Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering

Prof. H. S. Shankar
Department of Chemical Engineering
IIT Bombay

Lecture - 01
Course Overview-1

(Refer Slide Time: 00:21)

Welcome, this is advanced reaction engineering course. In this course, we covered a lot
of ground application of chemical reaction engineering to our requirements in chemical
process industry and as well as in daily life and so on. So, what I would like to do in
session is, just give you an overall perspective of what I want to do in this lecture series
of this may be thirty forty hours. So, let me just run through one by one this gives you a
feel for what is contained in each of these modules.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:14)

So, let beginning so we have begun with introduction, I mean the object here is to try and
bring to your attention; what we will do in this course of course; and then what is the
methodology that we will follow; and how we plan to address various issues; and how
we will learn explain the principles through various examples and so on. So, the
methodology we will try to drop here is one of problem solving, so that we learn how to
derive the equations that describe certain process and or certain idealization that we look
at and also show how it implies to different situations. So, that is the way will go around
in this course and if you are sure all of you familiar.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:18)

But, so we will look at what you see as design equation for ideal reactors. Now, I mean
you mean in the sense that you know have reaction equipment and that reaction
equipment in, which certain reaction takes place. Let us say A goes to B or A goes to B
plus C whatever. So, what we need to know is how this particular material is entering
reaction vessel; how it undergo reaction; at what extend what it undergo reaction what
are the parameter that determine they extend to reaction that occur. Most importantly,
what is the size in the equipment that is required for certain extensively action of course,
our interest and in some cases you know we are not looking at simply continuous
operation. We will be looking at batch operations in which case are interested is to find
out, what is the time that is required for given extensive reaction and soon.

These are situations in which we are, neither doing continuous nor doing batch, are we
doing something semi-continuous or semi-batch operations, in which case our interest is
to really understand how the process can be written down in terms of mathematics. So
then, we can tell what might happen to the process and how we can intervene in a way,
so that the process can be made to move in the direction of our interest. So, the design
equation for ideal reactors is essentially a way of trying to in terms of mathematics
idealize, what might be happening and so that our equation are able to approximate what
might happen into our life. Just as an example more of you it will see when you actually
look at this just put it in this perspective.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:19)

Let us say you have an equipment like this and in which you know this a reaction is
occurring flow is coming in and flow is going out; this is got a certain volume V reaction
A goes to B. Let us say A or A plus B going to C plus D. Now, you will recognize that A
B C D, A can be a gas B can be a liquid you know it can same phases may be different
products may have some of it may be a gas some of it. You know various kinds of
situations that as likely so far each of these situations in our equations must be able to
appropriately in take into account. So, we will look at simple situation as you go along
with modified take into account in more variations that may occur in life.

(Refer Slide Time: 05:17)

So, the design equations if we looking at design equations, object of design equation is to
put down in simple terms how inputs and outputs or inputs initial and final can be related
in terms of parameter that you can understand recognize and so on.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:42)

In the chemical engineering literature or chemical process industry frequently, we see

what we call as tubular reactors. Now, tubular reactors are essentially pipes of various
sizes and typically they contain a catalyst, which is feed this and going on. Tubular
reactors are common in industry; because they are easy to build and then you know flow
fluid can be easily understood can be major place. Lot of techniques has been reward
numbers of years understand the fluid mechanics therefore; it is common device which is
employed in industry.

So, often we talk about plug flow in our tubular reactors design equations the plug flow I
mean in the sense the reason, why we idealize situations like this they easier to treat.
Therefore, we are able to get equation that is able to quickly idealize what might be
otherwise it is difficult to understand and predict so we have first principle to understand.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:53)

What might happen by plug flow what is main is that, if we have if you have flow
delimit here it sort of get cell it sort of most through the equipment most through the
equipment it emerges. In the another fluid element it comes most to the equipment it
emerges and other words what we are saying is that if we recognize or idealize flow
through equipment as plug flow, it only means that these two elements pass through
without recognizing these existing elements.

