TGr2 TimMaths

fzpjk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
2
juk; ,uz;L
Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
mr;rpLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

fzpjk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; 2
(2017Mk; Mz;b ypUe;J eilKiwg;g Lj;J tjw;f hdJ)
Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq; if.
www.nie.lk
fzpjk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; 2
(2017Mk; Mz; b ypUe;J eilKiwg;g Lj;J tjw;f hdJ.)
Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq; if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
i
fzpjk;
juk; 2
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
KjyhtJ gjpg;G - 2017
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ISBN .......................
Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
mr;Rg; gjpg;G :
............................................ mr;rfk;
ii
gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;j pd; nra;jp
2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg; gug;Gfspd;
vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;l ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy; ghfj;jpid
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Njrpa fy;tp
,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; nghJj;
Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.
gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf; fspdJk;

nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghltpjhdk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahf ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd; ,uz;lhk;ghfk;
2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;r;rpfis tsu;jn
; jLg;gjw;fhf>
fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xNu
ghlj; j pd; cs; s lf; f j; j pid Vida ghlq; f spYk; kP z ; L k; ghtpg; g jidf;
F i w g ; g j w ; fhf T k ; > gh l j ; j p d ; N e hf; fq ; f i s kl ; L g ; g L j ; Jt j w ; fhf T k ; >
nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;
fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topgg

; Lj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd
topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;
nghUj; j g; g hl; L ld; <LgLj; j pf; n fhs; t jw; f hfTk; > tFg; g iw mstP L fisAk;
kjpg;gPLfisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L Gjpa
Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b. E}y;fs;> Mrpupaiu
xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl itf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j topfhl;b
E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;rr
; pfis tsu;jn
; jLf;fj; Njitahd
ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpidAk;
ngw; W f; n fhs; f pd; w du; . tpje; J iuf; fg; g l; l ghlg; g ug; G f; f spd; ghupa Rikfs;
,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL
cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad; ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>

Gjpa ghlE}y;f spdJk; mbg;g ilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu; fis Mrpupa ikaf;
fy; t papypUe; J tpLtpj;J > nraw;g hLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf; f y; tpapid
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;F
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;
fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.
iii
,e;jr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp mYty;fs;
rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed; wpfisAk; tho;j;J f;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp. jpUkjp. n[ae;j p FzNrfu

gzpg; g hsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp
fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;. kdpj>
r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;jnthU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epahakw;wtw;iwf; fise;J> ey;ytw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpahf miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy;> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;Ffpd;w
ghlj; j pl; l k; > Mrpupau; topfhl; b fs; > trjp nra; J nfhLg; N ghu; ( Facilitator )
Nghd;witnay;yhk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifapd; gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; etPd nry;newpfisAk; cs;thq;fp>

jdJ fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;F mika>
vl;lhz;LfSf;F xU jlit fy;tp kWrPuikg; GfspD}lhf ,w;iwg;gLj;jg; gLk;
fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; rw;NwDk;
khWglhJ> mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cupait my;y. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>
Nju;r ;rp kl; lq; fis miltjw;fhf ghl tplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;w w; NgWfis
mz;kpg;gjw;fhf> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wp mikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; vt;tpj
IaKkpy;iy. khztuJ milT kl;lj;ij cau; rjtPjj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk;
kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjy;
mspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp>
khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghl E}Yf;Fj;
Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y;
my;y vd;gij mwpe;J topfhl;b> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPl;rfu;fshy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis mz;kpf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy; ghlj;ijf;
fw;gpg;gjw;F topfhl;b> trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; tFg;giwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;Jf;Fupa
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gPL elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd
fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,e;j
Mrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp tz. khk;G y;n fhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
v
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk;: fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
gzpg; G : jpU. vk;.V.[p.lgps;A. Fyuj;d

gzpg;ghsu;
Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw.
ghl ,izg;ghf;fk; : jpUkjp. Mu;. vk;. Nf. j rpy;th

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO : jpUkjp. Mu;. vk;. Nf. j rpy;th

jpUkjp. vr;. [P. tdNrf;fu

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;
nkhopngau; g ; G : jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;.ahf;$j;

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (xa;T)
nkhopr; nrt;tpjhf;fk; : jpU. tp.vd;.v];. cjare;jpud;

Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw.
tpNrl tsg; gq;fspg;G : jpU. ruj; Fkhurpq;f

Xa;Tngw;w nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw.
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. Nf. n[afhe;jd;
gjpg; G : jpU. tp.vd;.v];. cjare;jpud;

Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw.
ehdhtpj cjtp : jpU. vr;.lgps;A. upAlu;

Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;.
jpU. v];.gP.V. ruj; Fkhu

mYtyf cjtpahsu;.
vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
Gjpa Muk;gf; fy;tpf; fiyj;jpl;lr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fsp;d; fPo;> 2017 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk;
juk; ,uzbw;;fhf mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s fzpj ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf ,e;j
Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Muk;gf; fy;tpg; gUt khztu;fs; 1998 ,d; Muk;gf; fy;tp kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; mwpKfQ;
nra;ag;gl;l %d;W fw;wy; KiwfSs; ,Ug;gpl Ntiy (Desk work) ,opthFkhWk;
nraw;ghLfSk; jpl;lkpl;l tpisahl;Lfs; kw;Wk; fspg;G+l;Lk; NtiyfSk; jhuhskhf
cs; s lq; F k; tifapYk; jpl; l kplg; g l; l fw; w y; nrad; K iw xd; W ,q; F
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.
juk; xd;W fzpj ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf> ghlq;fis (Lessons) Maj;jg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;F MrpupaUf;F cjTk; Nehf;FlNdNa ,e;j Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;b
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ ,q;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; xOq;FKiwiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;fhfTk; Fwpj;j Nju;rr

; pf;Fupa fw;wy; NgWfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL
mf;fw;wy; NgWfspd;ghy; khztiu ,l;Lr;nry;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. mt;thW Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfisj;jhd; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lnkd;gJ fl;lhakhdjy;y. khwhf Fwpj;j fw;wy; NgWfis vl;Ltjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd> khztuJ NjitfSf;Fk; ghlrhiyapd; fw;wy; #oYf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
nraw;ghLfisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd;NghJ Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpapd; fPo; miltjw;Fupa fw;wy; NgWfs;>

gad;gLj;Jk; fw;wy; tsq;fs;> fzpjr; nrhw;fsQ;rpak; cl;gl rpy fw;wy; nraw;ghLfSk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xUrpy ghlq;fspy; xU thu fhyj;jpDs; G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;ba
rpy nraw;ghLfs; Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. ,r;nraw;ghLfs; rpy gbKiwfspd; fPo;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ khztu; fzpg;gPl;il elhj;Jk;
tpjk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fSk; xt;nthU ghlj;jpd; ,WjpapYk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
juk; xd;W khztu;fSf;Fupa fzpj nray;E}y; xd;Wk; cs;sJ. gy;NtW nghUs;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp ,q;F mwpTWj;jg;gl;ljw;F ,zq;f> khztu;fis tpisahl;Lf;fspYk;
nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgLj;jp mjd; mbg;gilapyhd mDgtq;fisg; ngw Mtd nra;j
gpd;du;> nray;E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s gapw;rpfspd;ghy; khztiu topg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
fzpg;gPL nra;jy;> fzpg;gPl;il mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf Mrpupau;fSf;fhd

Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; ,Wjpapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fzpj - fzpg;gPl;L mwpf;ifiag;
gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
nraw;wpl;lf; FO
vii
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii
nghUslf;fk; viii
ghlj;jpl;lk; xi
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;fs; 1
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; xOq;FKiw 2 - 118
viii
mwpKfk;
fzpj mwpitAk;> jpwd;fisAk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; gy;NtW fUkq;fspd;NghJ
gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; epjKk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bNaw;gLtJz;L. vdNt> fzpj
vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd njspthd mwpitAk;> fzpjr; nra;iffs;
njhlu;ghd jpwd;fisAk; ngw;wpUg;gJ jw;fhyr; r%fj;jpy; tho;tjw;F xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
,d; wpaikahjitahf cs; sd. fzpj;j y; > msj;j y;> vz;r hu; e; j jfty; fis
xOq;FgLj;jYk; gFg;gha;T nra;jYk;> kjpg;gply;> gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzy;> ju;f;f
uPjpapy; rpe;jpf;fg; goFjy;> jPu;khdnkLj;jy; Nghd;wit mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fSf;fhd
rpy cjhuzq;fs; MFk;. vdNt> ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fzpj ghlk; kpf
Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
mwptpj;jy;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w njhlu;ghly; Clfq;
fspd; Clhf vz;fs;> ml;ltizfs;> tiuGfs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jfty;fisr;
rupahdthW tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; fzpjj; Nju;r;rpfs; tpUj;jpaile;jpUj;jy;
mtrpakhFk;.
ed;F fl;likf;fg;gl;L ftdkhf topfhl;Lk; tifapy; jpl;lkpl;l> fspg;G+l;lj;jf;fthwhd
nra;Kiw rhu;e;J khztu;fs; fw;gjw;F tifnra;fpd;w tpjj;jpy; NghJkhdsT
nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fp> fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwapy; Mrpupau;fs; <LgLjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ Gjpa fzpjg; ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Neubahf> fzpjj; Jiw rhu;e;j ntt;NtW njhopy;fspy; <LgLtjw;fhd Kjd;ikahd
mj;jpthuj;ij ,LtJk;> Vida gy;NtW njhopy;fs; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; ehshe;jf;
fUkq;fisr; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fzpjj; jpwd;fis toq;FtJk; Muk;gf; fy;tpg;
gUtj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
juk; 1 5 ,w;fhd ghl Nehf;fq;fs;
fzpj ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; gps;isaplk; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf; fl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; gpd;tUk;

Nju;r;rpfs; tpUj;jpaile;jpUj;jy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mu;tj;Jf;Fk; tpUg;gj;jpw;FKupa ghlnkhd;whf fzpj ghlj;jpd; kPJ ey;y kdg;ghq;F
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
Mf;fg+u;tkhdJk; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fspD}lhf kfpo;r;rp ngwy;.
md;whl fhupaq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gUkl;lhd ngWkhdq;fs;> mDkhdq;fs;
nrt;itahd msj;jy; vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; ntw;wpailjy;.
fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> fzpj nra;iffs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
md;whl tho;f;ifap;y; re;jpf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;.
njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ tha;nkhop> vOj;J%y gl%y Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
njhlu;ghd jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.
kdjhy; vspa gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fe; jpwidg; ngwy;.
,U gupkhz jstbtq;fisAk; nghUs;fisAk; Kg;gupkhzg; nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;
mtw;wpd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.
RahjPdkhd> nefpo;jd;ikAs;s kdJlDk; Raek;gpf;ifAlDk; njspthfTk; ju;ff ;
uPjpahfTk; rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.
fzpj ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F Mfpatw;iw
NtW ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
NkYk; fzpjk; fw;gjw;F mtrpakhd mj;jpthuj;ij ,ly;.
ix
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;
Kjyhk; ju gps;isfSf;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> mku;e;j
epiy Ntiy vDk; %tpj KiwfSs; jpl;lkpl;l tpisahl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy;
$Ljy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLk; tpjj;jpYk; fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fis xOq;fikj;jy;
vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lfpd; w J. khztuJ rpe; j idia ftuj; j f; f thW nghUs; f isg;
gad; g Lj; J tjd; %yk; fzpjj; i jf; fw; g jw; f hd tpUg; i gAk; Mu; t j; i jAk;
gps;isfsplj;Nj cUthf;FtJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
gps;isfSf;F Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fSk;> nraw;ghLfSk;
mtu;fspd; rpe;jdh rf;jpiaAk; ju;f;fpf;Fk; Mw;wiyAk; mwpitAk; tpUj;jp nra;af;
$baitahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit fzpjg; ghlj;jpw;Fk; mtu;fsJ taJ kl;lj;Jf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhditahf miktJ Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fSk;>
nraw;ghLfSk; tFg;giwapYk;> tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;fitahf
mikayhk;. NkYk; fzpj ghlk; fw;gpj;jy; fhyj;Jf;F mg;ghw;gl;l tifapYk; ,tw;Wf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;FtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
khztu; ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjd; %yk; milthu;fs; vd vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLk;
ed;ikfs; gy cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
nraw;ghLfis ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;a Kbtjdhy; Raek;gpf;if tpUj;jp milAk;.
NkYk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;fhd ce;Jjy; fpilf;Fk;
Ra Cf;Ftpg;GlDk; jd;dk;gpf;ifAlDk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjd; %yk;
Rakjpg;G tpUj;jpailAk;.
khztu; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fzpjj; Nju;r;rpfis
mku;e;j epiy NtiyapD}lhf NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;. ,jw;fhf juk; 2 fzpj
nray; E}iyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mj;NjhL Njitnadpy;; Mrpupau; jahupj;j gapw;rpfisAk;
khztUf;F toq;fyhk;. juk; 2 fiyj;jpl;lk; fzpj ghlj;Jf;fhf %d;wiu kzpj;jpahyk;
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Neuj;ij thuj;jpd; Ie;J ehs;fspYk; rkkhfg; gpupj;J nra;Ak;
tifapy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fSk;
ghlrhiy Neuj;jpy; fzpj ghlj;ijf; fw;wy; ghlE}Yf;Fk; tFg;giwf;Fk; kl;Lk;
tiuaiwg; g Lj; j yhfhJ. fP o; tFg; Gf; f spypUe; N j ghlk; njhlu; ghd tpUg; i g
gps;isfspDs; cUthf;Fjy; Kf;fpakhFk;. mwpitj; J}z;Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fspD}lhf
fspg;gilar; nra;J> fzpjj;ij xU kdq;ftu; ghlkhf epiyg;gLj;Jjy; rfy
Mrpupau;fspdJk; flikahFk;. fzpjj;jpy; cs;s fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; gps;isfsplj;Nj
tpUj;jpailaf; $bathW ghl ,iz epfo;rr ; pfisAk; ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk;
xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
khztuJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;
fzpj ghlk; fw;Fk; rpW gps;isfspd; fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fspdJk;> jpwd;fspdJk;
tpUj;jp njhlu;ghf epjKk; fz;lwpjy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,t;thwhd fz;lwpjy;fspy;
,Ue;J> Nrfupf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; %yk; gps;isapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngWtNjhL> gps;isf;Ff; fzpjk; fw;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;> ,lu;g;ghLfs;
gw;wpAk; MrpupaUf;F tpsf;fk; ngwKbAk;. ,t;tanjy;iyiar; Nru;e;j gps;is
njhlu;ghfj; jfty;fs; Nrfupf;Fk;NghJ> gps;is rhjhuzkhff; fw;wypy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> Kd; jpl;lkpd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fzpg;gPLfSf;Fg; gpujhd ,lk;
cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;. Ntiyapy; <Lgl;Ls;s gps;isfis mtjhdpj;jy;> tha;nkhop
tpdhf;fs; tpdTjy; gps;isfisr; nrtpkLj;jy; vd;gd ,t;thwhd rpy KiwfshFk;.
,k;Kiwfs; %yk; gps;isfs; jdpj;jdpahfTk; FOf;fshfTk; fzpjk; fw;wypy;
<Lgl;Ls;s re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;ghfj; jfty;fis Nrfupf;f KbAk;.
,t;thW Nrfupf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis Kiwg;gb gjpe;Jnfhs;Sjy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
x
jpwd;fs; Nju;r;rp cs;slf;fk;
Kd; fzpj 1.0 Kd; fzpj nghUl;njhFjp xd;iw

vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;z f; f Uf; f s; jlitnahd;wpy; Xu; cg
njhlu; g hd gz;gpw;F Vw;g (tbtk;> msT>
nraw; g hLfspy; ,ioaikg;G
<LgLthu; . vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g)
1.1 tbtk;> msT> fhuzq;fhl;b Ftpay;fshf
,ioaikg;G Ntwhf;Fjy;.
Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g
nghUl;fisj; njupe;J
NtWgLj;jpa tpjj;ij
tpgupg;ghu;.
1.2 tbtj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; cU ml;ilj; njhFjpapy;
mstpw;F Vw;gTk; cs;s cUf;fis jlit
cUf;fisj; njupthu;. xd;wpy; Xu; cg gz;gpw;F Vw;g
(tbtk;> msT) fhuzq;fhl;b
Ftpay;fshf Ntwhf;Fjy;.
1.3 gy - xd;W gyu; xUtUf;F> rpyu; xU

njhlu;Gfis nghUSf;F> rpy nghUl;fs;
,dq;fhz;ghu;. xUtUf;F my;yJ xU
nghUSf;F xg;ghFk;
tifapy; njhlu;Gfis
,dq;fhzy;.
vz;fs; vDk; 2.0 nghUl;fs; / xNu tifahd nghUl;fs; /

vz;zf;fU cUf;fis cUf;fs; 100 ,w;F Nkw;glhJ
vz;Zthu;. vz;Zjy;
2.1 xNu tifahd 50
nghUl;fis / cUf;
fis vz;Zthu;.
2.2 xNu tifahd 100
nghUl;fis / cUf;
fis vz;Zthu;.
2.3 xNu tifahd 100 xNu tifahd nghUl;fs; /

nghUl;fs; / cUf;fs; (100 ,w;F
cUf;fSf;Ff; Fiwthf) ,uz;buz;lhf
Fiwthd vz;Zjy;.
vz;zpf;ifia
,uz;buz;lhf
vz;Zthu;.
3.0 vz;fis ,dq;fz;L 100 tiuahd vz;fis

gad;gLj;Jthu;. thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;. vz;fspd;
3.1 1 Kjy; 9 tiuahd ngau; vOJjy;.
vz;fis thrpg;ghu;>
vOJthu;.
xi
3.2 20 tiuahd vz;fis 1 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapy;

thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;. vz;fis thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;
3.3 50 tiuahd vz;fis 1 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapy; vz;
thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;. FwpaPLfisAk; vz;
3.4 100 tiuahd vz;fis ngau;fisAk; rupahf
thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;. vOJjy;
3.5 G+r;rpaj;ij 0 ,dq;fz;L G+r;rpa vz;zf;fUit
gad;gLj;Jthu;. ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;jy;.
3.6 <upyf;f vz;fspy; <upyf;f vz;fspy; ,yf;fq;fs;
xt;nthU ,yf;fj;jpdJk; xt;nthd;wpdJk; ,lg;
,lg;ngWkhdj;ijf; ngWkhdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3.7 100 ,w;Fk; Fiwthd 100 ,w;Ff; Fiwthd
VjhtJ %d;W vz;fis vz;fis ngupJ / rpwpJ vd
xg;gpl;L tupirg;gLj;Jthu;. xg;gply;.
100 ,w;Ff; Fiwe;j VjhtJ
%d;W vz;fis
tupirg;gLj;jy;.
4.0 vz;Nfhyq;fisf; 2 Ig; nghJ tpj;jpahrkhff;

fl;bnaOg;Gthu;. nfhz;l vz;Nfhyq;fs;
4.1 cU / vz; Nfhyq;fisf;
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
4.2 nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 Mff;
nfhz;l vz;Nfhyq;fisf;
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
fzpjr; 5.0 vz;fisf; $l;Lk; $l;Lj; njhif 99 ,w;F

nra;iffs; gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; ;ghu;. Nkw;glhj ,U vz;fis>
5.1 $l;Lj;njhif 9 tiuf;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yy; ,d;wpf;
vz;fisf; $l;Lthu;. $l;Lk; vspa gpurpdq;fisj;
5.2 $l;Lj;njhif 20 jPuj
; ;jy;
tiuf;Fk; vz;fisf;
$l;Lthu;.
5.3 $l;Lj;njhif 99 ,w;F
Nkw;glhj vspa vz;
$l;ly; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
6.0 vz;fisf; fopf;Fk; 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj

gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; ;ghu;. vz;zpypUe;J kw;nwhU
6.1 9 ,w;F Nkw;glhj vz; vz;izf; fopf;Fk;
xd;wpypUe;J mjdpYk; (nfhz;LtUjy; ,d;wp) vspa
Fiwthd kw;nwhU gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.
vz;izf; fopg;ghu;.
xii
6.2 20 ,w;F Nkw;glhj vz;

xd;wpypUe;J mjpYk;
Fiwe;j vz; xd;iwf;
fopf;Fk; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
6.3 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj vz;
xd;wpypUe;J mjpYk;
Fiwe;j vz; xd;iwf;
fopf;Fk; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
vNjr;irahd myFfisg;
mstPL fs; 7.0 ePsj;ij msj;jy; gad;gLj;jp %d;W ePsq;fis/
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; cauq;fis msj;jy;;
jPu;g;ghu;. xg;gpLjy;; tupirg;gLj;jy;
7.1 vNjr;irahd myFfisg;
gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ij /
cauj;ij msg;ghu;.
7.2 ePsj;ij / cauj;ij
mse;J xg;gpLthu;.
tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.
8.0 epiwia msj;jy; vNjr;irahd myFfisg;

njhlu;ghd gpurpdq; gad;gLj;jp epiwia
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. msj;jy;> xg;gpLjy;
8.1 ntt;NtW nghUs;fspd;
epiwia xg;gpLthu;.
8.2 vNjr;irahd
myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp
epiwia msg;ghu;>
xg;gpLthu;.
9.0 fdtsTk; nfhs;s sTk; vNjr;irahd myFfisg;

njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; gad;gLj;jp jput msTfis
jPu;g;ghu;. msj;jy;> xg;gpLjy;
9.1 vNjr;irahd myFfisg; ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fspd;
gad;gLj;jp jput nfhs;ssit xg;gpLjy;
msTfis msg;ghu;>
xg;gpLthu;.
9.2 ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;Sk; jput msTg;gb
nfhs;ssit mit %d;W ghj;jpuq;fis
nfhs;Sk; jput tupirg;gLj;Jjy;
msTfSf;F Vw;g
xg;gpLthu;.
xiii
10.0 epkplk;> kzp> ehs;>

thuk;> khjk; Mfpatw;
wpw; f pilapyhd
njhlu;G fis ,dq;f z;L
gad; g Lj; J thu; .
10.1 ntt;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; Neuk; nrythFk; tpjj;jpid
<Lgl;L Neuk; foptij ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf ntt;NtW
,dq;fhz;ghu;. nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;.
10.2 thuj;jpdJ ehl;fspd; thuj;jpd; ehl;fspd;
ngau;fisr; rupahf ngau;fisr; rupahfg;
,dq;fhz;ghu;. gad;gLj;Jjy;.
gzk; 11.0 gzg; gad;ghL kw;W k;

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
11.1 ehzaf;Fw;wpfisg; xU &gha;> 2 &gha;> 5 kw;Wk;
gad;gLj;jp vspikahd 10 &gha; ehzaq;fisg;
nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;fspy; gad;gLj;jp vspikahd
<LgLthu;. nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy;
<Lgly;
tbtq; f Sk; 12.0 jpz;kq;f s;> Nfj;j pu

ntspAk; fzpj tbtq;fspd;
gz;GfisAk;
jd;ikfisAk; ,dq;fz;L
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
12.1 Nfj;jpufzpj Rw;whlypy; cs;s vspa
tbtq;fisg; ngaupLthu;. Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fspd;
12.2 Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fspd; ngau; $Wjy;.
,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;. vspa Nfj;jpufzpj
tbtq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis
tptupj;jy;
13.0 tbtq;fs;> ntsp jpz;kq;fs;> Nfj;jpufzpj

vd; g d njhlu; g hd tbtq;fisf; nfhz;L
jpwd;f isg; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisr;
gad; g Lj; J thu; . nra;jy;
13.1 jpz;kg; nghUs;fs;> jpz;kg; nghUs;fs;
tbtq;fisf; nfhz;L njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs;
gy;NtW Mf;fq;fspy; %yk; ntsp njhlu;ghd
<LgLthu;. mDgtq;fisg; ngWjy;
xiv
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa
topfhl;l y;f s;
1
fw;wy; - fw;g pj;j y; xOq;FKiw
Kjyhk; jtiz
01. tbtk;> gUkd; (msT)> ,ioaikg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fikag;
nghUl;fisj; njupT nra;jy; - 3 - 6
02. tbtk;> gUkd; Mfpatw;Wf;fikag; glq;fisj; njupTnra;jy; - 7 - 8
03. njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fhzy; - 9 - 11
04. 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; - 12 - 14
05. cU / vz; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; - 15 - 17
06. vz;fisf; $l;ly; - 1 - 18 - 20
07. vz;fisf; fopj;jy; - 1 - 21 - 24
08. Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fis ,dq;fhzy; - 1 - 25 - 27
09. G+r;rpaj;ij ,dq;fhzYk; gad;gLj;JjYk; - 28 - 30
10. 20 tiuapyhd vz;fis ,dq;fhzy; - 31 - 33
11. ePsj;ij msj;jy; - 1 - 34 - 37
,uz;l hk; jtiz
12. nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Zjy; - 1 - 38 - 40
13. ,lg;ngWkhdj;ij ,dq;fhzy; - 1 - 41 - 46
14. vz;fisf; $l;ly; - 2 - 47 - 50
15. vz;fisf; fopj;jy; - 2 - 51 - 55
16. jputq;fis msj;jYk; xg;gpLjYk; - 1 - 56 - 58
17. Neuk; foptij ,dq;fhzy; - 59 - 61
18. nghUl;fspd; epiwfis xg;gpLjy; - 1 - 62 - 64
19. ePsj;ij msj;jYk; xg;gpLjYk; - 2 - 65 - 68
20. Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fis ,dq;fhzy; - 2 - 69 - 72
21. ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit xg;gpLjy; - 2 - 73 - 75
22. epiwia msj;jYk; xg;gpLjYk; - 2 - 76 - 78
23. 50 tiuapyhd vz;fis thrpj;jYk; vOJjYk; - 79 - 81
%d;whk; jtiz
24. ehzaf;Fw;wpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; - thq;fy; nra;jy; - 82 - 85
25. thuj;jpd; ehl;fis ,dq;fhzy; - 86 - 87
26. 100 tiuapy; vz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; - 88 - 91
27. ,lg;ngWkhdj;ij ,dq;fhzy; - 2 - 92 - 95
28. nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Zjy; - 2 - 96 - 98
29. vz;fis xOq;Ftupirg;gLj;jy; - 99 - 102
30. vz;Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;; - 103 - 106
31. nghUl;fis / cUf;fis ,uz;buz;lhf vz;Zjy; - 107 - 109
32. vz; $l;ly; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy; - 110 - 112
33. vz; fopj;jy; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy; - 113 - 115
34. jpz;kg; nghUl;fisAk; jstbtq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; - 116 - 117
2
tbtk;> gUkd;> ,ioaikg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fikag;
01 nghUl;f isj; njupTnra;j y;;
Nju;r;rp : fzpj - Kd; vz;zf;fUf;fs; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

tbtk;> gUkd;> ,ioaikg;G Mfpatw;wpwf; ika nghUl;fisj; njupe;J
NtWgLj;jpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
nghUs; njhFjpnahd;iw tbtj;jpw;Nfw;g Ntwhf;fp mt;thW Ntwhf;fpa tpjj;ij
tpgupg;ghu;.
nghUs; njhFjpnahd;iw msTf;Nfw;g Ntwhf;fp mt;thW Ntwhf;fpa tpjj;ij
tpgupg;ghu;.
njhFjpnahd;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghUl;fspd; nkd;ikahd jd;ikiaAk;
nrhunrhug;ghd jd;ikiaAk; (,ioaikg;G) njhLif %yk; ,dq;fz;L
Ftpay;fshf Ntwhf;fp mt;thW Ntwhf;fpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
tbtk;> gUkd;> nkd;ikahd> fuLKulhd
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
4 tbtq;fspy; jahupj;j nfhbfs; (MSf;F xd;W tPjk;)
nfhbfis epWj;jp itg;gjw;Fj; jfug; Ngzpfs; - 4 (kzy; epug;gpa)
rpwpa ge;JfSk; ngupa ge;JfSk; (xNu epwj;jpy;)
ngupa ngl;b 1> rpwpa ngl;bfs; - 2
epwf; fljhrpfspy; ntl;bnaLj;j ,uz;L msTfisf; nfhz;l G+f;fs;
ntt;NtW tifj; jhtu ,iyfs;
fha; tiffs;> rpg;gp XL tiffs;> fy; tiffs;> Jzpj; Jz;Lfs;
muj;jhs; (Jz;Lfs;)
iffs; ,uz;Lk; tiuag;gl;l gpwp];ly; ml;il
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; :

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
tFg;gpy; cs;s khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU nfhb tPjk; toq;Ff.
nfhbia Ve;jpa tz;zk; Cu;tyj;jpy; nry;tJ Nghd;W khztu; midtiuAk;
jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;f. (nfhbfis epWj;jp
itg;gjw;fhf ehd;F jfug; NgzpfisAk; cld; nfhz;L nry;f.)
khztu;fs; midtiuAk; tl;lkhf mkur; nra;f.
ehd;F jfug; NgzpfisAk; tl;lj;jpd; cs;Ns ehd;F ,lq;fspy; itj;J>
xt;nthd;wpYk; xU nfhb tPjk; ,Lf. (xU Ngzpapy; xU tbtf; nfhb
vd;wthW)
Mrpupia irif toq;fpaTld;> jkJ ifapy; cs;s nfhbapd; tbtj;ij
xj;j nfhb cs;s jfug; Ngzpapd; mUNf Xbr;nry;y topg;gLj;Jf. me;je;jf;
FOTf; F jkJ mUNfAs;s jfug; Ngzpiar; Rw;w p mkUkhW $Wf.
mf;nfhbfspd; tbtk; gw;wpAk; jhk; FOthfg; gpupe;Js;s Kiw njhlu;ghfTk;
khztuplk; tpdTf.
jkJ ifapy; cs;s nfhbfis> jlitf;F xUtu; tPjk; nrd;W cupa jfug;
Ngzpapy; epWj;JkhW $Wf.
vy;NyhUk; nfhbfisj; jfug; Ngzpfspy; ,l;l gpd;du;> mtw;wpd; tbtj;jpd;
gb nfhbfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sikia typAWj;Jf.
3
gbKiw : 2
ehk; ,g;NghJ xU tpisahl;L tpisahlg; Nghfpd;Nwhk; vdf; $wp> khztiu
ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTk; xUtu; gpd; xUtuhf ehd;F FOf;fshf epw;fr; nra;J>
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU nfhb tPjk; toq;Ff. (xU FOTf;F xU tbtf;
nfhb vd;wthW)
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; vjpNu rw;Wj; J}uj;jpy; xt;nthU jfug; Ngzpia itf;Ff.
jfug;Ngzp
khztu;fs;
Mrpupia irif toq;fpaTld;> tupirapy; Kjyhtjhf epw;Fk; khztd;

Xbr;nrd;W jkJ ifapy; cs;s nfhbia jfug; NgzpapDs; ,l;Ltpl;L jpUk;gp
Xbte;J tupirapd; ,Wjpapy; epw;FkhW $Wf.
FO cWg;gpdu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jj;jkJ nfhbiaj; jfug; Ngzpapy; ,Lk;
tiuapy; ,t;thW tpisahl;ilj; njhlu;e;J nra;a ,lkspf;Ff.
tpisahl;bd; Kbtpy; jfug;NgzpfspYs;s nfhbfspd; tbtk; njhlu;ghf
ciuahLf.
tbtj;jpd;gb nfhbfs; Ntwhf;fg;gl;likia kPz;LnkhU jlit typAWj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.
rpwpa> ngupa ge;Jfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Njbg;ngw;w ngupa ngl;bapy; ,l;L
khztu; midtUk; ghu;ff ; j;jf;fjhf vjpNu itf;Ff. rpwpa ngl;bfs; ,uz;ilAk;
vjpNu itf;Ff.
Vwj;jho 10 khztu;fis tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> jhk; tpUk;gpathW
ge;Jfis NtWgLj;jp vjpNuAs;s ,uz;L rpwpa ngl;bfspYk; Ntwhf;fp ,LkhW
$Wf.
Ntwhf;fpa tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
mt;thwhf Vida khztu;fSf;Fk; ge;Jfis ,uz;L Ftpay;fshf Ntwhf;fr;
re;ju;gg
; kspj;J> ~ngupa ge;Jfs;|> ~rpwpa ge;Jfs;| vd ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;gg
; kspfF
; f.
4
gbKiw : 2
khztiu %d;W Ngu; my;yJ ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
epwf; fljhrpfspypUe;J ntl;bj; jahu;gLj;jpa kyu;fis toq;Ff.
mstpd; (gUkdpd;)gb mk;kyu;fis Ntwhf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf. NtWgl;l
msTs;s> xNu epw> xNu tbt kyu;fis toq;Ff.
kyu;fis Ntwhf;fpa tpjj;ijf; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. gpd;du; mtw;iw
rpwpait> ngupait vd Ntwhf;fp> fljhrp xd;wpy; xl;lr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 3
fPNo jug;gl;lJ Nghd;w xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fisj; jahu;gLj;jp toq;Ff.
ngupa ge;Jfis / gY}d;fis rptg;G epwj;jpYk; rpwpa ge;Jfis / gY}d;fis

ePy epwj;jpYk; tu;ze; jPl;LkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
ntt;NtW tifahd jhtu ,iyfs;> fha; tiffs;> rpg;gp XL> fy;> Jzpj;
Jz;Lfs;> muj;jhs; Jz;Lfisj; Njbg;ngWf.
Njbg;ngw;w nghUl;fis nkd;ikahditAk; nrhunrhug;ghditAk; mlq;FkhW
NghJkhd msTf;F FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
mtw;iwj; njhl;Lg; ghu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
me;je;jf; FOtpd; mUNf nrd;W mtu;fs; nra;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;Jf;
fye;JiuahLf.
njhl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ czug;gLtJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
~nkd;ikahdJ|> ~nrhunrhug;ghdJ| vd;wthwhd fUj;Jf;fis khztu; Clhf
ntspf;nfhzuj;jf;fjhf fye;JiuahLf.
mtw;iw ,uz;L Ftpay;fshf Ntwhf;FkhW $Wf.
5
gbKiw : 2
nkd;ikahd nghUl;fisAk; nrhunrhug;ghd nghUl;fisAk; Ntwhf;fp>
gpwp];ly; ml;il kPJ tiue;J toq;fpa cs;sq;if cUtq;fspd; kPJ xl;LkhW
$Wf.
nghj;jhd; / njwp
muj;jhs;
fljhrp
- 2
- 2
- 2
} nkd;ikahdit
nrhunrhug;ghdit vd
Ntwhf;fp xl;Ljy;
nkd;ikahit
nrhunrhug;ghdit
fzpg;g PL :
khztu; FOf;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisfspy; mtjhdpj;Jk;
tpdhf;fis tpdtpAk; mtu;fs; tbtk;> gUkd;> ,ioaikg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fika
nghUs;fisr; rupahf njupT nra;fpd;wduh vd cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
khztu;fs; nghUs;fisj; njupT nra;j Kiwia tptupf;fr; re;ju;gg ; kspf;Ff.
6
02 tbtk;> gUkd; Mfpatw;Wf;fikag; glq;fisj; njupTnra;jy;
Nju;r;rp : Kd;fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fupa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

tbtk;> gUkd; (msT) Mfpatw;wpw;fika glq;f
; isj; njupT nra;thu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
cUj;njhFjp xd;wpid tbtj;jpdg ; b Ftpay;fshf Ntwhf;fp> mt;thW Ntwhf;fpa
tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
cUj;njhFjpnahd;wpidg; gUkDf;F (msTf;F) mika Ntwhf;fp> mt;thW
Ntwhf;fpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
tbtk;> gUkd; (msT)
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
tFg;gpYs;s khztupd; njhiff;Fr; rkkhd mstpy; jahu;gLj;jpa %d;W
tbtq;fspyhd kyu;fs; / jsTUf;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;
fapW / Foha; Nghd;w nghUj;jkhd xU nghUspdhy; nra;j Vwj;jho 50 cm

tpl;lKs;s tisaq;fs;
FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf> %d;W / ehd;F tbtq;fspy; jahupj;j glj;njhFjpfs;
NghJkhd msTf;F
cjhuzk; : kyu;fs; / ,iyfs; / jsTUtq;fs;
A3 msTs;s fljhrpfs; (FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
khztiu %d;W FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> jahu;gLj;jp itj;jitfis kyu; /
jsTUtk; xd;W tPjk; (xU FOTf;F xU tbt ml;il khj;jpuk; fpilf;FkhW)
toq;Ff.
khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fp tl;lkhf epw;fr; nra;J FOtpd; kj;jpapy; jahu;gLj;jpa
xt;nthU tisak; tPjk; itf;Ff. mf;FOtpw;F toq;fpa gl ml;ilia
tisaj;jpd; eLtpy; itf;FkhW $Wf.
khztu; FOf;fSf;Fr; rw;W mg;ghy;> kyu; / jsTUt ml;ilfisg; gug;gp
itf;Ff.
irif toq;fpaTld; midtUk; Xbr;nrd;W jkJ FOtpd; jsTUtj;jpw;Fupa
tbtj;ijf; nfhz;l Xu; ml;ilia vLj;J> kPz;Lk; jhk; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpw;F tu
Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
khztuJ ifapy; cs;s cU ml;ilfisf; FOtpw;Fupa tl;lj;jpd; eLNt
itf;FkhW $Wf.
7
me;je;jf; FOtpdupd; ml;ilfspy; cs;s cUf;fs; gw;wp tpdTf. mit
tbtj;jpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;lit vd;gij ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
%d;W tisaq;fisAk; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW mUfUNf itj;J>
me;je;j tisaj;jpDs; cs;s ml;ilfspy; cUf;fspd; tbtk; NtWgl;lJ
vd;gij ,dq;fhz NkYk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
,t;thwhf rpy jlitfs;> ntt;NtW cU ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jpr;

nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; ntt;NtW tbt cU ml;ilj;njhFjpfis (njupT
nra;t jw;f hf xNu tbtj;i jr; Nru;e ;j %d; W cUf; f NsDk; ,Uj; jy;
mtrpakhFk;) toq;Ff.
mg;glq;fisj; njupT nra;J Ntwhf;FkhW $Wf. mtu;fs; cUf;fis
tifg;gLj;jpa tpjj;ij $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
A3 msTs;s fljhrpapy; tl;l q; fs; tiue;J > mt;T Uf;f is Ntwhf;f p
mt;tl;ilapDs; xl;LkhW $Wf.
mtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
cUj;njhFjpnahd;wpid msTg;gb / gUkdpd; gb Ftpay;fshf Ntwhf;Ftij
mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;F g; nghUj; jkhd xU nraw; ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;J f.
khztu;fs;> glq;fis mtw;wpd; msTg;gb Ntwhf;fpa gpd;du;> mt;thW
Ntwhf;fpa tpjk; gw;wpf; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Kjypy; ,uz;L msTfspy; cUj;njhFjpfisg; gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du;> %d;W
msTfspy; glj;njhFjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw Ntwhf;fr; re;ju;gg
; kspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
cUj; njhFjpfis tbtj;jpd; gb my;yJ msTg; gb njupT nra;tjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd Nkyjpfr; nraw;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; cUf;fisj; njupTnra;Ak; tpjj;ij mtjhdpj;Jk;> mtu;fsplk;
tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;Lk; tbtk;> msT Mfpatw;wpw;F mikthfr; rupahfj;
njupT nra;fpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; cs;s gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
8
03 njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;
Nju;r;rp : Kd;fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fs; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

gy - xd;W njhlu;ig ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
,uz;L njhFjpfspy; cs;s nghUl;fis xd;Wlndhd;W nghUj;Jthu;.
rpyu; xUtUf;F my;yJ xU nghUSf;F xg;ghFkhwhd njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;l
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
rpy nghUl; f s; xUtUf; F my; y J xU nghUSf; F xg; g hFkhwhd
re;ju;g;gq;fisf; nfhz;l nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
xd;Wf;F xd;W> nghUj;Jjy;> xUtUf;F rpy
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
xd;Wf;F xd;W nghUj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nghUl;njhFjpfs;
cjhuzk; : kyu;fs;> ,iyfs;> Nahfl; fpz;zq;fs;> fuz;bfs;
<u;f;Ffs;> ghdf;Foha;fs;
cU ml;ilfs;
<u;f;fpy; ,izj;Jj; jahu;gLj;jpa G+f;fSk; rhbfSk;; - 4 my;yJ 5
goq;fspd; glq;fs;
A3 msTs;s fljhrp

