Q b) The caliphate of Abu Bakr(R) made a greater contribution to the cause of

Islam than that of Umar(R) or Uthman(R). Do you agree?

All the caliphs made certain contribution to the cause of Islam and all of are of great
importance, however those of Abu Bakr(R) may be of greater importance. During his rule
Abu Bakr fought the false prophets in the Ridda Wars Defeated the armies of Tulaiha, killed
Aswad Ansi, Sajja and Musailmah. This was very important, because if this had not been
done these false prophets would have corrupted Islam. Abu Bakr also went against the
tribes who refused to pay zakat. This emphasized the great importance of zakat in an Islamic
community. Abu Bakr made an important contribution to ensure that the Quran stays in its
perfect and complete form. He told Zaid Bin Sabit to compile it in a book form. It passed on
to Umar after the death of the caliph, who left it in the care of Hafsa, the Prophets (s) wife. It
is because of the effort of Abu Bakr that the Quran is today in its original form, free from any
alteration. Like the other caliphs, Abu Bakr too contributed to the expansion of the empire,
making incursions into Palestine and Iraq, restoring the unity and peace of the new Islamic
state.
c) Religious leaders today do more harm than good. Do you agree? Use 2
examples to support your opinion.
Yes in todays world religious leaders tend to do more harm than good.Some Muslim
leaders go to the extreme. They are too strict in their policies and reforms. They end up
with causing more harm for the people. For instance, Pharoah prepared to destroy the Bani
Israil, ended in the destruction of himself and his army. Mawiyia took extreme measure to
find out the assassins of the Caliph Uthman , which resulted in bloodshed and chaos. Both
the Jewish and Christian leaders also struggle to act with sufficient moral authority to defend
the rights of the oppressed in their communities.
On the other hand there are many religious leaders who are successful in keeping their
people away from harm. They defend the rights of the orphans and the widows. Their
society is peaceful and just. .Thus it would be unfair to say that all religious leaders do more
harm than good.
Expansion of Islam during Ali 's rule
Ali: In the caliphate of Ali moved the capital from Medinah to Kufa. He went to war
against Ayesha in the Battle of Camel where she led the army along with Talha and
Zubair to punish the killers of Uthman. Ali intervened and convinced the leaders not to
fight. Some hypocrites sabotaged the situation, resulting in battle. Ali sent Ayesha home out
of respect.. He also went to war against Muawaiya in the Battle of Siffin when he refused to
recognize the authority of Ali as the caliph.He was successful in the beginning but failed. Ali
represented both the state and religion in his person during his rule.

c. The most important jihad is battle against the Duniya Do you agree?
Jihad means to strive in the way of Allah and to strive against the evil forces as well As to
give wealth to seek Allahs pleasure.. Prophet (s) said that the best jihad is to control evil
passions is to fight against the world(duniya), to deny the material existence of the world.
This is actually to control greed, lust, jealousy and harmful desires, which are opposite to
the will of Allah. When the Prophet(s) was in Makkah he was told to strive in the way of
Allah with patience . Allah wanted him to control his anger, his desire for revenge. This is
jihad. Hence jihad is the controlling of desires of the world and to spend ones in the way of
Allah as this is also preferring the will of Allah over worldly desires.
b. Ex[plain the importance of Caliph Uthmans work on the Quran.
Ans;.His work on the Quran-> Done in Uthman Importance of the work He recognized
the need to make sure that the authentic version of the Quran must be kept, no confusion
whatsoever for the future. This effort was highly commendable because the Qurans unity
is the unity of the Muslims past present and future.
Asses the value of the achievements of Abu Bakr and Umar
Both Abu Bakr and Umar helped Muslim territories to expand. They restored peace and
order to the Arab peninsula . They organized the Majlis Shura for all important state and
other decisions. The ensured that the succession was in safe hands by creating a panel ot
companions who would chose the next caliph. They tried their best to ensure that they
continued the great work of the Prophet (s) They followed very strictly the pattern and
examples of the Prophet(s) example of prayer. They showed wisdom in their judgments in
terms of making sure of the procedures.
c. The Caliphs were not just ordinary men they were sent by God What
arguments can a muslim give to support this statement.
