. The risk assignment
focuses on: Existence of objects on the
seabed surface or metallic objects in
the sub-surface, which could compro-
mise the operation, sea bed conditions,
bearing capacities and penetration of
footings, risk of punch through of softer
layer below footing, and other ground
related risks in conjunction with jacking
up operations. All the previous assess-
ments are carried out with geophysical
(i.e. AUV) and geotechnical solutions.
Copyright: London Array
 offshore Wind farm 17

Marine geotechnics
COWI supplies all necessary geotechnical engineering services: Selected references
Preparation of tailored tender documents for investigation programmes Supervision assistance to soil
Proposal evaluation investigation for foundations
for 23 offshore wind turbines
Supervision of geotechnical investigations for Thornton Bank phase 2 in
Specification and interpretation of field and laboratory tests, including CPTU, Belgium
triaxial tests and consolidation tests Supervision assistance to soil
Preparation of design bases for foundation design investigation for 12 locations
to characterise the area for
Conceptual and detailed design of all types of foundations for offshore wind Wikinger Offshore Wind Farm
turbines and transformers in Germany
Advanced analysis, including 2D and 3D finite elements modelling. Supervision assistance to soil
Leg penetration analyses for jack-ups including punch-through analyses (in investigation for foundations
for more than 100 wind
combination with geophysical results) turbines for Wikinger Offshore
Preparation of tender documents for construction Wind Farm in Germany
Follow-ups on project execution. Supervision of the detailed soil
investigations for the West of
Duddon Sands Offshore Wind
COWI has a vast experience working with gravity foundations and monopiles Farm including 140 wind
using in-house design tools to ensure optimal design. COWI has also a broad turbines and one substation in
experience, obtained in the oil and gas sector, designing jacket foundations. UK
These are increasingly expected to be the preferred foundation type for deeper Supervision of geotechnical
investigations containing
waters. boreholes and CPTs from
jack-up for the offshore wind
COWI carries out advanced 2D and 3D finite elements modelling of foundations farm just east of Frederikshavn
with 5 wind turbines. COWI is
to clarify the complicated interaction between soils, foundation and wind turbine acting as clients representa-
in operation. tive.

Additionally COWI is continuously gathering information on new foundation

types, which might provide the appropriate solution for our clients developments
(i.e. bucket foundations).
 foundation designs
Together with our clients, COWI participates in the development of offshore wind
Selected references
Detailed design of monopile farm foundation projects from the outset and through all phases of the project.
structures for 175 foundations We develop the foundation designs from the initial conceptual stages, where the
equipped with Siemens 3.6 MW optimal type of foundations for the project are determined, through the detailed
WTG for London Array with
630 MW in UK design phase and supervision and monitoring of the installed and completed
Detailed design of monopile structures. Our services include assessments of foundation types in the context
structures for 80 foundations of overall project returns based on wind resources, make of turbine, geotechni-
equipped with Siemens 3.6 MW cal and hydraulic conditions etc. to ensure that each project foundation is
WTG for DanTysk with 288 MW
in Germany optimized to the site and requirements of our clients.
Detailed design of gravity
based foundation structures Our design experience within offshore wind farm foundations has been obtained
for 16 foundations equipped over many years since the early start of the offshore wind farm industry in the
with Vestas 3.0 MW WTG for
Krehamn with 48 MW in 1980s. Our concepts and designs have set the standard over the years. Our
Sweden design experience for detailed design of offshore wind farm foundations
Detailed design of gravity includes:
based foundation structures
Steel monopile foundations
for 5 foundations equipped
with RePower 5 MW WTG for Concrete gravity based foundations for shallow water depths
Thornton with 30 MW in Concrete gravity based foundations for deep water depths.
Belgium
Detailed design of 90 gravity
For tender, concept and preliminary designs our experience includes:
base foundations for 2.3 MW
wind turbines for the Rdsand Jacket structures
Offshore Wind Farm in Tripod foundations
Denmark
Bucket foundations.
Detailed design of 72 gravity
base foundations for the
Nysted Offshore Wind Farm in The early stage design projects are based on our comprehensive design experi-
Denmark. ence from the marine offshore industry of both terminals and oil & gas.