Therefore, the time of residents of these two elements can be very very precisely
calculated and therefore, we are able to tell how long they bend in the equipment.
Therefore, we can tell what the extent is, to which the reaction may have taken place
based on the numbers that we have in our hand. So, plug flow is idealized version of the
reaction equipment that you will see the process industry often we called as tubular
reactors. So, we will set of equations we go along to describe what is called as plug flow
reactors.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:57)

In earlier, we said we talked about stirred vessels, these are all stirred vessels. Now,
stirred vessels cells can be batch equipment or can be continuous equipment. Now, batch
equipment means the flow inside, but there is no flow outside in the sense in batch there
is no flow in. So, you start with certain under fluid here and we process the fluid in the
set of time then, we set of equations that we describe what might be going on inside the
equipment. Other words there is no in flow there is no out flow therefore, whatever
happens in the reaction is like it is counted for by the process or the reactions kinetics
that is responsible for the reactions take place. So, batch you will find batch equipment
or then quite common in small scale industry; if we go to paint industry; if we go to
pharmaceutical industry or oil industry various kinds of industries whereas you want to
process them in small scale.

Because, the scale of operations such that the demand such that to small scale industry or
precisely pharmaceutical industry where purity and then quality etcetera. So, stringent
you must be able to track of in which batch it is produced so that, in case you would not
recall the product in next stage it might be possibly to actually inform the dealers to
recall the products, in case it is goes to unsatisfactory for whatever reasons. So,
pharmaceutical industry batch process is quite common. Now, if the batch equipment is
essentially vessel which is got you know the position is inlet and outlet the position for
entering inside and cleaning and so on. So, this quite common of various sizes may be
ten, twenty five to ten kilo liters typically the size is you will see in the stream.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:58)

Something is called CSTR, which is quite common in chemical literature this is called
continuous stirred tank reactor, which is some equipment is like this there is continuous
input and there is a continuous output this valves this are the valves so these are open.
So, that was continuous flow again and other words what you seeing here is that
chemical reactions takes place as the flow comes and goes out.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:23)

And since many of the reactions are could be quite in exothermic, there are quite there is
which might be carrying heating or cooling fluid so as to ensure the reaction condition
can be able to be achieved because this heating or cooling media. So, the continuous
stirred tank reactor is very common device that you may see in laboratories in the
universities and research labs and the industry, where the scale evaporation are relatively
larger not very large relatively larger; now continuous stirred tank reactor in the process
industry in common we might see in places.

For example, you will find that in polymer industry where you are deal with very viscous
situations then you find that stirred tank provide good amount of mixing and so on and
heat transfer can be satisfactory. You will find continuous reactions equipment in
chemical in polymer industry. There was some situation where continuous reactions
equipment is quite common because in fact, permits you to continuous input and output
at the same time ensure the temperature and process conditions and kept uniform. So,
CSTR and batch are stirred equipment that you will see in the process industry and the
tubular reactors are plug flow devices that we called is quite common in the very large
scale petroleum and other industries. So, for both these both these situations are there are
design equations which we call as ideal reactors.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:59)

So, what is meant by ideal reactors by ideal we mean that the condition the different
parts the equipment, in terms of temperature pressure concentrations are uniform in other
words the flow that enters it is able to get mixed. So, that the conditions inside the
equipment is same as condition that leave in the equipment this what is called continuous
stirred tank reactor, very popular in the chemical reaction engineering literature. So,
when we when we said design equations for ideal reactors we will be looking at these
two situations and set of equations that will describe how reactions takes place in these to
how reactions can be we understood as they take place in these two kinds of equipment.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:42)

We find in our experience in our process industry that the reaction does not go to
completion so, what do we do.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:09)

Let us give an example. Let us say you have reaction equipment its coming in and it is
going out. Now, we find that this is the reactor this is what is called plug flow plug flow
recycle reactor. Now, when would be process we would engage process at this nature
when we find that the products that come out of these reactions request to be inside that
would be situation you will learn as along situations in which products that be recycled
that would be recycled. Because, you find that the products are able to facilitate they
needed with reactions occur is could be on reason or the products contain lot of energy
like heat for example, is very high temperature.

So, you make use of that energy for your process like could be another example. So,
there could be several situations of course, another example could be that you know the
reactions cannot as in completion. Therefore, you want to put separate somewhere here
and then separate the products and recycle the reactor products. So, there are various
situation you will encounter recycle is required. Now, will recycle is required need to set
up our desired equations, which will take into our account the effect of recycle the effect
of recycle on the size of the equipment number one effect of recycle in extensive action,
there were some issues that we must consider when we provide recycle; it can be steady
state or it can be unsteady state.

