Building an SMS

Safety Module 10
Phased approach to
Management SMS Implementation

System Module 8 Module 9

Module N 4 Hazards SMS planning SMS operation

Module 5 Module 6 Module 7

Risks SMS regulation Introduction to SMS

Module 1 Module 2 Module 3

Introduction Module 4
SMS course Basic safety to safety
introduction concepts Hazards
management

Revision N 11 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 29/09/08 Module N 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 2

Objective Outline

At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply Two definitions
First fundamental Understanding hazards
the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis
Second fundamental Hazard identification
through a case study.
Third fundamental Hazard analysis
Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards
Questions and answers
Points to remember
Exercise 04/01 International airport construction project
(See Handout N 3)
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 Two definitions First fundamental Understanding hazards
Hazard Condition, object or activity with the potential of There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their
causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or consequence(s).
structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform Unclear aerodrome signage vs. runway
a prescribed function. incursion
Consequence Potential outcome(s) of the hazard. Stating a hazard as consequence(s)
A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is
a hazard. disguises the nature of the hazard
The potential that a pilot may not be able to control the interferes with identifying other important consequences.
aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the Well-named hazards
consequences of the hazard. allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard
allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s).
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First fundamental Understanding hazards Examples of natural hazards

Types of hazards Severe weather or climatic

events:
Natural E.g.: hurricanes, major
winter storms, drought,
Technical tornadoes, thunderstorms
lighting, and wind shear.
Economic
Adverse weather conditions:
E.g.: Icing, freezing
precipitation, heavy rain,
snow, winds, and
restrictions to visibility.
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 Examples of natural hazards Examples of technical hazards
Geophysical events: Deficiencies regarding:
E.g.: earthquakes, volcanoes, E.g.: aircraft and aircraft
tsunamis, floods and landslides. components, systems,
Geographical conditions: subsystems and related
E.g.: adverse terrain or large equipment.
bodies of water. E.g.: an organizations
Environmental events: facilities, tools, and related
E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity, equipment.
and insect or pest infestation. E.g.: facilities, systems, sub-
Public health events: systems and related
E.g.: epidemics of influenza or equipment that are external to
other diseases. the organization.

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Examples of economics hazards Second fundamental Hazard identification

Major trends related to: In order to identify hazards, consider:

Growth. Design factors, including equipment and task design.

Recession. Procedures and operating practices, including

documentation and checklists.
Cost of material or equipment.
Communications, including means, terminology and
Etc. language.

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 Second fundamental Hazard identification Second fundamental Hazard identification
consider: consider:
Organizational factors, such as company policies for Regulatory factors, including the applicability and
recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment,
resources. personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of
Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and oversight.
vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment Defences including detection and warning systems, and
and clothing. the extent to which the equipment is resilient against
... errors and failures.
Human performance, including medical conditions and
physical limitations.

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Sources of hazard identification Hazard identification

Internal By whom?
Flight Data Analysis By anybody
Company voluntary
reporting system By designated personnel
Audits and surveys How?
External
Through formal processes
Accident reports
State mandatory Depends on the organization
occurrence system When?
As a reminder
Anytime
Predictive
Proactive Under specific conditions
Reactive
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 Hazard identification Third fundamental Hazard analysis
Specific conditions ABC of hazard analysis
A State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
Unexplained increase in Airport construction
safety-related events or B Identify specific components of the hazard
infractions. Construction equipment
Closed taxiways
Major operational

changes are foreseen.
C Naturally leading to specific consequence(s)
Periods of significant Aircraft colliding with construction equipment
organizational change. Aircraft taking wrong taxiway

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Fourth fundamental Documentation of

Third fundamental Hazard analysis hazards
Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require Appropriate documentation
a constant balance between production goals... management is important
maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a as:
runway construction project It is a formal procedure
...and safety goals to translate operational
maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome safety data into hazard-
operations during runway construction project related information.
Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not It becomes the safety
be cost-effective to address even when operations must library of an
continue (further discussed in Module 5). organization.