The first four caliphs were the close companions of the Prophet (s). they had been given
the glad tidings of Paradise in their lifetime. The Prophet had spoken specially about the
fact that had Allah ordained another messenger after him it would have been Umar He
also said Truth would circulate Ali wherever he would go. The Quran has praised the
companions of the Prophet(s) that he would have the most devoted companions. The
Prophet said my generation is the best generation, then those who would come after them,
and then those who will come after them
the four rightly guided caliphs always followed the Sunnah of the Prophet (s) They lived
simple lives, never went for material gain. Abu Bakr and Umar both gave back to the
state treasury by selling their properties, what ever they had been give as salary during
their time as caliph. Uthman did not take anything while Ali did not have any property.
The Caliphs enforced and followed the Shariah strictly and and paid special attention to the
welfare of others. It can be said that they were indeed chosen because non of the caliphs
that followed them were like them
Qc. The unity of Islam depends solely on the personality of its leaders. Do you
agree?
Islam does not depend on any one man for its representation. Islam is a divine religion
whose unity depends on faith in Allah, the Quran and the worldwide Ummah. No single
person can corrupt effect it in a negative way as it depends on perfection of the Quran
which cannot be changed as Allah has promised to protect it,I will guard it from corruption.
However when we consider the Caliphs , the case is different. Under their strong
personalities Islam expand and became the faith of a great part of the world. They
encouraged conversion throught their personal examples and Islam flourished. Today there
appears to be a decline in Islamic values as a result of a severe lack of leadership, it may be
argued that indeed it is because of the people who represent the Ummah are the ones non-
muslims look at and judge the entire muslim community.
Qa. PART PLAYED BY Abu Bakr and Uthman in collecting and preserving the
Quran.
Abu Bake: During the Battle of Yamama (battle of gander?) many muslim hufaaz were killed
so Uman told Abu Bakr to take steps to preserve the Quran so that the muslims do not
lose any part of it. Initially he resisted, as the Prophet(s) had not done it but then after Allah
opened his heart hr ordered Zaid bin Sabit to compile the Quran into a book form. According
to Zaid it would have been easier for him to move a mountain! He carried out this mission of
collection and compilation from all the different materials like bones and leather and from
the different hufaaz. The completed copy was with Abu Bakr who then bequeathed it to
Hafsa, Umars daughter, the Prophets (s) wife. It was called Mushaf Hafsa.
Uthman : During his rule many non-arabs joined the muslim army. The generals of the
army noticed that these soldiers were not reciting the Quran correctly and they informed the
caliph who ordered Zaid to make an official copy of the Quran. Zaid with companions who
were from the Quresh made an official, authentic copies of the Mushaf Hafsa and these were
sent to the different provinces. Other variant copies were destroyed.
Q.b. State 3 ways in which Abu Bake contributed to Islams expansion after the
Prophet(s).
1. Suppressed the rebels who refused to pay zakat.
2. Defeated false prophets.
3. Made important conquests in Syria, Bahrain and Persia.
Qc. Muhammad is but a messenger. What did Abu Bakr mean by this? How did
he comfort the Prophets followers on this occasion?
He meant that the Prophet was not superhuman, he was not immortal nor was he eternal.
Allah alone is Eternal, Everlasting. He meant that Muhammad(s) was human, he had been
given Prophet hood but was not divine. He was like all the other prophets who had come
before him and like them he too had to die one day.
On this occasion, after confirming the death of the Prophets by visiting Ayeshas apartment,
he returned to the followers. Full of grief, but under control and confirmed his death.. He
then spoke these words, Muhammad is but a messenger to tell the people that they were
mistaken. Then he said those who worship Muhammad, Muhammad(s) is dead, but those
who worship Allah, Allah is eternal and ever-living. He told them that only Allah the One and
Only is worthy of worship. He reminded them of the gift of the Quran.
Umer

Qa.Use 3 examples of Umars military success to support this statement.

The Conquest of Persia:-The Persians (Sassanians) were furious at the loss of the Kingdom of
Hira..They sent a large army under the command of Rustum. With this growing pressure of
the Persians, Muthanna Bin Haris requested the Caliph for reinforcements, Umar sent the
forces. In the Battle of Namrak the Persians were defeated.
