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    Study & Run All The Programs in Matlab & All Functions Also: List of Experiments

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    The document describes experiments to be performed in MATLAB to analyze and process digital images. It lists 10 experiments including displaying grayscale and color images, histogram equalization, nonlinear filtering, edge detection using operators, 2D discrete Fourier transforms and cosine transforms, frequency domain filtering, color space conversion, and discrete wavelet transforms. It provides the aims, required apparatus, syntax, theory, and results for the first 3 experiments: displaying grayscale images, histogram equalization, and edge detection using operators. The reference lists a digital image processing textbook.

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    Study & Run All The Programs in Matlab & All Functions Also: List of Experiments

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    The document describes experiments to be performed in MATLAB to analyze and process digital images. It lists 10 experiments including displaying grayscale and color images, histogram equalization, nonlinear filtering, edge detection using operators, 2D discrete Fourier transforms and cosine transforms, frequency domain filtering, color space conversion, and discrete wavelet transforms. It provides the aims, required apparatus, syntax, theory, and results for the first 3 experiments: displaying grayscale images, histogram equalization, and edge detection using operators. The reference lists a digital image processing textbook.

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    The document describes experiments to be performed in MATLAB to analyze and process digital images. It lists 10 experiments including displaying grayscale and color images, histogram equalization, nonlinear filtering, edge detection using operators, 2D discrete Fourier transforms and cosine transforms, frequency domain filtering, color space conversion, and discrete wavelet transforms. It provides the aims, required apparatus, syntax, theory, and results for the first 3 experiments: displaying grayscale images, histogram equalization, and edge detection using operators. The reference lists a digital image processing textbook.

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    85 views10 pages

    Study & Run All The Programs in Matlab & All Functions Also: List of Experiments

    Uploaded by

    mayank5sajhe
    The document describes experiments to be performed in MATLAB to analyze and process digital images. It lists 10 experiments including displaying grayscale and color images, histogram equalization, nonlinear filtering, edge detection using operators, 2D discrete Fourier transforms and cosine transforms, frequency domain filtering, color space conversion, and discrete wavelet transforms. It provides the aims, required apparatus, syntax, theory, and results for the first 3 experiments: displaying grayscale images, histogram equalization, and edge detection using operators. The reference lists a digital image processing textbook.

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    of 10

    STUDY & RUN ALL THE PROGRAMS IN MATLAB &

    ALL FUNCTIONS ALSO

    List of Experiments

    1. Display of Grayscale Images.


    2. Histogram Equalization.
    3. Non-linear Filtering.
    4. Edge detection using Operators.
    5. 2-D DFT and DCT.
    6. Filtering in frequency domain.
    7. Display of color images.
    8. conversion between color spaces.
    9. DWT of images.
    10. Segmentation using watershed transform.

    REFERENCE:

    1. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven Eddins,' Digital Image Processing


    using MATLAB', Pearson Education, Inc., 2004.
    LIST OF EQUIPMENTS:

    Computer, Software MATLAB

    Experiment No.1 Display of Gray scale Images.

    Aim:

    To display the Gray scale images.

    Apparatus Required:

    Computer,Matlab Software

    Syntax

    imshow(I)

    imshow(I,[low high])

    imshow(RGB)

    imshow(BW)

    imshow(X,map)

    imshow(filename)

    himage = imshow(...)

    imshow(..., param1, val1, param2, val2,...)

    Theory:
    imshow(I) displays the grayscale image I.

    imshow(I,[low high]) displays the grayscale image I, specifying the display


    range for I in [low high]. The value low (and any value less than low) displays as
    black; the value high (and any value greater than high) displays as white. Values in
    between are displayed as intermediate shades of gray, using the default number of
    gray levels. If you use an empty matrix ([]) for [low high], imshow uses [min(I(:))
    max(I(:))]; that is, the minimum value in I is displayed as black, and the maximum
    value is displayed as white.

    imshow(RGB) displays the truecolor image RGB.

    imshow(BW) displays the binary image BW. imshow displays pixels with the
    value 0 (zero) as black and pixels with the value 1 as white.

    imshow(X,map) displays the indexed image X with the colormap map. A color
    map matrix may have any number of rows, but it must have exactly 3 columns.
    Each row is interpreted as a color, with the first element specifying the intensity of
    red light, the second green, and the third blue. Color intensity can be specified on
    the interval 0.0 to 1.0.

    imshow(filename) displays the image stored in the graphics file filename. The
    file must contain an image that can be read by imread or dicomread. imshow calls
    imread or dicomread to read the image from the file, but does not store the image
    data in the MATLAB workspace. If the file contains multiple images, imshow
    displays the first image in the file. The file must be in the current directory or on
    the MATLAB path.

    himage = imshow(...) returns the handle to the image object created by imshow.

    imshow(..., param1, val1, param2, val2,...) displays the image, specifying


    parameters and corresponding values that control various aspects of the image
    display.

    Converting RGB Image into gray scale image & extracting the color
    Spaces

    image1=imread('dse_college.jpg');

    image2=rgb2gray (image1);

    [r c d]=size (image1);

    z=zeros(r,c);

    tempr=image1;

    tempr(:,:,2)=z;
    tempr(:,:,3)=z;

    imshow(tempr)

    tempg=image1;

    tempg(:,:,1)=z;

    tempg(:,:,3)=z;

    imshow(tempg)

    tempb=image1;

    tempb(:,:,1)=z;

    tempb(:,:,2)=z;

    imshow(tempb)

    Result:

    Thus the gray scale image is displayed.