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F / ,ltrjpAs;s Xu; ,lj;jpw;F
mioj;Jr; nry;f.
midtUk; ghu;ff ; j;jf;fjhf G+r;rhbfis xU Gwj;jpYk; <u;f;Ffspy; ,izj;Jj;
jahu;gLj;jpa kyu;fis kw;nwhU Gwj;jpYk; tupirfspy; itf;Ff.
xt;nthU G+r;rhbf;Fk; xt;nthU kyu; cs;sjh vd mwpa Ntz;bAs;sJ
vdf; $wp> mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU Kiwiaf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; $Wk; Kiwfspd;gb my;yJ Kjypy; xU rhbapy; xU kyu; tPjk;
,l;Lg; ghu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;du;> gpd;tUkhW kyu;fisAk; ,iyfisAk; 4 / 5 mlq;FkhW tupirahf
itf;Ff. (rw;W ,ilntsp ,Uf;FkhW)
cjhuzk; :
9
,q;F jhtu ,iyfspd; vz;zpf;iff;F kyu;fs; cz;lhntd mwpaNtz;bAs;sJ
vdf; $Wf.
mk; k yu; f Sk; ,iyfSk; ,Uf; F k; ,lq; f is khw; w hJ ,iyfspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g kyu;fs; cz;lh vdg; ghu;g;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU
Kiwiaf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
<u;f;Ffs; my;yJ ghdf;Foha;fisf; nfhz;L mjidr; nra;ayhk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;b> mt;thW nra;tjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nghUj;jpa gpd;du;> gpd;tUkhW tpdhf;fis tpdTf.
xt;nthU ,iyf;Fk; xt;nthU kyu; cs;sjh?
xt;nthU kyUf;Fk; xt;nthU ,iy cs;sjh?
,iyfspd; njhiff;Fg; G+f;fspd; njhif rkkhdjh?
,iyfistpl kyu;fs; $Ljyhf cs;sjh?
,t;thwhf ,uz;L njhFjpfspYk; cs;s nghUl;fspd; miktplj;ij khw;wpg;
nghUj;Jtjd; %yk; ,uz;L njhFjpfspYk; nghUl;fis xg;gpLk; tpjj;ij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xt;nthU njhFjpapYk; 4 / 5 nghUl;fs; tiu mlq;FkhW
nghUl; njhFjpfSk; nghUj;Jtjw;fhd <u;f;Ffs; / ghdf;Foha;fSk; toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : Nahfl; fpz;zq;fs; / fuz;bfs;> Nghj;jy;fs; / %bfs;
mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l tpjj;jpw;F mika nghUl;njhFjpfis ntt;NtW
tpjq;fspy; itj;J> njhFjpfspd; cWg;Gf;fisg; nghUj;jpaikj;J xg;gpl
topg;gLj;Jf.
xt;nthU FOTk; nghUl;fisr; rupahfg; nghUj;Jfpwjh vd mtjhdpf;Ff.
gbKiw : 3
jkJ FOtpy; ,uz;L nghUl;njhFjpfisg; nghUj;jpaikj;j tpjj;ijg; gapw;rpg;
Gj;jfj;jpy; tiua topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
nraw;ghL 1 ,y; nghUl;njhFjpfs; ,uz;bYk; rkkhd nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;
jg; g l; l d. ,r; n raw; g hl; b y; nghUl; n jhFjpfspd; nghUl; f s; rkdhfhj
re;ju;g;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jf. mjhtJ xU njhFjpapy; cs;s nghUl;fs;
kw;iwa njhFjpapy; cs;sij tpl xd;Nwh> ,uz;Nlh $Ljyhf my;yJ
Fiwthf ,Uf;FkhW mwpKfQ; nra;f.
cUf;fspd; JizAld; ,jid NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
rpyu; xU nghUSf;F xg;ghFk; tifapyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspd; %yk; njhlu;Gfis
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 1
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU ghliy khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J ghLf.
ey;y ey;y goq;fs;
ed;ik jUk; goq;fs;
kh> thiog; goq;fs;
kdjpw;fpdpa goq;fs;.
ghlypy; mlq;fpAs;s go tiffs; ,uz;ilAk; my;yJ mtw;wpd; cUf;fis
tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
10
rpy khztu;fis tFg;gpd; vjpNu mioj;J fUk;gyifapd; xU Gwj;Nj
mtu;fsJ ngau;fis tupirahf xd;wd;fPo; xd;whf vOJf.
gpd;du; go tiffs; ,uz;bdJ glq;fisAk; vjpNu tiuf.
xU khztid mioj;J> jhk; tpUk;Gk; goj;ij jkJ ngaUld; ntz;fl;bapdhy;
NfhL fPwp ,izf;FkhW $Wf.
Vida khztu;f;Fk; mt;thNw nra;ar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
(mioj;j khztu;fs; midtUk; xNu goj;ijNa tpUk;Gfpd;wduhapd; kw;iwa
goj;ij tpUk;Gk; khztu; xUtiu my;yJ ,Utiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J
mg;goj;ijj; jkJ ngaUld; ,izf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.)
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU cUitg; ngWf.
Re;jup
ùpzp khk; gok;
ghj;jpkh
fky;
thiog;gok;
Nkup
khztu;fs; midtUk; nghUj;jpaikj;j gpd;du;> goj;jpw;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlu;igf; $WkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : Re;jup kpfTk; tpUk;Gk; gok; khk;gok;.
ghj;jpkh kpfTk; tpUk;Gk; gok; thiog;gok;
gpd;tUkhW tpdTf.
khk;goj;ij tpUk;GNthu; ahtu;?
thiog;goj;ij tpUk;GNthu; vj;jid Ngu;?
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gog; gl ml;ilfs; %d;Wk; (kh> thio> md;dhrp)> A4
msthd xU fljhrpAk; girAk; toq;Ff.
mg;glq;fs; %d;iwAk; fljhrpapd; tyJ Gwj;Nj xd;wpd;fPo; xd;whf mikAkhW
xl;Ltjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
FOtpYs;s khztu;fspd; ngau;fis xd;wd;fo P ; xd;whf mikAkhW fljhrpapd;
,lJ Gwj;Nj vOJkhW $Wf.
xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; jhk; kpfTk; tpUk;Gk; goj;ijj; jkJ ngaUld;
,izf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
me;je;jf; FOtpd; mUNf nrd;W> Nkw;gb gbKiw 1 ,y; Nfl;lijg; Nghd;w
tpdhf;fis tpdtpathW njhlu;Gfisf; $Wtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
FO Ntiyia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 4 / 5
rpy nghUl;fs; xUtUf;F my;yJ xU nghUSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapyhd
kw;Wk; rpy xUtUf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapyhd re;ju;gg
; q;fs; %yk; njhlu;Gfis
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
FOr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ me;je;j khztuplk; tpdhf; Nfl;ly; %yk; gy -
xd;W njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fz;Ls;sduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; cs;s cupa gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
11
04 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
Nju;r;rp : vz;fis ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jthu;.

1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fis thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
nghUl;fs; / glq;fspd; %yk; 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fis tifFwpg;ghu;.
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fspd; vz; FwpaPl;ilAk; vz; ngaiuAk; rupahf
vOJthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
vz;fs;> xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F> ........... xd;gJ> vz; FwpaPL> vz;
ngau;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilfs;
xd;W njhlf;fk; xd;gJ tiuapy; vz; ngau;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilj;
njhFjpfs;
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd glq;fisf; nfhz;l cU ml;ilj; njhFjpfs;
vz;zpfs;
xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fs; (nraw;ghLfSld; jug;gl;Ls;sd)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
juk; 1 ,y; fw;wtw;iw mjhtJ Kd;dwpit epidT+l;LjYk; kdf;fzpjj;jpw;fhf
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;l vz; ml;ilj;
njhFjpapypUe;J vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j Xu; ml;ilia khztu;f;Ff;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mt;ntz;izf; $WkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
(KO tFg;gpYk; tpdTtijj; jtpu;j;J ngauplg;gLk; khztu;fSf;Ff; $wr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.)
,t;thwhf 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vy;yh vz;fisAk; khztu;fs; ,dq;
fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Njitnadpd; cupa cU ml;ilfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW (xU FOtpy; 9 khztu;fs; my;yJ mjpYk;
Fiwthd khztu;fs; mlq;FkhW) FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;l
ml;ilj; njhFjp kw;Wk; cupa cUf;fisf; nfhz;l cU ml;ilj;njhFjp
xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpia xOq;F khw;wp kWGwk; jpUg;gp itf;FkhW $Wf.
cU ml;ilj;njhFjpia cUf;fs; ntspNa njupAkhW Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW
$Wf.
FOtpy; Kjyhtjhf cs;s khztid mioj;J> kWGwk; jpUg;gp itf;fg;
gl;Ls;s vz; ml;ilfSs; xd;iw vLj;J mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s vz;Zf;Fupa
cU ml;ilfisj; njupTnra;AkhW $Wf.
mLj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; mt;thwhfNt Xu; vz; ml;iliaAk;
mjw;Fupa cU ml;iliaAk; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
12
FOtpd; rfy khztu;fSk; vz; ml;iliaAk; cU ml;iliaAk; njupTnra;J
nfhz;l gpd;du;> jkJ Nkir kPJ mtw;iwg; gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W itf;FkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
FO cWg;gpdu; midtUk; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J vz;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb $w

topg;gLj;Jf.
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fisg; nghUl;fs; %yk; fhl;Ltjw;Fk;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 3
Neuk; NghJkhdjhapd; khztuJ gapw;rpf; nfhg;gpfspy; 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd
vz;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb vOjTk; cUf;fs; tiuaTk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
kdf;fzpjkhf> ~xd;W| njhlf;fk; ~xd;gJ| tiuapy; vz; ngau;fis xOq;F
Kiwg;gb $Wtjw;F vOkhwhfj; njupTnra;j rpy khztu;fF ; r; re;ju;gg
; kspf;Ff.
khztu;fs; xd;gJ Ngiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J mtu;fsJ ifapy; vz;
ngau; (xd;W njhlf;fk; xd;gJ tiuapyhd) vOjg;gl;l xt;Nthu; ml;il tPjk;
toq;Ff.
xd;W njhlf;fk; xd;gJ tiuapyhd vz;nzhOq;FKiwg;gb epw;FkhW $Wf.
xt;Nthu; khztidAk;> jkJ ifapy; cs;s ml;ilapy; fhzg;gLk; vz;
ngaiu tFg;gpYs;s kw;iwa khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;bathW thrpf;fr; nra;f.
NtW xd;gJ khztu;fSf;Fk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW nraw;glr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ikjhdj;jpw;F my;yJ jpwe;jntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;
nry;f.
cr;r msthf xd;gJ Ngu; mlq;Fk; tifapy; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg;
gpupf;Ff.
mf;FOf;fSf;Fj; jdpj;jdpahf ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; epw;FkhW $Wf.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; (,Uf;Fk; khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifg;gb) ~xd;W| njhlf;fk;
~xd;gJ| tiuapyhd vz; ngau;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilj; njhFjp xt;nthd;W
tPjk; toq;Ff. xt;nthU khztDk; xt;Nthu; ml;ilia vLf;FkhW $Wf.
Mrpupia irif toq;fpaTld; me;je;j khztdpd; ifapYs;s ml;ilapy;
fhzg;gLk; vz;zpd;gb> FOtpy; khztu;fis xUtu; gpd; xUtuhf 1 njhlf;fk;
9 tiuapy; xOq;fhf epw;FkhW $Wf.
Jupjkhf> rupahf> tupirahf epw;Fk; FOit ntw;wp ngw;w FOthff; Fwpg;gpLf.
khztu;fis ,t;tpisahl;by; rpy jlitfs; <LgLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpit kPlL
; tjw;fhfg; gpdt
; UtJ
Nghd;w xU tpisahl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
13
tFg;gpy; khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; vz; FwpaPl;L ml;ilnahd;W my;yJ gl
ml;ilnahd;W my;yJ vz; ngau; ml;ilnahd;W fpilf;fj;jf;fthwhf vz;
FwpaPL> vz; ngau; kw;Wk; cU ml;ilfs; (1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapy;) jahupj;Jf;
nfhs;f.
Nkw;gb ml;ilfis kWGwk; jpUg;gp> Xu; ,lj;jpy; jiuapy; gug;gp itf;Ff.
Mrpupia irif toq;fpaTld; khztu; midtUk; Xbr;nrd;W MSf;F Xu;
ml;il tPjk; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
jkf;F vz; FwpaPlL
; ml;ilnahd;W fpilj;Js;sjhapd; mt;ntz; FwpaPlL ; f;Fupa
vz; ngau; ml; iliaAk; cU ml; iliaAk; itj; Js;s khztiuf;
fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
gpd;du; %tUk; Mrpupia milahskpl;Ls;s ,lj;jpw;F Xbr;nrd;W mq;F
epw;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
Nkw;gb nraw;ghl;il xU tpisahl;Lg; Nghd;W rpy jlitfs; nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu tFg;giwf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;
FwpaPLfisAk; cupa vz; ngau;fisAk; vOjr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fis ,dq;fz;Ls;shu;fs; vd;gij
me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ mtjhdpj;Jk; tpdhf; Nfl;Lk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;f.
vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; vOJtjpy; ,lu;gg ; Lk; khztu;fSf;fhf
vz; ngau;fis thrpj;jy;> vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; nghUj;Jjy;>
cUf;fSld; nghUj;Jjy; Nghd;w gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; cs;s gapw;rpfspYk; <LgLj;Jf.
14
05 cU / vz; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
Nju;r;rp : vz; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

cU / vz; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
cUf; Nfhynkhd;wpy; mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba glq;fis ,dq;fz;L Nfhyj;ij
Kd;Ndhf;fpf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
cUf;fs; %yk; Nfhyq;fisf;; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
cUf;fs; %yk; vz; Nfhyq;fisf;; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
cUf; Nfhyk;> vz; Nfhyk;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ntt;NtW cUf;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilj;
njhFjpfs;
cjhuzk; :

gpwp];ly; ml;ilnahd;wpy; tiuag;gl;l cUf; Nfhyq;fs; rpy.
(,uz;L glq;fs; my;yJ %d;W cUf;fs; nfhz;lit)
FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf cUj;njhFjpfs;> A3 msTf; fljhrpfs;> gir
fljhrpapy; ntl;bnaLj;j jsTUtq;fs; (FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;F)
1 njhlf;fk; 4 tiuapy; rkkhd (xNu) glq;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilj; njhFjp
cjhuzk; :

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W cUf;fshyhd Nfhyq;fslq;fpa gpwp];ly; ml;il
xd;wpid tFg;G khztu; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW nghUj;jkhd Xu;
,lj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
khztu;fs; Kjyhk; juj;jpy; fw;w Nfhyq;fis kPs epidT+l;b> ,f;Nfhyq;fspy;
mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba cUf;fisg; ngauplr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cU ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J> NkYk; rpy
Nfhyq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; A3 msTf; fljhrp> gir> rpy Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;G
tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cUj;njhFjp Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
jug;gl;Ls;s cUj;njhFjpiaf; nfhz;L> Vwj;jho 3 glf; Nfhyq;fis mikj;J
A3 fljhrpapy; xl;LkhW rfy FOf;fSf;Fk; $Wf.
xl;Ltjw;F Kd;du; cUf;fisf; Nfhyj;jpd;gb tupirg;gLj;jp MrpupaUf;F /
Mrpupiaf;Ff; fhl;LkhW $Wf.
15
xt;nthU FOtpd; mUfpYk; nrd;W khztu;fs; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;
tpjj;ij mtjhdpf;Ff.
khztu; xt;nthUtiuAk; nraw;ghl;by; gq;Fgw;w topg;gLj;Jf.
FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fljhrpapy; mt;TUf; Nfhyq;fis xl;b> tFg;gpy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 3
khztuJ nray;E}ypy; cs;s Fwpj;j gapw;rpfisr; nra;AkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
fljhrpapy; ntl;bnaLj;j Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fSs; jlitf;F ,uz;L
my;yJ %d;W tiffisg; gad;gLj;jp> Nfhyq;fs; fl;bnaOg;GkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
,uz;L tifj; jstbtq;fisf; nfhz;L ntt;NtW tpjkhf Nfhyq;fs;
fl;bnaOg;GkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
1.
2.
3.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
xNu tifahd xU cUTk; 2 cUf;fSk; cs;s ml;ilfs; ehd;if vLj;J
gpd;tUkhW Nfhyk; xd;W fl;b naOg;gg;gLk; tifapy; fUk;gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
mJ xU Nfhyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ vd tpsf;fp> mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba cU

vJntd tpdtp> tpil $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. mg;glj;ijAk; fUk;gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
me;jf; Nfhyj;ij thrpf;Ff.

Nkw;g b cUf;f spd; fP o;> cU vz; zpf;iff;F upa vz; ml;ilfisAk;
mt;TUf;fspd; fPo; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
1 2 1 2 1
mt;ntz; Nfhyj;ij khztUld; Nru;e;J thrpf;Ff.
16
mjid Xu; vz; Nfhyk; vd mwpKfQ; nra;f. mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba rpy
vz;fisf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1
mf;Nfhyj;ijf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;gg; NghJkhd msTf;F cU
ml;ilfisAk; vz; ml;ilfisAk; toq;Ff.
FO cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk; Nru;eJ ; tpUk;gpathwhf Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;
GkhW $Wf.
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W Nfhyq;fis mtjhdpf;Ff. mf;Nfhyq;fisf;
fl;bnaOg;gpa tpjk; gw;wp tpdTf. cjtp Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtp Gupf.
FOf;fSf;fpilNa vz; ml;ilfisg; gupkhwpathW Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;
GkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 3
FOf;fs; fl;bnaOg;gpa rpy Nfhyq;fisj; jkJ gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jpy; vOjpf;
nfhs;SkhW $Wf.
nraw;ghL 4, 5
cUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp NkYk; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLj;Jf.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s gapw;rpfisr; nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
cUf; Nfhynkhd;wpidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mjpy; mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba cUitf;
$wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
vz; Nfhyq;fis ,dq;fz;L mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba vz;izf; $wr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cU / vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfis toq;fp> Nfhynkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
__________
17
06 vz;fisf; $l;ly; - 1
Nju;r;rp : vz; $l;ly; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

$l;Lj;njhif 9 tiuapy; vz;fisf; $l;Lthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
$l;Lj;njhif 9 ,Yk; Nkw;glhjthW ,uz;L vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf;
fhz;ghu;.
$l;Lj;njhif 9 ,Yk; Nkw;glhjthW ,uz;L vz;fspd; $l;ly; mlq;fpa
vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
$l;Lj;njhif> $l;ly;> Nru;j;jy;> rkd;> nkhj;jk;> nkhj;jj;njhif
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilfs;> vz; fPyq;fs;
,U epwq;fspy; kyu;fs; (rptg;G> nts;is)> kyu;j;jl;Lfs; ,uz;L
$l;ly; gpurpdq;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ilfs;
cjhuzk; :
5+3 4+2 6
1
vz;zpfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
,uz;L jl;Lf;fis vLj;J mjpy; xd;wpy; rptg;G kyu;fisAk; kw;iwajpy;
nts;is kyu;fisAk; ,Lf. (Vwj;jho 5 kyu;fs; tPjk;)
xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> xU jl;by; ,Ue;J jhk; tpUk;gpa
njhif kyu;fis ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
mk;khztd; ifapy; vLj;j kyu;fspd; njhifia tFg;G khztu;fs; midtUk;
cuj;J vz;zp> mt;ntz;izf; nfhz;l vz; ml;iliaj; njupT nra;AkhW
$Wf.
kw;WnkhU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> kw;iwa jl;by; ,Ue;J
jhk; tpUk;gpa njhif kyu;fisf; ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
Kd;idaJ Nghd;Nw kyu;fspd; njhifia vz;zp> mjw;Fupa vz; ml;iliaj;
njupTnra;J nfhs;f.
,dp> ,e;j ,Utu; vLj;j nkhj;jg; G+f;fspd; njhifiaf; fhz;Nghk; vdf;
$wp> vLj;j vy;yh kyu;fisAk; khztu;fSld; cuj;J vz;zp> nkhj;jj;
njhifiag; ngWf.
cjhuzk; : rptg;G kyu;fs; 5> nts;is kyu;fs; 4> vy;yhkhf 9.

5 $l;ly; 4 rkd; 9.
$l;ly; milahsj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;f.

5 + 4 = 9.
,t;thwhf khztUld; Nru;e;J NkYk; rpy gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Ff.
18
gbKiw : 2
,uz;L epwq;fspdhyhd kyu;fs; my;yJ NtW vz;zpfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L
ghj;jpuq;fs; tPjk; khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
1 - 9 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilfs;> + , = milahs ml;ilfs; Mfpatw;iw
toq;Ff.
xU khztDf;F mtw;Ws; xU ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J jhk; tpUk;gpa njhif
vz;zpfisAk; kw;WnkhU khztDf;F kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J jhk; tpUk;gpa
njhif vz;zpfisAk; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
xt;nthUtUk; vLj;j vz;zpfspd; njhifia ntt;Ntwhf vz;ZkhW $wp>
mt;tj; njhiff;F xg;ghd vz; ml;ilfisj; njupTnra;J nfhs;tjw;F
topg;gLj;Jf.
gpdd; u; ,UtUk; vLj;j nkhj;j vz;zpfspd; njhifiaf; fhz;gjw;Fk; mjw;Fupa
vz; ml;iliaj; njupTnra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; topg;gLj;Jf.
vz; ml;ilfis Nkir kPJ itj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 6 + 2 = 8
mjid MW rf ,uz;L rkd; vl;L vd thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;d u; > NtW ,uz; L khztu;f Sf;F Nkw; gb nraw;g hl; ilr; nra; ar;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW rpy Rw;Wf;fs; nra;f.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
gpd;tUtd Nghd;w rpy gpurpdq;fis tha;nkhop%yk; tpdtp> tpil $wr;nra;f.
cjhuzk;: xU kuj;jpd; kPJ 5 FUtpfs; ,Ue;jd. NkYk; 3
FUtpfs; mk; kuj;j pw;F te; jd. ,g;NghJ kuj;j py;
,Uf;Fk; FUtpfs; vj;jid?
xU ngl;bapy; 4 khk;goq;fs; ,Ue;jd. gpd; NkYk;
,uz;L khk;goq;fs; ngl;bapy; itf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;NghJ
ngl;bapy; nkhj;jk; vj;jid khk;goq;fs; cs;sd?
6 gps;isfs; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. gpd;du; NkYk;
3 gps;isfs; tpisahl;by; Nru;eJ
; nfhz;ldu;. ,g;NghJ
nkhj;jk; vj;jid gps;isfs; cs;sdu;?
$l;Lj;njhif 9 ,Yk; Nkw;glhjthW jahupj;j vz; gpurpdq;fslq;fpa ml;ilfs;>
khztu;fs; njspthfg; ghu;f;ff;$bathW 1 - 9 tiuapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l vz;
fPyq;fs;> fpNs (clay) Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
vz; ml;ilf; fPyj;ijg; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. gpurpdk; mlq;fpAs;s
ml;ilnahd;wpid khztu; xUtiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J vLf;FkhW
$Wf.
vz; ml;ilapy; mlq;fpAs;s gpurpdj;ij khztUld; Nru;e;J vz; fPyj;jpd;
JizAld; jPu;f;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 5 + 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
vz; fPyj;jpy; 5 cs;s ,lj;jpy; fspj;jpus; xd;iw epWj;jp milahskpLf.

mjDld; 3 If; $l;l Ntz;Lkhjyhy; 6 ,ypUe;J 3 jlit vz;zp 8 cs;s
,lj;jpy; milahskpLf. mjd; %yk; 5 + 3 = 8 vd;gijf; fz;lwpa KbAk; vd
tpsf;Ff.
Nkw;$wpathwhd rpy gpurpdq;fis khztUld; jPu;f;Ff.
19
gbKiw : 2
khztu; FOf;fSf;F Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd gpurpdq;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ilfisAk;
vz; fPyq;fisAk; jbj;j fljhrp xd;iwAk; toq;Ff. gpurpdq;fs; mlq;fpAs;s
ml;ilfis kWGwk; jpUg;gp itf;Ff.
khztu;fs; Nrhbahfr; Nru;e;J> Xu; ml;ilia vLj;J mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;j gpd;> mjidj; jbj;j fljhrpapy; vOJkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
gpurpdj;ij kdf;fzf;fhfNth vz;fPyj;jpd; JizAlNdh jPu;f;fyhk;.
FOtpYs; s vy; y h khztu; f Sf; F k; re; j u; g ; g k; fpilf; F k; tifapy;
,r;nraw;ghl;ilr; rpy Rw;Wf;fs; elj;jp> jbj;j fljhrpapy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jr;
nra;f.
khztu;fspd; Kaw;rpfisg; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
rw;Wg; ngupa ,uz;L jhaf;fl;ilfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f. xU jhaf;fl;ilapy;
1 njhlf;fk; 6 tiuapYk; kw;iwajpy; 1 njhlf;fk; 3 tiuapYk; (xNu vz;
,uz;L gf;fq;fspy; mikAkhW Gs;spfs; my;yJ vz; FwpaPLfs;) Gs;spfs;
my;yJ vz;fis ,Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;L khztu;fis tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J jhaf;fl;ilfs; ,uz;ilAk;
cUl;LkhW $Wf. (khztu;fs; midtUk; mjidg; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthwhd Xu;
,lj;ijj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f)
me;j ,uz;L jhaf;fl;ilfspYk; fpilj;j ngWkhdq;fisf; $l;b> tpiliaf;
$WkhW khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf. mf;$l;Lj;njhifiaf; fUk;gyifapy;
vOJf.
cjhuzk; : 6 3 9
mjidg; gpd;tUkhW vOjp> $l;Lj;njhifiaf; fhZk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
+6
+3
+9
,r;nraw;ghl;ilr; rpy jlitfs;; nraw;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
Nkw;gb Gs;sp / ,yf;fj; jhaf;fl;ilfs; ,uz;ilAk; gad;gLj;jp $l;ly;
tpisahl;by; <Lglr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : khztu;fs; FOf;fshf> ,uz;L jhaf;fl;ilfisAk; xUkpj;J

cUl;Ltjhy; fpilf;Fk; <l;Lfspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf;
fhZkhWk; mjidf; fljhrpapy; / mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy;
vOJkhWk; $Wf.
1
1 + 3 = 4 my;yJ 3
4
fzpg;g PL :
khztu;fs; FOr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ $l;Lj;njhif 9 tiuapy; $l;ly;
gpurpdq;fSf;Fr; rupahf tpilfisg; ngWfpd;wduh vdf; fz;lwpf.
20
07 vz;fisf; fopj;jy; - 1
Nju;r;rp : vz; fopj;jy; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

9 ,Yk; Nkw;glhj Xu; vz;zpypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwthd Xu;
vz;izf; fopg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
9 ,Yk; Nkw; g lhj njhifg; nghUl; f spypUe; J rpy nghUl; f is
mg;Gwg;gLj;jpdhy; kPjpahfTs;s nghUl;fspd; njhifiaf; fhz;ghu;.
9 ,Yk; Nkw;glhj Xu; vz;zpypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwthd Xu; vz;izf;
fopg;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
fopj;jy;> ePf;Fjy;> kPjp> tpj;jpahrk;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
E}ypy; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;l nfhbfs; / ngupa kzpfs; / kyu;fs; - 5 njhlf;fk; 9 tiu
nfhz;l njhFjpfs;
<u;f;Ffspy; / jbfspy; ,izj;Jj; jahu;gLj;jpa nfhbfs; / kyu;fs;
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfs;
fopj;jy; ePf;Fjy; kPjp Mfpa nrhw;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;
= FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;
5-3 7-4 9-5 5 Nghd;w ml;ilj; njhFjpfSk; cupa tpilfisf;

2
nfhz;l vz; ml;ilfSk;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
E}ypy; Nfhu;ff
; g;gl;l nfhbfs; / kzpfs; / kyu;fs; (Vwj;jho) 5 nfhz;l njhFjpia
khztu; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW njhq;ftpLf.
mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s nfhbfs; vj;jid vd vz;ZNthkh vdf; $wp> Xu;

me;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J Muk;gpj;J khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J $l;lhf vz;Zf.
mt;thNw kw;iwa me;jj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J kPzL
; k; khztu;fSld; Nru;eJ
; vz;Zf.
mj;njhFjpapypUe;J ,uz;L nfhbfis vz;zp> ePf;Ff.
(nfhbfisf; fow;wptpl Kbahjjhf ,Ug;gpd;> ,uz;L nfhbfis E}ypd; xU
Gwkhf xJf;fp itf;Ff.)
kPjpahf cs;s nfhbfis vz;zp gpd;tUkhW khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;fF ; f.
5 nfhbfs; ,Ue;jd> 2 nfhbfis ePf;fpdhy; / fopj;jhy; kPjpahf cs;s
nfhbfs; 3
,t;thwhf 5 nfhbfspypUe;J 1 nfhbia> 2 nfhbfis> 3 nfhbfis> 4
nfhbfis ePff
; p> kPjpahf cs;s nfhbfs; vj;jid vdf; $wr; re;ju;gg
; kspf;Ff.
21
njhq;fpa nfhbfspd; njhif> ePf;fpa (fopj;j) nfhbfspd; njhif> kPjpahf
cs;s nfhbfspd; njhif Mfpatw;iw vz; ml;ilfs; %yKk; fhl;Lf.
fUk;gyifapYk; vOjpf; fhl;lyhk;.
cjhuzk; : 5 fopj;jy; 2 kPjp 3
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;
kyu;f; Nfhu;it / kzpf; Nfhu;it xt;nthd;W tPjKk; fw;wy; tsq;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthwhd vz; ml;ilfs; kw;Wk; nrhw;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ilj; njhFjp
xt;nthd;W tPjKk; toq;Ff. A4 msTila gpwp];ly; ml;il Nghd;w jbj;j
fljhrp xt;nthd;Wk; toq;Ff.
Kjypy; FOtpy; midtUk; Nru;e;J Nfhu;itapy; mlq;fpAs;s kyu;fspd; /
kzpfspd; njhifiaf; fhZkhW $Wf. mjw;Fupa vz; ml;iliaAk; njupT
nra;J Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
FOtpy; xU khztDf;F gbKiw 1 ,w; nra;jJ Nghd;W kyu;fs; / kzpfs;
rpytw;iw vz;zp xU gf;fkhf xJf;fp itf;FkhW $Wf. mj;njhiff;Fupa
vz; ml;iliaAk; njupTnra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
kw;WnkhU khztDf;F> kPjpahfTs;s kyu;fspd; / kzpfspd; njhifia
vz;ZkhWk; gpd;du; midtUk; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J gpd;tUkhW mjidf;
fhl;LkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 7 fopj;jy; 3 kPjp 4
FOtpw;F toq;fg;gl;l jbj;j ml;ilapy; mjid vOJkhW $Wf.
,t;thwhf FOtpYs;s khztu; njhiff;fika fopj;jiyr; rpy jlitfs;
nra;AkhWk; fljhrpapy; vOJkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf. khztu; FOf;fisg; ghuhl;b
mtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
vz; fopj;j Yf;fhfg; gad;g Lj;Jk; FwpaPLfis mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;F g;
nghUj;jkhd xU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 1
<u;f;Ffspy; / jbfspy; ,izf;fg;gl;l kyu;fs; / nfhbfs; 5 ,w;Fk; 9 ,w;Fk;
,ilg; g l; l njhifia khztu; f s; midtUk; ghu; f ; f j; j f; f thwhf
rhbnahd;wpDs; ,Lf.
khztu;fs; midtupdJk; ftdj;ijAk; <u;j;J> mf;nfhbfs; vj;jid vd
vz;Zf. mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
khztd; xUtid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J jhk; tpUk;gpa njhiff;
nfhbfisf; ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf. mtw;iw khztu;fs; midtUk;
ghu;f;ff;$bathwhf vz;ZkhW $Wf.
mjd; gpd;du;> kPjpahfTs;s nfhbfs; / kyu;fs; vj;jidnad vz;Zf. mjidf;
fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
cjhuzk; : 7 fopj;jy; 3 rkd; 4
Vopy; ,Ue;J %d;iwf; fopj;jhy; / ePf;fpdhy; kPjpahfTs;s
njhif rkd; ehd;F
fopj;jy; FwpaPl;il mwpKfQ; nra;f.
cjhuzk; : 7 3 = 4.
,t;thwhf fopf;Fk; vz;iz khw;wpathW rpy gpurpdq;fis toq;fp tpsf;Ff.
22
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> me;je;jf; FOtpw;Fg; gpd;tUkhW fopj;jy;
gpurpdq;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilj; njhFjpfisAk; cupa tpilfisf; nfhz;l
vz; ml;ilfisAk; vz;zpfs; my;yJ nfhbfs; / kyu;fs; NghJkhd njhif
tPjKk; toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
FO 1 : ml;ilfs; 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4
FO 2 : ml;ilfs; 6-3 6-2 6-4 6-5
,t;thwhf 9 ,ypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwe;j Xu; vz;izf; fopg;gjw;F cupa

ml;ilj; njhFjpfis toq;Ff.
fopj;jy; mlq;fpa ml;ilfisf; FOtpd; kj;jpapy; Nkir kPJ itf;fr; nra;J
Kjypy; xU ml;iliaf; ifapy; vLf;FkhW xU khztDf;Ff; $Wf.
mf;fopj;jiy> vz;zpfs; / nfhbfs; / kyu;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ij
tpsf;fp> tpiliaf; fhz topg;gLj;Jf.
tpil mlq;fpAs;s vz; ml;iliaAk; njupTnra;J Fwpj;j ml;ilia vjpNu
itf;FkhW $Wf.
cjhuzk; : 5-1 = 4
khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ml;ilfisj; njupT nra;ar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Fk;

tifapy; ,jidr; rpy jlitfs; nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
Neu mtfhrk; cs;sjhapd; FOf;fSf;fpilNa ml;ilfisg; gupkhwpathW
fopj;jy;fisr; nra;ar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
mtw;Ws; rpy fopj;jy; gpurpdq;fis khztuJ mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy; vOjpf;
nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 5
2
nraw;ghL 4
gbKiw : 1
vz; ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ fUk;gyifapy; vz;fis vOjp> gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;f. (1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jf)
mt;ntz;fSs; tpj;jpahrk; 2 MfTs;s vz; Nrhbfisj; njupT nra;a
khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nghUl;fs; / glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> vz;fs; ,uz;bw;Fkpilapyhd tpj;jpahrk;
2 MfTs;s fopj;jy;fis ,dq;fhZk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 7 - ____ = 2
tpj;jpahrk; my;yJ 7 ,ypUe;J Xu; vz;iz ePfF