The defeat of the Romans at Hadramut:- the Muslims under the leadership of Khalid Bin
Waleed captured Hims and Qusrain and had laid siege to Damascus, at the time of the death
of Abu Bakr this had made the Byzantine emperor Heraclius furious and sent a large army
to combat the Muslims. He was later defeated in the battle of Yarmuk.
Expansion in Egypt:- Egypt was a great danger to the security of Arabia as it was a powerful
Byzantine province. Therefore at the end of 17AH,Amr bin Al Asas sought the permission of
the Caliph and prepared to invade Egypt with an army of four thousand men. The Muslims
captured Fustat. Reinforcements were sent but the Muslims under Amr bin alas defeated
the Egyptians in a fierce battle. ( more details about Battle of Yarmuk may be added )

Q.a. What steps did Umar take to administer the Empire more effectively?
What is their importance?
The Islamic state was divided into several provinces. Qualified and experienced persons
were appointed as governors. Umar imposed certain restrictions on them and kept a strict
watch over their activities. All the governors were summoned to Makkah during Haj. Umar
heard and decided about the complaints against them. He established several departments
for the smooth running of the government.. Special attention was given to the
construction of mosques, school, highways,, roads and planned new towns. Public treasury
was established with allowances for the poor. Orphans were cared for at the expense of the
state.. A census was also taken.
ii) The importance of these reforms was that the administration was now more effective.
There was less chance of rebellion and unwieldiness as the empire expanded. All subjects
were treated fairly, law and order was maintained. Infrastructure also improved. Weaker
members of the society were taken care of, helped in all ways. This strengthened society.
People took care for their poor brothers. Overall there was administrative efficiency.
Q.a.. Describe the capture of Jerusalem. How did Umar follow the Prophet(s)?
Amr bin Al-Aas led the army to Jerusalem. After the capture of Antioch and other key
Byzantine cities, Abu Ubaidah and Khalid bin Waleed joined him. They laid siege to the city
of Jerusalem. The inhabitants wanted peace .Sophiounius the Christian leader said that a
peaceful negotiation will be held, if the Caliph came in person to sign the peace treaty in
their presence. As a result Umar came to Jerusalem. He was accompanied by his slave.
They had one camel which they rode in turns showing his simplicity and equal treatment to
wards all. The treaty was duly signed in 636.
Umar was very humble and kind. He behaved in a very considerate way towards the citys
inhabitants. He did not pray in the Holy Sepulcher so it would not be turned into a mosque.
He gave the inhabitants full protection of life, property and character. There places of
worship were secure. And were given full religious rites. He followed the Prophets(s)
teachings of simplicity, tolerance, kindness and modesty. His treatment of his slave, non-
Muslim inhabitants exemplify the Prophets (s) pattern of behavior.
Q.a. Why are the first Caliphs known as the right-guided?
The first caliphs were close companions of the Prophet(s) both at Makkah and Medinah. Thsy
were familiar with the Prophets (s) way of life. They were fully qualified to exemplify the the
Sunnah and to pass it on in the form of the correct Hadith. They also combined the role of
the head of the state with that of the head of religion in the community. The Prophet (s)
spoke very highly of them. For instance about Umar he said that had Allah decided about
another messenger after him it would be Umar. Truth will circulate Ali where ever he
goes. The Quran praises the companions so does Turat and the Bible. They lived simple
lives, did not work or look for material gain. They followed the Shariah strictly. They worked
for the welfare of the Muslims. The Prophet (s) said My generation is the best generation
and then those who follow them and then those who will follow them. Thus they were
regarded as the rightly-guided. They learnt to explain the Quran from the Prophet (s), they
spent their time with him. They followed the Quran strictly both in their private and public
lives.
Q.Use three examples to show how Umar proved to be an able ruler in other
ways.
Done ; Look at his administrative reforms.
Q.. Let there be no compulsion in religion How is this helpful to Muslims today.
In Umars time no person was forcefully converted nor in the Prophets nor in any of the
other Caliphs times. The Quran says Let there be no compulsion in religion. This teaching is
helpful today as it helps in establishing and maintaining friendly relations with the non-
muslins. The non-muslins can live peacefully in Muslim land as they know that they will not
be forced. This enhances the reputation of Islam as people will realize that Islam is a faith of
peace, and cannot be forced on anyone. This observation will attract the non-believers and
they will be attracted to Islam. It is also helpful in teaching them that Allah has granted
everyone the right to choose. We know that Allah knows everything about us and we
connote move without his will, but still this ayah tells us that Allah has given mankind the
right to choose to be believers or not.