The key to a successful offshore wind farm design project is always the actual
and comprehensive project experience. Only through actual and comprehensive
project experience can the proper handling of the complex interfaces between
the contractors, clients and third parties be obtained. This is where a designers
input can be the key to the early handling of decisions that will later prove
decisive for optimal project execution and hence optimal project returns.

It is also the actual project experience in combination with the necessary level of
qualifications that ensures that an optimal design solution is found for contrac-
tors and clients alike within the constraints of time and resources.

COWI can provide the experience, the competence and the necessary flexibility
in staff resources to ensure that our projects are undertaken carefully, diligently
and with an optimal outcome for our clients.

COWI uses state-of-the-art numerical FEM programmes for the analysis and
design of foundation structures. We have established an integrated platform for
an expedient execution of our calculation models and hence we can execute
large and comprehensive design projects efficiently.

For concrete structures, we use our in-house FEM program IBDAS, which
provides advanced modelling features for pre-stressed concrete structures,
taking into account fatigue in both reinforcement and concrete.
offshore Wind farm 19
 offshore Wind farm 21

Thornton Bank phase 1

Foundation design
COWI carried out the detailed design of the foundations for Thornton Bank
phase 1, which comprises 6 turbines, totalling, 30 MW.

The wind turbines are founded at -21.5 m to -27 m TAW and soil conditions
are generally sand of medium grain size. The pre-stressed concrete foundation
structure is composed of a cylindrical shaft on top of a conical base transferring
the loads from the wind turbine directly to the base slab.

The base diameter is 23.5 m and the shaft diameter is 6.5 m, matching the
diameter of the turbine tower.

The foundation structures are prefabricated on land, and installed at sea by

a heavy lift crane, on a pre-installed gravel bed. The weight of the concrete
structure is about 2,700 tonnes.
 London Array

foundation design
With 175 monopiles, designed to carry the Siemens 3.6 MW turbines, the
London Array will be the largest offshore wind farm in the world, when com-
pleted in 2012. Monopiles of 4.7 m and 5.7 m in diameter are being installed in
water depths between 0 m and 25 m. With a total length of up to 85 m, these
foundations will be amongst the largest ever built.

A consortium of DONG, E.ON and Masdar has commissioned Aarsleff |

Bilfinger Berger Joint Venture (ABJV) as contractor to undertake fabrication
and installation of the steel foundations. To carry out the detailed design of the
steel foundations, ABJV has engaged COWI as lead in a joint venture with IMS
GmbH, COWI-IMS JV.

The offshore wind farm is located on and between the sandbanks of Kentish
Knock and Long Sand representing depth variations of up to 25 m. The soil
includes both sand profiles, stiff London Clay profiles and mixtures including also
gravel layers. With layers potentially prone to liquefaction, also the soil represents
a challenge to the design.

The project will be one of the first to introduce a new design of grouted con-
nections and improvements in the geotechnical calculations of soil structure
interaction to allow for an optimised design.

The present project constitutes the first phase of a two-phased set-up and is
expected to deliver 630 MW of electricity.
Copyright: London Array
offshore Wind farm 23
Copyright: Sren Gammelmark
 offshore Wind farm 25

Marine Structures
Risk and Probabilistic
Analyses
Planning, design, construction, operation and decommissioning of marine
structures opens up a vast field of different risk sources. These can be analysed
and handled accordingly with help of probabilistic analysis. COWI is experienced
in risk assessment and mitigation in all project phases.

An indispensable part of the metocean study is evaluation of extreme values and

joint probabilities of environmental conditions, providing a basis for design and
further allowing evaluation of the structures reliability. COWIs expertise can be
seen at the leading edge of current developments and application of extreme
and joint probability analysis, and is already applied in different projects all round
the world.

One of COWIs specialties is the ship risk analysis. Based on studies of the ship
traffic pattern in a certain region the risk due to ship collision with any kind of
marine structure can be evaluated at a sophisticated level. This is essential not
only to evaluation of damage or collapse risk of marine installations, but also
to the risk of environmental impact due to ship cargo spills. Further, re-/routing
of ship traffic and navigational risks should be emphasized in the variety of risk
analysis performed by COWI in relation to ship risk.