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 Fourth fundamental Documentation of Fourth fundamental Documentation of
hazards hazards
Tracking and analysis of Method Identification Management Documentation Information

hazards is facilitated by Reactive method Assess the Safety

consequences Assign management
standardizing: ASR
MOR and prioritize responsibilities information
Incident reports the risks
Definitions

Hazards
Accident reports Trend analysis
Understanding Proactive method
Develop control
Validation ASR
Surveys
and mitigation
Implement
strategies
Safety
bulletins
strategies
Reporting Audits

Hazards
Report
Measurement Predictive method Inform
distribution
Re-evaluate
Management FDA
Direct
person(s)
responsible for
strategies
and Seminars and
observation systems implementing
strategies processes workshops

Feedback
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The focus of hazard identification The focus of hazard identification

Hazard identification is a Hazard identification is a
Accidents
wasted effort if restricted to Accidents
wasted effort if restricted to
15 the aftermath of rare 15 the aftermath of rare
occurrences where there
Practical driftis occurrences where there
Practical driftis
Serious incidents Serious incidents
30 100
serious injury, or 30 100
serious injury, or
significant damage. significant damage.
Incidents Incidents
100 1000 100 1000

Latent conditions Latent conditions

1000 4000 Practical drift 1000 4000 Practical drift
SMS SMS
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 Questions and answers
Q: Define the concept of hazard.
A:
Hazard Condition, object or activity with the potential
of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment
or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to
perform a prescribed function.
Hazards

Questions and answers

Slide number: 5
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Questions and answers Questions and answers

Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard
when identifying hazards. identification is essential.
A: A:
Design factors, including equipment and task design.
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or
Procedures and operating practices, including infractions.
documentation and checklists.
Communications, including means, terminology and Major operational changes are foreseen.
language
Periods of significant organizational change.
Slide number: 12 Slide number: 17
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 Points to remember

1. Hazards have potential consequences.

2. Sources of hazard identification

3. ABC of hazard management.

4. Hazard documentation: the safety library of an

Hazards
organization.
Exercise 04/01 International airport
construction project (Handout N 3)

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International airport construction project Aerodrome layout

Group activity:
A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the
discussion.
A summary of the discussion will be written on flip
charts, and a member of the group will brief on their
findings in a plenary session.
Scenario:
Construction project to extend and repave one of the
two crossing runways at an international airport
(100,000 movements a year).

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 Three-phase construction project Scope of the work
nPhase 1:
Extend the length of RWY 09-27 by 900 meters
westward and width from 30 to 45 meters from a point
100 m from the intersection with RWY 18-36, and
strengthen the runway extension (from asphalt to
concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification
Number (PCN).
Extend the length of TWY Delta by 900 meters
westward.
Estimated time to complete the work:
Seven (7) months.
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Scope of the work Scope of the work

oPhase 2: pPhase 3:
Construct and enlarge new threshold entrance and Complete the construction work of RWY 09-27 for
holding zone at TWY Charlie. the central area of the last 350 m at the intersection
of RWY 09-27 and RWY 18-36 (from asphalt to
Extend the width of RWY 09-27 from 30 to 45 meters
concrete), increase its width from 30 to 45 meters
and strengthen (from asphalt to concrete) this part of
and its PCN.
the runway up to a point 200 m before intersection
TWY A-B to increase its PCN. Estimated time to complete the work:
Estimated time to complete the work: Two (2) months.
Five (5) months.
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 Scope of the work Identify hazards
Your task
Runway 18-36 utilization during the construction work
Identify the hazards using brainstorming techniques.
Continuous utilization of RWY 18-36 during the three- Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their
components and their consequences (use a flip
phase construction project. chart).
Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows:
RWY 18-36 length is 3.850 m and the distance available List type of operation or activity
from threshold RWY 18 to intersection RWY 09-27 is State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
Identify specific components of the hazard
2.600 m. List hazard-related consequences
It is recommended to conduct the analysis per phase of
Information must be provided to airport users. construction.
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Table 04/01 Hazard identification

Type of Specific
operation Generic hazard components of Hazard-related
N (hazard statement) consequences
or activity the hazard

2
Module N 4 Hazards
3

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Module N 4 Hazards