PILLARS OF ISLAM. P11
2-Prayer
"Describe what is prayer?
Prayer Is the second pillar of Islam . It is obligatory on all Muslims five times a day. Muslims
are required to purify themselves before prayer by performing ablution, that is washing of
hands, face, elbows and feet. The Quran says, " when you prepare for prayer , wash your
faces and hands up to the elbows, rub your head and wash your feet to the ankles." Muslims
should face towards the direction of Kaaba and make an intention to pray. Prayer consists of
cycles of physical movements called' rakat' , which involve standing upright, bowing and
prostration. There are fixed recitals including portions from Quran . Prayer is said at fixed
timings . The Quran says," prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers at fixed timings."
Prayer is offered at dawn,after mid day, afternoon , dusk and night. Prayer is also said in
congregation. It ensures that a Muslim is always focused on Allah as he remembers Allah at
different intervals of time. It encourages personal discipline and self control and makes
people Allah conscious.
Describe importance of prayer (salat). 10
Prayer (salat) is the second pillar of Islam
Quran . It was the first Ibadah made obligatory for the Muslims . The
Quran says ," O you who believe establish prayer and pay the poor due...". It is the
distinguishing feature between a Muslim and a non Muslim . The Prophet Mohammad has
said," He who gives up prayer has indeed disbelieved". The first thing which a person shall
be asked about on the day of judgment will be prayer. The Quran tells that the angels will
enquire," what brought you to hell fire? They would say' we were not of those who prayed".
The Quran also says ," Those who are too arrogant to pray will find themselves in hell in
humiliation ." The Quran condemns people who are careless of their prayer and takes them
as hypocrite in Surah Maun. Prayer kes away from shameful and bad deeds
Prayer brings us closer to Allah , the Arabic word salat means getting closer( to Allah ). It
washes away the sins of a person. The Prophet has said, "ablution washes out physical dirt
while prayer wipes out spiritual .
Establish regular prayer as it restrains from shameful and unjust deeds. " prayer makes a
person humble before his Lord , because he stands with humility before Him. The Quran
says," Successful indeed are the believers who are humble in their prayers".
"the congregational prayer brings the Muslims closer, this helps in establishing a healthy
social relations among Muslims . It also removes class andracial difference , as all stand in
same row shoulder to shoulder in prayer. Prayer teaches self control and does not make a
person slave to his soul. It's a constant reminder that Allah is our Lord and we only worship
Him.
Prayer is compulsory for all believers in all circumstances at fixed time . This made them
punctual and disciplined . If a person is sick he should pray while sitting or lying down. He
has to pray during travel or during jehad. If water is not available he should perform dry
ablution. Prayer makes a person pious and God fearing.
Prayer develops cleanliness and purity In a person. A person needs to keep his body clean
by making ablution before every prayer. This makes him physically clean. Prayer is worship
of Allah and keeps a person spiritually clean as well. Once the Prophet asked the
companions that if a person takes bath in a running stream five times a day, will there be
any dirt on his body? The companions said no. Then the prophet said " Exactly similar is the
effect of prayer offered five times a day, as it washes away all sins "
Describe the importance of cleanliness before prayer. 4
It is obligatory for Muslims to purify before performing prayer. Allah is pure so we cannot
approach him without purification . The Quran says, " Oh you who believe when you rise for
prayer wash your faces and hands up to elbows, rub your head and wash your feet." In the
second revelation the Prophet Mohammad was told to purify himself ," purify thyself and
shun uncleanliness ." The Prophet has said," surely Allah does not accept prayer without
purification ." Cleanliness is so important for Muslims that the prophet has called it one half
of religion. The Prophet has said ," prayer is the key to paradise and cleanliness is the key to
prayer." Allah wants Muslims to purify themselves physically and spiritually , that is free from
idol worship and bad thoughts , that is achieved through prayer and purity. The
Prophet has said,"ablution washes out physical dirt and prayer spiritual ." He has also
said ,"Allah loves those who purify themselves ." This tells that through purification and
prayer one can achieve the main aim of Islam , that is to stay away from evil because pure
thoughts stay in the clean mind and clean body.