; tjhy; / fopg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk;
kPjp 2 MFk;. vdNt fopj;j vz; 5 MFk;.
khztu;fSld; fopj;jy;fs; rpytw;iwr; nra;J rupahf tpil ngWf.
,t;thwhf ntt;NtW ngWkhdq;fis toq;fp rpy jlitfs; nra;tpf;Ff.
23
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;
Xu; vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpAk; jbj;j fljhrpAk; toq;Ff.
gpd;du; khztu;fSf;F Xu; vz;izf; $wp> tpj;jpahrkhf mt;ntz;izj;
jUk; vz; ml;ilfisf; FOthfr; Nru;e;J ,ad;wsTf;Fj; njupTnra;a
mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 8 - 6 = 2, 5 - 3 = 2
,lu;gg
; Lfpd;w khztu;fSf;F nghUl;fis / glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;Ff.
,t;thwhf ntt;NtW ngWkhdq;fis toq;fp> ,r;nraw;ghl;ilr; rpy jlitfs;
nra;tpf;Ff.
fzpg;g PL :
FOr; nraw;ghLfspd; ,ilNa tpdhf; Nfl;ly;> mtjhdpj;jy; %yk; khztu;
fSf;F 9 ,w;F Nkw;glhj Xu; vz;zpypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwthd Xu; vz;izf;
fopj;J tpiliar; rupahfg; ngWfpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bd; ,WjpapYk; jPu;g;gjw;fhd rpy gpurpdq;fis toq;fp>
jPu;f;fr;nra;f.
nray;E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s cupa gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
__________
24
08 Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fis ,dq;fhzy; -1
Nju;r;rp : jpz;kq;fsJk; Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fsJk; ,ay;GfisAk; jd;ik

fisAk; ,dq;fz;L nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; cs;s me;je;jf; Nfj;jpu fzpj tbtj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
nghUs;fisj; Njbf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Nfj;jpufzpjg; nghUl;fspy; cs;s ,U gupkhz tbtq;fis ,dq;fz;L
ngaupLthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
rJuk;> nrt;tfk;> tl;lk;> Kf;Nfhzp
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; ,Ue;J ngw;w gy;NtW Kg;gupkhz tbtg; nghUl;fs;
(nghjpapL ngl;bfs;> jfug; Ngzpfs; Nghd;wit)
Nfj;jpufzpj fdTUtq;fs; (fdTU> rJuKfp> cUis> ehd;Kfp)
Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fs; (rJuk;> nrt;tfk;> tl;lk;> Kf;Nfhzp)
tPl;bypUe;J / #oypypUe;J Njbg;ngwj;jf;f ntt;NtW tbtg; nghUs;fs;
(khztiuf; nfhz;L jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;)
cjhuzk; : fhl;Nghl; ngl;b %b> njwp (nghj;jhd; - Buttons)> Jzpj; Jz;Lfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
juk; 1 ,y; fw;w tbtq;fs; njhlu;ghf epidT+l;Lf. Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtj;
njhFjpapYs;s xt;nthU tbtj;ijAk; fhl;b> mt;ntht;nthd;iwAk; ngaupl
topg;gLj;Jf.
tl;lk;> rJuk;> Kf;Nfhzp Mfpa tbtj; njhFjpnahd;wpid Nkir kPJ itf;Ff.
xU khztid / khztpia tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd tUkhW mioj;J> tpUk;gpa
ahNjDnkhU tbtj;ijf; ifapnyLj;Jf; fhl;LkhW $Wf.
mjd; tbtj;ijg; ngaupl;L> mt;tbtKila nghUnshd;wpd; (tFg;giwapy;
cs;stw;wpypUe;J) ngaiuf; $WkhW $Wf. mt;tbtKs;s nghUs;fisg;
ngaupl kw;iwa khztu;f;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
kw;iwa tbtq;fSf;fhfTk; khztiu mioj;J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthNw #oypy;
me;je;j tbtKs;s nghUs;fis ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; khztu;fs; #oypy; Njbg;ngw;w my;yJ tPl;bypUe;J
nfhz;Lte;j nghUs; njhFjp xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Ff. (Nkw;gb ehd;F
tbtq;fshf Ntwhf;fj;jf;f ,uz;L nghUs;fs; tPjNkDk; xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;
fpilg;gij Mrpupia cWjpg;gLj;jp> mg;nghUs;fisg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.)
tl;lk;> rJuk;> Kf;Nfhzp> nrt;tfk; Mfpa ehd;F tbtq;fSk; jdpj;jdpahf
tiuag;gl;l xt;nthU fljhrp tPjk; my;yJ ehd;F tbtq;fSk; tiuag;gl;l
xU gpwp];ly; ml;il Nghd;w ngupa fljhrp xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
25
mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l nghUs;fspd; tbtj;jpw;Nfw;g mg;nghUs;fis
fljhrpapy; Fwpj;j tbtj;jpd; mUNf itf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
xt;nthU FOtpdJk; mUNf nrd;W khztu;fs; rupahf Fwpj;j tbtj;jpd;gb

nghUs;fis Ntwhf;Ffpd;wduh vdg; guprPypf;Ff / tpdtpawpf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
,d;W ehd; cq;fSf;F xU tpj;ij (khah [hy tpj;ij) fhl;lg; NghfpNwd;
(Nkirapy; cs;stw;iw mg;Gwg;gLj;jp).
rup> ghUq;fs; ,e;j Nkir kPJ vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd tpdTf.
vJTk; fpilahJ vd khztu;fs; $Wtu;.
rup fz;fis ,Wf;fkhf %bf; nfhs;Sq;fs;> ehd; $wpa gpd;Gjhd; fz;fisj;
jpwf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
Nkir kPJ jpz;kg; nghUnshd;iw itj;J mjid xU iff;Fl;ilapdhy;
%Lf.
fz;fisj; jpwf;FkhW $Wf.
Nkirapy; iff;Fl;ilahy; %b itj;jpUg;gJ vd;d vd tpdTf.
ntt;NtW tpilfs; fpilj;j gpd;du; iff;Fl;ilia mg;Gwg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;du; (Nkir kPJ itj;j nghUs; rJuKfp vdpd;) mjd; gf;fq;fspd; tbtk;
gw;wpAk; tpspk;Gfs; kPJ tpuy;fisr; nrYj;jp mt;tbtk; rJu tbtk; vd;gijAk;
tpsf;Ff. rpy khztu;fis tFg;gpd; vjpNu mioj;J> Mrpupau; fhl;bathNw
tpspk;Gfspd; topNa tpuy;fisr; nrYj;jpathW tbtq;fspd; ngau; $w
topg;gLj;Jf.
rJuKfpia ifapnyLj; J ed; F njhl; L g; ghu; g ; g jw; F khztu; f l; F r;
re;ju;gg
; kspf;Ff. xU Kfj;ijr; Rw;wptu tpuy;fisr; nrYj;jp> tbtk; njhlu;ghd
fUj;ijg; ngwr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
rJuKfpapd; Kfj;ij xj;j jstbtj;ij itj;J> mjd; tbtk; rJuk; vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
Kfj;ijr; Rw;wptu tiue;J> NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
mt;thwhf Vida jpz;kg; nghUs;fisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;J mtw;wpd;
tbtq;fisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jpz;kg; nghUs;fs; (jstbtq;fs; ehd;Fk; mlq;fpAs;s)
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;wnjhU ml;il> jstbtj; njhFjp> tu;zk; Mfpatw;iw
toq;Ff.
Kf;
;%sfNfhzp
lda
K tl;;
jD;a l
yevh
tbtk; tbtk;
yevh
rJuri% nrt;
iup;= fldatK
Rcq fdi%
tbtk;
yevh tbtk;
yevh
26
gpd;du; ml;ilapy; vOjpAs;s me;je;j tbtj;jpd; ngaiu ,dq;fz;L> mjw;Fupa
tbtj;ij itj;J tiuAkhW $Wf. mjw;F epwe; jPl;LkhW $Wf. (ml;ilapy;
cs;s tbtq;fspd; ngaiu thrpg;gjpy; ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;f;F cjtp Gupf)
G+u;j;jp nra;j ml;ilfis Nkir kPJ itj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fs; njhlu;ghf NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
xU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 1. fpNs / kh cUz;il Nghd;wnjhd;iw nky;ypa gil Nghd;W
gug;gp itj;J mjd; kPJ jstbtq;fspd; Kfg;ig itj;J
mOj;jp tbtq;fisg; ngwy;
2. ikiag; gad;gLj;jp tbt mr;Rf;fs; gjpj;jy;
fzpg;gPL :
FOr; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ mtjhdpj;J> khztu;fs; jstbtq;fisr;
rupahf ,dq;fhZfpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
Nfj;jpu fzpj jpz;kg; nghUs;fspy; cs;s tbtq;fisg; ngauplr; re;ju;g;g
kspf;Ff.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s gapw;rpfspYk; <LgLj;Jf.
__________
27
09 G+r;rpaj;ij ,dq;fhzYk; gad;gLj;JjYk;

G+r;rpaj;ij ( 0 ) ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
xd;WNk ,y;iy (G+r;rpak;) vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf 0 Ig; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
xd;WNk ,y;iy> G+r;rpak;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s rpwpa ghj;jpuq;fs; / Nghj;jy;fs; (tha; ngupait)
Gspak; tpj;Jf;fs; / ,wg;gu; tpj;Jf;fs;> khgps; cUz;ilfs; Nghd;w nghUl;
njhFjpfs;
rkkhd glq;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilj; njhFjpfs; (glq;fsw;w ntWk; ml;ilfs;
cl;gl)
cjhuzk; :
rpwpa ngl;bfs; 10 - 15

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s 5 my;yJ 6 ghj;jpuq;fis vLj;J> mtw;wpy; vz;zpfis
(khgps; cUz;ilfs; Nghd;wtw;iw) ntt;NtW vz;zpf;iffspy; xt;nthd;W
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; tupirapy; ,Lf. xU ghj;jpuj;ij ntWkNd itf;Ff.
(cjhuzk; : 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 vd;wthW)
Nkw;gb ghj;jpuq;fisr; rfyUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;f Xu; ,lj;jpy; itf;Ff.
xU khztid mioj;J> xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s vz;zpfis rfyUk;
ghu;f;fj;jf;fthwhf xt;nthd;whf cuj;Jf; $wp> vz;ZkhW $Wf.
mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
cjhuzk; :
kw;WnkhU khztid mioj;J> NtnwhU ghj;jpuj;jpYs;s vz;zpfis

vz;ZkhW $wp mjidAk; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
cjhuzk; :
4 3 2 1 0
,t;thwhf vz;zpfisf; nfhz;l vy;yhg; ghj;jpuq;fspYk; cs;s vz;zpfis
khztu;fisf; nfhz;L vz;zr; nra;J> fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
28
,Wjpapy; vz;zpfs; vJTk; ,y;yhj ghj;jpuj;ijf; fhl;Lf. mjpy; vJTNk
,y;iy - xd;WNk ,y;iy vd khztu;fs; $Wtu;. xd;WNk ,y;iy vd;gJ
G+r;rpakhFk; vd;gijAk; mjid 0 vd vOjg;gLfpwJ vdTk; mwpKfQ;
nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztu;fis ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
rk msTs;s 10 - 15 rpwpa ngl;bfis vLj;J mtw;wpy; rpwpa vz;zpfis
ntt;NtW vz;zpf;iffspy; ,Lf. FO vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rkkhd msT ntWk;
ngl;bfis itf;Ff.
cjhuzk ; : 5 FOf;fs; cs;sdthapd;> 15 ngl;bfSs; Vwj;jho 5

ngl;bfis ntWikahf itf;Ff.
khztu;fisj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;f.

kj;jpapy; xU tl;lk; tiue;J ngl;bfis mt;tl;lj;jpDs; itf;Ff.
khztu; FOf;fsplk; gpd;tUkhW tl;lj;ijr; #o rw;W mg;ghy; tupirapy;
epw;FkhW $Wf.
Mrpupia> tl;lj;jpy; / tl;lj;jpd; mUNf epw;f Ntz;Lk;.
cs;Ns nghUs; vJTk; ,y;yhj xU ngl;biaf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; tpisahl;by;

<Lglg; Nghtjhff; $wpg; gpd; tUkhW khztu; fis tpisahl; bd;g hy;
topg;gLj;Jf.
Mrpupia irif toq;fpaTld; me;je;jf; FOtpy; Kd;Nd ,Uf;Fk; khztd;
Xbr;nrd;W nghUs; vJTk; ,y;yhj ngl;bnahd;iw / ngl;bfisf; FYf;fpg;ghu;jJ
;
fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
irif toq;fpaTld; Kjypy;> FOtpy; Kd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk; khztd; te;J
ntWk; ngl;bnahd;wpid njupTnra;J Mrpupiaaplk; nfhLf;FkhW $Wf.
jpUk;gp Xbr;nrd;W FOtpd; tupirapd; gpd;dhy; epw;FkhW mk;khztDf;Ff;
$Wf. Mrpupiaapd; ifapy; cs;s ngl;bia kPz;Lk; khztu; fhzhjthW
tl;lj;jpDs; itf;Ff.
Kjyhk; Rw;W khztu;fspd; nraw;ghL Kbtile;j gpd;du;> ,uz;lhk; Rw;W
khztu;fSk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW ntWk; ngl;bfisj; njupTnra;J Mrpupiaaplk;
nfhLf;FkhW $Wf. mjpy; ~xd;WNk ,y;iy| ~G+r;rpak;| vd;gij khztu;
Clhfg; ngWf.
,t;thwhf vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;FkhW nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;Jf.
29
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
0 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapy; glq;fs; mlq;fpAs;s ml;ilj; njhFjpnahd;wpid
NkirkPJ xOq;fhf kWGwk; jpUg;gp itf;Ff.
xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J mtw;Ws; Kjypy; cs;s ml;ilia
vLj; J mjpYs; s glq; f s; vj; j id vd vz; z p> tFg; G khztu; f s;
midtUf;Fk; Nfl;fj;jf;fjhf cuj;Jf; $WkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
Vida khztu;fsplk; mjidf; fhl;b> ~rupahdjh| vd tpdTf.
mt;ntz;izf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
,t;thwhfr; rpy khztu;fis mioj;J> xOq;FKiwg;gb ml;ilfis vLj;J
mjpy; cs;s glq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia vz;zr; re;ju;gg ; kspf;Ff. xU glNkDk;
,y;yhj ml;il xd;W ,Wjpapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. me;j ,yf;fj;ij 0 vd
fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
(gl ml;ilfisAk; vz;Zf;F mUNf ,f;fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;JtJ
nghUj;jkhdJ)
,Wjpapy; mt;thW vOjpa vz;fis khztu;fs; midtUlDk; $l;lhf
thrpf;Ff. ,q;F ~G+r;rpak;| 0 gw;wp $Ljy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
Kd;dNu jahupj;j gl ml;ilj; njhFjpiaAk; ml;ltiziaAk; khztu;fSf;F
toq;Ff.
(khztu;fspd; ngau; vOjg;gl;l ml;ltiz)
cjhuzk; :
khztd; A khztd; B khztd; C khztd; D
jlit 1
jlit 2
jlit 3
xU khztid mioj;J> mt;tl;ilfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ed;F xOq;F khw;wp

glq;fs; ntspj; njupahjthW kWGwk; jpUg;gp itj;J MSf;F xd;W tPjk;
gfpu;e;jspf;FkhW $Wf.
ml;ilfs; kPjpahf cs;sdthapd; mtw;iw xU gf;fkhf xJf;fp itf;FkhW
$Wf.
KjyhtJ jlitapy; jkf;Ff; fpilj;j ml;ilapy; cs;s glq;fspd; njhifia
vz;zp> jkJ ngaUf;F cupa epuypy; vOJkhW $Wf.
,uz;lhk; jlitapd;NghJ kw;WnkhU khztid mioj;J ml;ilfis
ed;F xOq;F khw;wp gfpu;ej
; spj;J Kd;du; Nghd;Nw njhifia jkJ ngaUf;F
cupa epuypy; vOJkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ tpdhf; Nfl;ly;> mtjhdpjj
; y; %yk; khztu;fs;
G+r;rpak; vd;gij ,dq;fz;L nfhz;Ls;sduhntd;gij tprhuiz nra;f.
30
10 20 tiuapyhd vz;fis ,dq;fhzy;

20 tiuapy; vz;fis thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapy; vz; FwpaPl;ilAk; vz; ngaiuAk; vOJthu;.
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapyhd vz;fis nghUs;fs; / glq;fs; %yk; tifFwpg;ghu;
(fhl;Lthu;).
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
gj;J> gjpndhd;W> gd;dpuz;L> ........> ,UgJ
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapy; vz;FwpaPLfshf vOjg;gl;l ml;ilj;njhFjp
vz; ngau; ml;ilj;njhFjp
vz;Ztjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nghUs;fs; / cUf;fs; (vz;zpfs;)

nraw;ghL 1
kdf; fzpjj;jpw;fhf 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPl;L ml;ilfisAk;
vz; ngau; ml;ilfisAk; khztu;f;F vOkhwhff; fhl;b mtw;iw thrpf;f
topg;gLj;Jf.
1 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapy; Vw;fdNt vz;zpAs;sikahy; ifjl;bathW 1
njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapy; vz;ZkhW $Wf.
khztiu xt;nthUtuhf tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapyhd
vz; FwpaPl;L ml;ilfisAk; vz; ngau; ml;ilfisAk; fUk;gyifapNyh
NtW gyifnahd;wpNyh fhl;rpg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
1 xd;W
2 ,uz;L
. .
. .
. .
9 xd;gJ
1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiu vz;fis khztUld; Nru;e;J thrpj;J mLj;J tUk;

vz;iz mjhtJ 10 vDk; vz; FwpaPl;il khztu;f;F mwpKfQ; nra;J
mt;ntz; FwpaPl;ilAk; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 10 gj;J
gpd;du;> gbg;gbahf 20 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPLfis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
31
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztu; midtUk; ghu;ff
; j;jf;fjhf njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s xU gyifapy;
10 - 20 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPL kw;Wk; vz; ngau; ml;ilfis NkypUe;J
fPohf mikAkhW mg;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j khztu; gjpndhU Ngupd; ifapy; vz; ngau;
ml;il xt;nthd;W toq;Ff.
khztiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> Fwpj;j vz; FwpaPl;bd; vjpNu vz;
ngaiu itf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf khztu; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
10 gj;J
11 gjpndhd;W
12 gd;dpuz;L
13 gjpd;%d;W
14 gjpdhd;F
15 gjpide;J
16 gjpdhW
17 gjpNdO
18 gjpndl;L
19 gj;njhd;gJ
20 ,UgJ
gbKiw : 3
vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf. mjidj;
jkJ gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jpy; vOjpf; nfhs;SkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapyhd ahNjDk; vz;iz nghUl;fs; / glq;fs; %yk;
fhl;Ltjw;F Vw;w gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w nraw; ghLfs; rpytw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jf.
khztiur; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> Kj;jpiufs; my;yJ rpwpa glq;fs; 20
tPjKk; A4 fljhrpfs; ,uz;L tPjKk; toq;Ff.
10 - 20 tiuapyhd vz; ml;il fisf; FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.
fpilj;j vz; FwpaPl;ilAk; mjw;F xg;ghd msT Kj;jpiu fis my;yJ
glq;fis vz;zp naLj;J mtw;iwAk; A4 jhspy; xl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
32
xl;ba glq;fs; / Kj;jpiufs; mlq;fpa A4 fljhrpfis fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> $l;lhf
cuj;J vz;Ztjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztuJ gapw;rpg; Gj;jfq;fspy; vz; FwpaPl;ilAk; vz; ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gpl;L>
mjw;F xg;ghd msT glq;fis xl;LkhW / tiuAkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapyhd vz;fs; gw;wpa mwpit NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg;
nghUj;jkhd xU tpisahl;il my;yJ nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL :
nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ ,ilapilNa vOkhwhf vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;
fisAk; fhl;b thrpf;fr; nra;f.
FOr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ ,ilapilNa mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; vz;Zf;F xg;ghd
msT nghUs;fis / glq;fisr; rupahfj; njupT nra;J nfhs;fpd;wduh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
gj;J njhlf;fk; ,UgJ tiuahd vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk;
xOq;F Kiwg;gb vOJtij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;f.
__________
33
11 ePsj;ij msj;jy; - 1
Nju;r;rp : ePsj;ij msj;jy; rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ij / cauj;ij msg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
nghUj;jkhd vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ij / cauj;ij
msg;ghu;.
ahNjDk; ePsj;ij> nghUj;jkhd vNjr;irahd mynfhd;wpid ,dq;fz;L
msg;ghu;.
Neu; Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa ePsj;ij msg;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
ePsk;> cauk;> vNjr;irahd myFfs;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w rk ePsKs;s ngd;rpy;> ghdf;
Foha;> jPf;Fr;rp> jb (Fr;rp)> Nghd;w nghUs;fs;
xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fs; (nraw;ghLfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
ntt;NtW msT ePsKs;s ,uz;L jbfis tFg;gpy; fhl;b> ePsk; $baJ vJ
/ ePsk; Fiwe;jJ vJ vd khztuplk; tpdTf. ,uz;L ePsq;fisAk; xg;gpl;L>
ePsk; $baij / ePsk; Fiwe;jijj; njupT nra;Ak; tpjj;ij epidT+l;Lf.
tFg;giwapy; xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;W rw;Wj; J}uj;Nj mike;Js;s ,uz;L
ePs msTfisf; fhl;b> mtw;Ws; ePsk; $baJ vJ? ePsk; Fiwe;jJ vJ?
vd;gijr; rupahff; $w KbAkh vd khztuplk; tpdTf.
cjhuzk; : fUk;gyifapd; ePsk;> ad;dypd; ePsk;
,t; t hwhd re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; me; e P s q; f is mUfUNf itj; J xg; g pl
Kbahjhifahy;> me;ePsq;fisf; fz;lwpAk; top gw;wp khztuplk; tpdtp>
mt;thwhd topfisf; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. ,J njhlu;ghd mDgtj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;s khztu;fs; mjid (ahNjDnkhd;wpdhy;) mse;J ghu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;
vdf; $w ,lKz;L. mt;thW $WNthiug; ghuhl;b> ,t;thwhd re;ju;gg ; q;fspy;
,uz;L ePsq;fisAk; jdpj;jdpNa mse;J ghu;jj ; y; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
rkdhd ePsKs;s rpy jbfis vLj;J mtw;wpd; ePsk; rkkhdJ vd;gijf;
fz;Lnfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ij msf;f KbAk;
vd;gij tpsf;fp> ad;dy; neLfpYk; mj;jbfis xt;nthd;whf itf;Ff.
(Mrpupau; ,e;j vNjr;irahd myifj; njupT nra;Ak; Ntisapy; ePsk;
KOntz;fspy; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; mjd; ePsj;ij my;yJ vNjr;irahd
myifj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;). mj;jbfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
vz;zpf; fzf;fpLf.
gpd;du;> fUk;gyif neLfpYk; jbfis itf;Ff. mj;jbfspd; vz;zpf;if
fisAk; vz;zpf; fzf;fpLf. $Ljyhd vz;zpf;ifahd jbfs; itj;j
nghUs; ePsk; $baJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
34
gbKiw : 2
khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; rpwpa ePskhd jbfs; / ghdf;Foha;fs; / ngd;rpy;fs;
vd;gtw;iw toq;Ff. jkJ Nkirapd; ePsj;jpd; topNa me;j vNjr;irahd
myif itf;FkhW $Wf. ,dp Nkirapd; ePsg;ghl;by; itj;j jbfs; / ghdf;
Foha;fs; / ngd;rpy;fs; vj;jid vd vz;ZkhW $Wf.
itj;j jbfs; / ngd;rpy;fs; / ghdf;Foha;fs; vj;jidnad vOkhwhfr; rpy
khztuplk; tpdTf.
vdJ Nkirapd; ePsk; 5 jbfs;
vdJ Nkirapd; ePsk; 8 ghdf;Foha;fs; vd;wthW $Wtjw;Fk; khztu;
rpyUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 3
khztiu %d;W Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> FOf;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUtJ
Nghd;w Xu; xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
tFg;giwapd; ePsk; - jbfs; ....

- ngd;rpy;fs; ...
- ghdf;Foha;fs; ...
Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsk; - jbfs; ....
- ngd;rpy;fs; ...
- ghdf;Foha;fs; ...
(jkJ xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpYs;s ePsj;ij> mjpy; jug;gl;Ls;s vNjr;irahd

myfpy; mse;J gjpT nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf)
khztu; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
Kd;ida jpdj;jpy; nra;j nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ ePsj;ij msg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa
vNjr;irahd myFfs; vJntd khztuplk; tpdTf.
mtw;Ws; Xu; vNjr;irahd myifg; (ghdf;Foha;fs;) gad;gLj;jp> Mrpupau;
Nkirapd; ePsj;ij msg;gjidr; nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F vOkhwhfj; njupT
nra;j khztu; ,UtUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Neuhf (Neu; Nfhl;by;) msf;fg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff. ve;jnthU nghUspd;
ePsj;ijNah cauj;ijNah msf;Fk;NghJ ,t;thwhf Neuhf msj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
ePsj;ij msg;gjw;F vNjr;irahd myFfspy; xd;W kl;Lk; NghJkhdJ
vd;gij ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf NkNy mse;j mNj Nkirapd; ePsj;jpd; topNa
xU ghdf;Fohiaf; nfhz;L ePsj;ij msf;Fk; tpjj;ijr; nra;J fhl;Lf.
,jw;fhf>
Kjypy; Nkirapd; xU me;j j; j py; / %iyapy; ,Ue;J msf;fj;
njhlq;Fjy;
ghdf;Fohia xU jlit itj;J mjd; me;jj;jpy; Xu; milahsk;
,Ljy;
gpd;du; me;j milahsj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhlq;fp> ghdf;Fohia Neuhf
itj;jy;
,t;t hwhf njhlu; e; Jk; ghdf; Fohia itj;J vj; j id jlit
itf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij vz;zpf; fzf;fpLtij tpsf;Fjy;
35
kw;WnkhU vNjr;irahd myifg; gad;gLj;jp mNj Nkirapd; ePsj;ij
msf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : ngd;rpy; / jb
,J cauj;ij msf;Fk;NghJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : ad; d ypd; my; y J Rtupd; cauj; i j msf; F k; N ghJ
vNjr;irahd myif tupirahf epWj;jp itf;f Kbahjhifahy;
xU myif khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp msf;fg;gLk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fs; ,UtupUtuhfr; Nru;e;J ahNjDk; vNjr;irahd myifg; (ghdf;
Foha; / jb) gad;gLj;jp> tFg;giwapy; rpy ,lq;fis my;yJ nghUs;fspd;
ePsj;ij mse;J gjpT nra;ar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu;> rupahf milahsq;fs; ,l;lthW> jbfis vz;zpf; fzf;fpl;lthW
ePsj;ij msj;jiyAk; mjidg; gjpT nra;jiyAk; nra;fpd;wduh vd;gij
mtjhdpf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
Kd;ida nraw;ghLfspy; ePsq;fis mse;j re;ju;gg
; q;fis epidT+l;b> Mrpupau;
Nkir> fUk;gyif Nghd;w ePsk; $ba nghUs;fspd; ePsk; vjidf; nfhz;L
msf;fg;gl;lJ vd khztuplk; tpdTf.
Gj;jfk; Nghd;w rpwpanjhU ePsj;ijf; fhl;b me;ePsj;ij msg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;JtJ vJ vdf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; jUk; tpilfspd;gb> rpwpa vNjr;irahd mynfhd;wpidg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
Kd;ida nraw;ghnlhd;wpy; vNjr;irahd myfhfg; gad;gLj;jpa ePz;l
ngd;rpiy my;yJ ghdf;Fohiag; Gj;jfj;jpd; ePsg;ghlhf itj;J> mJ
Gj;jfj;ijtpl ePsk; $bajhifahy; mjidg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ vd;gij
,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;
vdNt jPf;Fr;rp Nghd;w rpwpa ePsNk mjid msg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ
vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;ly;
gbKiw : 2
khztiu ,UtupUtuhfg; gpupj;J> rpwpa vNjr;irahd myfhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
jPf;Fr;rp / rpwpa ghdf;Foha; Nghd;wnjhU nghUis toq;Ff.
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w rpy nghUs;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mtw;wpd; ePsj;ij mse;J
gjpT nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
ngd;rpw; ngl;bapd; ePsk; - 8 jPf;Fr;rpfs;
mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpd; ePsk; - .............
nraw;ghL 4, 5
ePsj;ij msj;jy; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
ntt;NtW vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ij msg;gjw;F
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
36
rhz;> ghjr;RtL Mfpatw;iwAk; vNjr;irahd myFfshfg; gad;gLj;jp
ePsj;ij msf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mshjr
rhz; ghjr;RtL
fzpg;g PL :
vNjr;irahd myifr; rupahf itj;J ePsj;ij msf;fpd;wduh vd;gij
mtjhdpj;J cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
ntt; N tW nghUs; f spd; / rpy ,lq; f spd; eP s j; i j / cauj; i j $wr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
37
12 nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Zjy; - 1
Nju;r;rp : nghUl;fs; / glq;fis vz;Zthu;.

xNu tifahd 50 nghUl;fs; / glq;fis vz;Zthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
20 nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Zthu;.
1 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapy; vz; ngau;fis xOq;fhff; $Wthu;.
xNu tifahd 50 nghUl;fis vz;Zthu;.
xNu tifahd 50 cUf;fis vz;Zthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W> ................> ehw;gj;njhd;gJ> Ik;gJ.
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
vz;zpfshfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f nghUl;fs;
cjhuzk; : Nghj;jy; %bfs;> rpwpa fw;fs;> Gspak; tpj;Jf;fs; / ,wg;gu;
tpj;Jf;fs;
vz;zpfis ,Ltjw;Nfw;w ghj;jpuq;fs;
Kj;jpiufs;
epwf; fljhrp nfhz;L jahupj;j rpwpa cUf;fs; (kyu;fs; Nghd;wit)
glq;fis xl;Ltjw;Fj; jbj;j fljhrp / gpwp];ly; ml;il
<u;f;Ffspy; / rpwpa jbfspy; ,izj;Jj; jahu;gLj;jpa fljhrp kyu;fs; - 50
kyu;fis ,Ltjw;fhd rhb

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
juk; 1 ,y; 20 nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;zpaij kPz;Lk; epidT+l;Ltjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdnjhU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
20 nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Ztij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg;
nghUj;jkhd xU FOr; nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
tFg;G khztu;fs; midtUk; ghu;ff ; j;jf;fjhf gpsdy; gyifnahd;wpy; Vwj;jho
30 Kj;jpiufis xl;b itg;gjw;F Vw;wthW gpwp];ly; ml;ilnahd;wpidg;
nghUj;Jf.
khztu; midtiuAk; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;J xOq;fhf ,Uf;FkhW 30 Kj;jpiufis
xl;Ltjw;F> jlitf;F xU khztu; tPjk; topg;gLj;Jf.
khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J $l;lhf 30 Kj;jpiufisAk; vz;Zf.
vOkhwhfj; njupTnra;j khztu;fs; rpyiu mioj;J jbnahd;wpidg;
gad;gLj;jp Kj;jpiufs; 1, 2, 3, 4, .......... 29, 30 vd cuj;Jf; $wpathW
vz;Ztjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
tFg;G khztu;fs; midtUk; ,t;thW cuj;Jf; $wpathW vz;Ztjw;F
topg;gLj;Jf.
38
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW rpW rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
(,UtupUtuhfg; gpupg;gJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ)
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 30 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l vz;zpfs; ,lg;gl;l ghj;jpuk; xd;W
tPjk; toq;Ff.
Kjypy; 30 vz;zpfis vz;zp Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW xU khztdplk;
$Wf. mJ rupahdjh vdg; ghu;f;FkhW kw;iwa khztu;fsplk; $Wf.
mt;ntz;zpfis kPz;Lk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,LkhW $Wf.
FO cWg;gpdu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; vz;zpfis vz;zr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk;
tifapy; rpy jlitfs; 30 vz; zpfisAk; vz;ZkhW khztu; fis
topg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 3
khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Vwj;jho 40 rJuf; fl;lq;fs; tiuag;gl;l fljhrp
xd;W tPjk; toq;fp> mtw;Ws; 30 fl;lq;fis vz;zp> tu;ze; jPl;LkhW $Wf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
1 njhlf;fk; 40 tiuapy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cUf;fis vz;Ztij mwpKfQ;
nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
40 nghUl;fs; / cUf;fs; tPjk; vz;Ztij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU FOr; nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> fljhrpapy; ntl;ba
kyu;fs; / jsTUtq;fs; 40 tPjk; toq;Ff.
(xU FOtpy; 10 khztu;fs; mlq;FtJ nghUj;jkhdJ)
KjyhtJ FOtpw;F toq;fg;gl;l cUf;fs; vj;jid vd vz;zpf; $wr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gpwp];ly; ml;il my;yJ A3 fljhrp xt;nthd;W tPjk;
toq;fp> mt;TUf;fis xOq;fhf xl;LkhW $Wf.
cUf;fs; xl;lg;gl;l gpwp];ly; ml;ilia tFg;gpy; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;jpy;
njhq;ftpLf.
xt;Nthu; ml;ilapYKs;s cUf;fis khztu;fSld; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J
ntt;Ntwhf vz;Zf.
vy;yh ml;ilfspYk; 40 cUf;;fs; cs;sd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 4
gbKiw : 1
Kd;ida jpdj;jpy; 1 - 40 tiu vz;zpaij epidT+l;Lf. 40 ,Yk; Fiwthd
Xu; vz;izf; $wp> mjpypUe;J 40 tiuapyhd vz;fisf; $w topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;d u; cUf;fisNah nghUl;fisNah gad;gLj;jp 40 - 50 tiuapy;
vz;Ztij mwpKfQ; nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W> tupirahf
epw;fr; nra;f.
MSf;F xd;W tPjk; kyu;fisg; gfpue
; j
; spf;Ff. kPjpahfTs;s kyu;fis Mrpupia
itj;Jf;nfhs;f.
tupirapd; vjpNu G+r;rhbnahd;iw itf;Ff.
39
xd;W vd cuj;Jf; $wpathW jkJ ifapy; cs;s kyiu G+r;rhbapy; ,l;L>
kPz;Lk; xU kyiu MrpupauplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tupirapd; ,Wjpapy;
Ngha; epw;FkhW KjyhtJ epw;Fk; khztuplk; $Wf.
mLj;jjhf epw;Fk; khztDf;F ,uz;L vdf; $wpathW Kd;idaJ Nghd;Nw
nra;AkhW $Wf.
50 kyu;fSk; KbtilAk; tiuapy; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;L> 50 tiu vz;zr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
,Wjpapy; rfy kyu;fisAk; Mrpupia ifapy; vLj;J> khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J
cuf;ff; $wpathW vz;zpagb rhbapy; ,Lf.
nraw;ghL 5
gbKiw : 1
50 tiuapy; vz;Ztij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ
Nghd;w nghUj;jkhdnjhU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
tFg;giwapy; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;jpy; (khztu;fs; ghu;f;fj;jf;f kl;lj;jpy;)
A3 fljhrpapy; / gpwp];ly; ml;ilapy; tiue;j 50 ,iyfisf; nfhz;l xU
kuj;jpd; glj;ij xl;Lf.
khztu;fSld; $l;lhf 1, 2, 3, ..... 50 vd vz;zpathW jlitf;F xd;W tPjk;
gr;ir epwg; ngy;w;Ngidapdhy; epwe;jPl;Lf.
(njhlu;r;rpahf vz;Ztjw;fhf)
,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; $l;lhf ifjl;bathW 1 - 50 tiu vz;ZkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. 1 - 50 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l
Xu; vz; i zf; $WkhW mtu; f Ss; xUtuplk; $Wf. mt; t hW $wpa
vz;z pypUe; J 50 tiu xOq; f hf vz; n gau; f isf; $WkhW kw;i wa
khztu;fsplk; $Wf. gpd;du; ,UtUk; .......... khw;wpr; nraw;glr; re;ju;gg
; kspf;Ff.
***
,t; t hwhf xt; n thU FOtpw; F k; ,uz; L Rw; W f; f s; tP j k; khwpkhwp
vz;ngau;fisf; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W rupahf vz;Zfpd;wduhntd mtjhdpf;Ff. cjtp
Njitg;gLNthUf;F cjtpGupf.
fzpg;g PL :
khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; nghUl;fis / cUf;fisr;
rupahf vz;Zfpd;wduh vdf; ftdpf;Ff.
50 ,Yk; Fiwthd Xu; vz;izf; $wp> mjpypUe;J 50 tiuapy; vz;ZkhW
vOkhwhfj; njupTnra;j xU khztdplk; $Wf. ,t;thwhf khztu;fs;
rfyUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
40
13 ,lg;ngWkhdj;ij ,dq;fhzy; - 1

<upyf;f vz;nzhd;wpd; me;je;j ,yf;fj;jpd; ,lg;ngWkhdj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
20 tiuapyhd vz;nzhd;wpy; cs;s gj;Jf;fisAk; xd;WfisAk; $Wthu;.
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapyhd vz;nzhd;wpy; cs;s xd;WfisAk; gj;Jf;fisAk;
nghUs;fs; (<u;f;Ffs;> <u;f;Ff; fl;Lfs; my;yJ rJuKfpfs;> Nfhy;fs;) %yk;
tifFwpg;ghu; / fhl;Lthu;.
gj;J njhlf;fk; ,UgJ tiuapyhd vz;fSs; xd;WfisAk; gj;JfisAk;
rupahf ,dq;fz;L> vz;FwpaPLfis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
xd;Wfs;> gj;Jf;fs;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
ghdf;Foha;fs; / <u;f;Fj; Jz;Lfs;
,wg;gu; thu;fs;
Bd;]; njhFjpapd; rJuKfpfSk; Nfhy;fSk;
vz; ml;ilfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
kdf;fzpjj;jpw;fhf gpd;Ds;sthW tpdhf;fis tpdtp> vOkhwhf tpil ngWf.
cjhuzk; : gj;Jf;F mLj;jjhf tUk; mLj;j vz; vJ?
gjpide;Jf;F xd;W $Ljyhd vz; vJ?
gj;Jf;F Ke;jpa vz; vJ?
gj;njhd;gJld; xd;iwr; Nru;j;jhy; tUk; vz; vJ?
Vwj;jho 20 ghdf;Foha;fs; / <u;fF
; j; Jz;Lfis ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; ,l;L> khztu;
midtUk; ghu;f;ff;$bajhf Nkir kPJ itf;Ff.
gj;J vDk; vz; FwpaPL vOjg;gl;l ml;ilia khztu;f;Ff; fhl;b> mjidf;
$WkhW $Wf.
xU khztid mioj;J> mt;ntz;Zf;F xg;ghd vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;l
ghdf;Foha;fis vz;zpf; ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
mJ rupahdjh vdg; ghu;g;gjw;F kw;WnkhU khztDf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
me;jg; gj;J ghdf;Foha;fSf;F ,wg;gu;thu; ,l;L> mjid gj;jpd; fl;L
xd;W vd mwpKfQ; nra;f.
ghdf;Foha; gj;jpd; fl;Lld; NkYk; xU ghdf;Fohia vLf;Ff. (gj;jpd; fl;L
Mrpupiaapd; tyJ ifapYk; xU ghdf;Foha; ,lJ ifapYkhf).
tyJ ifapYs;s fl;by; cs;s gj;Jk;> ,lJ ifapYs;s xd;Wk; Nru;tjhy;
gjpndhd; W fpilg; g jhf gy jlit fye; J iuahb> mjid vy; y h
khztu;fSf;Fk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tpsf;fp> fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
11
gj;Jf;fs; 1 ck; xd;Wfs; 1 ck; gjpndhd;W

41
gj;jpd; fl;nlhd;iwAk; 5 ghdf;Foha;fisAk; Kd;Nghd;Nw Mrpupia iffspy;
vLf;Ff. gj;jpd; fl;L xd;Wk; Ie;J gUFFoha;fSk; Nru;tjhy; gjpide;J
fpilf;fpd;wikia tpdhf;fs; tpdtp> fye;Jiuahb fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
gj;Jf;fs; 1 xd;Wfs; 5 gjpide;J
,t;thwhf 10 ,w;Fk; 20 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l rpy vz;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.

