ARTERY union of both the systemic arches.

It stop posteriorly
lying mid.dorsally just beneath the vertebral coloun. It
gives off the following arteries :
it includes all the arteries. Arteries carry bloods away
from heart. The artericl system in frog beings with a. Coeliaco-mesentric. It is a single large artery
truncus arterious. The trumats divides into left and arising from the junction of the two systemic arches. It
right branches or trunks, each of which subdivides has two main branches : the coeliac to
into three major vessels or aortic arches: stomach, pancreaseand liver; and the
anterior mesentric to spleen and intestine.

b. Gonadial. A pair of short arteries to gonads. Called

1) common carotid spermatic. In male frog and overian in female frog.
c. Renal. While passing between the two kidneys,
dorsal costa sends off 5-6 pairs of small renal arteries
2) systemic and in a series into both the kidneys.

3) pulmocutaneous. d. Posterior mesentric. It arises from the posterior

end of dorsal aorta, or sometimes from anterior
mesentric. It goes to large intestine or rectum.

e. Commo iliacs. The dorsal costa finally bifurcates

Common barnchial posteriorly into two common liliacs, each supplying an
epigastric to ventral body wall, rectovesciluar to
arch: It is a short vessel running forward and rectum and urinary bladder, femoral to hip and upper
thigh, and sciatic to lower leg.
outward, but soon divides into 2 branches: external
and internal carotides.

A. External carotid: It is the smaller inner branch

Pulmocutaneous arch: It
divides into main arteries, pulmonary to the lung and
carrying blood to the tongue and adjacent parts. It is
cutaneous to skin of dorsal and lateral sides.
also called lingual.

B. Internal carotid: It is the larger attes branch. At its

base it forms a little swelling. The carotid labyrinth. Its
lumen is converted into a labyrinth by folding of the Exercise 13
walls. It is probably a sense organ and controls blood
pressure in the internal barntie artery. The internal
Does the sinus venosus contract?
carotid divides into 3 branches - a palatine to the
some of mouth, a cerebral to the brain and
an ophthalmic to the eye.
Yes it also contracts.
What is meant by the pacemaker of the heart?
Systemic arch: It is the longest of
the three arches and with greatest distribution of Specialized area of heart muscle
blood. The two systemic archer curve dorsally around
that controls and regulates heart
the oesophagus and join with each other behind the
heart to form the dorsal aorta. In its course each beat
systemic arch gives off 3 arteries: Heart decreases in size and color changes to
a. Oesophageal. A small artery to oesophagus.
light red:
b. Occipition-vertebral. It immediately sends an
occipital branch to occiput or posterior part of head,
and a vertebral branch to vertebral column and spinal SYSTOLE (contraction)
cord. Heart returns to larger size and to dark red:

c. Subcalvian: It is a large supplying the DIASTOLE (relaxation)

shoulder region and extending into the forelimb as Explain the dark appearance of the vein.
brachial artery.

Dorsal aorta: As already said, it is formed by the

 Vein color is determined in large Ovarian or Spermic veins from
part by the color of venous blood, gonads
which is usually dark red (and not E. What possible routes can the blood take from
blue as is commonly believed) as a the hindlimb to the heart?
result of its low oxygen content.
The presence of valves can easily be Renal portal circulation
demonstrated, how can this be done? Anterior abdominal vein by way of
the liver
The valves work in the same way
as one- way swing doors, the blood
pushing the valves open as it II. INTERNAL ANATOMY OF FROG HEART
travels toward the heart; the valves
close as blood fills that part of the
What is the significance of the differences in size
vein, and prevents backward flow.
of the two atria?

Right receives blood from all parts

I. VEINS (Venous system)
except lungs. Left receives from
A. External jugular vein
lungs.
From what organ is the blood
Describe the valves that guard this opening.
drained?
lingual vein from tongue
maxillary vein from lower jaw Spiral valve in the conus arteriosus:
B. Innominate vein
direct deoxygenated blood into the
What organs or parts of body are drained by aortic arches of leading to the gills
each of these veins? and lungs.
direct oxygenated blood into
arches that supply other parts of
Internal jugular vein from head,
the body
brain, and spinal cord
modification arising from the
Suprascapular vein - from
formation of a typhlosole-like
shoulders
septum
C. Musculocutaneous vein
ventral edge is free
Within the truncus arteriosus are two longitudinal
What parts of the body are drained by each of divisions or septa which divide the truncus into
them? three channels. Where to these channels lead?

from sides of head Common carotid artery

from sides of body Systemic artery
D. What do you call each of these veins (3 Pulmocutaneous artery
tributaries to the postcaval vein) What structure minimizes the mixture of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the
Hepatic portal vein from liver frogs heart?
Renal portal vein from kidneys
 The spiral valve in the conus Left ventricle: pumps blood to the other parts
arteriosus, longitudinal septa and of the body
interatrial septum

IV. ARTERIES (Arterial System)

III. INTERNAL ANATOMY OF MAMMALIAN
HEART What is the function of the carotid gland?
What kind of blood enters the left atrium?

Motors blood pressure.

Oxygenated blood from the lungs Carefully lift the dorsal aorta and see the small
Right ventricle is smaller and has thinner wall arteries rising from its dorsal wall. What part of
compared to the left ventricle. What is its the body is supplied by these arteries?
significance?
The left ventricle is more muscular
Coeliac
than the right ventricle because it
pumps the blood at a higher
pressure. Just as any other muscle Left and right gastric artery
in your body If you work one and supplies stomach and pancreas
not the other- the one you work Hepatic artery supplies liver and
gets bigger and the opposing anterior part of pancreas
wont. Anterior Mesenteric
The left ventricle pumps blood at a
higher pressure because it has a Supplies lumbar/back region,
further distance to travel, blood kidneys, urogenital system
from the left ventricle goes to all What body part of the viscera does it supply?
areas of the body. The right
ventricle only has to pump blood to Posterior portion of the rectum
the lungs which is a much shorter Dorsal wall of the uterus (female)
distance, therefore less pressure is Follow each branch and determine the organs
required. supplied
What is the advantage of having two ventricles?

Epigastric artery SUPPLIES ventral

There is no opportunity for the
abdominal vein
mixing of oxygenated and Recto-vesicular artery SUPPLIES
deoxygenated blood. There is more rectum and urinary bladder
efficiency of the heart since each Femoral artery SUPPLIES skin and
ventricle has a specific task. anterior thigh muscles
Right ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs Sciatic artery extension of iliac
artery to the rest of the hindlimb