Because, you know you might be encountering situations then which you also want
understand how long it takes for certain process to reach steady state or you are
interested in unsteady state part of the process. Because, you are starting of the process
and you want to know how long it does taken to reach steady state, various issues that
may come up in a process that you would like to understand and then set up or
mathematics So, that we can actually tell how long it will be before the steady state is
achieved. So, we meets situation like this in process industry. So, you will set up
equations that take into an account the effects of recycle so that, we can set up the
equations appropriately.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:54)

I will set this you want to look at plug flow recycle reactors. So, illustrations illustrative
examples now what you will when I say plug flow illustrative examples. What I would
like to bring your attention to in such lectures what are the physical situations where you
might want to do recycle and how that recycle benefit you in a process lets taken an
example.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:37)

Say for example, A tend to B let us take an example, where the reaction the reaction is
autocatalytic is autocatalytic; what is mean by autocatalytic? You mean that the reaction
A that reaction occurs is depending on A it also depend on B. Now, when reaction is
autocatalytic which means that the rated which the reaction moves only depends upon
how much the products is been put into the system. So, clearly speaking and you put
product appropriately the reaction does not move. Now, if you look at the recycle this
recycle device provides a way by which you can put the products back into the fluid. So,
autocatalytic reaction is a good example why the recycle becomes very very important
for the process to move forwardly.

So, autocatalytic reaction require recycle and very clearly it will they might be optimum
recycler which you must operate and so on, which is important from the point of your
process of variation all these features will have to be appropriately taken into account
design equations plus it has to be appropriately explained when we look at illustrative
examples now. If we look at real life for example, what are the real life situations where
we have to deal with autocatalytic reactions the finest example you will think of or
biological reactions.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:19)

Say for example, you have let us say we have let giving a small example we have from C
6H12 O 6 this is glucose; it is reacting with some cells. Lets us say, saccharomyces
cerevisiae this is fungi which fluid on glucose under certain condition with ph and
temperature and oxygen tensioning and so on, gives you alcohol it gives you alcohol and
carbon dioxide. Now, you can see here is three C2 H 5 O H and C O 2 you can balance
this how many carbon is there. You can balance this anyway this is not so critical right
know. So, you have glucose giving you alcohol and water and carbon dioxide. Now, this
particular reactions you will find that unless you put saccharomyces and get the
appropriate condition you will not able to produce alcohol.

So, what is being said is that so the presence of saccharomyces mixed reaction happen in
that process more cell are formed. So, in principle these cells can be harvested and then
put back into the process. Alternatively, you find as more and more cells are formed it is
able to catalyze the reaction in forward direction. So, autocatalytic this is the good
example in which you will find that the addition of the products which cells of the
product and enhances rate of forward reaction let us look at some more examples of
recycle reactors. Now this another situation that you would have seen in real life in some
of may have seen is if you go to the waste treatment plant see if you I mean all over the
world.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:17)

You will find that we produce lot of sledge say sewage which comes out of human
settlements; there could be waste coming from daily sledges which contains lot of waste
materials. So, typically what is done is that these materials is taken into a basin in which
you know you put an oxygen you put in oxygen by aeration and then presence in the
presence of oxygen and the sewage, which contains organics like carbohydrates and
things like that. These cells which is present in the environment grows and as a result
you will find the waste material and consumed and water that comes out is relatively or
this is called as waste treatment this is called waste treatment.

You will find you will find that that sewage let us say sewage contains carbohydrate you
have put into oxygen. So, this gets oxidized. So, it get becomes carbon dioxide and water
and this cells are present in the water to produce more cells. So, this is the another
example this is the another example where the whole reaction course forward only if
there are cells and the cells produce more cells and effect of the cells is to further
enhances reaction. On other words, this is very good example of autocatalytic reaction.
Now, whether you used devices we can use various types of devices. We can use devices
which is called stirred tanks which is called these are all stirred tank; we can use stirred
tank device for doing this process or you can recycle the devices that what you have said.