,Ugij mikf;Fk;NghJ gj;Jf;fspd; ,uz;L fl;Lf;fs;> xd;Wfs; ,y;iy
vdf; $wp mJ 20 vd tpsf;Ff.
20
ghdf;Foha;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf <u;f;FfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
gbKiw : 2
tFg;gpy; cs;s khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. (xU
FOtpy; cr;r msthf 4 Ngu; ,Ug;gJ NghJkhdJ)
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; ghdf;Foha;fs; / <u;f;Fj; Jz;Lfs; 20> ,wg;gu; thu;fs; 2>
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapy; vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W Xu; xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;ijAk; toq;Ff.
ghdf;Foha;fs; vz;
/ <u;f;Ffs;
12
FOtpd; xU khztUf;F vz; FwpaPL vOjpa ml;ilnahd;wpid vLj;J

mjpYs;s vz; FwpaPl;il thrpf;FkhW $Wf. mt;ntz;FwpaPl;Lf;F xg;ghd
ghdf;Foha;fis / <u;f;Fj; Jz;Lfis vz;ZkhW $Wf. mtw;iwg; gj;jpd;
fl;Lf;fshfTk; xd;WfshfTk; Ntwhf;FkhW $Wf. mk;khztd; nra;tJ
rupahdjh vdg; ghu;f;FkhW Vida khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf. ,dp me;j vz;iz
xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpy; fhl;bAs;s cjhuzj;jpd;gb gjpT nra;AkhW $Wf.
42
gjpT nra;j vz; FwpaPl;L ml;ilia mg;Gwg;gLj;jp> kPjpahf cs;s ml;ilfspy;
,Ue;J FOtpd; kw;WnkhU khztDf;F Kd;du; Nghd;Nw vz; FwpaPl;L
ml;ilnahd;iwj; njupT nra;J ghdf;Foha;fs; %yk; mjidf; fhl;LkhW
$Wf. mjidAk; xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpy; gjpT nra;AkhW $Wf.
,t;thwhf FOtpy; cs;s khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk;
tifapy; Vwj;jho 4 vz;fisf; fhl;lr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
,lu;g;gLk; khztu;f;Fj; Njitf;Nfw;g cjtp Gupf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
Bd;]; njhFjpapd; (rJuKfp) Fw;wpfisAk; Nfhy;fisAk; ghj;jpunkhd;wpy;
,l;L> MrpupauJ Nkir kPJ itf;Ff. 1 vDk; vz; ml;ilia MrpupauJ
Nkirapd; Kd;Nd khztu; midtUk; ghu;f;ff;$bathwhf fhl;Lf. vOkhwhf
xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd miof;Ff. ml;ilapy; cs;s vz;Zf;F
xg;ghd vz;zpf;if nfhz;l Fw;wpfis vLj;J Nkir kPJ xd;Wlndhd;W
njhl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;gb itf;FkhW $Wf. Mrpupau; mjidf; fUk;gyifapy;
tiue;J fhl;Lf. ,t;thwhf 1 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapy; Fwpj;j vz; ml;ilf;fhf
Fw;wpfis itj;jthW glj;ijf; fUk;gyifapy; fl;bnaOg;Gf.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW NkirapYk; fUk;gyifapYk; fl;bnaOg;gpa gpd;du;>

kw;WnkhU khztid mioj;J 10 vDk; vz;iz mt;thW fhl;LkhW $Wf.
gj;Jf; Fw;wpfisAk; itj;j gpd;du;> Nfhy; vd;gij mwpKfQ; nra;f.
Kd;ida ghlj;jpy; gj;Jg; ghdf;Foha;fisAk; xU fl;lhff; fhl;ba gpd;dUk;
mjpy; gj;Jg; ghdf;Foha;fs; mlq;fpapUe;jJ Nghd;Nw gj;Jf; Fw;wpfSf;Fg;
gjpyhf ,e;jf; Nfhiyg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vdTk; mJ ,yFthdJ vdTk;
mf;Nfhypy; gj;Jf; Fw;wpfSk; mlq;fpAs;sd vdTk; tpsf;Ff. mf;Nfhypd;
kPJ gj;Jf; Fw;wpfis itj;J> vy;yh tifapYk; gj;Jf; Fw;wpfSf;F mf;Nfhy;
rkkhdJ vdTk; typAWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; leg
Fw;wpfs;
Nfhy;
rupahfg; gj;J cs;sjh vdr; re;Njfpf;Fk; khztu;fs; cs;sduhapd; mtu;fis

mioj;J> Nfhypy; cs;s fl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia vz;zpg; ghu;f;fr;
re;ju;gg
; kspf;Ff. 10 ,Yk; Nkw;gl;l Xu; vz;iz Nfhy;fspdhYk; Fw;wpfspdhYk;
fhl;Ltjw;F khztu;fF ; r; re;ju;gg
; kspfF
; f. khztu; midtUk; mjid tpsq;fpf;
nfhz;lduh vd;gijf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
43
gbKiw : 2
khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 12 Nfhy;fSk; 45 Fw;wpfSk; toq;Ff.
10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPLfs; vOjg;gl;l xg;gilg; gj;jpuk;
xd;iwAk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : fPNo glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW Nfhy;fisAk; Fw;wpfisAk;
itf;FkhW $Wf.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
FO Ntiyf;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F

FOtpd; vy;yh khztu;f;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
khztu;fs;> vz; FwpaPLfSf;F vjpNu Nfhy;fs; - Fw;wpfisr; rupahf
itf;fpd;wduh vd;gij mtjhdpf;FkhW FOtpy; cs;s kw;iwa khztu;fsplk;
$Wf.
,lu;g;gLk; khztu;f;F cjtp nra;AkhW $Wf.
gbKiw : 3
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU ml;ltizia mikj;J> khztu;fSf;F toq;fp rpy
vz;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf mjpy; Nfhy;fisAk; Fw;wpfisAk; tiuAkhW
mwpTWj;Jf.
vz; Nfhy;fSk; Fw;wpfSk;
15
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
tFg;G khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdthW
; j; Jz;Lfs; / gUFFoha;fs; xt;nthU
Bd;]; Nfhy;fSk; Fw;wpfSk; my;yJ <u;fF
njhFjp tPjk; toq;Ff.
44
Mrpupia 10 ,w;Fk; 20 ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd Xu; vz;izf; $wpaTld; my;yJ
vz; ml;il %yk; fhl;baTld; khztu;fs; mt;ntz;iz Nfhy;fs; - Fw;wpfs;
%yk; my;yJ <u;f;Fj; Jz;Lfs; / gUFFoha;fs; %yk; fhl;LkhW $Wf.
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w Xu; ml;iliaf; fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J mt;ntz;
FwpaPLfis vOJf.
vz; gj;Jf;fs; xd;Wfs;
11 1 1
vz; 11 vdpd;> mjid> Nkw;fhl;bathwhd ml;ltizapy; gjpT nra;J>

mjpy gj;Jf;fs; xd;Wk;> xd;Wfs; xd;Wk; cs;sd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf 20 tiuapyhd rpy vz;fisf; Nfhy;fs;> Fw;wpfs; %yk; my;yJ
<u;f;Ff; Fr;rpfs; %yk; fhl;b> gpd;du; Nkw;gb ml;ltizapy; gjpT nra;f.
xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gj;Jf;fs; vj;jid vd;gijAk; xd;Wfs; vj;jid
vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu Vwj;jho 4 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; Bd;]; Nfhy;fSk; Fw;wpfSk; 10 - 20 tiu vz;
ml;ilj;njhFjp xd;Wk; toq;Ff.
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xg;gilg; gj;jpunkhd;W toq;Ff.
vz; ml;ilfisf; FOtpdJ Nkir kPJ kWGwk; jpUg;gp itf;FkhW $Wf.

Kjypy; xU khztd; vz; ml;ilnahd;wpid vOkhwhf vLj;J mjpYs;s
vz;iz thrpj;J> FO cWg;gpdu; midtUk; Nru;e;J Nfhy;fs;> Fw;wpfisf;
nfhz;L mjidf; fhl;LkhWk; mt;ntz;iz ml;ltizapy; vOjp gj;Jf;fs;
vj;jid> xd;Wfs; vj;jid vd vOJkhWk; $Wf.
mt;ntz; ml;ilia mg;Gwg;gLj;jp> kw;WnkhU khztDf;F kw;WnkhU vz;
ml;ilia vLj;J mjidAk; Nfhy;fs; - Fw;wpfs; %yk; fhl;LkhWk;
ml;ltizapy; vOJkhWk; $Wf.
,t;thwhf vy;yh vz; ml;ilfspYk; cs;s vz;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk;
vOJtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W khztu; xt;nthUtUk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl
topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 4
khztu; f s; ,lg; n gWkhdj; i j tpsq; f pf; nfhz; L s; s ikia NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhdnjhU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
khztuJ nray;E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s gapw;rpfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
45
fzpg;g PL :
vOkhwhf 10 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapyhd vz;fspy; xd;iwf; $wp> mjid
ghdf;Foha;fs; / <u;f;Ffs; my;yJ Nfhy;fSk; Fw;wpfSk; %yk; fhl;LkhW
$Wf.
Nfhy;fs; Fw;wpfs; %yk; fhl;Lk; vz;izf; $Wr;nra;jy;
vz;nzhd;wpYs;s gj;Jf;fs; vj;jid> xd;Wfs; vj;jid vd tpdTf.
FOr; nraw; ghl;b d;N ghJ mtjhdpj; jy; kw;W k; tpdhf; Nfl;l y; %yk;
,lg;ngWkhdk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij tpdtpawpf.
__________
46
14 vz; $l;ly; - 2

$l;Lj;njhif 20 tiuapy; vz;fisf; $l;Lthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
$l;Lj;njhif 20 ,w;F Nkw;glhj 2 vz;fisf; $l;Lthu;.
,uz;L vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 20 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthwhd vspa gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
$l;Lj;njhif 20 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthW $l;Lk; vz; gpizg;Gfisf; nfhz;l
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
$l;ly;> $l;Lj;njhif
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
rptg;G> ePyk;> kQ;rs;> gr;ir> ,sQ;rptg;G epw ml;ilfs; (xt;nthU epwj;jpYk;
gj;jpYk; Fiwthd njhif ml;ilfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;)
$l;ly; gpurpdq;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ilfs;
cjhuzk; : 4+7 6+8 10 + 7
1 njhlf;fk; 20 tiu vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfs;
1 njhlf;fk; 6 tiuAk;> 7 njhlf;fk; 12 tiuAk; vz;fs; ,lg;gl;l jhaf;fl;ilfs;
1 njhlf;fk; 20 tiu vz;fs; nfhz;l vz;fPyq;fs;
fsp (fpNs)> ghdf;Foha;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
kdf;fzpjkhf $l;Lj;njhif 9 tiuahd ,uz;L vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf;
fhz;gjw;Fupa rpy gpurpdq;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 3 cld; 2 If; $l;bdhy; fpilf;Fk; tpil vd;d?
4 cld; 3 If; $l;bdhy; fpilg;gJ?
tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g> xU khztDf;F xd;W tPjk;
epw ml;ilfis toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : rptg;G> ePyk;> kQ;rs;> gr;ir
khztu;fis tl;lkhf epWj;jp> rptg;G epw ml;ilfis itj;Js;s khztu;fis
tl;lj;jpd; mUNf miof;Ff.
rptg;G epw ml;il Ve;jpa khztu;fs; vj;jid Ngu; cs;sdu; vd khztUld;
Nru;e;J vz;Zf.
gpd;du; ePy epw ml;il Ve;jpa khztu;fisAk; tl;lj;jpDs; miof;fTk;. ePy
epw ml;il Ve;jpNahu; vj;jid Ngu; vd vz;Zf.
gpd;> rptg;G epw ml;il Ve;jpNahu;> ePy epw ml;il Ve;jpNahu; nkhj;jk;
vj;jid Ngu; vd khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J $l;lhff; fz;lwpf.
cjhuzk; : rptg;G epw ml;il Ve;jpa khztu;fs; : 05
ePy epw ml;il Ve;jpa khztu;fs; : 07
vy;yhkhf : 12
47
khztiu kPz;Lk; tl;lkhf epWj;jp> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW NtW epw ml;ilfis
Ve;jpAs;s khztiu Kd;Nd mioj;Jr; nraw;ghl;ilr; rpy jlitfs; nra;f.
cjhuzk; : rptg;G epw> kQ;rs; epw ml;il Ve;jpa khztu;fs;
ePy epw> gr;ir epw ml;il Ve;jpa khztu;fs;
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis 4 - 6 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;
,uz;L epw ml;ilfs; mlq;fpa njhFjpfs; tPjk; (xNu epwj;jpy; 10 ,w;F
Nkw;glhj ml;ilfs;) vz; ml;ilfs;> + ,, ml;ilfs;> = ml;ilfs; Mfpa
tw;iwAk; toq;Ff.
FOtpd; xU khztDf;F xU epwj;jpy; tpUk;gpa njhif ml;ilfis ifapy;
vLf;FkhW $Wf.
ifapy; vLj;j ml;ilfs; vj;jid vd vz;zp> mjw;Fupa vz; ml;iliaj;
njupTnra;J Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;du;> kw;WnkhU khztid mioj;J kw;WnkhU epwj;jpy; ml;ilfisf;
ifapnyLj;J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W nra;AkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
khztu;fs; ,UtUk; ifapy; vLj;j nkhj;j ml;ilfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
fz;lwpe;J mjidg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;rpg;gLj;jr; nra;f.
6 + 8 = 14 my;yJ 86 + 68 = 14
,t;thwhf FO cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;FkhW rpy

jlitfs; ,r;nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;f.
Nkw;gb gpurpdq;fs; rpytw;iw mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjpf;nfhs;SkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
1 - 20 tiu ,yf;fkpl;l rw;Wg; ngupa rJuf; fl;lj; njhlnuhd;iwg; glj;jpy;
fhl;bathW my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhdthW jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpy;
jiuapy; tiue;J nfhs;f. (,yf;fq;fisf; fl;lq;fspd; %iyfspy; Fwpf;f)
wdrNh
njhlf;fk; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
10
11
12
KbT
wjidkh 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
wdrNh
njhlf;fk; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 wjidkh
KbT
xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> 1 vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lj;jpy;

epw;FkhW $Wf.
,dp> ePq;fNsh> khztu; xUtNuh $Wk; vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rkkhd fl;lq;fis
vz;zpathW xt;nthU fl;lkhfg; gha;e;J gha;e;J nry;YkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
ghAk; fl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia khztu;fSld; Nru;eJ
; cuj;Jf; $wp vz;Zf.
mt;ntz;zpf;iff; fl;lq;fisg; gha;e;J Kbj;j gpd;du;> khztd; epw;Fk;
fl;lj;jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s vz;iz cuj;Jf; $WkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
mg;NghJ $l;ly; nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
48
cjhuzk; : Kjypy; epd;w fl;lk; 1
5 fl;lq;fs; gha;e;j gpd;du; 6 Mk; fl;lj;Js; te;Js;shu;.
xd;Wld; 5 $l;lg;gl;lJ. tpil 6.
mf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J gha;tjw;F NkYk; Xu; vz;iz mk;khztUf;F toq;Ff.
xt;nthU jlitAk; jupj;J epw;Fk;NghJ $l;liyr; nra;j tpjj;ij khztu;
fSf;F tpsf;Ff.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhf 20 tiuapy; gha;eJ ; Kbe;j gpd;du; kw;WnkhU khztUf;F
kPz;Lk; fl;lk; 1 ,ypUe;J nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
$l;Lj;njhif 20 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthW $l;ly; gpurpdq;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;>
1 - 20 tiuahd vz; ml;ilfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l njhFjp xd;W
tPjKk; vz; ml;ilf; fPyq;fs;> vz;zpfs;> jbj;j fljhrp Mfpatw;iwAk;
khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
cjhuzk ; : 4 + 7
FOtpy; xU khztd; ml;ilnahd;wpidf; ifapnyLj;J> mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifia> vz; fPyq;fis my;yJ vz;zpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf;
fhZkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
mf;$l;Lj;njhifiaf; fhl;Lk; vz; ml;iliaj; njupTnra;J vjpNu itf;fr;
nra;f.
cjhuzk; : 4 + 7 11
mJ rupahdjhntd rfghbiaf; nfhz;L rupghu;f;fr; nra;f.
mjidg; gpd;tUkhW jbj;j fljhrpapy; Fwpg;gpLkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 4 + 7 = 11
mt;thwhf rpy jlitfs; nra;j gpd;du; xt;nthU FOtpdJk; $l;ly;fis
vOjpa jbj;j fljhrpfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
1 - 6 tiuapYk; 7 - 12 tiuapYk; vz;zplg;gl;l ,uz;L jhaf;fl;ilfisj;
Jizahff; nfhz; L xU tpisahl; i lg; Nghd; W ,uz; L vz; f spd;
$l;Lj;njhifiaf; fhz topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : khztu; FOf;fSf;F Nkw;gb jhaf;fl;ilfs; ,uz;Lk;
jbj;j fljhrpAk; toq;Ff. khztu; xt;nthUtUk; jhaf;fl;ilfs; ,uz;ilAk;
cUl;lr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. jhaf;fl;ilfs; ,uz;bd; %yKk; fpilf;Fk;
$l;Lj;njhifiaj; jbj;j fljhrpapy; khztupd; ngaUf;F vjpNu Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
nraw;ghL 4
gbKiw : 1
vz; ml;ilf; fPyj;ij nu[pNghk; jhq;fpnahd;wpy; ,izj;Jg; ghdf;Fohia
ahNjDk; vz;zpd; vjpNu tiujy; Crp %yk; ,izf;Ff.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19 20
gpd;du;> mt;ntz;Zf;F vjpNuAs;s vz; FwpaPLfSf;F NkNy njspthfj;
njupaf;$bathwhf fpNs cUz;ilfis ,izf;Ff.
gpwpnjhU epwg; ghdf;Fohia vLj;J vz; gpizg;G cUthFkhW ,izf;Ff.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
49
khztu; midtUk; Nru;e;J mg;ghdf;Fohapd; ,U Gwj;NjAk; cs;s fpNs
cUz;ilfis ntt;Ntwhf vz;zp> mt;ntz;gpizg;ig ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sr;
nra;f.
cjhuzk; : 3 + 3 = 6
mt;thwhf ghdf;Fohia khw;wpathW vz; gpizg;Gfisg; ngWkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
mt;ntz;gpizg;Gfisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.

cjhuzk; : 5 + 1 = 6 my;yJ 5
1
6
mt;thwhf vz;fs; rpytw;Wf;fhd vz; gpizg;Gfisg; ngWf.
ahNjDk; vz;Zld; G+r;rpaj;ijf; $l;LtijAk; mwpKfk; nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fs; FOf;fshfNth ,UtupUtuhfNth Nru;e;J Nkw;fhl;bathwhd vz;
fPyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> $l;ly; gpizg;Gfs; rpytw;iw vOjr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 5
$l;Lj;njhif 20 tiuapyhd vz; $l;ly;fis NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
1. ,uz;L vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf; fhz;gjw;fhf trdg;
gpurpdq;fs; toq;Ff.
2. vz;fy P j;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> ,uz;L vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf;
fhzy;
fzpg;gPL :
$l;Lj;njhif 20 ,Yk; Nkw;glhj ,uz;L vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf;
fhz;gjw;Nfw;w gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; cs;s cupa gapw;rpfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
50
15 vz;fisf; fopj;jy; - 2

20 ,w;F Nkw;glhj Xu; vz;zpy; ,Ue;J mjpYk; Fiwthd Xu;
vz;izf; fopf;Fk; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
fopg;ghu;.
fopf;Fk; vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
20 tiuapyhd fopj;jy; vz; gpizg;Gf;fs; rhu;e;j gapw;rpfisr; nra;thu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
fopj;jy;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
cjhuzk; : tpj;J tiffs;> njwpfs;> rpg;gp XLfs; Nghd;wit
vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfs; (1 - 20 tiu)
vz; gpizg;G ml;ilfs;
19 - 5 18 - 2
vz; ml;ilf; fPw;Wfs;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
> = FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;l ml;ilfs; (FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; NghJkhd

msT)
vspa trd fopj;jy; gpurpdq;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
20 vz;zpfs; mlq;fpAs;s xU ghj;jpuj;ij khztu;fs; ghu;f;ff;$bathW
itf;Ff.
ghj;jpuj;jpYs;s vz;zpfis vz;ZNthkh vdf; $wp> khztu;fSld; Nru;eJ;
vz;Zf. 20 vz;zpfs; cs;sd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
khztd; xUtid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> jhk; tpUk;gpa njhif
vz;zpfisg; ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J vLf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
mk;khztd; vLj;Js;s vz;zpfs; vj;jid vd khztUld; Nru;e;J vz;Zf.
ghj;jpuj;jpy; vj;jid vz;zpfs; kPjpahf cs;sdntdg; ghu;g;Nghk; vdf;
$wp kPjpahfTs;s vz;zpfisAk; khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J vz;Zf.
20 njwpfs; ,Ue;jd> 5 njwpfis ePf;fpdhy; kPjpahf cs;s njwpfs; 15.
vz;fis cs;slf;fpa Nfhitiaf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf;fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : 20 fopj;jy; 5 rkd; 15
20 5 = 15
51
ghj; jpuj;j py; cs; s nkhj; j vz; z pfspd; vz; zpf;i fia khw; wpathW
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd fopj;jy;fisr; rpy jlitfs; nra;f.
cjhuzk; : 18 10 = 8
xU vz;zpypUe;J G+r;rpaj;ijf; fopf;Fk; cjhuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 8 0 = 8
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;
20 ,Yk; Fiwe;j njhif vz;zpfs; cs;s xU ghj;jpuk; (FOf;fSf;F
toq;Fk; vz;zpfspd; njhif NtWgl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; ed;W) kw;Wk; fw;wy;
tsq;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;sthwhd fopj;jy;fisf; nfhz;l vz; ml;ilj;njhFjpfs;>
FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;l ml;ilfSk; toq;Ff. A4 msTs;s gpwp];ly; ml;il
Nghd;w jbj;j fljhrp xt;nthd;W tPjKk; toq;Ff.
FO cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk; $l;lhfg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s vz;zpfs; vj;jid
vdf; fz;lwpAkhW mwpTWj;Jf. mjw;Fupa vz;FwpaPl;ilAk; njupTnra;J
NkirkPJ itf;FkhW $Wf.
rpy vz;zpfisg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNa vLf;FkhW xU khztUf;Ff;
$Wf.
mt; ntz; zpf; iff;F g; nghUj;jkhd vz; ml; iliaj; njupTnra;A khW
topg;gLj;Jf.
kPjpahfTs;s vz;zpfis vz;ZkhWk; mt;ntz;zpf;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
vz; ml;iliaj; njupTnra;AkhWk; kw;WnkhU khztid topg;gLj;Jf.
tFg;G khztu;fs; midtUk; $l;lhfr; Nru;eJ ; gpd;tUkhW fhl;l topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 20 - 8 = 12
jkJ FOtpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jbj;j fljhrpapy; mjid vOJkhW FOf;fis
topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 20 - 8 = 12
,t;thwhf FOtpYs;s khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;gb rpy jlitfs;
fopj;jy;fisr; nra;J jbj;j fljhrpapy; vOJkhW topg;gLj;Jf. FO Ntiyiag;
ghuhl;b> mtw;iw tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
vz; ml; ilfisAk; vz; ml;i lf; fPyq;fisAk; gad;g Lj;j p my;yJ
fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf;fhl;b> ,r;nraw;ghl;il elj;Jf.
fopj;jy; Nfhitf;F Vw;wthW vz; ml;ilf; fPyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fopj;jy;
nra;Ak; tpjj;ij khztu;fSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : 19 - 15
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
19 kPJ fpNs my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd xU nghUis ,l;L my;yJ

milahskpLf. vz; fPyj;jpy; 15 tiuapy; kiwf;Ff. gpd;du;> milahsk;
,lg;gl;l vz; tiuapy; vz;Zf.
tpil fpilj;j gpd;du; khztu;fSld; $l;lhf Nfhitia vOJf.
cjhuzk; : 19 - 15 = 4
52
NkYk; 15 ,ypUe;J 19 tiu vz;Ztjd; %yKk; ,t;tpiliag; ngWk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
,t;thwhf NkYk; rpy fopj;jy;fis vz; ml;ilf; fPyq;fspd; JizAld;
khztuJ <Lghl;Lld; jPu;g;gijr; nra;J fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> mf;FOf;fSf;F fopj;jy;
gpurpd ml;ilfs;> vz; fPyq;fs;> jbj;j fljhrp Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
FOtpy; khztu;fs; ,UtupUtuhf fopj;jy; gpurpd ml;ilnahd;wpidg; ngw;W
mjw;fhd jPu;it vz; ml;ilf; fPyj;jpd; JizAld; fhz topg;gLj;Jf.
FOtpw;F toq;fg;gl;l jbj;j fljhrpapy; mjid vOj topg;gLj;Jf.
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W khztu;fs; rupahfr; nra;fpd;wduh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
khztu;fsplk; gpd;tUtd Nghd;w kdf;fzf;Ffis tpdTf.
cjhuzk; 7 ,ypUe;J 3 If; fopj;jhy; vt;tsT?
8 ,ypUe;J 5 If; fopj;jhy; vt;tsT?
9 FUtpfs; ,Ue;jd; 2 FUtpfs; gwe;J nrd;wd; kPjp
vj;jid FUtpfs; cs;sd?
5 khk;goq;fs; ,Ue;jd; 4 goq;fs; tpw;fg;gl;ld; kPjp
vj;jid?
20 ,Yk; Fiwthd Xu; vz;zpypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwthd Xu; vz;izf;
fopf;Fk; vspikahd rpy gpurpdq;fisf; fij tbtpy; Kd;itf;Ff.
espdpapd; gpwe;j ehsd;W jha; 15 nkOFtu;j;jpfis Vw;wpdhs;. Ntfkhd
fhw;wpdhy; 7 nkOFtu;j;jpfs; mize;Jtpl;ld. mizahJ ,Uf;Fk; nkOF
tu;j;jpfs; vj;jid vd;W nrhy;y KbAkh?
,jw;fhf ,uz;L khztu;fis tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J vz;zpfis toq;fp>
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;d u; khztu;f Sld; $l;l hf> fUk;gyifapy; gbKiw gbKiwahf
vOjpathW gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Ff.
15 nkOFtu;jj ; pfs; Vw;wg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; 7 mize;J tpll
; J. kPjpahf ,Ue;jit
8 MFk;.
15 7 = 8
gjpide;J fopj;jy; VO rkd; vl;L
Nkw;gb gpurpdj;ij gpd;tUkhWk; vOjp tpil vOJk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
15
7
8
18 khk;goq;fs; ,Ue;jd. jk;gp mjpy; 8 khk;goq;fisr; rhg;gpl;lhd;. kPjpahfTs;s
khk;goq;fs; vj;jid?
,Ue;j khk;goq;fs; - 18
jk;gp rhg;gpl;lit - 8
kPjpahf cs;sit - 10
18
18 8 = 10 8
gjpndl;L fopj;jy; vl;L rkd; gj;J 10
53
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J thf;fpaf; fopj;jw; gpurpdq;fs;
Vwj;jho 2 / 3 mstpy; fpilf;fr;nra;f.
khztu;fs; ,UtUk; Nru;eJ ; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F topg;gLj;Jf. FOf;fs;
itj;jpUf;Fk; ml;ilapYs;s vy;yhg; gpurpdq;fisAk; jPu;j;j gpd; kw;WnkhU
FOTld; gpurpd ml;ilia khw;wpf;nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 3
khztu;fs; jPu;j;j gpurpdq;fSs; 2 my;yJ 3 gpurpdq;fisj; jkJ mg;gpahrf;
nfhg;gpapy; vOjpf;nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gpurpdj;ijj; jPu;f;Fk;NghJ Njitnadpd; vz;zpfisg; gad;gLj;j khztu;
fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 4
gbKiw : 1
vz; fopj;jw; gpizg;Gf;fs; rpytw;iw fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : 18 - 2
9 - 5
mitnaht;nthd;iwAk; vz; ml;ilf; fPyq;fspd; JizAld; khztUld;
$l;Lr; Nru;e;J jPu;f;Ff.
tpilahff; fpilf;f Ntz;ba vz;iz toq;fp> mJ fpilf;f Ntz;Lnkdpd;>
jug;gl;Ls;s vz;zpypUe;J vj;jidiaf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fz;lwptjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd xU gpurpdj;ij toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 9 ,ypUe;J vj;jidiaf; fopj;jhy; tpilahf 4 fpilf;Fk;?
9 - = 4
tpiliag; ngWk; Kiwia vz; ml;ilf; fPyj;jpd; JizAld; my;yJ
vz;fPyj;ijf; fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4
,t;thwhf NkYk; rpy cjhuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ,UtupUtuhf FOf;fshf;Ff.
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W jahupj;j vz; gpizg;Gfs; vOjpa ml;ilj; njhFjpfs;>
vz; ml;ilf; fPyq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
9 5 = 9 = 3
4 2 = 5 = 2
khztu; FOf;fSf;F jlitf;F xd;W tPjk; ml;ilfis vLj;J mjpy;

mlq;fpAs;s vz; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 5
gbKiw : 1
khztu;fSf;F Xu; vz;iz toq;fp> mjid tpilahfg; ngwj;jf;f vz;
gpizg;Gfis ,ad;wsT Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
54
cjhuzk; : tpil 2 Mf mika 5 ,ypUe;J vj;jidiaf; fopj;jhy;
tpil 2 Mf mika 7 ,ypUe;J vj;jidiaf; fopj;jhy;
tpil 2 Mf mika NtW fopj;jy; gpizg;Gfisf;
$wr;nra;f.
khztu;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; vz; gpizg;Gfis vz; ml;ilf; fPyj;jpd; JizAld;
jPu;j;J vz; ml;ilapy; cs;s tpil fpilf;fpd;wjh vd;gij khztu;fSld;
Nru;e;J guprPypf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : tpilahf 2 Ig; ngw
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 4-2}2
2 7- 5} 2
2 9- 7} 2
gbKiw : 2
khztu; FOf;fSf;F vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfs;> vz; ml;ilf; fPyq;fs;
fpNs> jbj;j fljhrp Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
me;je;jf; FOf;fSf;F 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Mfpa vz;fSs; xd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
xU khztd; Xu; vz; ml;il tPjk; vLj;J> jkf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s vz;
tpilahff; fpilf;Fk; Xu; vz; gpizg;ig vz; ml;ilf; fPyj;jpd; JizAld;
Njbawpa topg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf FOtpy; cs;s rfyUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;FkhW fopj;jy; vz;
gpurpdq;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mtw;iwj; jug;gl;Ls;s jbj;j fljhrpapy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; FOr; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;fpd;w Ntisapy; mtjhdpj;J mtu;fs;
20 ,w;F Nkw;glhj vz;nzhd;wpypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwe;j Xu; vz;izf;
fopg;gijr; rupahff; nra;fpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
20 ,w;Fk; Nkw;glhj vz;nzhd;wpypUe;J fopg;gjw;Fupa rpy gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;gjpy; jdpj;jdpahf <Lgl khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; nray;E}ypy; cs;sgapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
55
16 jputq;fis msj;jYk; xg;gpLjYk; - 1
Nju;r;rp : fdtsT> nfhs;ssT mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp> jput msTfis msg;ghu;>
xg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
vNjr;irahd xu; myifg; (rpwpa ghj;jpuk;) gad;gLj;jp> ,uz;L jput msTfis
mse;J> $l> Fiwa vd xg;gpLthu;.
vNjr;irahd myFfisf; nfhz;L ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit mse;J
xg;gpLthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
nfhs;Sk; msT> gpbf;Fk; msT
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
CLfhl;Lk; ghj;jpuq;fs; (gpshj;jpf;F . fz;zhbg; ghj;jpuq;fs;)
cjhuzk; : Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jy;fs;> FbePu;g; Nghj;jy;fs;> [f;Ffs;
ngupa Ngrpd;
ePu;
vNjr;irahd myFfshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;w rpwpa ghj;jpuq;fs;
cjhuzk; : rpwpa Ftisfs;> Nahfl; fpz;zq;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
cUtj;jpy; NtWgl;l vdpDk; nfhs;ssT rkkhd ,uz;L ntw;Wg; ghj;jpuq;fis
/ Nghj;jy;fis khztu;f;Ff; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; :
$Ljyhd msT ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; (gpbf;Fk;) ghj;jpuk; vJ vd khztuplk;

tpdTf. mtu;fs; $wpa tpilfs; rupahditah vd vt;thW fz;lwpayhk;
vdf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; midtUk; ghu;f;ff;$bathwhf xU ghj;jpuj;ij (Nghj;jiy) ePupdhy;
KOikahf epug;Gf. me;ePiu kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpy; nkJthf Cw;Wf. (,jw;fhf
xU Gdiyg; gad;gLj;JtJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.)
ePu; KOtijAk; Cw;wpaNghJ ,uz;lhtJ ghj;jpuk; KOikahf epuk;gpaikia
khztu;fs; ghu;f;f ,lkspf;Ff.
56
mjd; %yk; ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fSk; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT rkkhdJ vd;gij
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf. NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,uz;lhtJ ghj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s
ePiu kPz;Lk; KjyhtJ ghj;jpuj;jpy; Cw;wpf; fhl;Lf.
,dpf; nfhs;ssT NtWgl;l ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fis vLj;J Kd;du; Nghd;Nw
mit nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msTfs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
cjhuzk; : xU ghj;jpuj;ij tpl kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,lj;jf;f ePupd;

msT Fiwthdjh> $Ljyhdjh> rkkhdjh vd tpdTf.
mtu;fs; mDkhdpj;j gpd;du;> nfhs;ssT Fiwthd ghj;jpuj;jpDs; epuk;Gk;

tiu ePu; Cw;Wf. mjid khztu;f;Ff; fhl;b mg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s ePiu
nkJthf kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpDs; Cw;Wf.
,uz;lhtJ ghj;jpuk; G+uzkhf epuk;gtpy;iy vd;gijAk; mij epug;Gtjw;F
NkYk; ePu; Njitahifahy; mg;ghj;jpuk; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT $LjyhdJ
vd;gijAk; khztu;f;Ff; fhl;Lf.
mt;thwhf NtW ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;L> nfhs;ssT $ba ghj;jpuj;jpy;
,Ue;J nfhs;ssT Fiwthd ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePiu Cw;wpa gpd; KjyhtJ
ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePu; kPjpahf cs;sikahy; mg;ghj;jpuk; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT
$LjyhdJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; ntt;NtW nfhs;ssTs;s ghj;jpuk; ehd;F tPjKk; Gdy;
xd;Wk; ePu;g; ghj;jpuKk; toq;Ff.
jkJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j ghj;jpuq;fis / Nghj;jy;fis Kjypy; ,uz;L>
,uz;lhf Ntwhf;FkhW $Wf.
gpd;du; mg;ghj;jpuj;njhFjpfspy; Gdiyg; gad; gLj;jp ePu; epug; gp xg;gpl
topg;gLj;Jf. mjw;fhf Kjypy; xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePu; Cw;wp xg;gpLkhW $Wf.
,t;thwhfj; jkJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j ehd;F ghj;jpuq;fisAk; ,uz;buz;lhf
xg;gpl;L ghj;jpuq;fs; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msit xg;gpl topg;gLj;Jf.
xU ghj;jpuj;ijtpl kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpd; ePu; nfhs;Sk; msT $Ljyhdjh>
Fiwthdjh> rkkhdjh vdg; gps;isfs; $wr; nra;f.
khztu; FOf;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fs; rupahf
xg;gpLfpd;wduh vd mtjhdpf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
rkkhd msTs;s cUtj;jpy; NtWgl;l ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fisf; (Nghj;jy;fis)
fhl;b> $Ljyhd msT ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; vJntd khztuplk;
tpdTf.
$Ljyhd msT ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; Nghj;jiy fz;lwptjw;fhf vd;d nra;ayhk;
vdf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mtu;fs; juk; 1 ,y; ,jidr; nra;j tpjj;ij epidT+l;Lf.
mjd; %yk; NtW rpwpanjhU ghj;jpuj;ij vLj;J> me;ePu; msTfisj;
jdpj;jdpahf mse;J> mit nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msTfisf; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;ijf;
fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : rk msthd Nahfl; fpz;zq;fis vLj;J> ,uz;L
Nghj;jy;fspYk; cs;s ePiu ntt;Ntwhf me;j Nahfl; fpz;zq;fspy; epug;Gf.
57
Nahfl; fpz;zq;fs; vj;jid vd vz;zpf; fzf;fpl;Lf;nfhz;L> ePupd; msT
vt;tsT vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
me;ePu; msTfs; rkkhditah> $Ljyhdjh> Fiwthdjh vd;gij vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu Vwj;jho ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fspy; (Nghj;jy;fspy;) ,lg;gl;l ,uz;L
NtWgl;l msT ePiuAk; NghJkhd msTf;F Nahfl; fpz;zq;fisAk; my;yJ
NtW nghUj;jkhd rpwpa ghj;jpuq;fisAk; toq;Ff.
jkJ FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s vNjr;irahd myifg; gad;gLj;jp> ,uz;L
ghj;jpuq;fspYKs;s ePupd; msTfis mse;J xg;gpLkhW $Wf.
xt;nthU FOtpd; mUfpYk; nrd;W> mtu;fs; rupahf vz;zpf; fzf;fpl;lthW
ePu; msTfis xg;gpLfpd;wduh vd;gijf; fz;lwpf.
nraw;ghL 3, 4
vNjr;irahd myFfshf rpwpa ghj;jpuq;fs; / fpz;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit msg;gjw;Fk; xg;gpLtjw;Fk; Vw;w NkYk; rpy
nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; khztiu mtjhdpj;J> mtu;fs;
rupahff; nfhs;Sk; ePu; msTfis msf;fpd;wduh> xg;gpLfpd;wduh vd;gij
ghj;jpunkhd;W nfhs;Sk; jput msit vNjr;irahd Xu; myifg; gad;gLj;jp
msf;fr; nra;J rupahf msg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;f.
58
17 Neuk; foptij ,dq;fhzy;
Nju;r;rp : epkplk;> kzp> ehs;> thuk;> khjk; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis

