Ch19 Sample Exercise

Sample Exercise 19.
1 Identifying Spontaneous Processes

Predict whether the following processes are spontaneous as described, spontaneous in the reverse direction, or
in equilibrium: (a) When a piece of metal heated to 150 C is added to water at 40 C, the water gets hotter.
(b) Water at room temperature decomposes into H2(g) and O2(g), (c) Benzene vapor, C6H6(g), at a pressure of
1 atm condenses to liquid benzene at the normal boiling point of benzene, 80.1 C.
Solution
Analyze: We are asked to judge whether each process will proceed spontaneously in the direction indicated,
in the reverse direction, or in neither direction.
Plan: We need to think about whether each process is consistent with our experience about the natural
direction of events or whether we expect the reverse process to occur.
Solve: (a) This process is spontaneous. Whenever two objects at different temperatures are brought into
contact, heat is transferred from the hotter object to the colder one. Thus, heat is transferred from the hot
metal to the cooler water. The final temperature, after the metal and water achieve the same temperature
(thermal equilibrium), will be somewhere between the initial temperatures of the metal and the water.
(b) Experience tells us that this process is not spontaneouswe certainly have never seen hydrogen and
oxygen gases spontaneously bubbling up out of water! Rather, the reverse processthe reaction of H2 and
O2 to form H2Ois spontaneous. (c) By definition, the normal boiling point is the temperature at which a
vapor at 1 atm is in equilibrium with its liquid. Thus, this is an equilibrium situation. If the temperature were
below 80.1 C, condensation would be spontaneous.
Practice Exercise
Under 1 atm pressure CO2(s) sublimes at 78 C. Is the transformation of CO2(s) to CO2(g) a spontaneous
process at 100 C and 1 atm pressure?
Answer: No, the reverse process is spontaneous at this temperature.
Chemistry: The Central Science, Eleventh Edition Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
By Theodore E. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten, and Catherine J. Murphy Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
With contributions from Patrick Woodward All rights reserved.
Sample Exercise 19.2 Calculating S for a Phase Change
The element mercury, Hg, is a silvery liquid at room temperature. The normal freezing point of mercury is
38.9 C, and its molar enthalpy of fusion is Hfusion = 2.29 kJ/mol. What is the entropy change of the system
when 50.0 g of Hg(l) freezes at the normal freezing point?.
Solution
Analyze: We first recognize that freezing is an exothermic process; heat is transferred from the system to
the surroundings when a liquid freezes (q < 0). The enthalpy of fusion is H for the melting process.
Because freezing is the reverse of melting, the enthalpy change that accompanies the freezing of 1 mol of
Hg is Hfusion = 2.29 kJ/mol.
Plan: We can use Hfusion and the atomic weight of
Hg to calculate q for freezing 50.0 g of Hg:
We can use this value of q as qrev in Equation 19.2.