In both cases the principles are that in the product which is sell enhance the rated which
the reaction occurs, this is what we are trying to say. So, plug flow recycle devices are
recycles are general are very common in chemical process industry and we need
equations to take care of how to deal with recycles in real life in that is what we will do
in this kinds of lectures. We know often find this mean this is very unusual in chemical
process there are many many reactions that occur there are many many reactions that
occur.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:43)

We have to deal with what is called as multiple reactions multiple multiple reactions
what do you mean by multiple reactions? What we want to say here is that suppose let us
say just for an example, I write A plus B is going to C plus D this is the reaction. Now, if
you want to talk about multiple reaction, I can write the multiple reaction like this A 1
alpha 1 1 A 1 plus alpha 1 2 A 2 up to alpha n A n. Similarly, alpha p 1 A 1 plus alpha p
2 A 2 upto alpha p n An equal to zero. What is be said here that we have A plus B is
equal to C plus D as the reaction can also be written as C plus D minus of A minus of B
equal to zero. What is mean said is that chemical reaction you can write it as algebraic
equation its convenient. Many many reactions occurring as I said one alpha 1 1 A 1 alpha
n An as this is one reaction there are p such reactions. So, there are p reactions here.

Now, the important point is when there are large number of reactions are happening. So,
we also like to know I mean how to manage; how to understand with large number of
reactions. Now, therefore, we need a systematic procedure by which we are able to deal
with very large number of reactions. So, that we can confer them we can find out what is
what is happening in the reactions and so on. So, the general technique which is used to
understand how many reactions are independent knows. Independent reactions is an idea
which coming because of the factors there are many many reaction happening. Once we
recognize what is called independence of reactions; we can also understand that if there
are many many reactions how many of are them independent; how many of are them
dependent and so on.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:53)

Let say illustrate this, what am saying say for example, reaction A going to B and
reaction B going to A. What is meant by this? You are saying that this reaction A is to B
is this is a reversible reaction; that means reaction going forward direction or going in
reverse direction. So, which means when we are conducting a reactions A going to B in
principle perhaps both the rate processing occurring. What we see is that the reaction
goes to A to B because on rate processing faster than the other. Therefore, the net in the
netyou see that the reaction going for one direction. There are technique I mean you have
learnt or you will learn as you go along by which actually measure the rate processing
directions.

There are techniques available; there are methods available; you will learn all these as
you go along. Therefore, in principle all these are possible to measure so, but the fact of
interest of that if there are there are A going to B and B going to A. How many of these
reactions are independent that the question that we frequently asked?

(Refer Slide Time: 26:10)

Now, it is common sense by looking at we can say that if just take one sample of suppose
this reaction occurring in the equipment like this A going to B;B going to A. We just
going to take a sample of A this of this material and analyze for A if you analyze for A A
A zero is total moles and then we determine what is the moles at any other time. So, once
you know this difference once you know this difference you can tell what is the amount
of B? that is formed because that is coming first tachometry. In other words what are
trying to say is that if you know that independent of reactions you can tell what the
composition of the system is? So, what is what is generally jested in multiple or it was
called as a reaction network is that we determine we determine the number of
independent reactions.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:00)

We just tell that that number of independent reactions. Once we know the number of
independent reactions; we can we can tell the compositions of the system fully because
that is what determine the compositions of the system. Then as you go along you will use
this general methods to deal with multiple reactions and you find as you go along
particularly biology huge number of reactions occurring infinite deal with use this
techniques. Because it makes very convenient and there are computationally methods
available so, which we can deal with very effectively. Now, I will set this set this let me
sort of attention to very very interesting situation we make in counter situation, which we
will is multiple reaction.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:54)

Multiple reactions in soil environment, if you all know that just give a small example just
put this in context suppose you have a reaction N O 2 minus giving you N H 4 plus so, N
O 2 minus giving you N O 3 minus. So, N O 2 minus reacting with N H 4 plus gives you
N 2 plus H 2 O one two three; then could also have a situation that N H 4 plus which is
formed reaction one goes for cell synthesis. How does it happen? This ammonium nitride
ia actually called cells due to some reaction that happen in soil environment of course,
you could also have a situation that carbohydrates gets oxidized to give you carbon
dioxide and water plus energy.