    Experiment No.2 Histogram Equalization.

    Aim:

    To enhance contrast using Histogram Equalization.

    Apparatus Required:

    Computer,Matlab Software

    Syntax

    J = histeq(I, hgram)

    J = histeq(I, n)

    [J, T] = histeq(I,...)

    newmap = histeq(X, map, hgram)

    newmap = histeq(X, map)

    [newmap, T] = histeq(X,...)
    Theory

    histeq enhances the contrast of images by transforming the values in an intensity


    image, or the values in the colormap of an indexed image, so that the histogram of
    the output image approximately matches a specified histogram.

    J = histeq(I, hgram) transforms the intensity image I so that the histogram of the
    output intensity image J with length(hgram) bins approximately matches hgram.

    histeq automatically scales hgram so that sum(hgram) = prod(size(I)). The


    histogram of J will better match hgram when length(hgram) is much smaller than
    the number of discrete levels in I.

    J = histeq(I, n) transforms the intensity image I, returning in J an intensity image


    with n discrete gray levels. A roughly equal number of pixels is mapped to each of
    the n levels in J, so that the histogram of J is approximately flat. (The histogram of
    J is flatter when n is much smaller than the number of discrete levels in I.) The
    default value for n is 64.

    [J, T] = histeq(I,...) returns the grayscale transformation that maps gray levels in
    the image I to gray levels in J.

    newmap = histeq(X, map, hgram) transforms the colormap associated with the
    indexed image X so that the histogram of the gray component of the indexed image
    (X,newmap) approximately matches hgram. The histeq function returns the
    transformed colormap in newmap. length(hgram) must be the same as size(map,1).

    newmap = histeq(X, map) transforms the values in the colormap so that the
    histogram of the gray component of the indexed image X is approximately flat. It
    returns the transformed colormap in newmap.

    [newmap, T] = histeq(X,...) returns the grayscale transformation T that maps the


    gray component of map to the gray component of newmap.

    Examples

    Enhance the contrast of an intensity image using histogram equalization.

    I = imread('tire.tif');

    J = histeq(I);

    imshow(I)

    figure, imshow(J)
    Display a histogram of the original image.

    figure; imhist(I,64)

    Compare it to a histogram of the processed image.

    figure; imhist(J,64)
    Algorithm

    When you supply a desired histogram hgram, histeq chooses the grayscale
    transformation T to minimize where c0 is the cumulative histogram of A, c1 is the
    cumulative sum of hgram for all intensities k. This minimization is subject to the
    constraints that T must be monotonic and c1(T(a)) cannot overshoot c0(a) by more
    than half the distance between the histogram counts at a. histeq uses the
    transformation b = T(a) to map the gray levels in X (or the colormap) to their new
    values.If you do not specify hgram, histeq creates a flat hgram,

    hgram = ones(1,n)*prod(size(A))/n;

    Result

    The histogram equalization is done.


    Experiment No.3 Edge detection using Operators.

    Aim:

    To detect the edge of the Gray scale images.

    Apparatus Required:

    Computer, Matlab Software

    Syntax
    To demonstrate edge detection
    % numbers of colors
    sncols=128;
    ncols=32;
    % get image from MATLAB image
    load('trees');
    % show original image
    figure(1);
    showgimg(real(X),sncols);
    drawnow;
    % construct convolution functions
    [m,n] = size(X);
    gs = [1 -1]; ge = [];
    hs = [1 -1]; he = [];
    g = [gs,zeros(1,m-length(gs)-length(ge)),ge];
    h = [hs,zeros(1,n-length(hs)-length(he)),he];
    % construct convolution matrices as sparse matrices
    Y = spcnvmat(g);
    Z = spcnvmat(h);
    Wg = Y*X;
    Wh = X*Z';
    % show transformed images
    figure(2);
    showgimg(Wg,ncols);
    drawnow;
    figure(3)
    showgimg(Wh,ncols);
    drawnow;
    figure(4)
    showgimg(abs(Wg)+abs(Wh),ncols);
    drawnow;

    Theory

    Edges characterize boundaries and are therefore a problem of fundamental importance in


    image processing. Edges in images are areas with strong intensity contrasts a jump in
    intensity from one pixel to the next. Edge detecting an image significantly reduces the
    amount of data and filters out useless information, while preserving the important structural
    properties in an image. There are many ways to perform edge detection. However, the
    majority of different methods may be grouped into two categories, gradient and Laplacian.
    The gradient method detects the edges by looking for the maximum and minimum in the first
    derivative of the image. The Laplacian method searches for zero crossings in the second
    derivative of the image to find edges. An edge has the one-dimensional shape of a ramp and
    calculating the derivative of the image can highlight its location. Suppose we have the
    following signal, with an edge shown by the jump in intensity below: The intensity changes
    thus discovered in each of the channels are then represented by oriented primitives called
    zero-crossing segments, and evidence is given that this representation is complete. (2)
    Intensity changes in images arise from surface discontinuities or from reflectance or
    illumination boundaries, and these all have the property that they are spatially localized.
    Because of this, the zero-crossing segments from the different channels are not independent,
    and rules are deduced for combining them into a description of the image. This description is
    called the raw primal sketch.
    Result

    The edge detection of the image is done.

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