We must first, however, convert the temperature to K:
Solve: We can now calculate the value of Ssys
Check: The entropy change is negative because heat flows from the system, making qrev negative.
Comment: The procedure we have used here can be used to calculate S for other isothermal phase changes,
such as the vaporization of a liquid at its boiling point.
Sample Exercise 19.2 Calculating S for a Phase Change
Practice Exercise
The normal boiling point of ethanol, C2H5OH, is 78.3 C, and its molar enthalpy of vaporization is
38.56 kJ/mol. What is the change in entropy in the system when 68.3 g of C2H5OH(g) at 1 atm condenses to
liquid at the normal boiling point?
Answer: 163 J/K
Sample Exercise 19.3 Predicting the Sign of S
Predict whether S is positive or negative for each of the following processes, assuming each occurs at
constant temperature:
Solution
Analyze: We are given four equations and asked to predict the sign of S for each chemical reaction.
Plan: The sign of S will be positive if there is an increase in temperature, an increase in the volume in
which the molecules move, or an increase in the number of gas particles in the reaction. The question states
that the temperature is constant. Thus, we need to evaluate each equation with the other two factors in mind.
Solve:
(a) The evaporation of a liquid is accompanied by a large increase in volume. One mole of water (18 g)
occupies about 18 mL as a liquid and if it could exist as a gas at STP it would occupy 22.4 L. Because the
molecules are distributed throughout a much larger volume in the gaseous state than in the liquid state, an
increase in motional freedom accompanies vaporization. Therefore, S is positive.
(b) In this process the ions, which are free to move throughout the volume of the solution, form a solid in
which they are confined to a smaller volume and restricted to more highly constrained positions. Thus, S is
negative.
(c) The particles of a solid are confined to specific locations and have fewer ways to move (fewer
microstates) than do the molecules of a gas. Because O2 gas is converted into part of the solid product
Fe2O3, S is negative.
(d) The number of moles of gases is the same on both sides of the equation, and so the entropy change will
be small. The sign of S is impossible to predict based on our discussions thus far, but we can predict that
S will be close to zero.
Sample Exercise 19.3 Predicting the Sign of S
Practice Exercise
Indicate whether each of the following processes produces an increase or decrease in the entropy of the
system:
Answer: (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) decrease, (d) decrease
Sample Exercise 19.4 Predicting Which Sample of Matter Has the Higher Entropy
Choose the sample of matter that has greater entropy in each pair, and explain your choice: (a) 1 mol of
NaCl(s) or 1 mol of HCl(g) at 25 C, (b) 2 mol of HCl(g) or 1 mol of HCl(g) at 25 C, (c) 1 mol of HCl(g) or
1 mol of Ar(g) at 298 K.
Solution
Analyze: We need to select the system in each pair that has the greater entropy.
Plan: To do this, we examine the state of the system and the complexity of the molecules it contains.
Solve: (a) Gaseous HCl has the higher entropy because gases have more available motions than solids. (b)
The sample containing 2 mol of HCl has twice the number of molecules as the sample containing 1 mol.
Thus, the 2-mol sample has twice the number of microstates and twice the entropy when they are at the
same pressure. (c) The HCl sample has the higher entropy because the HCl molecule is capable of storing
energy in more ways than is Ar. HCl molecules can rotate and vibrate; Ar atoms cannot.
Practice Exercise
Choose the substance with the greater entropy in each case: (a) 1 mol of H2(g) at STP or
1 mol of H2(g) at 100 C and 0.5 atm, (b) 1 mol of H2O(s) at 0 C or 1 mol of H2O(l) at 25 C,
(c) 1 mol of H2(g) at STP or 1 mol of SO2(g) at STP, (d) 1 mol of N2O4(g) at STP or 2 mol of NO2(g) at STP.
Answers: (a) 1 mol of H2(g) at 100 C and 0.5 atm, (b) 1 mol of H2O(l) at 25 C, (c) 1 mol of SO2(g) at STP,
(d) 2 mol of NO2(g) at STP
Sample Exercise 19.5 Calculating S from Tabulated Entropies
Calculate S for the synthesis of ammonia from N2(g) and H2(g) at 298 K:
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