,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ntt;NtW epfo;TfSf;fhf Neuk; nrythtij (foptij) ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
ahNjDk; epfo;Tf;F Neuk; nrythfpd;wikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
ahNjDk; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf mtutu;f;Fr; nrythFk; Neuk; NtWgLfpd;wikiaf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
xU epfo;Tf;fhf ntt;NtW Kiwfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjhy; fopAk; (nrythFk;)
Neuk; NtWgLk; vd;gij ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
Neuk;> nrythFk; Neuk;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
ml;ilfs;> fljhrpj; jhs;fs;
<u;f;Ffs;> kyu;fs;
Jthu Kid> rpul;ilfs;> kzy;> Nghj;jy;
vz;zpfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
tpisahlg; NghNthkh vd tpdtp> khztiuj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F
mioj;Jr; nry;f. Vwj;jho 15 kPw;wu; J}uj;ij milahskpl;L> vOkhwhfj;
njupT nra;j xU khztid mioj;J> Xu; me;jj;jpy; (milahsj;jpy;) ,Ue;J
kw;iwa me;jk; (milahsk;) tiu Xbr; nrd;W> kPz;Lk; jpUk;gp Muk;g ,lk;
tiu Xb tUkhW $Wf.
rkpf;iQ toq;fpaTld; Xl;lj;ij Muk;gpf;FkhW $wp> MrpupiaAk; Vida
khztu;fSk; xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W> .... vd vz;zpathW ifjl;lj; njhlq;Ff.
(xNu re;jj;jpw;F mikthff; ifjl;lr; nra;f)
Xl;lj;ij Kbj;j khztuJ ngaUf;F vjpNu ifjl;ba jlitfs; vj;jid
vd;gij ml;ilapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
,dp> mt;tpuz;L ,lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uj;ij mjpfupf;Ff my;yJ
Fiwf;Ff. khztd; ,isg;ghwpa gpd;du;> Kd;du; Nghd;Nw kPz;Lk; mNj
khztDf;F Xlr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Kd;du; Nghd;Nw> vz;zpathW ifjl;lr; nra;J> ifjl;ba jlitfspd;
vz;zpf;iffs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
cjhuzk;: Fiwe;j msT J}uj;ij XLtjw;Ff; Fiwe;j msT
NeuKk; $Ljyhd msT J}uj;ij XLtjw;Ff; $Ljyhd
msT NeuKk; nrythfpd;wikia / fopfpd;wikia
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf NkYk; XupU khztiu Xlr; nra;J> nraw;ghl;il kPz;Lk; elj;Jf.
59
gbKiw : 2
khztiu ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
epfo;TfSf;fhf Neuk; nrythFk; (fopAk;) vd;gij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w rpy nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : khztu; ,Utupy; xUtu; Gj; j fj; j py; xU rpW ge; j pia
thrpf;Fk;NghJ kw;iwa khztu; xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W>..... vd
vz;Zjy;> gpd;du; FOtpy; ,lk;khwp mNj nraw;ghl;by; <LgLjy;
rpwpa fljhrpia my;yJ tupg;glj;ijf; nfhLj;J> mjid tu;ze;
jPll
; xU khztid <LgLj;Jf. kw;iwa khztDf;F vz;ZkhW
$Wjy;> gpd;du; ,UtUk; ,lk;khwp mNj nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr;
nra;jy;.
me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ vtUf;Ff; $Ljyhd msT Neuk; nry;fpwJ>
vtUf;Ff; Fiwthd Neuk; nry;fpwJ vdf; fye;Jiuahl topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
ahNjDk; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf nrythFk; Neuk; MSf;fhs; NtWgLk; vd;gij
,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf> Vwj;jho 10 kPww
; u; msT J}uj;ij milahskpl;L> khztu;
rpyiu xt;nthUtuhf njhlf;f milahsj;jpy; ,Ue;J KbT milahsk;
tiuapy; Xlr; nra;f.
xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; XLtjw;Fr; nrythfpa Neuj;ij ntt;Ntwhf ngWjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;j khztd; KbTf;Nfhl;il miltjw;Fr; nrythfpa ifjl;ly;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia ml;ilnahd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
,t;thwhf> ahNjDk; nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;tjw;F mtutu;f;Fr; nrythFk;
Neuk; NtWgLk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; Nfhu;f;fj;jf;f kyu;fs; 10 ck; <u;fF
; fs; 2 ck; toq;Ff.
me;jf; FOtpd; khztu;fis ,UtupUtuhfg; gpupj;J ,uz;L khztu;fs;
xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W> ..... vd vz;zpathW ifjl;liy Muk;gpf;FkhWk;
kw;iwa ,uz;L khztu;fSk; xt;Nthu; <u;f;fpypYk; 5 kyu;fisf; Nfhu;j;J
Kbf;Fk;NghJ kw;iwa khztu; vj;jid jlitfs; ifjl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gijf;
Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhWk; mwpTWj;Jf.
,t;thwhf khztu; ,Utu; ,lk;khwp> kyu;fs; Nfhu;j;jiyAk; ifjl;liyAk;
nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf. mk;khztu;fs; kyu;fisf; Nfhu;j;J Kbg;gjw;Fs;
vj;jid jlitfs; ifjl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gijg; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;SkhW $Wf.
,UtUs; ahUf;F 5 kyu;fisf; Nfhu;g;gjw;Ff; $Ljyhd msT Neuk; /
Fiwthd msT Neuk; nrythfpaJ vdf; fye;JiuahLtjw;Fk; rpwpasT
fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff. mjpf Neuk; nrythdtUf;F mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd
ifjl;ly;fSk; Fiwe;j Neuk; nrythdtUf;F Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd
ifjl;ly;fSk; jl;lg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij typAWj;Jf.
60
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
Jthukplg;gl;l rpul;il> cyu;e;j kzy;> ntw;W [hk; Nghj;jy;fs;> vz;zpfs;
mlq;fpa ghj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw Maj;jk; nra;J nfhs;f.
xU khztid mioj;J> vz;zpfs; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J xt;Nthu;
vz;zp tPjk; vLj;J> kw;iwa ntw;Wg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; NghLkhW $Wf.
mk;khztd; vz;zj; njhlq;fpaTld;> [hk; Nghj;jy; thapd; kPJ Jthukplg;gl;l
rpul;ilia itj;J mjDs; kzy; epug;Gf.
khztd; vz;zpfisg; Nghl;L Kbj;j gpd;> [hk; Nghj;jypy; kzy; epuk;gpAs;s
kl;lj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
kPz;Lk; mNj khztid mioj;Jj; jlitf;F ,uz;L vz;zpfs; tPjk;
vLj;J> kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpy; NghLkhW $Wf.
kw;WnkhU [hk; Nghj;jiy vLj;J mjd; kPJ JthuKs;s rpul;ilia itj;J>
Kd;du; Nghd;Nw vz;zpfisg; Nghl;L Kbj;jTld; Nghj;jypy; kzy; epuk;gpAs;s
kl;lj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
,uz;L Nghj;jy;fspYk; kzy; epuk;gpAs;s kl;lj;ij xg;gpl;L> mjpf Neuk;
nrythfpa Kiw vJ> Fiwthd Neuk; nrythfpa Kiw vJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J
ciuahLf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu 4 - 6 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
JthuKs;s rpul;il> kzy;> [hk; Nghj;jy;> 10 vz;zpfs; Mfpatw;iwf;
FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
FOtpy; me;je;j khztDf;F 10 vz;zpfisAk; vz;Ztjw;Fr; nrythFk;
Neuj;jpDs; Nghj;jypy; kzy; epuk;gpAs;s kl;lj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhWk;
mwpTWj;Jf.
gpd;du;> ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;zpfisg; NghLtjw;F nrytpl;l Neuj;jpDs; Nghj;jypy;
kzy; epuk;gpAs;s kl;lj;ij mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
mjd; %yk; tpiuthf vz;zp Kbj;Js;s FO vJntdf; fz;lwpa topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ ,ileLtpy; mtjhdpj;jy; kw;Wk; tpdhf; Nfl;ly; %yk;
Neuk; fopjy; (nrythjy;) njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij khztu; ngw;Ws;sduh
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
__________
61
18 nghUl;fspd; epiwfis xg;gpLjy; - 1
Nju;r;rp : epiwia msj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

ntt;NtW nghUl;fspd; epiwfis xg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
,uz;L nghUl;fis cs;sq;iffspy; itj;J ifapdhy; czug;gLk; tifapy;
mtw;wpd; epiwfis xg;gpLthu;.
juhirg; gad;gLj;jp xNu tifiar; Nru;e;j ,uz;L nghUl;fspd; epiwfisf;
$l> Fiwa vd xg;gpLthu;.
juhirg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW nghUl;fspd; epiwfis xg;gpLthu;.
rpwpajhf ,Ug;gpDk; epiw $ba> ntt;NtW msthdjhf ,Ug;gpDk; epiw
rkkhd nghUl;fspd; epiwfis juhirg; gad;gLj;jp xg;gpLthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
epiw $ba> epiw Fiwthd> epiw rkkhd
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l xNu msTs;s nghUl;fs;
(FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; NghJkhdthW jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f)
cjhuzk; : rpwpa kuf;Fw;wpfs;> nu[pNghk; Fw;wpfs;> ge;Jfs;> tpj;J
tiffs; / kzy;> Jzpj; Jz;Lfisf; nfhz;L nra;j ciwfs;
tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J ngw;w fha;fwpfs; / go tiffs;
jahupf;fg;gl;l jl;Lj; juhRfs; (FOTf;F xd;W tPjk;)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
epiw xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l ,uz;L nghUl;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;b>
mtw;Ws; ghuk; $ba nghUs; vJ vdf; $w KbAkh vd khztu;fsplk;
tpdTf. (mtw;wpd; epiw Fwpj;J ahJ $w KbAk; vd tpdTf)
cjhuzk; : ge;J xd;Wk; kuf;Fw;wp xd;Wk;
(njspthd epiw NtWghLfs; nfhz;l ,uz;L nghUl;fisj; njupTnra;J
nfhs;f)
xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J ,uz;L nghUl;fis ,uz;L
iffspYk; vLj;J mtw;wpy; epiw $ba / epiw Fiwthd nghUisj; njupT
nra;AkhW $Wf.
me;j ,uz;L nghUl;fisAk; khztupilNa iff;Ff;if khw;wp mDg;gp
epiw $ba nghUs; vJ> epiw Fiwthd nghUs; vJ vd ,dq;fhz
khztu;fs; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mt;thwhd nghUl; Nrhbfs; rpytw;iw vLj;J cs;sq;iffspy; itj;J mtw;wpd;
epiwfis xg;gplr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; epiw xg;gPl;bw;fhd
nghUl; Nrhb xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
62
FOtpy; midtUk; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J Kjypy; ,uz;L nghUl;fis vLj;J
epiwia xg;gpLkhW $Wf. mt;thW xg;gpl;l ,uz;L nghUl;fisAk; epiw
$ba nghUs;> epiw Fiwthd nghUs; vd ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.
mjidf; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sthW Xu; ml;ltizapy; vOj topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : epiw Fiwthd epiw $ba
ge;J kuf;Fw;wp
.................... .....................
.................... .....................
.................... .....................
,Wjpapy; xt;nthU FOtpdJk; xg;gPLfis tFg;gpy; midtUk; ghu;f;ff;

$bathW fUk;gyifapy; my;yJ Rtupy; njhq;ftpl;Lf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
cs;sq;iffspy; itj;J xg;gplL ; g; ghu;jj
; NghjpYk; epiw NtWghl;ilj; njspthf
czu Kbahjthwhd epiw NtWgl;l xNu tifahd goq;fs; / kuf;fwp
,uz;bidj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f.
Kd;ida nraw;ghl;bidg; Nghd;W ,uz;L cs;sq;iffspYk; itj;J> epiwia
xg;gplr; rpy khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;gg; k; toq;Ff. epiw $ba / epiw Fiwthd
nghUs; vJntd ,dq;fhz KbAkhntd tpdtp fye;JiuahLf.
mt;thwhd ,uz;L nghUl;fspd; NtWghl;bidf; fz;lwptjw;fhfj; juhrpidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
Kd;ida nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ epiw $ba / epiw Fiwthd vd;wthW njspthf
,dq;fz;l ,uz;L nghUl;fis vLj;J juhrpd; ,U jl;Lf;fspYk; ,Lf.
epiw $ba nghUis ,l;l jl;Lf;F ahJ epfo;e;jJ vd tpdtp> juhirg;
gad;gLj;jp epiw $ba nghUl;fis ,dq;fhZk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
,t;thwhf rpy nghUl; Nrhbfspd; epiwfis xg;gpLtijr; nra;J fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; juhR> epiwia
xg;gpLtjw;fhd nghUl;njhFjp Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
khztu;fs; tpUk;gpathW juhrpy; nghUl;fis ,l;L epiwia xg;gplr; re;ju;gg
; k;
mspf;Ff. (juhirr; rupahf rkepiyahf epWj;jpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;)
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W rfy khztu;fSf;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;fpd;wikia
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f. mtu;fs; rupahfj; juhirg; gad;gLj;jp epiwapid
xg;gpLfpd;wduh vd mtjhdpf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
tpj;Jg; ig xd;iwAk; rw;Wg; ngupa nu[pNghk; Fw;wp xd;iwAk; khztu;fSf;Ff;
fhl;b> epiw $baJ vJ vd tpdTf.
khztu;fspd; tpilfis ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L> juhirg; gad;gLj;jp xg;gpl;Lg;
ghu;g;Nghkh vd tpdtp> mjw;fhf Kd;tUk; ,uz;L khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;Ff. epfo;tJ gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.
tpj;Jg; ig rpwpajhapDk; epiw $LjyhdJ vd;gijAk; nu[pNghk; Fw;wp
mstpy; ngupajhapDk; epiw FiwthdJ vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gplL ; f; fye;JiuahLf.
gbKiw : 2
rk msTs;sjhfj; jahu;g;gLj;jpa kzw; ig / tpj;Jg; ig> gQ;R / Jzpj;Jz;Lg;
63
ig Mfpatw;iwj; juhRj; jl;Lf;fs; kPJ itj;J xg;gpLkhW NtW ,uz;L
,e;j ,uz;L nghUl;fSk; mstpy; rkdhditahapDk; epiwapy; NtWgl;lit
vd;gijapl;Lf; fye;JiuahLf.
gbKiw : 3
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; juhR> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
thwhd mstpy; rkkhdnjdpDk; epiwapy; NtWgl;l > mstpy; NtWgl;ljhapDk;
epiwapy; rkkhd nghUl;njhFjp xd;Wk; toq;Ff.
FO cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk; $l;lhfr; Nru;e;J mg;nghUl;fspd; epiwfis
xg;gpLkhW $Wf.
FOf;fSf;fpilNa nghUl;fisg; gupkhwpathW mg;nghUl;fspd; epiwfis
xg;gpLtjw;F topg;gLj;Jf.
khztu;fs; FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; me;je;jf; FOtpd;
mUNf nrd;W tpdhf;fis tpdtp> mtu;fs; rupahf epiwfis xg;gpLfpd;wduh
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; Ntisapy; mtu;fspilNa nrd;W>
tpdhf; Nfl;lgbNa mtjhdpj;J> ntt;NtW nghUl;fis epiw rkkhdJ>
epiw $baJ> epiw FiwthdJ vd;wthW xg;gpLfpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
cjtp Njitg;gLk; khztu;fSf;F gy;NtW nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp epiwia
xg;gpl NkYk; re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;Ff.
64
19 ePsj;ij msj;jYk; xg;gpLjYk; - 2
Nju;r;rp : ePsj;ij msj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

ePsq;fis / cauq;fis mse;J xg;gpLthu;> tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
nghUj;jkhd vNjr;irahd Xu; myifg; gad;gLj;jp ePsj;ij / cauj;ij
msg;ghu;.
nghUj;jkhd vNjr;irahd Xu; myifg; gad;gLj;jp ,uz;L ePsq;fis mse;J
ePsk; $l> ePsk; Fiwa vd xg;gpLthu;.
%d;W nghUs;fspd; ePsj;ij / cauj;ij vNjr;irahd Xu; myfpy; mse;J
xg;gpLthu;> tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.
ePsq;fis vNjr;irahd myFfspy; mDkhdpj;Jf; $Wthu;> mse;J mjid
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
ePsk;> cauk;> vNjr;irahd myFfs;
ePsk; kpff; $ba> ePsk; kpff; Fiwthd
vz;zpa J}uk;> mse;j J}uk;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
vNjr;irahd myFfshfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f jbfs;> ngd;rpy;> ghdf;Foha;fs;
Nghd;w nghUs;fs;
jPf;Fr;rpfs; / <u;f;Ff; Fr;rpfs;
Vwj;jho 30 nrd;upkPw;wu; ePskhd jbfs;
fapW
tpj;Jg; igfs; - Vwj;jho 10
upgd; ehlh / fpNug; ehlh (%d;W epwq;fspy;)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
,jw;F Kd;du; ePsj;ij msj;jy; tplaq;fspy; Nkir> fUk;gyif> thq;F
Nghd;wtw;iw msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa myFfs; gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTf.
me;j myFfshy; msf;ff;$ba NtW nghUs;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
,g;NghJ ehk; xU tpisahl;L tpisahlg; NghfpNwhk; vdf; $wp khztiuj;
jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yq;fs;.
Mrpupau; milahskpl;l Xu; ,lj;jpy; epw;FkhW xU khztuplk; $Wf.
jahuhf itj;Js;s tpj;Jg; ig xd;wpid mk;khztd; ifapy; nfhLj;J>
,ad;wsT J}uj;jpw;F mjid vwpAkhW $Wf. tpj;Jg; ig tpOe;j ,lj;ij
milahskpl;Lf; nfhs;f.
xU khztu; te;J Mrpupau; njupTnra;J jUk; vNjr;irahd Xu; myifg;
gad;gLj;jp tpj;Jg; ig vwpag;gl;l J}uj;ij msf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
mjid msf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J khztuJ ftdj;ij
<u;f;Ff.
tpj;Jg; igia vwpe;j khztu; epd;w ,lj;jpypUe;J mJ tpOe;j ,lk;
tiuapy; xU Neu;NfhL tiujy;
khztu; epd;w ,lj;jpypUe;J msf;fj; njhlq;Fjy;
65
vNjr;irahd myif itj;J msf;Fk;NghJ xt;nthU jlitapYk;
me;jj;ijj; jiuapy; milahskpl;Lf; nfhs;f.
,t;thwhf tpj;Jg; ig vwpag;gl;l J}uj;ij vNjr;irahd rpy myFfshy;
mse;J kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd myF gw;wp khztuplk; fye;Jiuahb mjid
,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu %d;W Ngu; my;yJ ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; tpj;Jg; ig xd;Wk; ml;il xd;Wk; toq;Ff.
khztu; FOf;fisj; jpwe;j ntspapy; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspd;ghy; topg;gLj;Jf.
nghUj;jkhd vNjr;irahd Xu; myifg; gad;gLj;jpf; FOtpy; xt;nthU
khztDk; tpj;Jg; ig vwpe;j J}uj;ij mse;J ml;ilapy; gjpT nra;J
nfhs;SkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
msj;jiy Muk;gpf;f Kd;du;> mwpKfj;jpd;NghJ msj;jy; gw;wp toq;fg;gl;l
mwpTWj;jy;fis khztu;f;F kPs epidT+l;Lf.
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W mtu;fs; rupahf msf;fpd;wduh vdf; fz;lwpf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
mUfUNf itj;J ePsq;fis xg;gpl Kbahj ,uz;L nghUs;fisf; fhl;b>
mtw;wpy; ePsk; $baJ vJ / cauk; $baJ vJ vd khztuplk; tpdTf.
cjhuzk; : ad;dypd; cauk; - fUk;gyifapd; cauk;
Gj;jf mYkhupapd; ePsk; - Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsk;
khztu;f;F mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspaplr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mtw;wpd; topNa mtw;wpd; ePsj;ij xNu myfpdhy; mse;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;
vDk; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
khztuJ <Lghl;Lld; me;j ,uz;L nghUs;fspd; ePsj;ij / cauj;ij
jdpj;jdpNa msf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : Gj;jf mYkhupapd; ePsk; - 10 ghdf;Foha;fs;
Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsk; - 14 ghdf;Foha;fs;
Gj;jf mYkhupapd; ePsj;ijtpl> Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsj;jpw;F ghdf;Foha;fs;
$Ljyhifahy; Mrpupau; Nkir ePsk; $baJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff. mse;j
jlitfs; $Ljyhd nghUs; ePsk; $baJ vd;gij typAWj;Jf.
,t;thwhf NtW rpy nghUs;fspd; ePsj;ij / cauj;ij mse;J xg;gpLf.
mtw;iwg; gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W fUk;gyifapy; vOJf. ePsq;fs; rkkhd xU
re;ju;g;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
ePsk; Fiwthd ePsk; $ba
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztiu ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
tFg;giwapy; cs;s ePsk; my;yJ cauk; rkdw;w ,uz;L nghUs;fis
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xJf;fpf; nfhLf;fTk;.
cjhuzk; : khztu; Nkirapd; ePsk; - Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsk;
khztu; fjpiuapd; cauk; - khztu; Nkirapd; cauk;
66
vNjr;irahd Xu; myifg; gad;gLj;jp> FOTf;F xJf;fp toq;fg;gl;l ,uz;L
nghUs;fspd; cauq;fis / ePsq;fis mse;J cauk; / ePsk; $ba nghUisj;
njupT nra;AkhW $Wf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
Vwj;jho 30 nrd;upkPw;wu; ePskhd xU jbiaf; fhl;b> tpUk;gpa xU khztu;
Kd;te;J mjidf;nfhz;L Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsj;ij msf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
msf;Fk; jlitfis vz;zpf; fzf;fpLkhW kw;iwa khztu;f;Ff; $Wf.
Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsk; - ... jbfs; vdf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
,uz;lhtjhf> tFg;giwapd; xU gf;fj;jpd; ePsj;ij mNj jbapdhy; msf;FkhW
kw;WnkhU khztu;f;Ff; $Wf. tFg;giwapd; xU gf;f ePsk; .... jbfs;
vdf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
%d;whtjhf fUk;gyifapd; ePsj;ij mNj jbapdhy; msf;FkhW kw;WnkhU
khztUf;Ff; $Wf. fUk;gyifapd; ePsk; .... jbfs;
,t;thwhf Mrpupau; Nkirapd;> tFg;giwapd;> fUk;gyifapd; ePsq;fis
xg;gpl;L ePsk; kpff; FiwthdJ vJntd tpdTf.
ePsk; kpff; Fiwthd nghUisj; njupT nra;Ak; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl Kd;tUk;
xt; nthU khztUf;Fk; re;ju; g;gkspf;Ff. ,t;t hNw ePsk; kpff; $ba
nghUisAk; njupT nra;ar; re;ju;gg; kspf;Ff. Njitnadpd;> NtWgl;l ePsKs;s
jbfs; / ghdf;Foha;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ePsk; kpff; Fiwthd>
rw;W ePsk; $Ljyhd> ePsk; kpff; $ba nghUs;fisj; njupT nra;Ak;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu %d;W Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; ePsj;ij msg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd %d;W nghUs;fisAk;
(tFg;giwapy; my;yJ tFg;giwf;F ntspNa) vNjr;irahd Xu; myifAk;
toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : xU FOTf;F Mrpupau; Nkirapd; ePsk;> ad;dypd; ePsk;> fjpiuapd;
mfyk; Mfpatw;iw msg;gjw;F 30 nrd;upkPw;wu; ePskhd jbia
toq;Ff.
xU khztDf;F xU nghUs; vd;wthW msg;gjw;Fk; mse;j
ePsj;ij / mfyj;ij gjpT nra;AkhWk; mwpTWj;Jf.
,Wjpapy; mg;nghUs;fspd; ePsj;jpd;gb tupirg;gLj;jpf; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 4
gbKiw : 1
fpNug; / upgd; ehlhf;fis khztUf;Ff; fhl;b> mtw;wpd; ePsj;ij msf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ vdf; $Wf.
mtw;wpd; ePsj;ij msg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd vNjr;irahd myFfs; gw;wp
khztuplk; tpdTf.
mtw;Ws; xU epw ehlhit tFg;G khztu; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fjhf
fhl;rpg; gyifapy; my;yJ Rtupy; xl;Lf.
vNjr;irahd Xu; myifj; njupT nra;J nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; : ghdf;Foha;
gUFFohia khztu;f;Ff; fhl;b> kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G epw ehlhtpd; ePsk;
vj;jid ghdf;Foha;fshf ,Uf;Fk; vd mDkhdpj;Jf; $Wf.
vOkhwhf xU khztd; $wpa ePsj; ijf; fUk;g yifapy; gpd;tUkhW
ml;ltizapy; vOJf.
67
ehlh mDkhdpj;j ePs k; mse;j ePsk;
kQ;rs; ehlh ............ ghdf;Foha;fs; ........... ghdf;Foha;fs;
gr;ir ehlh ............ ghdf;Foha;fs; ........... ghdf;Foha;fs;
rptg;G ehlh ............ ghdf;Foha;fs; ........... ghdf;Foha;fs;
xU khztid mioj;J> me;ehlhitg; gUFFohapdhy; msf;FkhW $Wf.

mjidAk; ml;ltizapy; gjpT nra;f.
,t;thwhf kw;iwa ,uz;L ehlhf;fspdJk; ePsj;ij vz;ZkhWk; gpd;du;
msf;FkhWk; $wpr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mDkhdpj;j ePskhdJ> mse;jwpe;j ePsj;ij tpl $bajhfNth my;yJ
Fiwe;jjhfNth ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gijAk;> vdpDk; mDkhdpg;gnjd;gJ xU
jpwikahFk; vd;gijAk; $Wf.
gbKiw : 2
tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;stw;iwj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.
khztiur; rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; jb> gpd;tUk; gj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff. (tpisahl;L
Kw; w k; ,y; i yNay; nghUj; jkhd Xu; ,lj; i jAk; cgfuzq;f isAk;
gad;gLj;Jf.)
nghUs; mDkhdpj;j ePsk; mse;j ePsk;

epWj;jhLtisapd; (rPNrhtpd;) ePsk; ......... .........
gioa lau; tupirapd; ePsk; ......... .........
kzw;fplq;fpd; (Fopapd;) ePsk; ......... .........
tpisahl;L Kw;wj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W> vjidAk; msf;fhJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;stw;wpd;

ePsj;ij mDkhdpj;J vOjpf; nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
gpd;du;> jug;gl;Ls;s jbiag; gad;gLj;jp> ePsj;ij mse;J mt;thW mse;j
ePsj;ijAk; vOJkhW $Wf. mDkhdpjj ; ePsj;ijtpl mse;j ePsk; $Ljyhdjh>
Fiwthdjh> ,uz;L ePsq;fSk; rkdhdjh vd xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;ff ; topg;gLj;Jf.
xt;nthU FOtpd; mUfpYk; nrd;W rupahfr; nra;fpd;wduh vdf; ftdpf;Ff.
fzpg;gPL :
FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; mtjhdpj;jy; kw;Wk; tpdhf;
Nfl;ly; %yk; khztu;fs; vNjr;irahd myFfisj; njupT nra;jy;> msj;jy;>
gjpT nra;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; rupahfr; nra;fpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;f.
vNjr; i rahd myFfisg; gad; g Lj; j p eP s j; i j msj;j y; > xg; g pLjy; >
tupirg;gLj;jy;> mDkhdpj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; rupahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wduh
vd;gij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf khztu; jdpj;jdpahfr; nra;Ak;
Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; nray; E}ypy; cs;s gapw;rpfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
__________
68
20 Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fis ,dq;fhzy; 2
Nju;r;rp : jpz;kg; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fspd; ,ay;GfisAk;

jd;ikfisAk; ,dq;fz;L nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;
Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l cUtj;jpy; cs;s Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fis ntt;Ntwhf
,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
rJuk;> tl;lk;> nrt;tfk;> Kf;Nfhzp Mfpa Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fspd; vspa
,ay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
rJuk;> tl;lk;> nrt;tfk;> Kf;Nfhzp
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
jbj;j fljhrpapy; nra;j tbtq;fs;
nrt;tfk;> rJuk;> Kf;Nfhzp> tl;lk;
nraw;ghL 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;w Xu; ml;ltiz
fljhrpapy; ntl;ba ntt;NtW msTs;s jstbtj; njhFjpfs;
A4 msTf; fljhrpfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
jstbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuag;gl;l xU cUtj;ij / glj;ij khztu;
midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW Xu; ,lj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
mg;glj;jpy; cs;s jstbtq;fisf; $w khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

xU jstbtk; vj;jid jlitfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij ,dq;fhzr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : jstbtk; jstbtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
69
gbKiw : 2
khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; A3 msTf; fljhrp xd;Wk; epwf; fljhrpapy; ntl;bnaLj;j
jstbtj; njhFjp xd;Wk; toq;Ff.
me;je;j tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> FO cWg;gpdu;fs; vy;NyhUk; Nru;e;J
mofhd Xu; Mf;fk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
FOr; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztuJ Mf;fq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa me;je;jj; jstbtq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $Wtjw;Fk;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 3
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;w jstbtq;fisf; nfhz;l xU glj;ij toq;fp>
xt;nthU jstbtj;jpdJk; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpl;L ml;ltiziag;
G+uzg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
jstbtq;fis epwe;jPl;lTk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
jstbtk; jstbtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
jbj;j fljhrpapy; nra;j nrt;tf> rJu jstbtq;fis ,uz;L jl;Lfspy;
,l;L NkirkPJ itf;Ff.
vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J jhk;
tpUk;Gk; xU jstbtj;ijf; ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
mtu; xU rJuj;ijj; njupTnra;jhu; vdf; fUJNthk;. mj;jstbtj;ij tFg;gpy;
midtUf;Fk; fhl;bathW mtu; mjpy; fhZk; ,ay;Gfis tptupf;FkhW
$Wf.
rJu tbtj;ijf; fhl;b>
ehd;F gf;fq;fs; cz;L
ehd;F gf;fq;fSk; rkkhdit
vd;wthW tptupf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
,uz;lhtjhf vOkhwhf xU khztid mioj;J kw;WnkhU jstbtj;ij
vLf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
KjyhtJ khztd; nra;jijg; Nghd;Nw mj;jstbtj;ijf; fhl;b> mjd;
,ay;Gfis tptupf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : ,e;jj; jstbtj;jpy; ehd;F gf;fq;fs; cz;L.
vjpu;g;gf;fq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkkhdit.
70
rJunkhd;iwAk; nrt;tfnkhd;iwAk; fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J Nkw;gb ,ay;Gfs;
,Ug;gij NkYk; tpsf;Ff.
ehd;F gf;fq;fs; cz;L. ehd;F gf;fq;fs; cz;L.

ehd;F gf;fq;fSk; rkkhdit. ,uz;L vjpu;g;gf;fq;fSk; rkkhdit
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztiu ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F
mioj;Jr; nry;f.
xU FOtpw;F rJuf; FO vdTk; kw;iwa FOtpw;F nrt;tff; FO
vdTk; ngaupLf.
,uz;L FOf;fspdJk; khztu;fis ntt;Ntwhf ,uz;L tupirfspy; epw;FkhW
$Wf.
ntt;NtW msTfisf; nfhz;ljhf Mf;fg;gl;l rJuq;fs;> nrt;tfq;fis
,uz;L tupirfspy; rw;Wj; J}uj;jpy; epyj;jpy; gug;gp itf;Ff.
mjw;Fr; rw;W mg;ghy; Mrpupau; epw;gNjhL mUNf ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fis
itf;Ff.
xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; rJu tbtj;ijAk; kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpy; nrt;tf tbtj;ijAk;
khztu;fs; njspthff; ghu;f;ff;$bathW itf;Ff.
,uz;L FOf;fSf;FkpilNa Nghl;bnahd;W elj;jg;Nghtjhff; $wp> tpiuthfTk;
rupahfTk; jstbtq;fisr; Nrfupj;J Kbf;Fk; FO ntw;wpngWk; vdf; $Wf.
gpd;tUkhW Nghl;bia elj;Jf.
Mrpupia irif toq;fpaTld; Nghl;biaj; njhlq;Ff.
Kjypy;> tupirapy; Kd;dhy; epw;Fk; khztu; ,UtUk; Xbr;nrd;W jkJ
FOTf;Fupa jstbtq;fisr; Nrfupj;J Mrpupiaapd; mUNfAs;s ghj;jpuj;jpy;
Nghl;Ltpl;L> jkJ FOtpd; tupirapy; ,Wjpapy; Ngha; epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$Wf. KjyhtJ khztu; tupirapy; te;J epd;w gpd;du;> ,uz;lhtJ khztu;
Xbr;nrd;W mt;thwhf jkJ FOTf;Fupa jstbtq;fisr; Nrfupj;J cupa
ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,l;l gpd;du;> jpUk;gp XbathW tupirapd; ,Wjpapy; epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thwhf FO khztu;fs; midtUk; jstbtq;fisj; Njbg; ngWjy;
epiwtilAk; tiu Nghl;b tpisahl;il elj;Jf.
khztu;fs; rupahd jstbtq;fisj; njupTnra;fpd;wduh vdf; ftdpf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
nraw;ghL 2 ,y; rJuk;> nrt;tfk; Mfpatw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis mwpKfQ; nra;jJ
Nghd;Nw> tl;lk;> Kf;Nfhzp Mfpa jstbtq;fspd; ,ay;GfisAk; khztu;f;F
mwpKfQ; nra;f.
tl;l tbtkhdJ %d;W gf;fq;fs; cs;sd.

