Objective:

The two objectives of our experiment were:

1. To study the functioning of centrifugal single pump with variable

number of revolutions.
2. To plot the characteristic curve of the pump.

Introduction:

Pump:

A pump is a device used to move gases, liquids or slurries. A pump moves

liquids or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this
difference in pressure by adding energy to the system (such as a water
system). A gas pump is generally called a compressor, except in very low
pressure-rise applications, such as in heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning, where the operative equipment consists of fans or blowers.

Centrifugal pump:

A centrifugal pump is a rot dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to

increase the velocity of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to
move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller
along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing
radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the
downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge
through smaller heads.
How a centrifugal pump works:

A centrifugal pump works by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy,

typically from an electric motor or turbine, to an increased static fluid
pressure. This action is described by Bernoulli's principle. The rotation of the
pump impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid as it is drawn in from the
impeller eye (centre) and is forced outward through the impeller vanes to the
periphery. As the fluid exits the impeller, the fluid kinetic energy (velocity) is
then converted to (static) pressure due to the change in area the fluid
experiences in the volute section. Typically the volute shape of the pump
casing (increasing in volume), or the diffuser vanes (which serve to slow the
fluid, converting to kinetic energy in to flow work) are responsible for the
energy conversion. The energy conversion results in an increased pressure on
the downstream side of the pump, causing flow.

Cavitations are the problem in the pump. It is defined as the phenomenon of

formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure
of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure. Cavitation is usually divided into
two classes of behaviour: inertial (or transient) cavitation and non-inertial
cavitation. Inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid
rapidly collapses, producing a shock wave. Such cavitation often occurs in
pumps, propellers, impellers, and in the vascular tissues of plants. Non-
inertial cavitation is the process in which a bubble in a fluid is forced to
oscillate in size or shape due to some form of energy input, such as an
acoustic field. Such cavitation is often employed in ultrasonic cleaning baths
and can also be observed in pumps, propellers etc.

Due to the general complexity of flow through a centrifugal pump ,the actual
performance of the pump cannot be predicted on a completely theoretical
basis .Actual pump performance is determine experimentally through test on
the pump and the result are presented as pump performance curve
.Performance characteristics for a given pump geometry and operating speed
are usually given in the form of plots of head rise ,efficiency and power
versus flow rate (commonly referred as capacity).This information is most
helpful to the engineer responsible for incorporating pump into a given pipe
flow system.

Apparatus:

1. Stainless steel centrifugal pump.

2. Digital inverter.
3. Pressure gauges (P1&P2).
 Results and calculations:

t We V I Wh Hm P1 P2 Q Q Frequenc
(P (Pa) (m3/s) (m3/h) y
a)
0 16200 4
36.53 492.68 226 2.18 180 16.51 0 0.0011 50
0 17000 3.5
34.64 477 225 2.12 165.27 17.32 0 0.00097
0 17400 3 (N =
31.14 465.56 226 2.06 145 17.73 0 0.00083 2800
0 2.5
18200 RPM )
27.82 454.26 226 2.01 126.38 18.55 0 0.00069
0 18600 2
22.99 449.46 227 1.98 103.33 18.96 0 0.00055
0 19200 1.5
18.35 435.84 227 1.92 80 19.57 0 0.00041
0 19600 1
12.89 422.22 227 1.86 54.44 19.97 0 0.00027
0 20000 0.5
6.73 412.68 228 1.81 27.77 20.38 0 0.00013

