11/20/2015
TIMBER ELEMENTS
DESIGN TO EC5
CE5013
LECTURE OUTLINE
Timber: material, applications, classes
EC5: ULS
Modulus of the section
Design bending strength
Design shear strength
Design bearing strength
Example: sawn timber beam
Timber joists
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STRUCTURAL TIMBER
Material
Natural material- great variety of species with
different mechanical properties
Softwoods (conifers- pine fir, larch, etc)- mainly this
type of wood for structural use
Hardwoods (broad leaved trees- ash, elm, oak)-
stronger but more expensive
Structural applications
Housing- roofs, floors,
partitions
Piers and other
marine works
Bridges- mainly pedestrian
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Roof construction
Floors and walls
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TIMBER
Stress classification and grading classes
Softwoods: classes C14 to C50 (bending strength)
Hardwoods: classes D18 to D70 (bending strength)
12 classes in total, most applicable for structural use
are C16 to C27 (softwood)
We will design with particular classes, not individual
species.
EC5: ULS
Design load= nominal load x ULS partial safety factors
An example when the load is in kN/m2 (i.e. for timber joists):
( G Gk Q Qk ) S ,
where S= distance c/c,i.e 400, 450, 600mm
Calculate the design load in order to calculate the design
stress so that design stress< design strength!
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EC5: ULS BENDING STRENGTH
Design strength (capacity)= grade stress x
modification factors
Design bending strength
f m,k
f m, y ,d kh ksys kmod
M
kh for h>150mm kh 1.0
ksys for load sharing system=1.1
kmod 0.5 to 1.1(table 3.1) assuming:
Moisture content and corresponding service class (table NA)
Duration class (table NA)
f m,k characteristic bending strength
M Partial safety factor for materials
(usually for ULS= 1.3 for solid wood
ULS= 1.25 for glulam wood)
EC5: ULS BENDING STRENGTH
Modulus of the section
M y ,d
Wy ,req
f m, y ,d
Sawn softwoods
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EC5:ULS SHEAR STRENGTH
Design shear strength
f vk
f v.d ksys kmod
m
f v ,k characteristic shear strength
Design shear stress at n.a.
VS
1.5VEd
d
Ib
V shear force
A S=1st moment of area about NA
I=2nd moment of area about NA
b= width of cross section at shear stress level
Shear check: d f v,d
EC5:ULS BEARING STRENGTH
Design bearing strength of the supports
Bearing stress
Check:
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EXAMPLE
Design the timber beam grade C18, to satisfy the ULS;
calculate the minimum length of the bearings/supports
Given :Permanent load Gk = 0.8kN/m
Variable load Qk =1.1 kN/m
Design load
w=2.73kN/m
Compressive edge
is restrained
EXAMPLE: BEAM WITH A CANTILEVER
Design the timber beam to satisfy the ULS; calculate
the minimum length of the bearings
Permanent load=0.8kN/m Variable load=1.1 kN/m
Design load
w=2.73kN/m
Compressive edge
is restrained
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EXAMPLE: BEAM WITH A CANTILEVER
Bending strength check (T1, EN338):
Determine the bending strength of the timber
Assume:
h 150mm kh 1
Tables NA1,NA2, NA3 and 3.1:
Service class 2
Moisture< 20%
Internal element
Imposed loading= medium duration
Therefore kmod 0.8
EXAMPLE: BEAM WITH A CANTILEVER CONTD
Isolated beam (no load sharing): ksys 1
Class C18 (table 1)
f m,k 18N / mm2
Partial safety factors for material properties and resistance (table
NA3)
m 1.3
Therefore the design bending strength is:
f m,k 18
f m, y ,d kh kmod ksys 1 0.8 1 11.08 N / mm2
m 1.3
For LTB (no LTB check required as the compressed edge is restrained):
Kcrit 1
m, y , R Kcrit f m, y ,d 111.08 11.08 N / mm2
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EXAMPLE: BEAM WITH A CANTILEVER CONTD
Design moment and
required resistance:
M y ,d 4.27kNm
Wy ,req 385.38cm3
m, y ,d 11.08 N / mm2
From a suppliers
catalogue the available
sections are:
6W 6 385.38 103
h 17.56cm
b 75
Therefore the section of the
beam is 75mm x 200mm
EXAMPLE: BEAM WITH A CANTILEVER CONTD
Check number 2 (determine the size of the supports):
Bearing strength:
kmod k sys f c ,90,k 0.8 1 2.2
f c ,90,d 1.35 N / mm 2
M 1.3
c ,90,d kc ,90 f c ,90,d 11.35 1.35 N / mm 2
Vd
c ,90,d
width.length
5.5 103 5.5 103
length 55mm
75. c ,90,d 75 1.35
Therefore the size of the support should be
minimum 75mm by 55mm so that the bearing
strength of the timber would not be exceeded.