71
Kf;Nfhzpia mwpKfQ; nra;Ak;NghJ> mjw;fhf ntt;NtW tifahd Kf;Nfhzp
tbtq;fs; rpytw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
gbKiw : 2
khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> jbj;j fljhrpapypUe;J ntl;bnaLj;j tl;lk;>
Kf;Nfhzp> rJuk;> nrt;tfk; Mfpa jstbtq;fs; xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
A4 msTs;s fljhrpnahd;Wk; toq;Ff.
A4 msTf; fljhrpapy; me;j tbtq;fs; ehd;ifAk; tiue;J me;je;jj;
jstbtj;jpd; ngaiu vOJkhW $Wf.
tu;zk; jPl;Ltjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
FO Ntiyia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 3
Nkw;gb ehd;F tbtq;fisAk; khztuJ mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy; tiuAkhWk;>
mtw;wpd; ngaiu vOJkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
me; je; jj; jstbtj;i jf; fhl; b> mtw;i wg; ngaupLtjw;F k; mtw;w pd;
,ay;Gfisf; $Wtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztuJ nray; E}ypy; cs;s gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
__________
72
21 ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit xg;gpLjy; - 2
Nju;r;rp : fdtsT> nfhs;ssT mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

nfhs;Sk; jput mstpd;gb> ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit xg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
vNjr;irahd mynfhd;wpdhy; mse;J ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit
(nfhs;Sk; msit) xg;gpLthu;.
%d;W ghj;jpuq;fis mit nfhs;Sk; jput mstpd;gb tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
kpff; $Ljyhff; nfhs;Sk;> kpff; Fiwthff; nfhs;Sk;.
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s Nghj;jy;fs; / ghj;jpuq;fs;
ePu;> ePu; ,Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ghj;jpuq;fs; (Ngrpd;)
vNjr;irahd myFfshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w rpwpa fpz;zq;fs; (cjhuzk;:
Nahfl; fpz;zq;fs; Nghd;wit)
Gdy;
nraw;ghLfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tif xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
16 Mk; thuj;jpy; nra;j nraw;ghLfis kPs epidT+l;Ltjw;fhf> Muk;gj;jpy;
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
khztiu Vwj;jho ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s Nghj;jy;fs; ,uz;L> ePug ; g
; hj;jpuk;>
Gdy; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff. (vNjr;irahd myfhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Nahfl; fpz;zq;fis Mrpupau; Nkir kPJ / Ntiy Nkir kPJ itf;Ff.)
,uz;L Nghj;jy;fSk; / ghj;jpuq;fSk; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT rkkhdjh?>
$Ljyhf / Fiwthf ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; Nghj;jy; vJ vd;gij khztu;
tpUk;gpathW fz;lwpAkhW $Wf.
xt;nthU FOtpdJk; mUNf nrd;W khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; tpjj;ijf;
ftdpf;Ff.
mtu;fs; xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; / Nghj;jypy; ePiu epug;gp kw;iwa Nghj;jypy; Cw;Wtjd;
%yk; xg;gpl;lduhapd; vNjr;irahd myifg; gad;gLj;jpAk; xg;gpLkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
khztu; FOtpdu; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
Neuk; cs;sjhapd;> khztu; xg;gpl;l ,uz;L Nghj;jy;fspdJk; glq;fis
mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy; tiue;J rkkhdJ> FiwthdJ> $LjyhdJ vd vOjr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
ePu; $l ePu; Fiwa ePu; rkk;

73
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp> ghj;jpuq;fs; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msTfis
mse;J mtw;iw xg;gpLk; tpjj;ij khztu; ahtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW nra;J
fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; vNjr;irahd myfhfg;
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f rpwpa ghj;jpuk; (Nahfl; fpz;zk;)> Gdy;> ePug
; g
; hj;jpuk;> gpdt
; UtJ
Nghd;w xg;gilg; gj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
ghj;jpuk; / Nghj;jy; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT

Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jy; 10 Nahfl; fpz;zq;fs;
FbePu;g; Nghj;jy; ...........................
gpshj;jpf;Ff; fpz;zk; ...........................
[hk; Nghj;jy; ...........................
xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW> nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msitf; fz;lwptjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd ghj;jpuq;fs; / Nghj;jy;fs; rpytw;iw xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; toq;Ff.
(khztu; njhiff;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW)
me;je;jg; ghj;jpuk; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msit Nahfl; fpz;zj;jpdhy; mse;J
xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpy; vOJkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W> khztu;fs; rupahf vz;zpf; fzf;fpl;lthW ePupd;
msit msf;fpd;wduh vd;gijf; fz;fhzpf;Ff. NkYk; FOtpYs;s khztu;
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ePu; msTfis msg;gjw;Fk; gjpT nra;tjw;Fk; re;ju;g;g
kspf;Ff.
,Wjpapy; me;je;jf; FOtpd; xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
Kd;ida nraw;ghl;by; nra;jtw;iw epidT+l;Ltjw;fhf tFg;gpy; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jpa
xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w tpdhf;fis
tpdTf.
cjhuzk; : Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jy; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT vt;tsT?
ePiu msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ ahJ?
Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jiytpl [hk; Nghj;jy; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msT
$Ljyhdjh> Fiwthdjh my;yJ ,uz;Lk; rkdhdjh?
%d;W ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit xg;gpLtijAk; tupirg;gLj;JtijAk;

mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;fhf> nfhs;ssT NtWgl;l %d;W ghj;jpuq;fisj; njupT
nra;J nfhs;f.
khztiuAk; <LgLj;jpathW> me;je;jg; ghj;jpuk; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msit
vNjr;irahd Xu; myifg; gad;gLj;jp msf;Ff.
mtw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; gjpT nra;f.
ghj;jpuk; 1 - 6 Nahfl; fpz;zq;fs;
mg;ghj;jpuq;fSs; kpff; Fiwthf ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; vJ> kpff; $Ljyhf
ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; vJ vd ,dq;fhZkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
74
gpd;du; mg;ghj;jpuq;fis KiwNa kpff; Fiwthf ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk;>
njhlf;fk; kpff; $Ljyhf ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; tiuapy; tupirg;gLj;jp
itf;Ff. mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; gjpT nra;f.
NtW %d;W ghj;jpuq;fis vLj;J my;yJ Kd;du; gad;gLj;jpa mNj %d;W
ghj;jpuq;fisAk; vLj;J kpff; $Ljyhd msT ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuj;jpy;
,Ue;J kpff; Fiwthf ePiuf; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; tiu tupirg;gLj;jp itf;Fk;
tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu %d;W Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> FOthfr; Nru;eJ
; nfhs;ssT
NtWgl;l %d;W ghj;jpuq;fs; nfhs;Sk; ePupd; msTfis msg;gjw;Fk;
tupirg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
jkJ mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy; mtw;wpd; glq;fis tiue;J gjpTfis vOjpf;
nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; mtjhdpj;Jk;
tpdhf;fs; tpdtpAk; mtu;fs; rupahf vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp
ghj;jpuq;fspd; nfhs;ssit msf;fpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
me;je;j khztUf;F nfhs;ssT NtWgl;l (nfhs;Sk; msTfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l)
%d;W ghj;jpuq;fis toq;fp> mtw;iw tupirg;gLj;jpitf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
__________
75
22 epiwia msj;jYk; xg;gpLjYk; - 2
Nju;r;rp : epiwia msj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp epiwia msg;ghu;> epiwfis
xg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,uz;L nghUl;fspd; epiwia mse;J
xg;gpLthu;.
%d;W nghUl;fspd; epiwia mse;J xg;gpLthu;. mtw;iw tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
epiw $ba> epiw Fiwthd
,Yk; epiw $ba> ,Yk; epiw Fiwthd
epiw kpff; Fiwthd / epiw kpff; $ba
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
juhR
FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd juhRfs;
vNjr;irahd myFfshf khgps; cUz;ilfs;> Mzpfs;> ntt;NtW tpj;J
tiffs;> Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jy; %bfs;
goq;fs; / fha;fwp tiffs; rpy
xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l rpy nghUl;fs; (rtu;f;fhuf; fl;bfs;> rpwpa kuf;
Fw;wpfs;> rpwpa tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
go tiffs; / fha; tiffs; rpy> juhR> vNjr;irahd myFfs; Mfpatw;iw
tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd NkirkPJ itf;Ff.
juhirj; njhq;ftpl;L> mjidr; rkepiyahf itj;jpUf;Fk; tpjj;ij khztu;
fSf;Ff; fhl;Lf.
,uz;L tifg; goq;fis vLj;J mtw;Ws; epiw $baJ vJ vd khztu;fsplk;
tpdTf.
khztu;fs; ntt;NtWgl;l tpilfisf; $Wtu;.
,tw;Ws; epiw $baij vt;thW fz;lwpayhk; vd tpdTf. juhirg; gad;gLj;jp
mjidr; nra;ayhk; vd khztu;fs; $Wtu; / $w ,lKz;L.
mjid vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp mse;J ghu;f;fg; Nghtjhf
khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fpf; $Wf. (vNjr;irahd myF vDk; gjj;ijg; gad;gLj;J
tijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;f.)
tpUk;gpa xU khztDf;F> tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd te;J juhrpd; xU jl;by;
khk;goj;ij ,LkhW $Wf.
ahJ epfo;e;jJ vd khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.
khk;gok; cs;s jl;L fPNo nrd;wJ vd mtu;fs; $Wtu;.
mt;thwhapd; juhR rkepiyf;F tUk;tiu khgps; cUz;ilfis xt;nthd;whf
kw;iwa juhRj; jl;by; ,LkhW $Wf.
,g;NghJ khk;goj;jpd; epiwAk; (ghuKk;) khgps; cUz;ilfspd; epiwAk;
(ghuKk;) rkkhdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
76
cjhuzk; : khk;goj;jpd; epiw = 8 khgps; cUz;ilfs;
kw;WnkhU khztid mioj;J ,t;thwhf nfha;ahg;goj;jpd; epiwia
msf;FkhW $Wf.
cjhuzk; : nfha;ahg;goj;jpd; epiw = 6 khgps; cUz;ilfs;
mse;j nghUl;fspd; epiwfisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
epiw kpff;$ba> epiw kpff;Fiwthd go tiffis ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.
$Ljyhd njhif vNjr;irahd myFfs; Njitg;gLk; nghUspd; epiw
$LjyhdJ vd;gijAk; Fiwthd njhif vNjr;irahd myFfs; Njitg;gLk;
nghUspd; epiw FiwthdJ vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jf. ,jid NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 8 khgps; cUz;ilfisj; juhrpd; xU jl;bYk; 6 khgps;
cUz;ilfis juhrpd; kw;iwa jl;bYk; ,l;L epiw $l> epiw Fiwa
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; juhR> ,uz;L goq;fs; my;yJ fha;fwp> vNjr;irahd
myFfshf khgps; cUz;ilfs; (my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd vNjr;irahd
myFfs;) Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
juhirr; rupahfj; njhq;ftpLkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
jug;gl;l nghUl;fis jlitf;F xd;W tPjk; juhrpd; xU jl;by; ,l;L> kW
jl;by; khgps; cUz;ilfis ,l;L xg;gpLkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
fljhrp xd;wpid toq;fp> fpilf;Fk; ngWNgWfis vOJkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : cUisf;fpoq;fpd; epiw - 12 khgps; cUz;ilfs;
vYkpr;rk;goj;jpd; epiw - 4 khgps; cUz;ilfs;
FO cWg;gpdu;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;NghJ mtu;fspilNa nrd;W epiw
$ba nghUs; vJ> epiw Fiwthd nghUs; vJ vd tpdtpf; fye;JiuahLf.
epiw $ba nghUis> epiw Fiwthd nghUis ,dq;fz;l tpjk; gw;wp
khztuplk; tpdTf.
jhk; nra;jtw;iwg; gapw;rpf; nfhg;gpapy; tiue;J nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp> ntt;NtW nghUl;fspd; epiwfis
msg;gjw;Fk; xg;gpLtjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd xU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
khztu; xt;nthUtUk; nra;Kiwapy; juhirg; gad;gLj;jp epiwia msf;fTk;
xg;gplTk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
%d;W nghUl;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. (cjhuzk; : fy;> kuf;
Fw;wp> rtu;f;fhuf; fl;b> ........)
xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd miof;Ff. mg;nghUl;fis toq;fp mtw;iw
epiw kpff; Fiwthdjpy; ,Ue;J epiw kpff; $baJ tiuapy; mDkhdpj;J
tupirg;gLj;JkhW $Wf.
mJ rupahdjh vd;W vt;thW mwpayhk; vd Vida khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.
juhirAk; vNjr;irahd myFfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd khztu;fs; $Wtu;.
juhirr; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;FkhW njhq;ftpLf.
khztu; xUtiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd miof;Ff.
77
juhrpd; xU jl;L kPJ rtu;f;fhuf; fl;bia itj;J kw;iwa jl;bd; kPJ
vNjr;irahd Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jy; %bfis / khgps;fis xt;nthd;whf ,LkhW
$Wf.
epiwfs; rkkhd gpd;du; vj;jid khgps;fs; / %bfs; Njitg;gl;ld vd tpdTf.
,t;thwhf kw;iwa ,uz;L nghUl;fspd; epiwfisAk; fhz;f.
nghUl;fspd; epiwfis xg;gpLk; mNj Ntis mr;nrad;Kiwia tptupf;Fk;
nrhw;nwhlu;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
cjhuzk; : rtu;f;fhuf;fl;bapd; epiw - 15 khgps;fs; / %bfs;
kuf;Fw;wpapd; epiw - 09 khgps;fs; / %bfs;
rpwpa fy;ypd; epiw - 11 khgps;fs; / %bfs;
,tw;Ws; epiw kpff;Fiwthd nghUs;> epiw $ba nghUs;> epiw kpff;
$ba nghUs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lwpAkhW $Wf. mtu;fs; kuf;Fw;wp> rpwpa
fy;> rtu;f;fhuf;fl;b vd tpil $Wtu;.
mJ ve;jsTf;Fr; rupahdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
juhrpd; xU jl;bd; kPJ kuf;Fw;wpapd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd njhif khgps;fisAk;
kw;iwa jl;bd; kPJ rpW fy;ypd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd njhif khgps;fisAk;
,l;L epiw $ba> epiw Fiwthd khgps;fspd; msit cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
kuf; Fw;wpapd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd khgps;fspd; njhifahdJ epiw FiwthdJ
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,uz;lhtjhf rtu;ff ; huf; fl;bapd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd khgps;fspd; njhifiaAk;
kuf;Fw;wpapd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd khgps;fspd; njhifiaAk; xg;gpl;L epiw
$l> epiw Fiwa vd;gij ,dq;fhz;f.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;
juhR> vNjr;irahd myFfshfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f nghUl;fs; (khgps;fs;>
Nghj;jy; %bfs;> ...)> epiwia xg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd %d;W nghUl;fs;
Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
vNjr;irahd myFfisg; gad;gLj;jp> nghUl;fspd; epiwia mse;J> gjpT
nra;AkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : khk;goj;jpd; epiw = 10 khgps; cUz;ilfs;
nghUl;fis epiw $baJ njhlf;fk; epiw FiwthdJ tiuapy; tupirg;gLj;jp
Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW $Wf.
FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W nghUspid tupirg;gLj;jpa tpjk; gw;wp tpdTf.
FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa nghUl; njhFjpfisg; gupkhwpathW nghUl;fspd; epiwia
xg;gpLtjw;Fk; tupirg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; juhirr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jp
epiwia msf;fpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
epiwapd;gb> rupahf tupirg;gLj;Jfpd;wduh vd;gij mtjhdpj;Jk; tpdhf;
Nfl;Lk; cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
78
23 50 tiuapyhd vz;fis thrpj;jYk; vOJjYk;

50 tiu vz;fis thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
1 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapyhd vz;fis thrpg;ghu;.
1 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; rupahf
vOJthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
vz; FwpaPL> vz; ngau;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
30 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuahd vz; ml;ilfs;
Kg;gJ njhlf;fk; Ik;gJ tiuapyhd vz; ngau;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;
Bd;]; Fw;wpfSk; Nfhy;fSk;
nrUfy; gyif
ghlq;fSf;Fupa xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fs;
ghdf;Foha;fs; / <u;f;Ff; Fr;rpfs; - gj;jpd; fl;Lfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
khztu;f;F 1 - 20 tiuapyhd vz;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpit epidT+l;Ltjw;fhf
1 - 20 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilfis vOkhwhff; fhl;bathW mt;ntz;fis
thrpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
1 - 20 tiuapyhd vz; ngau;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gpd;du; ifjl;bathW 21 njhlf;fk; 30 tiuapyhd vz;fis vz;zr; nra;f.
20 vDk; vz; ngupjhf vOjg;gl;l Xu; ml;ilia vLj;J> mjpy; vj;jid
gj;Jf;fSk; vj;jid xd;WfSk; cs;sd vd tpdTf. Bd;]; Nfhy;fs; ,uz;ilf;
fhl;b> gj;Jf;fs; 2 cs;sd vdTk; xd;Wfs; ,y;iy vdTk; epidT+l;Lf.
xd;Wfs; ,y;iyahifahy; 0 vd vOJfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.
20 ,w;F mLj;j vz; vJntd khztuplk; tpdTf. ,Ugj;njhd;W vd
khztu;fs; $wpa gpd;du;> ,Ugj;njhd;W cUthFk; tpjk; Fwpj;J khztuplk;
tpdTf.
,UgJld; NkYk; xd;W Nru;j;jy; vd;gijAk; mjpy; ,uz;L gj;Jf;fSk;
NkYk; Xu; xd;Wk; cs;sJ vd;gij Bd;]; Nfhy;fs; kw;Wk; Fw;wp %yk;
fhl;Lf. 21 vOjg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij ml;ilapd; %yk; khztu;f;Ff; fhl;Lf.
vz;iz cuj;J thrpf;Ff. fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
21 ,d; gpd;dhy; tUk; vz; vJ vd tpdTf. ,Ugj;jpuz;L vdf; $wpa
gpd;du;> mJ cUthFk; tpjj;ij ,uz;L Bd;]; Nfhy;fisAk; ,uz;L
Fw;wpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf. ,uz;L Nfhy;fSk; ,uz;L Fw;wpfSk;
mjhtJ ,uz;Lk; ,uz;Lk; vd vOJtjhy; ,Ugj;jpuz;L fpilf;fpwJ vdf;
$Wf. 22 vOjg;gl;l vz; ml;iliaf; fhl;Lf.
cuj;J thrpf;Ff.
,t;thwhf 29 tiuapy; vz; FwpaPLfis mwpKfQ; nra;f. xOq;FKiwg;gb
vz;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
79
30 fpilf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpdTf. 3 Bd;]; Nfhy;fisf; ifapy; vLj;J> gj;J>
,UgJ> Kg; gJ vd xt;n thU Nfhyhf vLj;J vz;Zf. khztu; fs;
midtiuAk; mt;thwhf vz;zr; nra;f. %d;W Nfhy;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; 3 vd
vOJtjhfTk; xd;Wfs; ,y;iyahifahy; 0 vd vOJtjhfTk; tpsf;fp>
fUk;gyifapy; 30 vd vOjp> cuj;J Kg;gJ vd thrpf;Ff.
21 njhlf;fk; 30 tiu fUk;gyifapy; vOjpAs;s vz;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb
xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf cuj;J thrpf;Ff. (,Ugj;njhd;W> ,Ugj;jpuz;L.... vd;wthW)
vOkhwhf vz;fisf; fhl;bathW kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; vz;fis thrpf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu Ie;J Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. 21 njhlf;fk; 30 tiu
vz; FwpaPLfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilj; njhFjp> vz; ngau;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilj;
njhFjp Mfpatw;iw xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Ff.
Kjypy; khztu; xUtUf;F vz; FwpaPLfs; vOjg;gl;l ,uz;L ml;ilfs;
tPjk; fpilf;FkhW vOkhwhf ml;ilfis vLf;FkhW $Wf. mt;ntz;fis
thrpj;jthW 21 njhlf;fk; 30 tiu xOq;F Kiwg;gb Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW
topg;gLj;Jf. vz;fis thrpf;f ,lu;g;gLk; khztu;f;F cjtp nra;AkhW
FOtpd; Vida khztu;f;Ff; $Wf.
vz; ngau;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs; ,uz;L tPjk; ifapy; vLf;FkhW
khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf. mt;ntht;nthU vz; ngaiuAk; thrpj;J mjidr;
rupahd vz; FwpaPl;bd; vjpNu itf;FkhW $Wf. ,t;thwhf 21 njhlf;fk; 30
tiuapy; vz; FwpaPLfSf;Fupa vz; ngau;fis tupirg;gLj;jp itf;fr; re;ju;gg
; k;
mspf;Ff.
21 ,Ugj;njhd;W
22 ,Ugj;jpuz;L
23 ,Ugj;J %d;W
Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khztu;f;F cjtp Gupf.

,Ugj;njhd;W njhlf;fk; Kg;gJ tiuapyhd vz;fis cuj;J thrpf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2 / 3
gbKiw : 1
kdf; fzpjj;jpw;fhf gpd;tUtd Nghd;w rpy tpdhf;fis tpdTf.
cjhuzk; : 21 ,w;F mLj;j vz; vJ?
25 ,Yk; xd;W $Ljyhd vz; vJ?
23 ,w;F mLj;jhf tUk; vz; vJ?
khztiu tl;lkhf epWj;Jf / ,Uj;Jf. xd;W njhlf;fk; Kg;gJ tiu vz;Zjy;
Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wf. vz;Ztij vOkhwhf xU khztdpy; Muk;gpf;Ff.
mtu; xd;W vdf; $wpa gpd;du; mLj;jjhf cs;s khztd; ,uz;L vdf; $w
Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F mLj;jjhf ,Ug;gtu; %d;W vdf; $w Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf
Kg;gJ tiuapy; khztu;fisf; nfhz;L vz;zr; nra;f.
Kg;gjpd; gpd;du; tUk; vz; vJntd tpdTf. Kg;gj;njhd;W vd khztu;fs;
$wpa gpd;du;> mjw;F mLj;jjhf tUk; vz; vJntd tpdTf. ,t;thwhf 31
njhlf;fk; 40 tiu vz;zr; nra;f.
kPz;Lk; Kg;gj;njhd;W> Kg;gj;jpuz;L> Kg;gj;J %d;W.... vd;wthW 40 tiu
vz;zr; nra;f.
Kd;ida jpdj;jpy; 30 vDk; vz;iz vOjpa tpjj;ij tpdTf. fUk;gyifapy;
30 vDk; vz;iz vOJf. 3 Bd;]; Nfhy;fisf; ifapy; vLj;J> gj;J>
,UgJ> Kg;gJ vd vz;zpf; fhl;Lf.
80
Kg;gJf;F mLj;JtUk; vz; vJ vd tpdTf. Kg;gj;njhd;W vdf; $wpa
gpd;du;> Kd;ida ghlj;jpw; Nghd;Nw> 3 Bd;]; Nfhy;fisAk; Fw;wp xd;iwAk;
vLj;J 31 fpilf;Fk; tpjj;ij $wp> mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
vz; ngaiuAk; vz; FwpaPl;Lf;F vjpNu vOJf.
31 Kg;gj;njhd;W
%d;iwAk; xd;iwAk; vOJtjhy; Kg;gj;njhd;W fpilf;fpd;wikiaf; $Wf.

Kg;gj;jpuz;L fpilf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpdTf. %d;Wk; ,uz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
,t;thwhf Kg;gj;njhd;gJ tiuapy; thrpj;jthW vz; FwpaPl;ilAk; vz;
ngaiuAk; fUk;gyifapy; NkypUe;J fPohf vOjp> khztu;fisf; nfhz;L
thrpf;fr; nra;f.
Kd;ida ghlj;ijg;Nghd;W 4 Bd;]; Nfhy;fis vLj;J 40 fpilf;Fk; tpjj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu 5 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
fPN o jug;gl;L s;sJNghd;W jahupj;j xt;nthU xg; gilg; gj;jpuj;ijAk;
FOf;fSf;F toq;fp> mtw;iwg; G+uzg;gLj;JkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
vz; FwpaPL vz; ngau;
31 ................................
.................... Kg;gj;jpuz;L
.................... Kg;gj;J %d;W
34 ................................
.................... Kg;gj;ije;J
36 ................................
.................... Kg;gj;NjO
38 ................................
.................... Kg;gj;njhd;gJ
40 ................................
31 njhlf;fk; 40 tiuapyhd vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; mg;gpahrg;
Gj;jfj;jpy; vOj topg;gLj;Jf.
Njitf;Nfw;g khztu;f;F cjtp Gupf.
nraw;ghL 4 / 5
41 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapy; vz;FwpaPLfisAk; vz;ngau;fisAk; mwpKfQ;nra;f.
vz;FwpaPLfisAk; vz;ngau;fisAk; mg;gpahrf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjpf;nfhs;s
topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL :
ghlj;jpd;NghJ ,ilapilNa vz; FwpaPLfisf; fhl;b vOkhwhf khztuplk;
vz; ngaiu tpdTf.
FO Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ vz;fisr; rupahf vOJfpd;wduh vd;gijf;
fz;fhzpf;Ff.
fzpjr; nray; E}ypy; cs;s nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpfisr; nra;AkhWk; khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpjr; nray; E}ypYs;s gapw;rpfisr; nra;Ak;NghJ jdpahf mtw;iwr;
nra;fpd;wduh vdf; fz;fhzpf;Ff.
81
24 ehzaf; Fw;wpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;jy;
Nju;r;rp : gzg;gad;ghL nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

ehzaf;Fw;wpfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspikahd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy;
<LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
xU &gha;> 2 &gha;> 5 &gha;> 10 &gha; jdp ehzaf; Fw;wpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
gz;lnkhd;wpd; ngWkjpiar; nrYj;Jthu;.
gz;lnkhd;wpd; ngWkjpia xU &gha;> 2 &gha;> 5 &gha;> 10 &gha; ehzaf;
Fw;wpfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nrYj;Jthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
tpiy> ngWkjp
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
xU &gha;> 2 &gha;> 5 &gha; vd tif Fwpf;fg;gl;l rpy gz;lq;fs;
cjhuzk; : khk;gok;> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> ge;J> NjePu;f; Nfhg;ig Nghd;wit.
mg;gz;lq;fspd; gl ml;ilfs; (xU FOTf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 5
glq;fs; tPjk;)
xU &gha;> 2 &gha;> 5 &gha;> 10 &gha; ehzaf; Fw;wpfSk; mtw;wpd; mr;Rg;

gjpj;j glq;fSk;
nraw;ghL 2> nraw;ghL 3 Mfpatw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sit Nghd;w tpiyg;
gl;bay;
tpisahl;Lf; fil mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
ehzaf; Fw;wpfis xt;nthd;whff; fhl;b> mjd; ngWkjp gw;wp tpdTf.
Mrpupau; Nkir kPJ gz;lq;fis itf;Ff> gz;lq;fspd; tpiyia khztu;
fhz KbahjthW kiwj;J itf;Ff.
khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mr;Rg; gjpj;j my;yJ cz;ikahd xU &gha;> 2
&gha;> 5 Ugha;> 10 &gha; ehzq;fis toq;Ff.
xt;nthU gz;lj;jpdJk; tpiy 10 &ghapYk; FiwthdJ vdf; $Wf.
xU gz;lj;ijf; fhl;b> mjd; tpiyia mDkhdpf;FkhW khztu; rpyUf;Ff;
$Wf.
tpiy kiwg;ig mg;Gwg;gLj;jp> gz;lj;jpd; tpiyia khztu;f;Ff; fhl;b
mjid thrpf;Ff.
jk;kplKs;s ehzaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> mg;ngWkjpiaf; fhl;LkhW $Wf.
,t;thwhf> rpy jlitfs; vy;yhg; gz;lq;fsJk; tpiyiaf; $Wtjw;Fk;
ehzaq;fs; %yk; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
82
gbKiw : 2
khztiug; nghUj;j khdthW FOf; fshfg; gpupj;J tpiy Fwpf; fg;gl;l
gz;lq;fspd; gl ml;ilj; njhFjp xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
xU khztd;> xU gl ml;ilia vOkhwhff; ifapy; vLj;J> mjpy;
Fwpf; f g; g l; L s; s tpiyf; F upa ehzaj; i j / ehzaq; f is kj; j papy;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,LkhW $Wf.
mt;thwhf> FOtpy; kw;WnkhU khztDf;F ml;ilnahd;wpid vLf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspj;J> jdJ ifapy; cs;s ehzaq;fspypUe;J mg;gz;lj;jpd;
tpiyf;Fupa ehzaj;ij / ehzaq;fisg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,LkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
,t;thwhf FOtpy; khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; gl ml;il fpilf;Fk; tifapy;
,jidr; rpy jlitfs; elj;Jf.
gpd;du; khztu; vLj;j gl ml;ilfisAk; mtw;wpw;F vjpNu Fwpj;j gz;lj;jpd;
tpiyf;Fupa ehza mr;Rf;fisAk; fljhrpnahd;wpy; xl;bf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; Kaw;rpiag; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
ûlkh&
mopwg;
gu;
rems&gha;
10 h,a 10 3rems
&gha;
h,a 3 6 rems
&gha;
h,a 8
.
gir
7rems
h,a 7
&gha; rems&gha;
20 h,a 9 4rems
h,a 4
&gha;
Nkw;gb glq;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s tpiyg;gl;baiy tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

cz;ik ehzaf; Fw;wpfs; ,lg;gl;l ngl;bia Nkir kPJ itf;Ff.
tFg;G khztu; xUtiu mioj;J ngl;bapypUe;J ,uz;L ehzaf; Fw;wpfis
vLj;J> me;ehzaf; Fw;wpfs; ,uz;bdJk; $l;Lj;njhif vt;tsT vd tpdTf.
mg;gzj;ijf; nfhz;L thq;ff;$ba nghUis tpiyg;gl;baypy; ,Ue;J njupT
nra;AkhW $Wf.
NkYk; rpy khztu;fis ,t;thwhf mioj;J> ,uz;L ehzaq;fisAk;
$l;b> mjd; ngWkjp vt;tsT vd tpdtp> mg;ngWkjpfF
; thq;ff;$ba nghUis
tpiyg;gl;baypy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;AkhW $Wf.
gbKiw : 2
khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; A4 fljhrpnahd;Wk;
mr;Rg; gjpj;j ehzaq;fisAk; toq;Ff.
tpiyg;gl;baypy; cs;s me;je;jg; gz;lj;ij thq;Ftjw;fhfr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
ehzaq;fis> Fwpj;j gz;lj;jpd; glk; tiue;J mjd; vjpNu xl;LkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
83
xU gz;lj;ij> ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; thq;f KbAnkdpd; mt;nty;yh
KiwfisAk; fhl;Ltjw;fhf ehzaq;fis xl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : %d;W &gha; ngWkjpAs;s gz;lk;
- 2 &gha; ehzaKk; xU &gha; ehzaKk;
- xU &gha; ehzaq;fs; %d;W
khztuJ Kaw;rpiag; ghuhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
tpiy Fwpf;fg;gl;l rpy gz;l tiffs; (cjhuzk; : Gj;jfk;> mopwg;gu;>
fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fk; (gir) Nghj;jy;> epwg; ngd;rpy; ngl;b> ngd;rpy;> .......
mg;nghUs;fspd; tpiyg;gl;bay;
tpiyg;gl;bay;
mopwg;
gu;
ûlkh&
rems&gha;
10 h,a 10 3rems
&gha;
h,a 3 6 rems
&gha;
h,a 8
gir
7rems
h,a 7
&gha; rems&gha;
20 h,a 9 4rems
h,a 4
&gha;
Nkw;gb gz;lq;fis tFg;G khztu; midtUk; ghu;f;ff;$bathW xOq;fhf

itf;Ff.
mg;gz;lq;fSf;Fupa tpiyg;gl;baiyAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
ehd;F ghj;jpuq;fspy; cz;ik ehzaq;fisAk; mr;rbj;j ehzaq;fisAk;
ntt;Ntwhf ,l;L itf;Ff.
tpahghupahf tpUk;Gk; xU khztiu miof;Ff.
gz;lq;fis thq;Ftjw;F xU FOtpypUe;J xU khztid miof;Ff.
mtu; thq;f tpUk;Gk; nghUisf; $WkhW $Wf.
mg;NghJ tpahghup mjd; tpiyia cuj;Jf; $wr; nra;f.
,dp mg;nghUspd; ngWkjpia ,uz;L ehzaq;fisf; nfhz;L nrYj;JkhW
$Wf.
mtu; ngWkjpiar; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.
mg;ngWkjpia kw;WnkhU Kiwapy; nrYj;j KbAkh vd khztuplk; tpdTf.
,t;thwhf xt;nthU FOtpypUe;Jk; khztiu mioj;Jr; nraw;ghl;ilr; rpy
jlitfs; elj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu; midtiuAk; ,ltrjpAs;s jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;
nrd;W> FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. (4 my;yJ 5 Ngiu cs;slf;FtJ NghJkhdJ)
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gz;lj;njhFjpiaAk; mg;gz;lq;fSf;Fupa tpiyg;gl;ba
iyAk; toq;Ff.
84
jkJ FOtpd; gz;lq;fis mLf;fp itj;J tpiyg;gl;baiyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
FOtpy; xUtu; tpahghupahfTk; VidNahu; nghUs; thq;Fgtu;fshfTk;
nraw;gLkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
,dp jk;kplk; cs;s mr;rbj;j ehzaq;fisf; nfhz;L tpUk;gpa xU nghUis
thq;FkhWk; Fwpj;j ngWkjpia ehzaq;fs; %yk; nrYj;JkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
khztu; xt;nthUtuplKk; tpahghupahfTk; nghUs; thq;FNthuhfTk; nraw;glr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 3
nfhLf;fy; - thq;fy; nra;j khztu;fs; Mrpupaupd; mUNf te;J MrpupauplkpUe;J
gz;lnkhd;iw thq;FkhWk; mjd; ngWkjpia ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W
ehzaq;fshy; nrYj;JkhWk; $Wf.
cjtp Njitg;gLk; khztu;f;F cjtpGupf.
fzpg;gPL :
khztuJ nraw; g hLfis mtjhdpf; F f. Njitg; gLk; re; j u; g; g q; f spy;
mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;Ff.
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xg;gilg; gj;jpuq;fis toq;Ff.
gz;lk; tpiyiar; nrYj;Jk; Kiw
.
gir
, ( . . . . . . . .
tpiy
,( . . . . . . . .
tpiy
tpiy
,( . . . . . . . .
khztuJ nray;E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gapw;rpfisr; nra;AkhW khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.
__________
85
25 thuj;jpd; ehl;fis ,dq;fhzy;
Nju;r;rp : epkplk;> kzp> thuk;> khjk; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig ,dq;fz;L

gad;gLj;Jthu;.
thu ehl;fspd; ngau;fisr; rupahff; $Wthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
thuj;jpd; ehl;fspd; ngau;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb $Wthu;.
thuj;jpy; VO ehl;fs; cz;L vd;gij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
jpq;fl;fpoik> nrt;tha;f;fpoik> Gjd;fpoik> tpahof;fpoik> nts;spf;fpoik>
rdpf;fpoik> Qhapw;Wf;fpoik
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
Fwpj;j khjj;jpw;Fupa ehl;fhl;b
thuj;jpd; ehl;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;
nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
ghlrhiyf;F tUk; ehl;fs;> thu ,Wjp ehl;fs; Mfpad njhlu;ghf khztu;
fSf;F Vw;fdNt tpsf;fk; cz;L. ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;il elj;Jk; ehl;fs;
my;yJ ,uz;L tpLKiw ehl;fspd; gpd;du; kPz;Lk; ghlrhiyf;F tUk; ehs;
gw;wp ciuahLf.
khztu;fs; njspthfg; ghu;f;ff;$bathW xU ehl;fhl;biaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp>
,d;iwa ehis ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jf.
(xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xt;nthU ehl;fhl;bia toq;fp ,jidr; nra;ayhk;)
mJ xU jpq;fl;fpoik vdpd;> mjid mwpKfQ; nra;f.
,d;W jpq;fl;fpoik
jpq;fl;fpoik vdf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
mjidf; $WkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
(jpq;fl;fpoik my;yhtpbd; Fwpj;j fpoikia mwpKfQ;nra;f.)
gpd;du; kw;iwa MW ehl;fisAk; xOq;FKiwg;gb ehl;fhl;bapy; ,dq;fhz
topg;gLj;Jf.
me;j ehl;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb fUk;gyifapy; vOjp> mtw;iwf; $Wtjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
jpq;fl;fpoik
nrt;tha;f;fpoik
Gjd;fpoik
tpahof;fpoik
nts;spf;fpoik
rdpf;fpoik
Qhapw;Wf;fpoik
Qhapw;Wf;fpoikapd; gpd;du; kPzL
; k; jpq;fl;fpoik tUtij mwpa topg;gLj;Jf.
thuj;jpy; VO ehl;fs; cs;sdntd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
86
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis VO Ngu; my;yJ mjpYk; Fiwthf mlq;FkhW FOf;fshfg;
gpupf;Ff.
mf;FOf;fSf;Ff; Fwpj;j khj ehl;fhl;biaAk; thuj;jpd; VO ehl;fspd;
ngau; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilj;njhFjpiaAk; toq;Ff.
FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j ml;ilfis xOq;Fkhw;wp Nkirapy; ftpo;j;J itf;Ff.
Mrpupau; irif toq;fpaTld; MSf;nfhU ml;il vLf;FkhW $Wf. FOtpy;
VO Ngu; ,y;yhjNghJ rpy khztu;fSf;F ,uz;L ml;ilfs; vLf;FkhW
$Wf.
gpd;du;> jkJ FOtpw;Fupa NkirkPJ jpq;fl;fpoik njhlf;fk; Qhapw;Wf;
fpoik tiu ml;ilfis xOq;FKiwg;gb itf;FkhW $Wf.
mtu;fs; ml;ilfis itj;j xOq;F rupah vd ehl;fhl;bAld; xg;gpl;Lr;
rupghu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
thuj;jpd; 7 ehl;fspdJk; ngau; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfis Maj;jg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;f.
xU khztid vjpNu mioj;J mtw;Ws; Xu; ml;ilia vLf;FkhW $Wf.
me;j ml;ilia xU gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
ml;ilapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s ehspd; ngaiu khztuplk; cuj;Jf; $Wf.
me;ehSf;F Ke;jpa ehisAk; gpe;jpa ehisAk; NjbnaLg;gjw;fhf NtW
,uz;L khztu;fis vjpNu miof;Ff. rupahd ml;ilfisj; njupT nra;tjw;F
tFg;G khztUld; Nru;e;J mk;khztu; ,UtUf;Fk; cjtp Gupf.
mt;thW njupT nra;j ml;ilfisAk; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : nrt;tha;f;fpoik Gjd;fpoik tpahof;fpoik
,t;thwhf khztiug; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;J> ,U Gwq;fspYk; tu Ntz;ba