Solution
Analyze: We are asked to calculate the entropy change for the synthesis of NH3(g) from its constituent
elements.
Plan: We can make this calculation using Equation 19.8 and the standard molar entropy values for the
reactants and the products that are given in Table 19.2 and in Appendix C.
Solve: Using Equation 19.8, we have S = 2S(NH3) - [S(N2) + 3S(H2)]
Substituting the appropriate S values from S = (2 mol)(192.5 J/mol-K) - [(1 mol)(191.5 J/mol-K)
Table 19.2 yields + (3 mol)(130.6 J/mol-K)] = -198.3 J/K
Check: The value for S is negative, in agreement with our qualitative prediction based on the decrease in
the number of molecules of gas during the reaction.
Practice Exercise
Using the standard entropies in Appendix C, calculate the standard entropy change, S, for the following
reaction at 298 K:
Al2O3(s) + 3 H2(g) 2 Al(s) + 3 H2O(g)
Answers: 180.39 J/K
Sample Exercise 19.6 Calculating Free-Energy Change from H, T, S
Calculate the standard free energy change for the formation of NO(g) from N2(g) and O2(g) at 298 K:
N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g)
given that H = 180.7 kJ and S = 24.7 J/K. Is the reaction spontaneous under these circumstances?
Solution
Analyze: We are asked to calculate G for the indicated reaction (given H, S and T) and to predict
whether the reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions at 298 K.
Plan: To calculate G, we use Equation 19.12, G = H T S. To determine whether the reaction is
spontaneous under standard conditions, we look at the sign of G.
Solve:
Because G is positive, the reaction is not spontaneous under standard conditions at 298 K.
Comment: Notice that we had to convert the units of the T S term to kJ so that they could be added to the
H term, whose units are kJ.
Practice Exercise
A particular reaction has H = 24.6 kJ and S = 132 J/K at 298 K. Calculate G.
Is the reaction spontaneous under these conditions?
Answers: G = 14.7 kJ; the reaction is spontaneous.
Sample Exercise 19.7 Calculating Standard Free-Energy Change from
Free Energies of Formation
(a) Use data from Appendix C to calculate the standard free-energy change for the following reaction at
298 K:
P4(g) + 6 Cl2(g) 4 PCl3(g)
(b) What is G for the reverse of the above reaction?
Solution
Analyze: We are asked to calculate the free-energy change for the indicated reaction and then to determine
the free-energy change of its reverse.
Plan: To accomplish our task, we look up the free-energy values for the products and reactants and use
Equation 19.14: We multiply the molar quantities by the coefficients in the balanced equation, and subtract
the total for the reactants from that for the products.
Solve:
(a) Cl2(g) is in its standard state, so Gf is zero for this reactant. P4(g), however, is not in its standard state,
so Gf is not zero for this reactant. From the balanced equation and using Appendix C, we have:
Sample Exercise 19.7 Calculating Standard Free-Energy Change from
Free Energies of Formation
Solution (continued)
The fact that G is negative tells us that a mixture of P4(g), Cl2(g), and PCl3(g) at 25 C, each present at a
partial pressure of 1 atm, would react spontaneously in the forward direction to form more PCl3. Remember,
however, that the value of G tells us nothing about the rate at which the reaction occurs.
(b) Remember that G = G (products) G (reactants). If we reverse the reaction, we reverse the roles of the
reactants and products. Thus, reversing the reaction changes the sign of G, just as reversing the reaction
changes the sign of H. (Section 5.4) Hence, using the result from part (a):
4 PCl3(g) P4(g) + 6 Cl2(g) G = +1102.8 kJ
Practice Exercise
By using data from Appendix C, calculate G at 298 K for the combustion of methane:
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g).
Answer: 800.7 kJ
Sample Exercise 19.8 Estimating and Calculating G
In Section 5.7 we used Hesss law to calculate H for the combustion of propane gas at 298 K:
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) H = 2220 kJ
(a) Without using data from Appendix C, predict whether G for this reaction is more negative or less
negative than H. (b) Use data from Appendix C to calculate the standard free-energy change for the reaction
at 298 K. Is your prediction from part (a) correct?
Solution
Analyze: In part (a) we must predict the value for G relative to that for H on the basis of the balanced
equation for the reaction. In part (b) we must calculate the value for G and compare with our qualitative
prediction.
Plan: The free-energy change incorporates both the change in enthalpy and the change in entropy for the
reaction (Equation 19.11), so under standard conditions:
G = H T S
To determine whether G is more negative or less negative than H, we need to determine the sign of the
term T S. T is the absolute temperature, 298 K, so it is a positive number. We can predict the sign of S
by looking at the reaction.
Sample Exercise 19.8 Estimating and Calculating G
Solve:
(a) We see that the reactants consist of six molecules of gas, and the products consist of three molecules of
gas and four molecules of liquid. Thus, the number of molecules of gas has decreased significantly during
the reaction. By using the general rules we discussed in Section 19.3, we would expect a decrease in the
number of gas molecules to lead to a decrease in the entropy of the systemthe products have fewer
accessible microstates than the reactants. We therefore expect S and therefore T S to be negative
numbers. Because we are subtracting , which is a negative number, we would predict that G is less