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EXAMPLE 2: TIMBER JOISTS
Design a house timber flooring system if:
Joist distance centre to centre (c/c)=600mm
Lspan =4.2m
Tongue & groove boarding sw 0.1 kN / m 2
Ceiling-plasterboard 0.2 kN / m 2
Joist (say) 0.1 kN / m 2 (380kg/m3 )
-------------------------------------
G k 0.4kN / m 2
Live load
Qk 1.5kN / m 2
ULS ( G Gk Q Qk ) 1.35 0.4 1.5 1.5 2.79kN / m2
UDL : w=Load S=2.79 0.6 1.674kN / m
TIMBER JOISTS
Design stress: For a simply supported beam the
maximum internal moment and shear force are:
w L2
M max 3.69kNm
8
w L
Vmax 3.515kN
2
Design strength:
Assume timber C16, therefore use the material
properties for the chosen class , such as bending
strength and modulus of elasticity
(EN338,T.1) :Bending parallel to the grain: f m,k 16 N / mm 2
f v ,k 3.2 N / mm 2
Partial safety factor for ULS is m 1.3
(EC5,T.2.3)
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TIMBER JOISTS
Modification coefficient:
Cl2.3.1.3
Assume class 2 (moisture < 20 %, cold )
NA, T.1
Load duration medium term
Therefore
kmod 0.8
Assume that the height/depth of the section will
be h 150mm kh 1
As the distance centre to centre is 600mm load
sharing can be assumed, therefore:
ksys 1.1
TIMBER JOISTS
Design bending strength becomes:
f mk 16
f m, y ,d kh ksys kmod 11.1 0.8 10.83N / mm2
m 1.3
If we equate the design strength to the design stress
we can obtain the minimum section modulus of the
timber joist:
M y ,d 3.69kNm
Wy ,req 340cm3
f m, y ,d 10.83N / mm2
Table with sawn timber:
Preferable sections Wy 396.6cm3
Joist 47x225 with A 10600mm2
So the chosen section for the timber joist is 47mm by
225mm
Lateral buckling: LTB check not necessary (compressed edge held in place due
to the tongue and groove boarding)
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TIMBER JOISTS
The chosen section is based on the bending strength of
the timber but several other checks might need to be
carried out such as shear check.
Design for shear
f vk 3.2
f v.d ksys kmod 1.1 0.8 2.17 N / mm2
m 1.3
Design shear stress at n.a.
1.5VEd 1.5 3.515kN
d 0.5 N / mm2
A 10600mm2
0.5 2.17 => OK
The shear check may prove to be critical when notched beams
are being designed, in that case the area of the notched
(reduced) section need to be used
DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS)
The deformation of the structural element is to
be determined when subjected to service loads
such as deflection due to bending and shear
The deformation of timber & wood based structural
beam is a combination of:
wc precamber
winst = instantaneous deformation
wcreep = due to creep
w fin instantenous and creep deformation
wnet , fin the final net deformation
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DEFLECTION DUE TO BENDING & SHEAR
The theoretical deflection of the element can be
calculated using the following:
LOAD Bending deflection Shear amplification
factor
UDL= total load Q 5Ql 3 E0,mean h 2
midspan 1 0.96
32 E0,meanbh3
G0,mean l
Point load P at midspan 3 E0,mean h 2
P l 1 1.20
midspan
4 E0,meanb h G0,mean l
Point load at end of 4P l
3
E0,mean h 2
endofcantilever 1 0.3
cantilever
E0,meanb h
G0,mean l
Here Eo,mean and Go,mean are the material properties of the timber;
h=height of section, b=width of section, l=span of element
DESIGN FOR SLS
The theoretical deflection of the element should then be
compared with the limiting values according to the EC5:
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EXAMPLE 1 DEFLECTION OF A SOLID BEAM (SLS)
Design the timber beam to satisfy the SLS; the section of the
beam is bxh=63x200, the class of timber is C18
Solution (Note the partial safety factors for loads are both
equal to 1 as this is a SLS check)
= 1 = 1
Given: Permanent load G=0.8kN/m
Variable load Q=1.1 kN/m
The design load for a SLS combination would become:
UDL= + = 10.8 + 11.1 = 1.9/
The resultant of the UDL Q
Q=UDL x span= 1.9x3.8m=7.22kN
EXAMPLE :DEFLECTION OF A SOLID BEAM (SLS)
CONTD
The instantaneous deflection thus becomes:
5Ql 3 2
E0,mean h
midspan 1 0.96
3
32 E0,meanbh G0,mean l
5 7.22 103 38003 9 103 200
2
midspan 1 0.96 3
32 9 103 63 2003 0.56 10 3800
midspan 13.64 1.043 14.23mm
The limiting value is L/300= 3800/300=12.7mm
Therefore recommend precamber of 5mm
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EXAMPLE 2 (SLS)
The roof structure of a gallery consists of series of
glulam beams, tongue and groove solid softwood
decking, covered on the top with an insulation layer.
The effective span of the roof beams is 8.5m. Check if
the chosen section satisfies the SLS.
The strength class of the glulam beams is GL 24h. The
width of the beam is 120mm and the height 425mm.
Assume the limiting value for vertical deflection to be
span/300. The values of the permanent and variable
load are as given:
G k,p = 1.8kN/m (self weight beam, deck and insulation)
Q k,p = 2.75kN/m
SOLUTION (SLS CHECK)
Glulam properties:
Characteristic bending strength: fm,g,k=24N/mm2
Characteristic shear strength: fv,g,k=2.7N/mm2
Mean E parallel to grain E0,g,mean= 11.6kN/mm2
Mean shear modulus G0,g,mean= 0.72 kN/mm2
SLS combination: UDL G Gk Q Qk 11.8 1 2.75 4.55kN / m
5 Q l3 E0, g ,mean h 2
The deflection is thus:uinst 1 0.96
32 E0, g ,mean b h
3
G0, g ,mean l
5 38675 8500 3 11600 425
2
uinst 1 0.96
32 11600 120 4253 720 8500
uinst 34.73 1.04 36.12m
Compare the obtained deflection with the maximum allowed deflection
Span L/300= 8500/300=28.33mm
The deflection limit is exceeded therefore recommend pre-camber 10mm
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