(Kd; - gpd;) ml;ilfisj; njupT nra;J gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j topg;gLj;Jf.
VO ehl;fSf;Fupa ml;ilfisAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa gpd;du;> ehspd; ngau;fis
khztUld; cuj;J thrpf;Ff.
thuj;jpy; VO ehl;fs; cz;L vd;gij mjd; %yKk; cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
FOthfr; Nru;e;J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhdnjhU
Kiwapy; nraw; gl; L > thuj;j pd; VO ehl;f isAk; ,dq; f z; L NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
thuj;jpd; VO ehl;fSk; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilj; njhFjpfisf; FOtpw;F toq;fp>
mt;tl;ilfis xOq;FKiwg;gb tupirg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
fzpg;g PL :
FOr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ thuj;jpd; ehl;fisr; rupahff; $wr; nra;f.
thuj;j pd; ehl;f is xOq;F Kiwg; gb $wr; re; ju;g ;g kspf; Ff. rupahff;
$Wfpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
87
26 100 tiuapy; vz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

100 tiuapyhd vz;fis thrpg;ghu;> vOJthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
100 tiu vz;fis thrpg;ghu;.
100 tiu vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; rupahf vOJthu;.
100 tiuapyhd vz;fSf;F> Kd;ida vz;fisAk; gpd;ida vz;fisAk;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
Ik;gJ> Ik;gj;njhd;W> ........> njhz;Z}w;nwl;L> njhz;Z}w;nwhd;gJ> E}W
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
0 - 9 tiuapyhd vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;
50 - 100 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilfs;
50 - 100 tiuapy; vz; ngau;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;
Bd;]; Fw;wpfSk; Nfhy;fSk;
nrUfy; gyif
vz;fs; vOjpa khiy (gjf;f khiy)
nraw;ghLfSf;Fupa xg;gilg;gj;jpuq;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
kdf;fzpjk; - 1 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapyhd vz;fs; gw;wpa mwpit epidT+l;L
tjw; f hf> gpd; t Utd Nghd; w tpdhf; f is tpdtp tpilaspg; g jw; F
20 ,w;F Kd;ida vz; vJ?
31 ,w;F gpe;jpa vz; vJ?
23 ,y; vj;jid gj;Jf;fs; cz;L? vj;jid xd;Wfs; cz;L?
Nfhy;fs; - Fw;wpfs; %yk; vz;fisf; fhl;b> mt;ntz;fisf; $WkhW
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf. 1 - 50 tiuapy; cs;stw;Ws; ntt;NtW njupT
nra;j vz;fisf; $wr;nra;f.
cjhuzk; :
,Ugj;jpuz;L
Kg;gj;J %d;W ......... vd;wthwhf.
88
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisf; FOthf ,Uf;f topg;gLj;Jf.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 0 njhlf;fk; 9 tiuapy; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfis toq;fp>
vz;fs; ntspj;njupahjthW kWGwk; jpUg;gp Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW $Wf.
khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; 5 If; fhl;Lk; vz; ml;il xd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
Mrpupau; irif toq;fpa gpd;du;> xt;nthU khztDf;Fk; Nkir kPJs;s
ml;iliaf; ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
jhk; vLj;j ml;ilia 5 ml;ilf;F mUNf tyg;Gwkhf itj;jpUf;FkhW
$Wf.
cjhuzk; : 5 0
5 3
Kjypy; G+r;rpak; (0) ml;il fpilj;jtiu vOe;J epw;FkhW $Wf.
5 0 ml;ilfs; ,uz;ilAk; mUfUNf itj;Jg; gpbj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW
mwpTWj;Jf. mt;ntz;izf; fUk;gyifapy; ngupjhf vOJf. mjid Ik;gJ
(50) vd mwpKfQ; nra;f.
vz;FwpaPl;Lf;F vjpNu vz; ngaiuAk; vOJf.
,dp 1 vz; ml;iliaf; ifapy; itj;jpUg;gtiu vOe;J epw;FkhW $Wf.
Kd;idaJ Nghd;Nw ml;ilfis itj;J> 50 ,w;Fg; gpd;dhy; 51 I vOJf.
,t;thwhf 50 njhlf;fk; 59 tiu vz;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb fUk;gyifapy;
fl;bnaOg;Gf.
FOtpy; khztu;fSf;F toq;fpa ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp> mtu;fsJ Nkir
kPJ 50 njhlf;fk; 59 tiuapy; vz;fisf; fl;bnaOg;GkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
fUk;gyifiag; ghu;jJ; 50 - 59 tiu (ifjl;bathW) vz; ngau;fis cuj;Jf;
$w topg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 3
khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w gapw;rpfis cs;slf;fpa xg;gilg;gj;jpuk;
xd;iw toq;Ff.
51 ...........
52 ...........
. . . . . . . . . . . Ik;mkia
gj;J ;=%d;
k W
........... ...........
56 ...........
58 mkia
gj;nwg
Ik; jl;L
........... ...........
nraw;ghL 2
60 - 69 tiuapyhd vz;fisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;
gbKiw : 1
ifjl;bathW 50 - 59 tiuapy; vz;ZkhW khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
Mrpupau; $Wk; vz;zpypUe;J njhlq;fp njhlu;eJ ; vz;Ztjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : Ik;gj;J %d;W> ................
89
Ik;gj;ije;J> ...............
Ik;gj;NjO> .................
vz; ml;ilfisf; fUk;gyifapy; / gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp 60 njhlf;fk; 69
tiuapy; vz; FwpaPLfis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfQ; nra;f. ,jw;fhfg;
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w nrUfy; ml;iliaAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
cjhuzk; :
6 0
6 1
mt;ntz;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp> khztu;fisf; nfhz;L thrpf;fr;

nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
Nkw;gb nrUfy; ml;ilapy; vz; ml;ilfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. ,y;iyNay;
60 - 69 tiuapyhd vz;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
Mrpupaupd; Nkir kPJ vz; ngau;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfis itf;Ff.
khztd; xUtid mioj;J> vOkhw;whf mtw;Ws; Xu; ml;ilia vLf;FkhW
$Wf.
mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s vz; ngaiu thrpj;J mt;ntz;Zf;F vjpNu nghUj;JkhW
$Wf.
cjhuzk; :
6 0 yeg
mWgJ
6 1 yeg tl
mWgj;
njhd;W
6 2
6 3
6 4
6 5
6 6
,dp> 60 - 69 tiuapyhd vz; ngau;fisg; ghu;jJ

; f; $Wtjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 3
Nkw;gb vz; FwpaPLfisAk; vz; ngau;fisAk; khztu;fs; jkJ gapw;rpf;
nfhg;gpfspy; vOjpf;nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3, 4
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp 70 njhlf;fk; 100 tiuapyhd
vz;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
gj;Jg;gj;jhf E}W tiu vz;ngau;fisf; $w topg;gLj;Jf.
90
nraw;ghL 5
99 tiuapyhd vz;fSf;F Ke;jpa vz;fisAk; gpe;jpa vz;fisAk; mwpKfQ;
nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU nraw;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkpLf.
fzpg;gL
P
50 - 100 tiuapy; cs;s vz;fis thrpf;Fk;NghJk; vOJk;NghJk; mtw;iwr;
rupahfr; nra;fpd;wduh vd;gij mtjhdpf;Ff.
vOkhw;whf 50 - 100 tiuAs;s vz;fisf; fhl;b> vz; ngau;fisf; $w
topg;gLj;Jf.
rpy vz;fis vOjpf;nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J mtw;wpd; vz; ngau;fis
vOJkhWk; vz; ngau;fis vOjr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J mtw;wpd; vz; FwpaPLfis
vOJkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;tUtJNghd;w Xu; xg;gilia toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : nghUj;jkhdthW ,izf;Ff.
60 mWgj;njhd;gJ
63 mWgj;jhW
65 mWgJ
66 mWgj;J %d;W
68 mWgj;ije;J
69 mWgj;njl;L
Xu; vz;izf; $wp> mjw;F Ke;jpa> gpe;jpa vz;fis tpdTf.
91
27 ,lg;ngWkhdj;ij ,dq;fhzy; - 2

<upyf;f vz;nzhd;wpd; xt;Nthu; ,yf;fj;jpdJk; ,lg;ngWkhdj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
10 njhlf;fk; 99 tiuapyhd vz;fspd; xt;Nthu; ,yf;fj;jpdJk; ,lg;ngW
khdj;ijf; $Wthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
xd;Wfs;> gj;Jf;fs;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
<u;f;Ff; Fr;rpfs;
,wg;gu; thu;fs;
Bd;]; Nfhy;fSk; Fw;wpfSk;
vz; ml;ilfs;
,lg;ngWkhd epuy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l xg;gilg; gj;jpuk;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
20 tiuapyhd vz;fis kPs epidT+l;Ltjw;fhfg; gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w rpy
tpdhf;fis kdf;fzpjkhfj; jPu;f;fr; nra;f.
cjhuzk; : gd;dpuz;bYk; xd;W $ba vz; vJ?
,UgjpYk; xd;W Fiwthd vz; vJ?
gjpndl;Lf;F mLj;j vz; vJ?
gjpd;%d;wpy; vj;jid gj;Jf;fs;> vj;jid xd;Wfs; cs;sd?
25 <u;f;Ff; Fr;rpfisAk; rpy ,wg;gu; thu;fisAk; Nkir kPJ itf;Ff. 20
tiuapyhd vz;fisf; fw;wNghJ <u;f;Ff; Fr;rpf; fl;Lfs; fl;ba tpjk; gw;wp
khztUld; fye;JiuahLf. xU fl;Lf;fhf 10 Fr;rpfs; khj;jpuk; ,lg;gLk;
vd;gij epidT+l;Lf.
xU khztid tFg;gpd; vjpNu mioj;J> gj;jpd; fl;nlhd;iwf; fl;LkhW
topg;gLj;Jf. mjpy; gj;Jf;fs; xd;W cs;sJ vd epidT+l;Lf.
kPjpahfTs;s <u;f;Ff; Fr;rpfisf; nfhz;L NkYnkhU gj;jpd; fl;bidf;
fl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jf. ,uz;L fl;LfisAk; Mrpupau; ifapy; vLj;J> ,uz;L
gj;Jf;fs; cs;sd vdTk; my;yJ 20 <u;f;Ffs; cs;sd vdTk; epidT+l;Lf.
mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J vz; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOJf.
= 20
Bd;]; njhFjpapd; ,uz;L Nfhy;fisf; ifapy; vLj;J> mit ,uz;L gj;Jf;fs;

vdTk; mjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; vz; 20 vdTk; Kd;dwptpd; %yk; khztu;f;F
epidT+l;Lf.
92
= 20
Bd;]; njhFjpapd; ,uz;L Nfhy;fis tyJ ifapYk; xU Fw;wpia ,lJ

ifapYk; vLj;J tyJ ifapy; ,uz;L gj;Jf;fs; mjpy; ,UgJ> ,lJ
ifapy; xd;W vy;yhk; Nru;jj
; hy; ,Ugj;njhd;W fpilf;Fnkdr; rpy jlitfs;
tpsf;fp> cWjpg;gLj;Jf. mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
21
gj;Jf;fs; 2 xd;Wfs; 1 ,Ugj;njhd;W

,t;thwhf> 20 ,w;Fk; 30 ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd rpy vz;fis khztUld;
fye;Jiuahbf; fl;bnaOg;Gf. fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
30 I mwpKfQ; nra;Ak;NghJ> gj;Jf;fs; %d;W cs;sd vdTk; xd;Wfs;
,y;iy vdTk; mJ 30 vd vOjg;gLk; vdTk; tpsf;Ff. (Nfhy;fis
xt;nthd;whf Ntwhf;fpf; fhl;b gj;J> ,UgJ Kg;gJ vd vz;zpf; fhl;Lf.
(,t;thwhf vz;fis mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;fhf <u;f;Ff; Fr;rpfisNah ghdf;
Foha;fisNah$lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;)
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztiu 4 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. xt;nthUtUf;Fk; 3
Nfhy;fSk; 9 Fw;wpfSk; toq;Ff. mj;NjhL 21 njhlf;fk; 30 tiu vz;
FwpaPLfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilj; njhFjpiaAk; fPNo jug;gl;lijg; Nghd;w Xu;
xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;ijAk; toq;Ff.
21 2 1
..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
FOtpy; xU khztUf;F vz; ml;ilnahd;iwf; ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf.

mt;ntz;iz Nfhy;fs;> Fw;wpfs; %yk; fhl;LkhW kw;WnkhU khztDf;Ff;
$Wf. kw;WnkhU khztDf;F mt;ntz;iz xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpy; vOjp
gj;Jf;fs;> xd;Wfshf Ntwhf;fp vOJkhW $Wf. vOjpaJ rupah vdg; ghu;fF
; khW
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; vz; FwpaPl;ilf; $Wtjw;Fk; Nfhy;fs;>
Fw;wpfs; %yk; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; xg;gilg; gj;jpuj;jpy; vOJtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;
fpilf;Fk; tifapy; mtu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
,lu;g;gLk; khztu;f;F Njitf;Nfw;g cjtp Gupf.
93
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
31 njhlf;fk; 50 tiu vz; FwpaPLfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;> Bd;]; Fw;wpfs;>
Nfhy;fs; Mfpatw;iw Nkir kPJ itf;Ff.
Kd;ida jpdj;jpy; Nfhy;fs;> Fw;wpfs; %yk; vz;izf; fhl;ba tpjj;ij kPs
epidT+l;b 30 vDk; vz;izf; Nfhy;fisf; nfhz;L fhl;Lf. mjidf;
fUk;gyifapy; vOJf. %d;W gj;Jf;fs; cz;L vdTk; xd;Wfs; ,y;iy
vdTk; epidT+l;Lf.
30
gj;Jf;fs; 3 xd;Wfs; 0 Kg;gJ
Kd;ida jpdj;jpw;Nghd;W %d;W Nfhy;fisAk; xU Fw;wpiaAk; vLj;J 31

vDk; vz;iz mwpKfQ; nra;f. ,t;thwhf 30 ,w;Fk; 40 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
vz;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f. mtw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; gjpT nra;f. khztUld;
Nru;e;J thrpf;Ff.
40 fpilf;Fk; tpjj;ij khztuplk; tpdTf.
ehd;F Nfhy;fs; mjhtJ gj;Jf;fs; ehd;fpdhy; ehw;gJ (40) fpilf;Fk;
vd;gijf; fhl;Lf. gj;J> ,UgJ> Kg;gJ> ehw;gJ vd;wthW khztUld;
Nru;j;J vz;Zf.
,t;thwhf 50 fpilf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.
30 ,w;Fk; 50 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz; FwpaPLfisf; fhl;Lf. vz; ml;ilfs;
rpytw;iw vOkhwhfg; gad;gLj;jp> mt;ntz;iz Nfhy;fs;> Fw;wpfs; %yk;
fhl;Lk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.
(cjhuzk; : 32, 45, 43, 36). gpd;tUkhW mt;ntz;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; gjpT
nra;f.
vz; FwpaPL gj;Jf;fs; xd;Wfs;
32
gbKiw : 2
khztiu 4 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 30 - 50
,w;F ,ilg;gl;l vz;zfisf; fhl;Lk; 4 ml;ilfs;> epwg; ngd;rpy;fs;> gpdt
; UtJ
Nghd;w fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l xU gj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ff.
94
vz; FwpaP
i xLHdxl hL oy fJha
gj; t s;
f;f jd
a txd;
f l Watfs;
jd
a
32
vz; ml;ilfis kWGwk; jpUg;gp itf;Ff. vOkhwhf Xu; ml;iliaf; ifapy;

vLj;J> mjpYs;s vz; FwpaPl;il vOjp> gj;Jf;fs;> xd;Wfs; %yk; fhl;LkhWk;
fl;lq;fis tu;ze; jPl;LkhWk; xU khztDf;Ff; $Wf. (cjhuzk;: 32 If;
fhl;Ltjw;fhf> gj;Jf;fisf; fhl;Lk; epuypy; gj;Jf; fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l
%d;W tupirfisAk; xd;Wfs; tupirapy; ,uz;L fl;lq;fisAk; epwe; jPl;Lf.)
khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;Jf. nraw;ghL rupahdjh vdf; ftdpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
,lu;g;gLk; khztu;f;Fj; Njitf;Nfw;g cjtp Gupf.
nraw;ghL 3
30 ,w;Fk; 50 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz; fis mwpKfQ; nra;j J Nghd;W
Nfhy;fisAk; Fw;wpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp 50 ,w;Fk; 100 ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd
vz;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 9 Nfhy;fSk; 9 Fw;wpfSk; toq;fp> Mrpupau; $Wk; 50
,w;Fk; 100 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;fis Nfhy;fs; - Fw;wpfs; %yk; fhl;LkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
khztUf;F rJuf;Nfhl;Lj;jhs;fs; toq;fp Mrpupia $Wk; 30 ,w;Fk; 100
,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;fis Nfhy;fs; - Fw;wpfs; %yk; tiue;J tu;ze;
jPl;Ltjw;Fk; khztu; fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 4
,lg; n gWkhdk; njhlu; g hf khztupd; mwpit cWjpg; g Lj; J tjw; f hf>
nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.
nray;E}ypy; cs;s gapw;rpfisr; nra;AkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
10 ,w;Fk; 100 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Xu; vz;izf; $wp> mt;ntz;iz Nfhy;fs;>
Fw;wpfs; %yk; fhl;LkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. mtu;fs; fhl;LtJ rupahdjh
vd mtjhdpf;Ff.
Nfhy;fs;> Fw;wpfs; %yk; vz;nzhd;iwf; fhl;b> mt;ntz; vJntd tpdTf.
FONtiyapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ khztu; mUNf nrd;W mtu;fs; Ntiyapy;
rupahf <LgLfpd;wduh vd mtjhdpf;Ff.
jug;gl;l vz;zpy; cs;s gj;Jf;fisAk; xd;WfisAk; Ntwhf;fpf; $Wfpwhu;fsh
vd mtjhdpf;Ff.
95
28 nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Zjy; - 2
Nju;r;rp : nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Zthu;.

xNu tifiar; Nru;e;j 100 nghUl;fis / cUf;fis vz;Zthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
100 tiuapy; vz; ngau;fis xOq;F Kiwg;gb $Wthu;.
100 nghUl;fisr; rupahf vz;Zthu;.
100 cUf;fisr; rupahf vz;Zthu;.
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
ge;J
CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s Nghj;jy; / ghj;jpuk;
cjhuzk; : Gspak; tpj;Jf;fs;> Nghj;jy; %bfs;
ifj;jhsk;
xNu tifahd 100 cUf;fs; tiue;J / xl;bj; jahupj;j gpwp];ly; ml;ilfs;
A3 msTf; fljhrp my;yJ gpwp];ly; ml;ilfs;
A4 msTf; fljhrpfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
kdf;fzpjj;jpw;fhf 1 - 50 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l Xu; vz;izf; $wp mjpypUe;J
mLj;j 10 ,d; klq;F tiuapy; vz;ZkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 1. $wpa vz; 24 vdpd; 30 tiuapy; vz;Zjy;
2. $wpa vz; 42 vdpd;> mjpypUe;J ehw;gj;J %d;W> ehw;gj;J
ehd;F> ehw;gj;ije;J ..... vd;wthW 50 tiuapy; vz; ngau;fisr; rupahf
xOq;FKiwapy; $w topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;du;> khztu;fisj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F / RahjPdkhd xU
,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W tl;lkhf epw;fr; nra;f.
,g;NghJ ehk; 50 ,ypUe;J njhlq;fp vz;zg; Nghfpd;Nwhk; vdf; $wp mt;thW
vz;Ztij ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf xU ge;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhff; $Wf.
Mrpupau; ge;ijf; ifapy; itj;jthW tl;lj;jpd; eLtpy; epw;Ff.
ge;ij Kjypy; vwpa Muk;gpf;Fk; khztupy; Muk;gpj;J xOq;FKiwahf ge;ij
mDg;Gtjhf khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf. Mrpupau; $Wk; vz;iz cuj;Jf;
$WkhWk; ge;ijf; ftdkhfg; gpbf;FkhWk; mwpTWj;Jf.
Kjyhtjhf ~Ik;gj;J xd;W| ,y; Muk;gpf;FkhW $wp KjyhtJ khztDf;F
ge;ij vwpe;jthW Ik;gj;J xd;W vd cuj;Jf; $Wf. mjidf; ftdkhff;
Nfl;FkhW khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf. gpd;> khztd; ge;ij Mrpupaiu Nehf;fp
vwpAk;NghJ khztu; midtUk; cuj;j Fuypy; Ik;gj;J xd;W vdf; $WkhW
topg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf 60 vDk; vz; ngau; tiuapy; ge;ij mDg;gpa gpd;du;> ifjl;bathW
MrpupaUld; $l;lhf 50 - 60 tiuapy; xOq;FKiwapy; vz;ZkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
,uz;lhtJ re;ju;g;gj;jpy; 60 - 70 tiuapy; Kd;du; Nghd;Nw tl;lj;jpy; ge;ij
mDg;Gf. 60 ,d; Kbtpy; ge;ijg; ngw;w khztupy; Muk;gpj;J mWgj;njhd;W
96
mWgj;jpuz;L vd;W $wpathW Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W ge;ij vwpf. 60 - 70
tiuapy; rfy khztu;fSlDk; $l;lhf vz;Zf.
,t;thwhf 70 - 80, 80 - 90, 90 - 100 tiuapYk; Kd;du; Nghd;Nw vz;Zk;
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
,Wjpapy; 1 - 100 tiuapy; vz; ngau;fis MrpupaUld; Nru;eJ
; xOq;FKiwg;gb
$w topg;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> Mrpupau; $Wk; mwpTWj;jy;fisf; ftdkhfr;
nrtpkLf;FkhW $Wf. mt;twpTWj;jy;fspd;gb nraw;gl topg;gLj;Jf. gpd;tUk;
mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.
Mrpupau; Xu; vz;izf; $wpaTld;> xt;nthU FOtpYk; xU khztu; tPjk;
mt;ntz;zpypUe;J 100 tiuapy; njhlu;r;rpahf vz;z Ntz;Lk; vdTk;
mtu; rupahf vz;Zfpwhuh vd;gij Vida khztu;fs; ftdpf;f Ntz;LnkdTk;
mwpTWj; J f. Kjyhtjhf vz; z j; njhlq; F gtu; ahu; vd; g ij FO
cWg;gpdu;fNs jPuk; hdpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf. gpd;du; Mrpupau; kw;WNkhu;
vz;izf; $w Ntz;Lk;. khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; kw;WnkhU khztdpd;
vjpNu vz;ZkhW mwpTWj;Jf. ,t;thwhf vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; vz;zr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. ,q;F 50 - 100 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l vz;fisNa Mrpupau;
gad;gLj;JtJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.
Njitnadpd; FOepiyapy; njhlu;eJ ; k; ,r;nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; re;ju;gg
; kspfF
; f.
1 - 100 tiuapyhd vz; ngau;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb $Wtij xNu nraw;ghl;bd;
%yk; nra;tJ fbdkhdjhf mika ,lKz;L. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
1 - 70 / 80 tiuapy; xU nraw;ghlhfTk; 1 - 100 tiuapy; vz;Ztij kw;WnkhU
nraw;ghlhfTk; nra;ayhk;.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
1 - 100 tiuapyhd vz; ngau;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb kPs epidT+l;Lf.
Mrpupau; ifj;jhsj;jpd; %yk; xyp vOg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjDld; $lNt
~xd;W| vd cuj;Jf; $Wf.
ifj;jhsj;jpdhy; kPz;Lk; xyp vOg;gp ~,uz;L| vdf; $Wf.
,t;thwhf tFg;G khztu; midtiuAk; gq;Fngwr; nra;J 100 tiuapy;
vz;z topg;gLj;Jf.
khztu;fs; midtUk; ghu;f;ff;$bathW itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J
CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s Nghj;jypDs; xU nghUis ,Ltjw;F khztu;
xUtUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. mg;NghJ Mrpupau; ~xd;W| vdf; $Wf.
CLfhl; Lk; jd;i kAs; s Nghj; jypDs; NkYk; xU nghUis ,LkhW
khztu;fsplk; $Wf.
Mrpupau; ~,uz;L| vdf; $Wf.
NkYnkhU nghUis ,LkhW khztuplk; $Wf.
,t;thW rpy nghUl;fis ,l;l gpd;du; NkYk; rpy khztu;fSf;F mt;thW
nghUl;fis ,lr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. ,t;thwhf 100 tiuapy; nghUl;fis
vz;Zk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lf. xd;wd;gpd; xd;whfg; nghUl;fis ,lNtz;Lk;
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
100 - 105 nghUl;fs; ,lg;gl;l xU ghj;jpuk;> rpwpa ghj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw
FOf;fSf;F xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
97
KjyhtJ khztid> ngupa ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J xU nghUis vLj;J ~xd;W|
vdf; $wp rpwpa ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,LkhW $Wf.
,uz;lhtJ khztidAk; xU nghUis vLj;J ~,uz;L| vdf; $wp rpwpa
ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,LkhW $Wf.
Mrpupau; irif toq;fpaTld; tpisahl;ilj; njhlq;FkhW $Wf.
kPz;Lk; irif toq;fpaTld; tpisahl;il epWj;JkhW $Wf.
me;je;jf; FO vz;zpAs;s msit tpdTf. mjpypUe;J njhlu;e;Jk; vz;zr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
Ke;jpa jpdj;jpy; 100 nghUl;fis vz;zpaij epidT$u;eJ
; 1 - 100 tiuapyhd
vz; ngau;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb $w khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
xNu tifiar; Nru;e;j 100 cUf;fis vz;Ztjw;fhf 100 cUf;fis tiue;j
gpwp];ly; ml;ilia tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd fUk;gyifapy; my;yJ nghUj;jkhd
xU jhq;fpapy; njhq;ftpLf.
khztu;fs; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthwhf xt;nthU glj;jpd; kPJk; Rl;bia
(Nfhy; / mbkl;lk;) itj;Jf; fhl;b vz;Zf. khztu;fSk; vz;zr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
tFg;G khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. xU FOtpy;
10 khztu;fs; mlq;FkhW gpupf;fyhk;.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; A3 fljhrp / gpwp];ly; ml;il> epwg; ngd;rpy; xt;nthd;W
tPjk; toq;Ff. (fljhrpapy; / gpwp];ly; ml;ilapy; 105 / 110 tiuapy; fl;lq;fs;
tiuag;gl;bUg;gJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ)
khztu; xt;nthUtUk; mt;tl;ilapy; 10 tl;lq;fs; (FO cWg;gpdu;fs; 10
Ngu; vdpd;) tiua Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wf. (FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; njhiff;Nfw;g
tiua Ntz;ba tl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Mrpupia fzpj;Jf; $Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;)
rfyUk; $l;lhf tl;lq;fis vz;zpg; ghu;j;J> 100 tl;lq;fs; cs;sdth
vd;gijr; rupahfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. 100 tl;lq;fs; ,y;iy vdpd;> 100
tl;lq;fs; MFk; tiu NkYk; tl;lq;fs; tiuAkhW $Wf.
me;je;jf; FO 100 tl;lq;fs; tiue;J fljhrpia / gpwp];ly; ml;ilia
tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; FOf;fspilNa nrd;W
mtjhdpf;Ff. vOkhwhf cUf;fis vz;zr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
,lu;g;gLk; khztu;fSf;F rpy jlitfs; 100 nghUl;fs; / cUf;fis vz;zr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; xt;nthUtUk; 100 cUf;fis / nghUl;fis vz;z KbAnkd;gij
jdpj;jdpNa ftdpj;J cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;f.
98
29 vz;fis xOq;Ftupirg;gLj;jy;

100 ,Yk; Fiwthd ahNjDk; %d;W vz;fis xg;gpl;L tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
100 ,Yk; Fiwthd ,uz;L vz;fSs; ngupa vz;izAk; rpwpa vz;izAk;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
100 ,Yk; Fiwthd ahNjDk; %d;W vz;fSs; kpfr; rpwpa vz;iz> ngupa
vz;iz> kpfg; ngupa vz;izj; njupT nra;thu;.
100 ,Yk; Fiwthd ahNjDk; %d;W vz;fis VWtupirg;gb> ,wq;Ftupirg;gb
tupirg;gLj;jp vOJthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
rpwpa vz;> kpfr; rpwpa vz;> ngupa vz;> kpfg; ngupa vz;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
vz; ml;ilfs;
FOr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf A4 fljhrpfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
100 ,Yk; Fiwthd ,uz;L vz;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf
my;yJ vz; ml;ilfs; %yk; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : 26> 43
mt;ntz;fis thrpf;FkhW khztu;fsplk; $Wf.
Nkw;gb vz;fSf;Fupa nghUl;Ftpay;fs; ,uz;bid my;yJ fljhrpapy; tiue;j
ntt;NtW msTs;s cUj;njhFjpfis khztu;fs; ghu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
me;j msTfs; njhlu;ghf ciuahb> ngupa vz;izAk; rpwpa vz;izAk;
,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mt;ntz;fspd; ,lg;ngWkhdk; gw;wp epidT+l;Lf. 26 ,y; gj;Jf;fs; vj;jid?
xd;Wfs; vj;jid?
,e;j vz;fSs; gj;Jf;fs; $Ljyhf ,Ug;gijf;nfhz;L ngupa vz;iz
,dq;fhzyhk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhd NkYk; rpy cjhuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> ,uz;L vz;fSs; ngupa
vz;izAk; rpwpa vz;izAk; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;gjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gj;Jf;fs; rkkhd re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; cjhuzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 62> 67
gbKiw : 2
,uz;L vz;fSs; rpwpa vz;izAk; ngupa vz;izAk; ,dq;fz;Ls;sduh
vd;gij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU tpis
ahl;ilj; jpl;lkpLf.
khztu;fisj; jpwe;j ntspahd Xu; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W tl;lkhf
epWj;jp glj;jpy; fhl;bathW khztu;fs; midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW tl;lj;jpd;
Xu; ,lj;jpy; Mrpupau; epw;f Ntz;Lk;.
99
Mrpupau;
.=rejh
khztu;fs;
vz; ml;ilfs; ,uz;bid khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;b> mt;tpuz;L vz;fisAk;

thrpf;fr; nra;f. mtw;Ws; rpwpa vz;izAk; ngupa vz;izAk; ,dq;fz;L
nfhs; t J mtrpak; vd; g ij tpsf; F f. (,jd; N ghJ xUtNuhnlhUtu;
ciuahlyhfhJ vdf; $Wf)
Mrpupau; mtw;Ws; Xu; vz; ml;iliaf; ifapy; gpbj;J cau;j;jpf; fhl;baTld;
mt;ntz; rpwpa vz;zhapd; khztu;fs; epw;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;J tl;lj;jpDs;
ghAkhWk; ngupa vz;zhapd; tl;lj;jpw;F ntspNa ghAkhWk; (gpd;Ndhf;fp)
$Wf.
,t;thwhfr; rpy vz; Nrhbfis vLj;J rpy jlitfs; nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;f.
jtW tpLfpd;w khztu;fSf;F kPzL ; k; kPz;Lk; Kaw;rp nra;ar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
vz;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F khztUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
kdf;fzpjj;jpw;fhf 100 ,Yk; Fiwthd ,uz;L vz;fisf; $wp> rpwpa
vz;izAk; ngupa vz;izAk; $WkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
1 - 30 tiu vz; ml;ilfs; rpytw;iwf; nfhz;l xU njhFjpapypUe;J %d;W
khztu;fSf;F xt;Nthu; ml;il tPjk; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
khztu;fspd; iffspYs;s ml;ilfspy; ,Uf;fpd;w vz;fis kw;iwa
khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;LkhW $Wf. mt;ntz;fis thrpf;FkhW khztu;fis
topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 9 28 16
,uz;L vz;fs; tPjk; ntt;Ntwhff; fhl;b> mtw;Ws; rpwpa vz;izf; $wr;

re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mjd; %yk; kpfr; rpwpa vz;izg; ngWk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
9 28 28 16
rpwpa
l= vz;
vd u ixLHdj 9 16 l=vrpwpa vz;
d u ixLHdj
l=vd u ixLHdj 9 rpwpa vz;
kpfr; rpwpa vz;iz ,dq;fz;l gpd;du; kPjpahfTs;s ,uz;L vz;fSs; rpwpa

vz;izAk; ngupa vz;izAk; mwpKfQ; nra;f.
16 28
mt;ntz;fis kpfr; rpwpa vz; njhlf;fk; kpfg; ngupa vz; tiuapy; fUk;gyif
apy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
,t;thwhf NtW %d;W vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vz;fis tupirg;gLj;Jtijj;
njhlu;e;Jk; nra;J cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
100
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis %d;W Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 1 - 30 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilfSs; 6 / 9 tiuapyhd
vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfis toq;Ff. mt;ntz;fis tupirg;gLj;jp vOJkhW
mwpTWj;Jf. vOJtjw;fhf fljhrp toq;Ff.
mt;ntz; ml;ilfis Nkir kPJ kWGwk; jpUg;gp itf;FkhW $Wf.
Kjypy; FOtpy; khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Xu; ml;il tPjk; ifapy; vLf;FkhW
$Wf.
FO cWg;gpdu;fs; %tUk; Nru;e;J mt;ntz;fSs; kpfr; rpwpa vz;> ngupa
vz;> kpfg; ngupa vz; Mfpatw;iwj; njupTnra;AkhW $Wf. gpd;du; mk;%d;W
vz;fisAk; kpfr; rpwpa vz;zpypUe;J kpfg; ngupa vz; tiu tupirg;gLj;jp
itf;FkhW $Wf.
mt;ntz;fis jkJ FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;l fljhrpapy; vOJkhW $Wf.
vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpapypUe;J NtW %d;W vz; ml;ilfis vLj;J mtw;iwAk;
tupirg;gLj;jp itf;FkhWk; gpd;G fljhrpapy; vOJkhWk; $Wf.
mt;ntz; ml;ilfis xOq;F khw;wp kPz;Lk; Nkir kPJ kWGwk; jpUg;gp
itf;FkhW $Wf.
vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpapy; ,Ue;J %d;W vz; ml;ilfis vLj;J mtw;iw
tupirg;gLj;jp itf;FkhW $Wf. ,t;thW rpy jlitfs; nra;ar; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;Ff. (,g;ghlj;jpy; khztu;fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Neuj;jpw;F mika
jlitfspd; vz;zpf;iffisj; jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;f)
gbKiw : 3
NkNy tupirg;gLj;jpa vz; tupirfs; rpytw;iw mtu;fsJ gapw;rpf; nfhg;gpapy;
vOjpf;nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
nraw;ghL 2 ,idg; Nghd;Nw %d;W vz;fSs; Kjypy; kpfg;ngupa vz;iz
,dq;fhZk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzk; : 24, 11, 16
24 11 11 16
ngupa
Yd, vz; 24
u ixLHdj 16 ngupa vz;
Yd, u ixLHdj
Yd, u ixLHdj 24 ngupa vz;
gpd;du; mk;%d;W vz;fisAk; kpfg; ngupa vz;zpypUe;J kpfr; rpwpa vz;

tiuapy; tupirg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 24> 16> 11
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fs; FOthfr; Nru;e;J nra;aj;jf;f xU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
gbKiw : 3
%d; W vz;f isf; fUk;g yifapy; vOjp> mt; ntz;f is kpfg; ngupa
vz;zpypUe;J kpfr; rpwpa vz; tiu jkJ gapw;rpf; nfhg;gpapy; vOJkhW
$Wf.
101
nraw;ghL 4, 5
1 njhlf;fk; 99 tiuapyhd ahNjDk; %d;W vz;fis VWtupirg;gb my;yJ
,wq;F tupirg;gb tupirg;gLj;Jtij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tpsf;F
tjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdnjhU nraw;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkpLf.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; FOr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tpdhf;fs; tpdTjy;
kw;Wk; mtjhdpj;jy; %yk; mtu;fs; vz;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fz;L> xOq;F
Kiwapy; tupirg;gLj;Jfpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
khztu;fs; jdpj;jdpNa <Lglj;jf;f gapw;rpfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
Fwpg; G : tupirg;gLj;Jtij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjpy; ,lu;g; gLk;

khztu;fSf;F Kjypy; 10 ,Yk; Fiwthd> 20 ,Yk; Fiwthd
vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gbg;gbahf mjpYk; ngupa vz;fis
tupirg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
102
30 vz; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
Nju;r;rp : vz; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 MFkhW vz; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 MfTs;s vz; Nfhynkhd;wpy; mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba
vz;fis ,dq;fz;L Nfhyj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Kjyhk; vz; jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 MfTs;s vz;Nfhyj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
Nfhyk;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
cU ml;ilfs;
vz; ml;ilfs; (1 njhlf;fk; 20 tiu)
nraw;ghL 2> nraw;ghL 3 Mfpatw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthwhd vz; ml;ilf;
fPyq;fs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
2 3 2 3
Nkw;fhl;bathwhd cU ml;ilfisAk; vz; ml;ilfisAk; Maj;jg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;f.
khztu; ,Utiu my;yJ %tiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd miof;Ff.
Maj;jg;gLj;jpa gpsdy; gyifapy;> Nkw;gb cUf;fis xU Nfhyj;jpd;gb
fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW mk;khztUf;Ff; $Wf.
mt;T U ml;i lfspd; fPo; vz; ml;ilfis khztu; NtW rpyUf; Ff;
fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW $Wf.
rfy khztu;fsJk; ftdj;ij gpsdy; gyifapd;ghy; <u;j;J> vz;fs; %yk;
fhl;lg;gLk; Nfhyj;ij cuj;Jf; $WkhW $Wf.
cjhuzk; : 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, ...... vd;wthW cuj;Jf; $Wf.
mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
,q;F vz;fs; mike;Js;s Nfhyj;ij ,dq;fhZkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
mLj;jjhf tuNtz;ba vz;iz / vz;fisf; $WkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
mt;TU ml;ilfisAk; vz; ml;ilfisAk; nfhz;L kw;WnkhU Nfhyj;ijAk;
mikf;Ff.
cjhuzk; :
2 2 3 2 2 3
103
,JTk; Xu; vz;Nfhyk; vd tpsf;Ff.
Njitnadpd; NkYk; vz; ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp rpy Nfhyq;fis mikf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
xt;n thU FOtpw; F k; ,uz; L my; y J %d; W vz; fs; mlq; f pa vz;
ml;ilj;njhFjp xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
mt;ntz; ml;ilfs; %yk; Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; mtw;iwj;
jkJ gapw;rpf; nfhg;gpapy; vOjpf;nfhs;SkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
tFg;G khztu;fis FOepiyapy; mkUkhW topg;gLj;jp> xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;
gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfis toq;Ff. (khztu; %tu;
%tuhfr; Nru;e;J nraw;glj;jf;fthwhf vz; ml;ilj; njhFjpfs; toq;Ff).
cjhuzk; :
2 vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs; 3
Nfhynkhd;wpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf> Mrpupau; $Wk; vz;izf; nfhz;l

ml;ilia Kjypy; Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW $Wf. gpd;du; jkf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s
ml;ilfisf; nfhz;L> tpUk;gpa Nfhynkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;g topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :Mrpupia KjyhtJ vz;zhf 2 I itj;Js;sNghJ rfy
FOf;fspdJk; khztu;fs; 2 ,y; Muk;gpj;J 4 , 6 Mfpa
tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vz;Nfhynkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;.
khztu; fl;bnaOg;gpa vz;Nfhyq;fisf; $wr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
mtw;iwf; nfhz;L xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l vz;Nfhyq;fs; rpytw;iwf;
fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
fPNo fhl;bAs;sthW 1 - 20 tiuapy;> ,uz;L epwq;fspy; jahupj;j vz;fisf;
fhl;Lk; ml;ilfisf; fUk;gyifapNyh my;yJ NtW gyifnahd;wpNyh
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. (nt - nts;is> rp - rptg;G)
nt rp nt rp nt rp
r;= nt rp nt rp nt rp nt rp nt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
mg;gyifiag; ghu;j;J vz;fis thrpf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.

xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W> ....... vd;wthW ,UgJ tiu.
rptg;G epw ml;ilfisf; fUk;gyifapypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;Jf. kPjpahf cs;s
vz;fspd; Nfhyj; jpd;ghy; khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;f; Ff. mf;Nfhyj;ij
thrpf;FkhW ($WkhW) khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15
,JTk; xU NfhykhFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
mg;Gwg;gLj;jpa ml;ilfspYs;s vz;fs; vit vd tpdTf. mt;ntz;fisf;
fUk;gyifapy; fl;bnaOg;Gf.
cjhuzk; : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, ..... vd;wthwhf.
mt;ntz;fSk; xU Nfhyj;jpy; mike;Js;sikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
104
gbKiw : 2
njhFjp 1 8, 7, 6, ....., ....., .....
njhFjp 2 5, 10, 5, ....., ....., .....
njhFjp 3 2, 2, 3, ....., ....., .....
,t;thwhd vz; ml;ilf; fPyq;fSk; ml;ilfSk; mlq;fpa xt;nthU njhFjp

tPjk; xt;nthU FOtpw;F toq;Ff.
fl;bnaOg;gpa Nfhyk; rupahdjh vd mtjhdpf;Ff. Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
Kjypy; vz; Nfhyj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpa FOitg; ghuhl;Lf.
ml;ilj; njhFjpfisf; FOf;fSf;fpilNa gupkhwpathW NkYk; Nfhyq;fisf;
fl;bnaOg;g topg;gLj;Jf. Njitahd re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
1 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapyhd vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l vz; fPyq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. (vz;fis epiuahf fUk;gyifapYk; vOjpf; nfhs;syhk;)
,t;ntz; fPyj;jpy; xd;W njhlf;fk;> xd;Wtpl;lnjhU fl;lj;ij epwe; jPl;Lf.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 17 18 19 20
epwe; jPl;ba fl;lq;fs; jtpu kPjpahfTs;s vz;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
,jpYs;s Nfhyj;ij ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf vz;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb $WNthk;
vdf; $Wf.
,q;F xU vz; kPz;Lk; kPzL
; k; ,lk;ngwtpy;iyahapDk; vz;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
tpjj;jpy; xU Nfhyk; cz;L vd;gij khztu;f;Ff; $Wf.
mf;Nfhyj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW ,dq;fz;L nfhs;f.
2 cld; 2 Nru;j;jjhy; 4 fpilj;Js;sJ
vd;wthW KOf; Nfhyj;ijAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
Nfhyj;jpy; 20 ,w;Fg; gpd;du; tUk; vz; vJntdf; $Wtjw;F khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
njhlf;f vz;iz khw;wp> nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 MFkhW xU Nfhyj;ij
khztUld; Nru;e;J fl;bnaOg;Gf.
cjhuzk; : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15
gbKiw : 2
khztiu ,UtupUtuhff; FOf;fshf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 1 njhlf;fk; 10 tiu vz; ml;ilj; njhFjp tPjk;
toq;Ff.
mt;ntz; ml;ilj; njhFjpia ,UtupilNa xOq;Fkhw;wp gfpu;eJ
; nfhs;SkhW
khztupy; xUtUf;Ff; $Wf.
105
kw;iwa khztUf;F jk;kplKs;s vz; ml;ilfSs; xd;iwj; njupT nra;J
Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW $Wf.
ml;ilfisg; gfpu;e;j khztd;> mt;ntz;iz KjyhtJ vz;zhff; nfhz;L
nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 MFkhW xU Nfhyj;ijj; jkJ mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy;
my;yJ xU fljhrpapy; vOj Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf.
jkJ ifapYs;s Xu; ml;ilia njupT nra;J Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW mt;thW
Nfhyj;ij vOjpa khztdplk; $Wf.
kw;iwa khztDf;F mt;ntz;iz KjyhtJ vz;zhff; nfhz;L xU
Nfhyj;ij vOJkhW $Wf. ,t;thwhf> mk;khztu; ,UtUk; xd;Wtpl;L
xUtuhf nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 MFkhW Ie;J vz; Nfhyq;fis vOJkhW
mwpTWj;Jf.
khztu;fs; rupahf vz; Nfhyq;fis vOJfpd;wduh vd;gij mtjhdpf;Ff.
fzpg;gPL :
khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; Ntisapy; mtjhdpj;J mtu;fs; rupahf
nghJ tpj;jpahrk; 2 MFkhW Nfhyq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;wduh vd;gij
__________
106
31 nghUl;fis / cUf;fis ,uz;buz;lhf vz;Zjy;
Nju;r;rp : nghUl;fis / glq;fis vz;Zthu;.

xNu tifahd nghUl;fs; / cUf;fs; 100 ,Yk; Fiwe;j njhifia
,uz;buz;lhf (,t;tpuz;lhf) vz;Zthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
xNu tifiar; Nru;e;j 20 nghUl;fis ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Zthu;.
xNu tifiar; Nru;e;j 20 cUf;fis ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Zthu;.
xNu tifiar; Nru;e;j nghUl;fs; / cUf;fis 100 ,Yk; Fiwe;j njhifia
,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Zthu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
,t;tpuz;lhf
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
<u;f;Ffs;> kyu;fs; / G+f;fs;
20 nfhbfs; nfhz;l Nfhu;it
1 njhlf;fk; 20 tiu ,yf;fq;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;
vz;zpfs;> G+ cUf;fs; xl;lg;gl;l fljhrpf; fPyq;fs;
epw tl;lq;fs; (fljhrpapy;)
rJuf; fl;lr; rl;lfk; (,r;rl;lfj;jpy; NkypUe;J fPohf 10 fl;lq;fs; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
mtu;fis tupirahf epw;fr; nra;J 1 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuapy; vz;ZkhW
topg;gLj;Jf. jhk; $wpa vz; vJ vd;gij epidtpy; itj;jpUf;FkhW
typAWj;jpf; $Wf.
gpd;du; 1 vdf; $wpa khztid mku;e;jpUf;FkhWk; 2 vdf; $wpa khztid
epw;FkhWk; $Wf. mjd;gb 1, 3, 5, 7, .... 19 Mfpa vz;fisf; $wpa khztu;fs;
m kU khWk; 2, 4, 6, 8, ..... 20 M fp a vz; f i sf; $w pa khztu; f s;
epd;Wnfhz;bUf;FkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
2, 4, 6, .... 20 Mfpa vz;fisf; $wpa khztu;fSf;F 2 mb J}uk; Kd;Ndhf;fp
elf;FkhW $wf.
mk;khztu;fis kPz;Lk; 2, 4, 6, ..... 20 tiu ,t;tpuz;lhff; $w topg;gLj;Jf.
vy;yh khztu;fSk; kPz;Lk; 2 - 20 tiuapy; ,t;tpuz;lhf cuj;Jf; $w
topg;gLj;Jf.
107
10 khztu;fis Kd;Nd mioj;J tupirahf epw;fr; nra;f.
khztu; midtUk; Nru;e;J tupirapy; epw;Fk; khztiu xd;W> ,uz;L>
%d;W> .... gj;J tiu vz;ZkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
mk;khztiu ,UtupUtuhf epw;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
mk;khztu;fs; 10 NgiuAk; ,uz;L> ehd;F> .... vd;wthW ,t;tpuz;lhf

vz;Zk; tpjj;ijr; nra;J fhl;Lf.
,t;thwhf> rpy jlitfs; khztu;fs; 10 - 20 tiuapy; ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Ztjw;F
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf;Ff.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; 10 <u;f;FfSk; 20 G+f;fSk; toq;Ff.
xU <u;f;fpy; ,uz;L G+f;fs; tPjk; Nfhu;f;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
Nfhu;jj
; G+f;fisf; nfhz;l <u;fF ; fisf; ifapy; vLj;J gpd;tUkhW cuj;Jf;$w
topg;gLj;Jf.
<u;f;F 1 G+f;fs; 2
<u;f;F 2 G+f;fs; 4
<u;f;F 3 G+f;fs; 6
vd;wthW <u;f;F 10 G+f;fs; 20 tiu $w topg;gLj;Jf.
gpd;du; me;jg;G+f;fis ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;zr;nra;f.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
2, 4, 6, ..... 20 tiu vz; ml;ilfisf; fUk;gyifapy; my;yJ NtW xU
gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. vy;yhntz;fisAk; ,uz;L> ehd;F> MW> ..... 20
tiuapy; $WkhW vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;j rpy khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;gg ; kspf;Ff.
20 nfhbfisf; Nfhu;jJ ; j; jahupj;j nfhbf; Nfhu;itia tFg;gpy; nghUj;jkhd
Xu; ,lj;jpy; njhq;ftpLf.
nfhbfis ,t;tpuz;lhf xU gf;fj;jpw;Fj; js;spathW ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Zf.
,t;thW rpy jlitfs; vz;Zf. gpd;> xt;nthd;whf vz;zpf;fhl;b njhif
rupahdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
Mrpupau; nfhbfis ,t;tpuz;lhf xU gf;fkhfj; js;Sk;NghJ khztu;fSf;F>
,t;tpuz;lhf vz;zr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztiu ,UtupUtuhff; FOf;fshf;Ff. xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; vz;zpfshfg;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba nghUs; njhFjpfs; 3 my;yJ 4 toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 16 nghj;jhd;fs; (njwpfs;)
20 rpW fw;fs;
10 Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jy; %bfs;
20 G+f;fs;
FOtpy; khztu; ,UtUk; Nru;e;J mg;nghUs;fis ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;ZkhW
$Wf. fpilj;j tpil rupahdjh vd;gij mwptjw;fhf kPz;Lk; mg;nghUl;fis
xt;nthd;whf Ntwhf;fp vz;zp Nkir kPJ itf;FkhW $Wf.
cjhuzk; :

108
khztu;fs; rupahf ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Zfpd;wduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpr;
nrhy;tjw;fhf FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W Nkw;fhl;bathW itj;j nghUl;fis
,t;tpuz;lhf vz;ZkhW $Wf.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
20 tiu G+f;fs; xl;lg;gl;l / tiuag;gl;l xU fljhrpf; fPyj;ijf; fUk;gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. (,f;fljhrpf; fPyj;jpy; cs;s glq;fis tFg;G khztu;
midtUk; njspthfg; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;)
,g;NghJ ehk; Kd;ida nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ nghUl;fis vz;zpaijg; Nghd;Nw
,t;tpuz;lhf cUf;fis vz;zg;Nghtjhf khztuplk; $Wf.
jtwtplhjthW rupahf ,t;tpuz; lhf mt;T Uf;fis vz;zf;$ba xU
Kiwiaf; $WkhW khztuplk; $Wf.
,t;tpuz;lhf tl;lk; tiujy;> ,t;tpuz;lhf milahskply;> ,t;tpuz;lhf
Ntwhf;fp ,ilNa NfhL fPWjy; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.
khztiuAk; <LgLj;jp> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l VNjDk; xU Kiwapy; mg;glq;fis
,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Zf.
Kd;tUk; khztu;fSf;F mt;thW vz;Ztjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fis 5 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
rJuf;Nfhl;Lr; rl;lfnkhd;iwAk; epwg; G+f;fs; / epw cUf;fisAk; NghJkhdsT
khztu;f;F toq;Ff.
jug;gl;Ls;s rJuf; Nfhl;Lr; rl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; G+f;fs; / tl;lq;fs;
,uz;L tPjk; xl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
rJuf; fl;l tupirapy; cs;s G+f;fs; / tl;lq;fspd; njhifia tupirapd;
vjpNu vOJkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
2
4
nraw;ghL 4, 5
100 ,Yk; Fiwe;j nghUl;fs; / cUf;fis ,t;tpuz;lhf vz;Ztij NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPL :
20 tiuapy; ahNjDk; nghUl;fis / cUf;fis toq;fp mtw;iw ,t;tpuz;lhf
vz;ZkhW $Wf.
FOr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ khztu;fSf;fpilNa nrd;W mtu;fs; rupahf
vz;Zfpd;wduh vdf; ftdpf;Ff.
100 ,Yk; Fiwthd ahNjDk; nghUl;fis / glq;fis toq;fp> mtw;iw
,t;tpuz;lhf vz;ZkhW $Wf.
khztuJ jpwDf;Nfw;g toq;fpa nghUl;fs;/cUf;fspd; njhifiaj; jPuk
; hdpf;Ff.
109
32 vz; $l;ly; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

$l;Lj;njhif 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj $l;ly; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
$l;Lj;njhif 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj ,uz;L vz;fisf; $l;Lk; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; :
$l;Lj;njhif> $l;ly;
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s vz; ml;ilfs;
vz;zpfs;
vspikahd $l;ly; gpurpdq;fs; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;
E}W vz; rl;lfk; (E}W vz; fl;lq;fs;)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
khztu;fsplk; rpy tpdhf;fis tpdTf.
cjhuzk; : Nkirapd; NkNy 5 mg;gps; goq;fSk; 4 khk;goq;fSk;
,Ue;jd. mg;gps; goq;fSk; khk;goq;fSk; nkhj;jk;
vj;jid?
fuz; 10 Gs;spfs; ngw;whd;. eprhk; 8 Gs;spfs; ngw;whd;.
nkhj;jk; vj;jid Gs;spfs;?
ghlrhiyapy; xU tFg;gpy; 15 khztu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. kw;iwa
tFg;gpy; 10 khztu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,uz;L tFg;GfspYKs;s
nkhj;j khztu;fs; vj;jid?
1 - 9 tiuapyhd vz; ml;ilfis xU ghj;jpuj;jpYk; 10 ,ypUe;J 90 tiu
vz;fis kw;WnkhU ghj;jpuj;jpYk; ,Lf. Xu; vz; ml;il tPjk; ifapy;
vLf;FkhW $Wf.
xU khztid mioj;J xU ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J xU ml;iliaAk; kw;iwa
khztid mioj;J kw;iwa ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU ml;iliaAk;
vLf;FkhW $Wf.
mt;ntz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiag; ngWtjw;fhf mt;ntz; ml;ilfisj;
njspthfg; ghu;f;ff;$bathW gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 12 + 7
$l;Ltij ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf vz;zpfis toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 12 ,ypUe;J njhlu;e;J 7 vz;zpfis vz;zp> $l;Lj;
njhifiag; ngWf.
tpilf;Fupa vz; ml;iliag; gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf khztu;fis <LgLj;jpr; rpy $l;ly;fisr; nra;f.
cjhuzk; : 21 + 5, 3 + 48, 9 + 33, 8 + 21
110
xt;nthd;wpYk; ngupa vz;zpypUe;J njhlu;e;J vz;zp $l;Lj;njhifiag;ngWk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
1 - 9 tiu vz; ml;ilfs;> 10 ,ypUe;J VWtupirg;gb vOjg;gl;l vz;
ml;ilfs;> vz;zpfs;> jbj;j fljhrp Mfpatw;iwf; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
xU khztDf;F 1 - 9 ,w;Fs; cs;s xU vz; vOjg;gl;l ml;il xd;iwAk;
kw;iwa khztDf;F 10 njhlf;fk; 90 tiu vOjg;gl;l vz; ml;il xd;iwAk;
njupTnra;J mt;ntz;fs; ,uz;bdJk; $l; Lj;n jhifia vz;z pfspd;
JizAld; fz;lwpa topg;gLj;Jf.
mf;$l;liyj; jbj;j fljhrpapy; vOjpf;fhl;LkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
cjhuzk; : 15 + 3 = 18
FO cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;FkhW Nkw;gb nraw;ghl;ilr;
rpy jlitfs; elj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
khztu;fs; njspthfg; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthW 1 - 100 tiuapyhd vz;fis vOjpa
gyifiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
$l;Lj;njhif 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthW ,uz;L vz;fisf; $l;Lk; gpurpdq;fs;
vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs; mlq;fpAs;s xU ghj;jpuj;ijj; jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; :
21
14 5
16
xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J> mg;ghj;jpuj;jpypUe;J Xu; ml;iliaf;

ifapy; vLf;FkhW $Wf.
me;j ml;ilapy; cs;s gpurpdj;ij vz; gyifapd; JizAld; jPu;f;Fk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 14 + 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14 vDk; vz;zpd; kPJ fsp 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
cUz;ilia itj;J
mjpypUe;J 5 fl;lq;fs;
njhlu;e;J nry;tjhy;
fpilf;Fk; vz;Nz
tpilahFk;.
,f;$l;liy khztUld; Nru;e; J cuj;Jf;
$Wf.
14 $l;ly; 5 rkd; 19.
mjidj; njspthff; fUk;gyifapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
14 + 5 = 19
khztuJ <Lghl;Lld; ,t;thwhd NkYk; rpy gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
1 - 100 tiuapy; vOjg;gl;l vz; ml;ilfs;> gpurpdq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;>
tpilfs; mlq;fpa ml;ilj; njhFjpfs; Mfpatw;iw FOf;fSf;F ntt;Ntwhf
toq;Ff.
111
khztu;fis ,Utu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> gpurpd ml;ilfSs; xd;iw
vOkhw;whfj; njupTnra;AkhW $Wf.
ml;ilapy; cs;s gpurpdj;ij 1 - 100 tiuapy; vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l vz;
ml;ilapd; JizAld; jPu;f;FkhW khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
tpiliaf; fhl;Lk; vz; ml;ilia> gpurpd ml;ilf;F vjpNu fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW
mwpTWj;Jf.
mg;gpurpdj;ijAk; tpiliaAk; xU fljhrpapy; my;yJ khztupd; mg;gpahrg;
Gj;jfj;jpy; vOj topg;gLj;Jf.
FOtpy; midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;FkhW nraw;ghl;ilr; rpy jlitfs;
nra;tpf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
,lg;ngWkhdj;ijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L vz;fisf; $l;Ltij khztu;fSf;F
mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;F g; nghUj; jkhd xU nraw; ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;J f.
$l;Lj;njhif 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhjthWk; nfhz;Lnry;yy; ,d;wpAk; ,uz;L
vz;fisf; $l;Lk; gpurpdq;fisj; njupTnra;J nfhs;f.
cjhuzk; : 1. + 33
+ 25
2. xU igapy; 40 khk;goq;fSk; ,d;DnkhU igapy; 35

khk;goq;fSk; cs;sd. ,uz;L igfspYk; cs;s
nkhj;j khk;goq;fspd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsT?
gbKiw : 2
khztu;fs; ,UtupUtuhfr; Nru;e;J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd rpy gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 4, 5
$l;Lj;njhif 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj ,uz;L vz;fisf; $l;Lk; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPug
; g
; ij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;
nfhs;f.
fzpg;gPL :
$l;Lj;njhif 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj vz;$l;ly; gpurpdq;fis toq;fp> jPu;fF
; khW
$Wf.
khztu; nray;E}ypYs;s gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
juk; ,uz;by; vz; $l;liyf; fw;W Kbf;Fk; NghJ khztu;fs; ,lg;

ngWkhdj;jpd;gb $l;Ljy; kw;Wk; vz; $l;ly; gpizg;Gf;fs; gw;wpr;
rupahd tpsf;fk; toq;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
112
33 vz; fopj;jy; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj Xu; vz;zpypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwthd vz;izf;
fopf;Fk; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj Xu; vz;zpypUe;J kw;WNkhu; vz;iz> nfhz;L nry;yypd;wpf;
fopf;Fk; vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
1 - 20 tiuapy; vOjg;gl;l vz; fPyk; (tpUk;gpa tifapy; vz; fPyj;ijj;
jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
vz; fPyj;jpd; rJuf; fl;lj;jpd; mstpy; ntl;bnaLj;j jdp epwr; rJuf; fl;lq;fs;
(Vwj;jho 9 fl;lq;fs;)
vz; gk;guq;fs; ( 1 - 8) FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd njhif.
FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd vz; fPyq;fs; (Nkw;gb vz; fPyj;ijg;
Nghd;W ntt;NtW ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;l vz; fPyq;fs; (1 - 20, 1 - 25,
1 - 15, 1 - 22). ,it Nkw;gb vz; fPyq;fisg; Nghd;W ngupajhf ,Uj;jyhfhJ.
vz;zpfs; (tpj;J tiffs;> Bd;]; Fw;wpfs;)

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
kdf;fzpj tpdhf;fs; rpytw;iw tpdtpg; ghlj;ij mZFf.
cjhuzk; : 1. xU kuj;jpy; 8 nfha;ahg;goq;fs; ,Ue;jd. mtw;Ws; 3 goq;fs;
fPNo tpOe;jd. kuj;jpy; kPjpahf vj;jid nfha;ahg;goq;fs;
cs;sd?
2. G+ kuj;jpy; 9 G+f;fs; ,Ue;jd. mtw;Ws; 4 G+f;fs; thb fPNo
tpOe;jd. ,g;NghJ kuj;jpy; kPjpahf vj;jid G+f;fs; cs;sd?
gpd;du;> gpd;tUtJ Nghd;w xU gpurpdj;ij Kd;itf;Ff.
G+ kuj;jpy; 15 G+f;fs; ,Ue;jd. mtw;Ws; 8 G+f;fs; thb fPNo
tpOe;jd. ,g;NghJ kuj;jpy; kPjpahf vj;jid G+f;fs; cs;sd?
(,t;thwhd xU gpurpdj;ij kdf;fzpjkhfj; jPu;gg ; J khztu;fSf;Ff; fbdkhf
,Ue;jhy;)
15 vz;zpfis Nkir kPJ itj;J> mq;F 15 vz;zpfs; cs;sd vdf; $Wf.
vOkhwhf xU khztid Kd;Nd mioj;J> mjpy; 8 vz;zpfis vz;zpnaLj;J
mg;Gwg;gLj;jp itf;FkhW $Wf.
kw;WnkhU khztid mioj;J> kPjpahfTs;s vz;zpfis (vida khztu;fs;
ahtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fthwhf) vz;ZkhW $Wf.
mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf. 15 - 8 = 7.
mg;gpurpdj;ij vz; fPyj;jpd; JizAld; jPu;f;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
vz; fPyj;ij> Njitg;gLk; msTf;F khj;jpuk; (1 - 15 tiu) ntspj; njupAkhW
gyifnahd;wpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
113
G+ kuj;jpy; ,Ue;j G+f;fs; 15 vd;gij> vz; fPyj;jpy; vz;zpf; fhl;Lf.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
thbg;Nghd G+f;fs; 8 vdf;$wp> vz; fPyj;jpy; 15 ,y; Muk;gpj;J 8 fl;lq;fis
epwf; fljhrpapdhy; kiwf;Ff.
,t;thwhf vz;zpfisAk;> vz; fPyj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp> fopj;jy; gpurpdq;fs;
rpytw;iw khztUld; Nru;e;J jPu;f;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
5 vz; fPyq;fs;> vz; fPyj;jpd; fl;lq;fspd; msTg;gb ntl;bnaLj;j rpy
fl;lq;fs;> vz; gk;guk;> vOJ fljhrp> vz;zpfs; mlq;fpa ghj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; toq;Ff.
Xu; vz; fPyj;ij Nkir kPJ eLNt itf;FkhW $Wf.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Kjypy; xU khztDf;F vz; gk;guj;ijr; Row;WkhW $Wf.
fpilj;j vz;zpd;gb> vz; fPyj;jpy; vz;fis kiwj;J fpilf;Fk; tpiliaf;
fhZkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 20 - 8 = 12
mf;fopj;jiy vz;zpfs; %yKk; nra;J tpil rupahdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jf.
,t;thwhf vz; fPyq;fis vLj;J> vz; gk;guj;ijr; Row;wp fopj;jy; nra;ifiar;
rpy jlitfs; nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.
mtw;iw vOJ fljhrpapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW $Wf.
FO Ntiyfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
khztu;fs; njspthfg; ghu;f;ff;$bathwhf> 1 - 100 tiu vz;fs; vOjg;gl;l
xU gyifiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nfhz;L nry;yy; mw;w> fopj;jw; gpizg;Gf;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs; mlq;fpa
ghj;jpunkhd;iw Maj;jg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
jhkhf Kd; tUk; khztu;f;Fr; re;j u;g;g kspj;J > mg; ghj;j puj;jpy; ,Ue;J
ml;ilnahd;wpid vLf;FkhW $Wf.
mt;tl;ilapy; cs;s gpurpdj;ij vz; gyifapd; JizAld; jPuf ; F
; k; tpjj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk; : 37 - 5
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
37 Mk; vz;zpd; kPJ fsp cUz;ilnahd;wpid itj;J> mjpy; njhlq;fp 5

fl;lq;fs; gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;why; fpilf;Fk; vz;Nz ,g;gpurpdj;jpw;F tpilahFk;.
fopj;jiy khztUld; cuj;Jf; $Wf.
37 ra 5 rkd; 32
114
mjidj; njspthff; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
37 5 32 37
5
32
,t;thwhf khztiuAk; <LgLj;jp rpy gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;Ff.
gbKiw : 2
1 - 100 tiuapy; vOjg;gl;l vz; ml;ilfs;> gpurpdq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;>
jbj;j fljhrp Mfpatw;iw xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Ff.
khztu; ,Utiu mioj;J> gpurpdq;fs; mlq;fpAs;s Xu; ml;ilia vOkhwhfj;
njupT nra;AkhW $Wf.
ml;ilapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpurpdj;ij> 1 - 100 tiu vOjg;gl;l vz; ml;ilapd;
JizAld; jPu;f;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
gpurpdj;ijj; jPu;j;j gpd;du; mg;gpizg;igj; jbj;j fljhrpapy; vOjpf; fhl;LkhW
$Wf.
FOtpy; vy;yhUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; rpy jlitfs; ,jidr;
nra;J jbj;j fljhrpapy; vOjp mjid tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 3
gbKiw : 1
,lg;ngWkhdj;ijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L fopj;jiy mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd xU nraw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jf.
khztu; xUtiu Kd;Nd mioj;J> vz; ml;ilfs; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuj;jpy;
,Ue;J tpUk;Gk; ml;ilnahd;iwj; njupT nra;J nfhs;SkhW $Wf.
nfhz;Lnry;yy; ,d;wp> fopg;gjw;F Vw;w xU vz;iz ml;ilapy; cs;s
vz;Zf;Ff; fPNo vOJf. cjhuzk; : 55
14
fopj;jiyr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ij khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.

,dp> kw;WnkhU khztid Kd;Nd mioj;J> Nkw;gb nraw;ghl;il kPz;Lk;
nra;f.
gbKiw : 2
fopj;jw; gpizg;Gf;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs; mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fs;> mg;gpurpdq;
fSf;Fupa jPu;Tfs; mlq;fpa vz; ml;ilj;njhFjp Mfpatw;iw xt;nthU
tUf;Fk; toq;Ff.
FOtpd; khztu; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; gpurpdk; mlq;fpAs;s xt;Nthu; ml;ilapid
vLf;FkhW $Wf.
ml;ilapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpurpdj;ijj; jPuj
; J
; > mjw;Fupa tpilapid> tpilfs;
mlq;fpa ml;ilj; njhFjpapypUe;J njupT nra;J Kd;itf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
khztuJ Kaw;rpiag; ghuhl;Lf.
fzpg;gPL :
vspikahd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J> 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj Xu;
vz;zpypUe;J mjpYk; Fiwe;j Xu; vz;izf; fopf;Fk; Nju;r;rpia khztu;fs;
mile; Js;sduh vd;gij cWjpg; gLj;jpf; nfhs; f. cjtp Njitg;gLk;
khztu;fSf;F nghUl;fs; / cUf;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
115
34 jpz;kg; nghUs;fisAk; jstbtq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
Mf;f q;f isf; fl;b naOg;Gjy;
Nju;r;rp : tbtq;fs;> ntsp Mfpad njhlu;ghd jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

jpz;kg; nghUs;fs;> jstbtq;fs; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW Mf;fq;fs;
nra;tjpy; <LgLthu;.
fw;ww;NgWfs; :
jpz;kg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
jstbtq;fisf; nfhz;L gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
fw;wy; tsq;fs; :
Kisg; gyif (Geo Board) (gyifnahd;wpy; Mzpfs; miwe;J jahupj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;)
,wg;gu; thu;fs; (ntt;NtW msTilait)
ml;ilfspy; tiue;j jstbtq;fs;
ntt;NtW msTs;s nghjpnra; ngl;bfs; / jfug; Ngzpfs;

nraw;ghL 1
gbKiw : 1
ntt;NtW msTs;s tl;l> rJu> nrt;tf> Kf;Nfhzp tbtq;fs; tiuag;gl;l
ml;ilj; njhFjpnahd;iw vLj;J NkirkPJ itf;Ff.
vOkhwhf xU khztid tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J tpUk;gpa xU tbtj;ijf;
ifapy; vLj;J mjid tFg;gpy; kw;iwa khztu;f;Ff; fhl;LkhW $Wf.
Mrpupau; vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;Ak; xU khztDf;F mt;tbtj;jpd; ngaiuAk;
,ay;GfisAk; $Wtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
,t;thwhf ehd;F jstbtq;fisAk; ifapy; vLj;J khztu;fisg; gq;Fgw;wr;
nra;J kPzL; nkhU jlit mtw;iwg; ngaupLkhWk; jstbtq;fspd; ,ay;Gfisf;
$WkhWk; topg;gLj;Jf.
Kisg;gyifia vLj;J> ,wg;gu; thu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;gb jstbtq;fis
mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
gbKiw : 2
NghJkhd msTf;F Kisg;gyiffisj; Njbg;ngw KbAkhapd; khztu;
FOf;fSf;F mtw;iw toq;fp> ,wg;g u; thu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;gb
jstbtq;fis mikf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
116
jbj;j fljhrpapy; ntl;bnaLj;j jstbtq;fis toq;fp> mtw;iw itj;J
Rw;wptu tiutjd; %yk; gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jpy; me;j tbtq;fis tiua
topg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 2
gbKiw : 1
jstbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L Mf;fq;fis tFg;G khztu;
midtUk; ghu;f;fj;jf;fjhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
cjhuzk; :
Nkw;gb Mf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s jstbtq;fis ,dq;fz;L

nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; khztuplk; tpdhf;fis tpdTf.
cjhuzk; : kyiu Mf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpAs;s tbtk; vJ?
#upaid mikg;gjw;fhf vj;jid Kf;Nfhzpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd?
gbKiw : 2
jstbtq;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa Mf;fq;fs; Nghd;w NtW
Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F khztu; FOf;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
epwf; fljhrpapy; ntl; bnaLj;j jstbtq;f isg; NghJkhd msTf; F
FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff. mj;NjhL A3 msTfspy; xU fljhrp tPjKk; toq;fp>
jhk; tpUk;gpathW Xu; Mf;fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
FOtpd; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 3
ntspiag; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd NkYk; mDgtq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf
jpz;kg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> ntt;NtW Mf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. ,jw;fhf nghjpapL ngl;bfs;> ge;Jfs;> rpwpa
kuf; Fw;wpfs;> ghy;khg; ngl;bfs;> gw;girg; ngl;bfs;> Nfj;jpufzpj jpz;kg;
nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw khztu;f;F toq;Ff.
FOthfr; Nru;e;J fl;bnaOg;gy;fis Mf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
khztu;fs; Mf;fpa Mf;fq;fs; gw;wp tptupg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztuJ Mf;fq;fis kjpj;Jg; ghuhl;Lf.
fzpg;gPL :
jstbtq;fs;> jpz;kg; nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw toq;fp> khztu;fSf;Fj;
jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; Mf;fq;fs; nra;ar; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
khztu; nray; E}ypy; cs;s gapw;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.
117
juk; - 2 fzpj ghlf; fzpg;gPl;Lg; gbtk;
NkYk; cjtp Njit

,lu;g;gLfpwhu;s
rpwg;g hfr; nra;fpwhu;s
fzpg;gPl;L msTj;jpl;lk;
khztu; ngau;
nghUs; njhFjpnahd;wpid jlitf;F Xu; cggz;gpd;gb (tbtk;> msT> ,ioaikg;G)
vz;zf;fUf;fs;
Kd; fzpj
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Ntwhf;Ffpwhu;. mt;thW Ntwhf;fpa tpjj;ijf; $Wfpwhu;.
rpy xd;Wf;F> xd;Wf;F rpy xg;ghFk; tifapy; njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fhz;fpwhu;.
nghUl;fs; / cUf;fs; 100 tiu vz;Zfpwhu;.
vz; Zjy;
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fhl;Lfpwhu;.
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$Wfpwhu;.
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fhl;Lfpwhu;.
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fopj;j y;
$Wfpwhu;.
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,d;wp)
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ePsk;
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tupirg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
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epiw nfhs; ssT fhyk; gzk;
mse;J> fpl;ba ngWkhdj;ij> vNjr;irahd myFfspy; $Wfpwhu;.

%d;W nghUl;fspd; epiwfis vNjr;irahd myfpy; mse;J xg;gpLfpwhu;> tupirg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
xU ghj;jpuk; nfhs;Sk; jput msit jug;gl;l vNjr;irahd myfpy; mse;J fpl;ba
ngWkhdj;ij vNjr;irahd myFfspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
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nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
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tbtKk;
ntspAk;
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$Wfpwhu;.
jsTUtq;fs;> jpz;kg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Mf;fk; nra;fpwhu;.
118

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fzpjk;

Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

mr;rpLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

KjyhtJ gjpg;G - 2017

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kd; gps;isg;gUt tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf; fspdJk;

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,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>

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fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; etPd nry;newpfisAk; cs;thq;fp>

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me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPl;rfu;fshy;

fyhepjp tz. khk;G y;n fhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;

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gjpg; G : jpU. tp.vd;.v];. cjare;jpud;

ehdhtpj cjtp : jpU. vr;.lgps;A. upAlu;

jpU. v];.gP.V. ruj; Fkhu

juk; xd;W fzpj ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf> ghlq;fis (Lessons) Maj;jg;gLj;jpf;

xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;fhfTk; Fwpj;j Nju;rr

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juk; xd;W khztu;fSf;Fupa fzpj nray;E}y; xd;Wk; cs;sJ. gy;NtW nghUs;fisg;

fzpg;gPL nra;jy;> fzpg;gPl;il mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf Mrpupau;fSf;fhd

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;fs; 1

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; xOq;FKiw 2 - 118

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fzpj ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; gps;isaplk; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyf; fl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; gpd;tUk;

Kd; fzpj 1.0 Kd; fzpj nghUl;njhFjp xd;iw

1.3 gy - xd;W gyu; xUtUf;F> rpyu; xU

vz;fs; vDk; 2.0 nghUl;fs; / xNu tifahd nghUl;fs; /

2.3 xNu tifahd 100 xNu tifahd nghUl;fs; /

3.0 vz;fis ,dq;fz;L 100 tiuahd vz;fis

3.2 20 tiuahd vz;fis 1 njhlf;fk; 50 tiuapy;

4.0 vz;Nfhyq;fisf; 2 Ig; nghJ tpj;jpahrkhff;

fzpjr; 5.0 vz;fisf; $l;Lk; $l;Lj; njhif 99 ,w;F

6.0 vz;fisf; fopf;Fk; 99 ,w;F Nkw;glhj

6.2 20 ,w;F Nkw;glhj vz;

8.0 epiwia msj;jy; vNjr;irahd myFfisg;

9.0 fdtsTk; nfhs;s sTk; vNjr;irahd myFfisg;

10.0 epkplk;> kzp> ehs;>