negative than H.
(b) Using Equation 19.14 and values from Appendix C, we can calculate the value of G
Notice that we have been careful to use the value of Gf for H2O(l), as in the calculation of H values, the
phases of the reactants and products are important. As we predicted, G is less negative than H because
of the decrease in entropy during the reaction.
Practice Exercise
Consider the combustion of propane to form CO2(g) and H2O(g) at 298 K:
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g). Would you expect G to be more negative or less negative than
H?
Answer: more negative
Sample Exercise 19.9 Determining the Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
The Haber process for the production of ammonia involves the equilibrium
Assume that H and S for this reaction do not change with temperature. (a) Predict the direction in which
G for this reaction changes with increasing temperature. (b) Calculate the values G of for the reaction at
25 C and 500 C.
Solution
Analyze: In part (a) we are asked to predict the direction in which G for the ammonia synthesis reaction
changes as temperature increases. In part (b) we need to determine G for the reaction at two different
temperatures.
Plan: In part (a) we can make this prediction by determining the sign of S for the reaction and then using
that information to analyze Equation 19.12. In part (b) we need to calculate H and S for the reaction by
using the data in Appendix C. We can then use Equation 19.12 to calculate G.
Solve:
(a) Equation 19.12 tells us that G is the sum of the enthalpy term H and the entropy term T S. The
temperature dependence of G comes from the entropy term. We expect S for this reaction to be negative
because the number of molecules of gas is smaller in the products. Because S is negative, the term T S
is positive and grows larger with increasing temperature. As a result, G becomes less negative (or more
positive) with increasing temperature. Thus, the driving force for the production of NH3 becomes smaller
with increasing temperature.
(b) We calculated the value of H in Sample Exercise 15.14, and the value of S was determined in
Sample Exercise 19.5: H = 92.38 kJ and S = 198.3 J/K. If we assume that these values do not change
with temperature, we can calculate G at any temperature by using Equation 19.12. At T = 298 K we have:
Notice that we have been careful to convert T S into units of kJ so that it can be added to H, which has
units of kJ.
Comment: Increasing the temperature from 298 K to 773 K changes G from 33.3 kJ to +61 kJ. Of
course, the result at 773 K depends on the assumption that H and S do not change with temperature. In
fact, these values do change slightly with temperature. Nevertheless, the result at 773 K should be a
reasonable approximation. The positive increase in G with increasing T agrees with our prediction in part
(a) of this exercise. Our result indicates that a mixture of N2(g), H2(g), and NH3(g), each present at a partial
pressure of 1 atm, will react spontaneously at 298 K to form more NH3(g). In contrast, at 773 K the positive
value of G tells us that the reverse reaction is spontaneous. Thus, when the mixture of three gases, each at
a partial pressure of 1 atm, is heated to 773 K, some of the NH3(g) spontaneously decomposes into N2(g)
and H2(g).
Practice Exercise
(a) Using standard enthalpies of formation and standard entropies in Appendix C, calculate H and S at
298 K for the following reaction: 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g). (b) Using the values obtained in part (a),
estimate G at 400 K.
Answers: (a) H = 196.6 kJ, S = 189.6 J/K; (b) G = 120.8 kJ
Sample Exercise 19.10 Relating G to a Phase change at Equilibrium
As we saw in Section 11.5, the normal boiling point is the temperature at which a pure liquid is in equilibrium
with its vapor at a pressure of 1 atm. (a) Write the chemical equation that defines the normal boiling point of
liquid carbon tetrachloride, CCl4(l). (b) What is the value of G for the equilibrium in part (a)? (c) Use
thermodynamic data in Appendix C and Equation 19.12 to estimate the normal boiling point of CCl4.
Solution
Analyze: (a) We must write a chemical equation that describes the physical equilibrium between liquid and
gaseous CCl4 at the normal boiling point. (b) We must determine the value of G for CCl4, in equilibrium
with its vapor at the normal boiling point. (c) We must estimate the normal boiling point of CCl4, based on
available thermodynamic data.
Plan: (a) The chemical equation will merely show the change of state of CCl4 from liquid to solid. (b) We
need to analyze Equation 19.16 at equilibrium (G = 0). (c) We can use Equation 19.12 to calculate T when
G = 0.
Solve: (a) The normal boiling point of CCl4
is the temperature at which pure liquid CCl4
is in equilibrium with its vapor at a pressure
of 1 atm:
(b) At equilibrium G = 0. In any normal boiling-point equilibrium both the liquid and the vapor are in their
standard states (Table 19.2). Consequently, Q = 1, Q = 0, and G = G for this process. Thus, we conclude that
G = 0 for the equilibrium involved in the normal boiling point of any liquid. We would also find that
G = 0 for the equilibria relevant to normal melting points and normal sublimation points of solids.
(c) Combining Equation 19.12 with the result
from part (b), we see that the equality at the
normal boiling point, Tb, of CCl4(l) or any
other pure liquid is
Solving the equation for Tb, we obtain
Strictly speaking, we would need the values