Already during the design phase it is essential to gain knowledge on the con-
struction and the operational risk. This not only guarantees a reliable structure
with acceptable risks to users and third party, but also allows for an economic
optimization of the design taking further life cycle risks into account. COWI has
extensive experience in construction and operational risk analysis and incorpora-
tion of the these results during the design phase. This has allowed COWI to
build and maintain all different types of marine structures in a very economic and
efficient way.

End-of-life decisions involving decommissioning options are another specialist

area in which COWI has extensive experience. Recommendations for decom-
missioning options are based on technical feasibility and related risks, risk to
personnel and to the surrounding environment which can be systematically
modeled for all options to achieve a transparent decision basis.

As any kind of risk analysis strongly involves the needs and requests from the
client, COWI is very open to adapt and develop risk analyses fulfilling our clients
needs and capturing the marine structures specialties on a high, sophisticated
level.
cable engineering
and routing
Inter Connection Cable Design
COWI designs medium voltage cables, and 36 kV array
cabling and provides related electrical design - concep-
tual as well as detailed.

Export cable engineering

COWI prepares detailed designs of export cable solu-
tions up to 400 kV. We also carry out conceptual design
starting from the choice between offshore substation and
high-voltage cable and the alternative onshore substation
plus one or several 33-66 kV cables from wind turbines
to shore. Trenching and cable burial is a core element in
our assistance and experience.

Horizontal directional drilling (HDD)

Often, cables cannot be laid in open trenches in some
areas (i.e. legal or environmental restrictions), or it is not
the best solution (i.e. soil formations, high water level,
etc). In these cases directional horizontal drilling can be
the solution to, for example, establish casings used to
pull in the cables.

Our services include:

In the planning phase - finding the optimal trace and
taking authorities, soil conditions etc. into consideration
Preparation of tender documents
Interface review
Contracting work
Review of the contractors design documents
Supervision under the construction phase
Trenching and cable burial.

In relation to offshore cables and pipes, COWI presents

relevant geological and geophysical data as 2D profiles
for assessment of burial and protection options. At the
landfall locations COWI uses the 2D geological profiles
to evaluate feasibility of horizontal directional drillings and
investigation of suitable installation depths.
 offshore Wind farm 27

Selected references
Detailed electrical design for
substation for 207 MW for the
Rdsand 2 Offshore Wind
Farm in Denmark
Offshore substation detailed
electrical design of 34 kV and
132 kV equipment as well as
protection relays. Design,
procurement, supervision and
commissioning and onshore
grid connection for 300 MW
Walney 1 and 2 in UK
Offshore substation detailed
electrical design of 33 kV and
138 kV equipment. Design,
procurement, supervision and
commissioning for 110 MW
Lillgrund Offshore Wind Farm
between Denmark and Sweden

Offshore substation detailed

electrical design of 34 kV and
132 kV equipment as well as
protection relays and SCADA.
Design, procurement,
supervision and commission-
ing and onshore grid
connection for 165 MW
Nysted in Denmark.
Crossing the Limfjord near
Aggersund in North Jutland in
Denmark with 5 x 1.500 m
cable conduits by using HDD
Crossing the Limfjord near
Vester Hassing in North
Jutland in Denmark with 3 x
1300 m cable conduits by
using HDD
Crossing the Limfjord near
Hals in North Jutland,
Denmark with 2 x 1000 m
sewage pipes
Several crossings by HDD in
the gas pipeline project from
Egtved to Elllund in the south
of Denmark.
Detailed electrical design for offshore substation
for the Walney 1 project in UK.
 offshore Wind farm 29