Q Q P2 P1 Hm Wh I V We T
(m3/h (m3/s) (Pa (p (m (N) (A)
Fre r) ) a) )
q. 0 106.
(Hz) 9.7 666
1.83 229
0.00111 859 666 419.0 25.45318
40 4 1111 0.96 33 7 7 602
0 97.2
10. 222
1.8 228
0.00097 193 222 23.68962
3.5 2222 1 68 2 410.4 53
0 88.3
10. 333
1.79 229
0.00083 805 333 409.9 21.54944
3 3333 1.06 3 3 1 581
2.5 0.00069 1.1 0 11. 76.3 1.76 229 403.0 18.95317
 888
213 888
4444 05 9 4 807
0 63.3
11. 333
1.73 229
0.00055 620 333 396.1 15.98640
2 5556 1.14 8 3 7 314
0 18.
0.00041 348 1.72 229 393.8 19.04133
1.5 6667 1.8 62 75 8 239
0 33.8
12. 888
1.68 229
0.00027 436 888 384.7 8.808715
1 7778 1.22 29 9 2 141
0 12.
844 1.66 229 380.1
0 0 1.26 04 0 4 0

Q Q P2 P1 Hm Wh I V We T
(m3/h (m3/s) (Pa) (p (m (N) (A) (Watt
Fre r) a) ) )
q. 3.6 1x10-3 4600 0 4.6 45.9 1.6 230 372. 12.3
(Hz) 0 8 1 2 6 2
3.4 9.4x10 4900 0 4.9 46.0 1.6 229 368. 12.4
30 -4
0 9 1 1 7 7
3.2 8.8x10 5000 0 5.1 44.0 1.6 229 366. 12.0
-4
0 7 4 2
3.0 8.3x10 5100 0 5.2 42.3 1.6 229 366. 11.5
-4
0 4 4
2.8 7.7x10 5200 0 5.3 40.0 1.6 229 366. 10.9
-4
0 0 3 4
2.6 7.2x10 5600 0 5.7 40.2 1.5 229 364. 11.0
-4
0 0 6 9 11 5
2.4 6.6x10 5800 0 5.9 38.2 1.5 229 361. 10.5
-4
0 1 6 8 82 7
2.2 6.1x10 6000 0 6.1 36.5 1.5 229 361. 10.0
-4
0 1 8 82 8

20 Q Q P1 P2 I V (volt = Hm Wh We t
N= (m^3/ (m^3/s (p (Pa) (Ampere kgm2s3A (m) (watt =
hr) = A) 1) kgm2s
112 ) a) 3)
0 1.8 0.0005 0 2200 1.5 230 2.2426 11 345 3.1884
RP 0 1
M 1.6 0.0004 0 2400 1.51 230 2.4464 10.6 347.3 3.0713
44 0 83 67
1.4 0.0003 0 2500 1.5 230 2.5484 9.72 345 2.8180
89 0 2 22
1.2 0.0003 0 2600 1.5 230 2.6503 8.66 345 2.5121
33 0 57 67
1 0.0002 0 2700 1.51 230 2.7522 7.5 347.3 2.1595
78 0 94
0.8 0.0002 0 2800 1.52 231 2.8542 6.22 351.12 1.7721
22 0 3 22
0.6 0.0001 0 2800 1.53 231 2.8542 4.66 353.43 1.3203
67 0 3 67
0.4 0.0001 0 2900 1.53 231 2.9561 3.22 353.43 0.9117
11 0 67 22

Discussion:

There are major and minor losses in the piping system for example friction in
the pipe surfaces, elevation of the piping system, vibration of the centrifugal
pump, valves, cavitations occur at the impeller blade, etc., for a fluid entering
a circular pipe at a uniform velocity. Because of the no-slip condition, the fluid
particle in the layer in contact with the surface of the pipe comes to
complete. This layer also causes the fluid particle in adjacent layers to slow
down gradually as a result of friction, affecting the flow rate. Flow through
valves and a fitting is very complex, and a theoretical analysis is generally
not plausible. Therefore, minor losses are determined experimentally, usually
by the manufactures of the components

Conclusion:

After we finished the experiment we can now find the operating point of the
pump and know exactly its economical expenses and also its power and its
efficiency. All the results of the experiment were logic and this was clear of its
graphs but for sure the results are not exactly because of some uncertainties.
For example: Outdated calibration of the devices in use and Losses in the
pipes. By the increasing of flow rate, the head decreases, mechanical and
electrical power increases, but the efficiently is variable due to it is increasing
to a limit and then starts decreasing.