of H and S for the equilibrium between
CCl4(l) and CCl4(g) at the normal boiling
point to do this calculation. However, we can
estimate the boiling point by using the values
of H and S for CCl4 at 298 K, which we
can obtain from the data in Appendix C and
Equations 5.31 and 19.8:
Notice that, as expected, the process is

endothermic (H > 0)and produces a gas in
which energy can be more spread out
(S > 0). We can now use these values to
estimate Tb for CCl4(l):
Note also that we have used the conversion factor between J and kJ to make sure that the units of H and
S match.
Check: The experimental normal boiling point of CCl4(l) is 76.5 C. The small deviation of our estimate
from the experimental value is due to the assumption that H and S do not change with temperature.
Practice Exercise
Use data in Appendix C to estimate the normal boiling point, in K, for elemental bromine, Br2(l). (The
experimental value is given in Table 11.3.)
Answers: 330 K
Sample Exercise 19.11 Calculating the Free-Energy Change under
Nonstandard Conditions
We will continue to explore the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia:
Calculate G at 298 K for a reaction mixture that consists of 1.0 atm N2, 3.0 atm H2, and 0.50 atm NH3.
Solution
Analyze: We are asked to calculate G under nonstandard conditions.
Plan: We can use Equation 19.16 to calculate G. Doing so requires that we calculate the value of the
reaction quotient Q for the specified partial pressures of the gases and evaluate G, using a table of
standard free energies of formation.
Solve: Solving for the reaction quotient gives:
In Sample Exercise 19.9 we calculated G = 33.3 kJ for this reaction. We will have to change the units of
this quantity in applying Equation 19.16, however. For the units in Equation 19.16 to work out, we will use
as our units for G, where per mole means per mole of the reaction as written. Thus, G = 33.3
kJ/mol implies per 1 mol of N2, per 3 mol of H2, and per 2 mol of NH3.
Sample Exercise 19.11 Calculating the Free-Energy Change under
Nonstandard Conditions
We can now use Equation 19.16 to calculate G for these nonstandard conditions:
Comment: We see that G becomes more negative, changing from 33.3 kJ/mol to 44.9 kJ/mol, as the
pressures of N2, H2, and NH3 are changed from 1.0 atm each (standard conditions, G) to 1.0 atm, 3.0 atm,
and 0.50 atm, respectively. The larger negative value for G indicates a larger driving force to produce
NH3. We would have made the same prediction based on Le Chteliers principle. (Section 15.7) Relative to
standard conditions, we have increased the pressure of a reactant (H2) and decreased the pressure of the
product (NH3). Le Chteliers principle predicts that both of these changes should shift the reaction more to
the product side, thereby forming more NH3.
Practice Exercise
Calculate G at 298 K for the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia if the reaction mixture
consists of 0.50 atm N2, 0.75 atm H2, and 2.0 atm NH3.
Answers: 26.0 kJ/mol
Sample Exercise 19.12 Calculating an Equilibrium Constant for G
Use standard free energies of formation to calculate the equilibrium constant, K, at 25 C for the reaction
involved in the Haber process:
The standard free-energy change for this reaction was calculated in Sample Exercise 19.9:
G = 33.3 kJ/mol = 33,300 J/mol.
Solution
Analyze: We are asked to calculate K for a reaction,
given G.
Plan: We can use Equation 19.18 to evaluate the

equilibrium constant, which in this case takes the
form
In this expression the gas pressures are expressed in

atmospheres. (Remember that we use kJ mol as the
units of G when using Equations 19.16, 19.17, or
19.18.)
Solve: Solving Equation 19.17 for the exponent