offshore substations
COWI designs platform topsides and their concrete foundations. The platform Selected references
itself houses the main transformer with associated cables and panels, internal Detailed electrical design for
power supply, an emergency generator, a fire-fighting unit, a workshop and offshore substation for 207 MW
wind farm Rdsand 2 in
monitoring and control system. The whole operation will be controlled and Denmark
monitored from the shore. Offshore substation detailed
electrical design of 34 kV and
Rdsand 2 132 kV equipment as well as
protection relays. Design,
The wind farm comprises 90 offshore wind turbines with a total output of 207 MW, procurement, supervision and
enough to supply 200,000 households for a whole year. Rdsand 2 also offers commissioning and onshore
the opportunity to build three trial wind turbines with a capacity of 15 MW in grid connection for 300 MW
Walney 1 and 2 in UK.
total. The transformer platform will collect electricity from these wind turbines
and transform it from 33 kV to 132 kV for transferral via a powerful marine
subsea cable to the shore, benefiting domestic consumers and companies alike.

The platform topside weights approximately 800 tonnes, not counting its
concrete foundation. The transformer alone weighs 280 tonnes. The ground plan
will be 30 m x 16 m.The platform will be placed at a depth of six metres on a
so-called gravity-based foundation, which retains its stability on the sea bed in
all weather conditions by virtue of its own weight.

34 kV switchgear in Walney 1 in UK.

monitoring and inspection of
existing structures
Once an offshore wind farm is under production, monitoring and inspection of
the submerged section is a key task in order to assure the proper production of
the facility in the years that it is commissioned for.

Depending on the country the legal requirements for the inspections will change,
but COWI, being present in about 40 countries, being among the main players
of the offshore wind industry, will know what it is required in each individual case
to minimise the cost of the inspection while maximising the results (i.e. govern-
mental requirements might vary from the ones required by the clients insurance
company).

COWI has a broad experience in underwater inspection services, support

rehabilitation and new structures design. COWI can undertake the required tasks
from different approaches by indirect and direct observations.

At the moment, COWI is already in dialogue with some main offshore wind turbine
producers, survey companies and autonomous unmanned vehicles producers in
order to assess the most cost-effective way to undertake such tasks.
 offshore Wind farm 31

Direct observations are undertaken by engineer divers.

Their understanding of marine structures allows a fast
and accurate assessment of the service life, preparetion
of concept design, design protocol, mooring and wave
analyses, and final design with plans and specifications.

COWI will also select the best contractor to undertake the work on behalf of Indirect observations are based
the client, making sure that the all tasks will be carried out on time and within on hydroacoustic geophysical
tools. Depending on the scope of
budget while deliverables comply with the agreed quality. work the most suitable equipment
will be selected to achieve the
Additionally, COWI also provides client representation (resident engineer and/ requested technical needs in a
minimum time (i.e. existence of
or geoscientist) services for all kinds of marine project, including assessing a debris, status of cables -exposure,
contractors progress and conformance with contract specifications. free spam, status of foundation
-sediment scour, structural
damage. These works can be
Our services include: developed from either a vessel
Remote underwater investigation of marine structures using hydroacoustic or vessels (depending on the
instrumentation required scope) or by means of
autonomous unmanned vehicles
Direct underwater investigation of marine structures by engineer divers (AUV).
Structural evaluation of deterioration due to corrosion, chemical attack and
marine borers
Calculation of load capacity and remaining service life
Rehabilitation design of steel, concrete and timber structures
Waterfront construction quality control
Client representation and consulting for any kind of marine project.
COWI A/S is a leading Northern
European consulting group.
We provide state-of-the-art
services within the fields of
engineering, environmental
science and economics
with due consideration
to the environment and
society. COWI is a leader
within its fields because
COWIs 6,100 employees
are leaders within theirs.

ADDRESS Parallelvej 2
DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby
Denmark
TEL +45 56 40 00 00
FAX +45 56 40 99 99
EMAIL [email protected]
WWW cowi.com

CONTACT PERSONS
DENMARK
Jan Rnberg, Market Director,
Offshore Wind, [email protected]
Stig Balduin Andersen, Chief
Market Manager, Offshore Wind,
[email protected]

USA
Joseph F. Marrone,
Vice President, Ocean and
Coastal Consultants, Inc.,
[email protected]

UNITED KINGDOM
John Rees, Director, Flint & Neill
Limited, [email protected]
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