So, the context here is something like this I mean this in this planet produce to close to
about two billion tons of grains to fluid this population of the world. All this comes about
thirteen hundred million hectares of cultivated lands different parts of the world India
included and the cultivated land. Then India is something like out of total land about 180
or 200 million hectares is the total cropped area in this country. So, in the sense that if
you want understands that what is happening in the soil environment?

We can understand this by looking at these five reactions. Now, we can do experiments
to find out what happened to N O 2 minus N O 3 minus N H 4 plus and then
carbohydrates can we measure appropriately. In other words we can do a small
experiments to find out how these nutrients N O 2 minus N O 3 minus N H 4 plus and
then carbohydrates actually channel into path ways through simple experiments.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:39)

Now, notice here this is what this is called reaction 1 and reaction 2 call this reaction 3,
call this reaction 4, call this reaction 5. Essentially, what we are trying to say that here
are five reaction and these five reactions are able to tell us how you are producing
various cells it can be food crops or in around the world. So, through some simple
experiments I mean in the kind of power that these experiments have an enormous as you
can see. You can do this experiments in find out how the nitrogen that we add that we
add to soil and how they related to production of food crops and how the carbohydrate
that might be present in the soil environment is used for the production of food crops.

These kind of inter linkages we can understand by doing some simple experiments in
multiple reactions using soil environment in a laboratory do not have to going into the
field. We find that you are able to get results which able to explain what happens in the
whole parts of the world they feel for how simple experiments done in the laboratory
which does not cost a lot. It gives your insight into very very complex lets happening in
agriculture plantations plantation crops in the world and so on.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:15)

That is the power of trying to understand in multiple reactions in soil to often you will
look at some example to illustrate how we can get insight into fairly complicated
situation using fairly simple techniques. Next we will try to look at is what we called as
catalyst deactivation. Now, the context looking at catalyst deactivation is that if we look
at our process industry our process industry many of them many of them require catalyst
for the reactions to take place; I mean we know of ammonia synthesis of which Heber
Nobel prize in nineteen fifteen for the development on discovery of synthesis catalyst of
course, lot of improvements at comes in end.

There are in fact, catalyst is this centered of many many important processes, which
makes life so easy for us today compared what it was may be hundred years ago. So, but
catalyst undergo deactivation methods of deactivation as chemistry that we must know
that we can prevent it and improve it and so on. But, from point of view of chemical
engineers of processes what is important we would like to know what is the kinetics of
catalyst deactivation at what rate they can deactivate. So, that we have some way for
understanding how long our catalyst will last in the process environment; we can replace
them alternatively we can regenerate them appropriately.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:44)

So, the whole process of catalyst deactivation requires you to find out methods by which
we can understand kinetics of deactivation kinetics. So, you must know the kinetics
deactivation I mean for which you must do measurements and even if you do
measurements what is important that we must know how to uses measurements to derive
and to get the kinetics information of our interested. So, what is important in catalyst
deactivation is able to develop our mathematics to represent what is going on in the
process so that we can get the information of our interest.

So, in these lectures in catalyst deactivation what we are trying to emphasis and give you
methods and do we conduct our experiments. So, that we can get data in a form we can
used to extract the deactivation kinetics from our experiments. So, this is the content of
the catalyst deactivation that we will do in these lectures.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:45)

Now, if you know if I say catalyst deactivation kinetics is given by equation of this form
equation of this form some function of concentration and so on. So, our important thing
is to recognize is to recognize that what is the value m; what is these function, which
depends which determines deactivation kinetics. So, that when we write the rated which
the catalyst deactivates by this kinetics we are able to convert this in appropriately
integrate this to our design. So, that we are able to understand how this process and
catalyst deactivation will run. So, that appropriately tune the process to take care of the
deactivation and ensure that we produce products the rated that we design we have
design the plan for. So, the object of this particular this side of lectures is to determine
the function. So, that we are able to go forward and use this information for our design
operation and control of processes involving catalyst. Now the related issues which are
must bad in mind.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:57)

But I call here as process evaluation process evaluation under catalyst deactivation. Now,
what we try to learn here is that let say for example, let us say we have a reactor and let
us say it goes through a separator products come out and then reactor this is this is
reactor closed pack. This is the most common that we will see in the reactor this is
separator. Now, I call this is F A zero if I call this F B then example A tends to B. Now,
what we will see in a process that as this catalyst; this is the catalyst here this is the
catalyst here catalyst which deactivates here this deactivates.