G/RT, we have
We insert this value into Equation 19.18 to obtain K:
Sample Exercise 19.12 Calculating an Equilibrium Constant for G
Comment: This is a large equilibrium constant, which indicates that the product, NH3, is greatly favored in
the equilibrium mixture at 25 C. The equilibrium constants for temperatures in the range of 300 C to
600 C, given in Table 15.2, are much smaller than the value at 25 C. Clearly, a low-temperature
equilibrium favors the production of ammonia more than a high-temperature one. Nevertheless, the Haber
process is carried out at high temperatures because the reaction is extremely slow at room temperature.
Remember: Thermodynamics can tell us the direction and extent of a reaction, but tells us nothing about
the rate at which it will occur. If a catalyst were found that would permit the reaction to proceed at a rapid
rate at room temperature, high pressures would not be needed to force the equilibrium toward NH3.
Practice Exercise
Use data from Appendix C to calculate the standard free-energy change, G, and the equilibrium constant, K,
at 298 K for the reaction
Answers: G = 106.4 kJ/mol, K = 4 1018
Sample Integrative Exercise Putting Concepts Together
Consider the simple salts NaCl(s) and AgCl(s). We will examine the equilibria in which these salts dissolve in
water to form aqueous solutions of ions:
(a) Calculate the value of G at 298 K for each of the preceding reactions. (b) The two values from part (a)
are very different. Is this difference primarily due to the enthalpy term or the entropy term of the standard free-
energy change? (c) Use the values of G to calculate the Ksp values for the two salts at 298 K. (d) Sodium
chloride is considered a soluble salt, whereas silver chloride is considered insoluble. Are these descriptions
consistent with the answers to part (c)? (e) How will G for the solution process of these salts change with
increasing T? What effect should this change have on the solubility of the salts?
Solution
(a) We will use Equation 19.14 along with Gf values from Appendix C to calculate the Gsoln values for
each equilibrium. (As we did in Section 13.1, we use the subscript soln to indicate that these are
thermodynamic quantities for the formation of a solution.) We find
(b) We can write Gsoln as the sum of an enthalpy term, Hsoln, and an entropy term, T Ssoln : Gsoln =
Hsoln + (T Ssoln). We can calculate the values of Hsoln and Ssoln by using Equations 5.31 and 19.8.
We can then calculate T Ssoln at T = 298K. All these calculations are now familiar to us. The results are
summarized in the following table:
The entropy terms for the solution of the two salts are very similar. That seems sensible because each
solution process should lead to a similar increase in randomness as the salt dissolves, forming hydrated ions.
(Section 13.1) In contrast, we see a very large difference in the enthalpy term for the solution of the two
salts. The difference in the values of Gsoln is dominated by the difference in the values of Hsoln.
(c) The solubility product, Ksp, is the equilibrium constant for the solution process. (Section 17.4) As such,
we can relate Ksp directly to Gsoln by using Equation 19.18:
We can calculate the Ksp values in the same way we applied Equation 19.18 in Sample Exercise 19.12. We
use the Gsoln values we obtained in part (a), remembering to convert them from kJ/mol to J/mol:
The value calculated for the Ksp of AgCl is very close to that listed in Appendix D.
(d) A soluble salt is one that dissolves appreciably in water. (Section 4.2) The Ksp value for NaCl is greater
than 1, indicating that NaCl dissolves to a great extent. The Ksp value for AgCl is very small, indicating that
very little dissolves in water. Silver chloride should indeed be considered an insoluble salt.
(e) As we expect, the solution process has a positive value of S for both salts (see the table in part b). As
such, the entropy term of the free-energy change, T Ssoln, is negative. If we assume that Hsoln and
Ssoln do not change much with temperature, then an increase in T will serve to make Gsoln more
negative. Thus, the driving force for dissolution of the salts will increase with increasing T, and we therefore
expect the solubility of the salts to increase with increasing T. In Figure 13.17 we see that the solubility of
NaCl (and that of nearly any salt) increases with increasing temperature. (Section 13.3)

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Sample Exercise 19.

1 Identifying Spontaneous Processes

We can use this value of q as qrev in Equation 19.2.

Solve: We can now calculate the value of Ssys

Answer: (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) decrease, (d) decrease

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g)

(b) What is G for the reverse of the above reaction?

4 PCl3(g) P4(g) + 6 Cl2(g) G = +1102.8 kJ

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) H = 2220 kJ

Solving the equation for Tb, we obtain

Strictly speaking, we would need the values

Notice that, as expected, the process is

Plan: We can use Equation 19.18 to evaluate the

In this expression the gas pressures are expressed in

Solve: Solving Equation 19.17 for the exponent

We insert this value into Equation 19.18 to obtain K:

Answers: G = 106.4 kJ/mol, K = 4 1018

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