So, what you would expect as this deactivates the amount of products that we will
produce here will keep on decrease here. Clearly, which means the amount of product
that formed here is decreases in therefore, what we are going to get also decreases. Now,
this separator has been designed to process a certain amount of the product. Now as this
keep decreasing you will find this this separator is not working to your design. So, it is
sub optima and therefore, your process is not satisfied clearly when you design this
reaction equipment we have to anticipate what is the deactivation you have to anticipate
we have to anticipate the effects of this deactivation A is the activity.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:57)

Appropriately design your process, which means which means rated which component A
that is formed let us say this is some this is the activity change with some other function.
This effect you should account for in the design. So, that with time with time as this
catalyst activity keeps on decreasing there might be must be process tuning that we will
do our process adjustment that you will do which will ensure that the catalyst even
though deactivates that product that comes out here this is not change with time. So, in
other words there are strategies by which we can run processes despite the fact that is
deactivation and these strategies that we will learn in this lecture and we will illustrate
this through examples where you can actually determine used this principles to
understand how we can run this processes.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:24)

We pointed out that commercial process like deactivating catalyst we need to

continuously adjust the process condition that the quantity materials that are produced
here that unit time etcetera is variant with time; so that we are able to produce these
products. So, essentially these are all time dependent kind of operations. So, time
dependent time dependent operations. We just now pointed out that catalyst deactivation
is an example of time dependent operation and we also said there are strategies by which
we can manage this time dependent operation appropriate adjustment of the process
condition. So, that the output does not see a time dependents see these are the kinds.
Now another set of situations in real life where actually there is time dependency.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:19)

That means, we accept the fact; there is time dependents and we want to able to
understand those time dependents mathematically, so that we can set up our equations.
We have all the numbers in front of us therefore; you know how the time dependents
actually happen how we take that into an account. So, time dependent operation are one
you have a batch process batch process; what is the batch process you have a reaction
happening here and then put in at zero time at time t equal to zero you started with some
components C A naught C B naught product A plus B goes to C plus D. Therefore, this
tells you how long you must run this process so that you can get your products.

So, that is one elementary examples of time dependent operation there is more involved
time dependent operation you have let us say reactor, which is to using products now this
particular reactor. We have to there is a start up of this what is meant by start up? You
have reaction you have a reactor which you are starting now you would not know how
long it takes to reach a steady state and so on. Therefore, during this startup up to
reaching the steady state there is some time gap. What is the time line; how do we
understand the time line and how we ensure during the process of starting up to the point
it reaches steady state; everything is very safe that is go on out of control.

So, start up of the plant start up of the reactor is based on time dependent. So, the effect
of time must be appropriately counted and incorporated in the mathematics. So, that you
know how the evolution of the composition of the system is dependent on system
parameter etcetera. So, time dependents start up is good example of time dependent
operation and further matter all start up you know am not this chemical reactor alone you
will find that any start up. You have you have to deal with time dependents and
therefore, your mathematics take into account all the concerns let me determine the time
dependents of a process.

(Refer Slide Time: 42:28)

Let us just take an example to illustrate what is saying. So, what happens suppose you
have CSTR a reaction taking place a reaction is taking place. Now this this is an example
this mean that they happen in daily life or an industry, but something helps us to
understand how mathematics help us to get a feel for what happens and mathematics
help us to tell how we can prevent many of difficulties you may typically face if you do
not formulate a problem in mathematical terms. For example, this is the instance of
stirred tanks called CSTR.

Now, we start this CSTR with initial condition C Ai this is the initial condition C A i
equal to some value. I will call this C A i into some value C A naught. Now, you will
realize by formulating the mathematics that if you choose C A i appropriately carefully
then the start up the start up time what is meant by startup time? The time that is required
for the process to reach steady state start up time is the time that is required time required
to reach steady state reach steady state? Now if this required time required to reach
steady state is very large you see; then clearly you see you are not the process doing
anything useful for you and whatever you produce unsatisfactory does not recycled
anyway so, its that you are endlessly incorrect.

So, if you can keep this time very small very advantageous and your mathematics will
tell you how to do it these are the advantageous of being able to formulate the problem
mathematically. Because, lot of the answers that you would learn through the
experiments through it come through this and save time save cost plus huge insight what
is going on this process; something that it gives you a great confident of how to deal with
other wise difficult situation. This confidence what might be important in landing
processes designing processes managing crisis managing safety issues and so on.

So, this is important part that we will try to illustrate through an example to say how start
up how the initial state that you can chose so that we can keep this start up time as small
as possible now what we are try to do in the in the lectures of seven eight lectures. You
should set up the basic foundations of for dealing with chemical reactions and then
setting up the equations required to explain what is going on. See, we have so far talked
about situations where the system has been assumed to be at constant temperature when
we are counted for effects of temperature in the process. Now I mean am sure you are
recognize this chemical reactions typically releases heat or requires heat.

(Refer Slide Time: 45:45)

So, adding heat or removing heat; heat are two important situations that we all have to
account for so adding and removing heat crucial to managing chemical reactions and
giving small example I mean it is not that is known about. Suppose, you are looking at
power plant in which burning coal to make steam as an example. I mean Coal
combustion is very well studied chemical reaction is huge amount of energy, which we
use to make steam then the steam is used for turning turbines and make electricity and so
on.

Now important thing is that that the rated which the coal is burning and the rated which
the steam what are the going through the can able to pick up the heat and then converted
into steam and then you have to match the two. So, the rate of combustion must be equal
to rate of production of steam. So, that design these are the kinds of design features that
you are look into when we are looking at chemical reactions.

(Refer Slide Time: 46:49)

So, energy balance so what we are saying that energy balance energy balance is crucial
for reactor design crucial to reactor design, which means you must take into an account
whatever energy is going into the process; whatever energy is coming out of the process
and the energy that we are putting into the process might be in the form of internal
energy. Well, energy is coming out of the process might be in the sensible heat you have
to see how the energy of internal energy or enthalpy as you can say is actually used in
the process. Therefore, we have to see how heat is generated because of chemical
reaction how heat coming out of the chemical reaction can be appropriately channel into
the process and so on. So, energy balance is crucial to understanding how reactions take
place; but reactor design actually requires not just understanding the material balance of
talked about so far.

But requires an understanding how material and energy balance are connected are
related. So, if you have written energy balance and see how material balance and energy
balance are related and deal with both material and energy balance together in the design
of reactors involving heat effects. These are instances there are huge chemical energy
released because of the reactions or required to conduct the reaction both cases we have
transfer heat through an appropriate device in the reaction equipment; so energy balance
is crucial to our process.

(Refer Slide Time: 48:32)

Now, energy balance can be stirred vessels; now stirred vessels we pointed out we had
stirred vessel like this and we said we have a coil into which putting a cooling or heating
fluid. Now, this coil instead of putting a coil put a jacket; let see that is also is good
through which circulate a fluid and then take out a fluid; so there could be various ways
there could be you can put energy in and energy out.

But important point is that in your equation in mathematical description you must
appropriately account for energy going in. So that we energy going in which form it is
going in lets typically goes in the form of enthalpy; the energy that come out may be in
sensible heat and so on. So, you have to appropriately take that into account so that the
very huge amount heat release appropriately; it can be removed through a device we can
design and incorporate into the system. So, energy balance stirred vessels energy balance
for plug flow vessels.

(Refer Slide Time: 49:41)

So, let use appreciate how the stirred vessels the removal of energy is relatively simple
because the fact that it is stirred and therefore, heat transfer coefficient requires
satisfactory; we are able to remove the heat add heat more effectively.

(Refer Slide Time: 50:04)

When it is a plug flow vessel the vessel like this; when the flow inside is gas or liquid we
have to remove only through external heat exchange and here the situations are for more
involved and the designs have to be proper. More importantly, our equations must be
adequately represented how these changes occur and what are the heat transfer
coefficient involved and so on, which you will take into an account when we write our
energy balance. We will explain more things when we go along.

Thank you.