Describe Muslim preparation for prayer. 10
A Muslim must purify himself from major and minor impurities before prayer. He should be
in the state of ablution . The method of ablution is to wash both hands, gargle mouth three
times, put water in the nostrils three times, wash face three times , wash elbows, rub head
with water and wash both feet. All actions should be performed from right to left. The Quran
says," Oh you who believe! When you rise for prayer............your feet up to the ankles. If you
are unclean,purify yourself." This aya makes it obligatory , that if a person is in the state of
greater impurity he/she should take bath before prayer. The Prophet has said, " Allah does
not accept any prayer that was not performed while in the state of purity. Clothes and the
place of prayer should be free of impurities.If alcohol, all unlawful animals , human and
animals urine, excretion, semen, blood, pus, swine, and vomiting and also excrement of all
animals except birds whose meat is allowable are impure. Any amount of najasat al ghaliza
pollutes whatever it touches and in this state offering prayer is not allowed.Men should
cover them from navel to knee for prayer and women should cover all the body properly
except her face and hands, Allah says," O children of Adam! Take your adornment ( by
wearing proper clothes) for every mosque." Men should keep their ankles bare and women
should not wear revealing clothes. Muslims should make an intention to pray before prayer.
They should be clear which prayer they are going to say and wether it is fard or Sunnah
prayer. The prophet has said," actions are judged by intentions."One should face towards
Qibla during every prayer,Allah says, " Direct your face to the Masjidal-Haram wherever you
may be, turn your faces towards it" Time of prayer,"" prayer has been fixed at appointed
timings. Q:Describe Muslim method of prayer.
Stand on a prayer mat and make an intention to pray . Stand upright, hands hanging down.
Raise hands up to ears and say God is great. Fold hands in Qiyam with hands folded on
chest. Recite Sana, Surah Fatiha, and any other Surah or three ayat from the Quran.bend
down in ruku with hands on knees and recite "praise be to Allah the the great"(three
times).Stand and recite ," Allah listen to him who praises, oh Allah all praise is for you".
Prostrate in sajda , by touching forehead , knees, palms, and nose on the ground and recite "
praise be to Allah the High". Sit down with knees folded with hands on thighs. Perform
another sajda in the same way. Second Rakah is performed in the same wary, except Sana.
After second sajda sit down and recite tahaya,tashahud(second kalma), send blessings to
the Prophet and recite dua( supplication) and turn face towards right and recite ," peace be
upon you and blessings of Allah ". Turn towards left and recite same words.
Describe the importance of praying in this way.
This is the Sunnah way of praying. The Prophet himself taught Muslims to pray, he has
said,"pray as you see me praying". The method shows practical belief in Allah . As the Quran
says ,"For me I have set my face firmly and truly towards Him who created the heavens and
the earth, and never shall I give partners to Allah." Every action of prayer shows belief in
Allah and complete submission to His will. A believer humbles him self before his Lord.
They show that one should only worship Allah, the Sustainer and Creator of the world. " you
do we worship and your help we seek."( if the question carries 10marks then add importance
of prayer)
Describe the importance of mosque for the community.
Mosque ( masjid) is the place for offering salat ( prayer) . For a Muslim the whole of earth is
made the mosque. The Prophet Mohammad has said," The whole of earth has been made a
mosque for me ". The importance of the mosque is seen from the Prophet's action soon after
migration to Madina . First of all he built a mosque , which was not only used for prayer but
also served as the seat of government , a community centre and an educational centre.
Muslims gather five times a day in the masjid for prayer, which develops close social ties
among the community and bring equality and brotherhood . Muslims also learn self
discipline and punctuality. Muslims have to reach for prayer on time in the masjid. They
make straight rows and follow the Imam. This practice trains them as disciplined nation.
They also learn about religion and matters of shariah from the sermon. Masjid is the central
place for the community. Important decisions concerning the community can take place here
and matters of social welfare can be solved here. It should be used as a council hall by the
community.
There is great reward for praying in the mosque, the Prophet Mohammad (s) has said, " one
reward is recorded for praying at home, 25 for praying in the tribal mosque, 500 for praying
in a public mosque, 1000 for praying in the masjid Nabvi at Madina , 5000 for praying in the
masjid al-Aqsa and 100,0000 for praying in the Kabah . Muslims are told to pray for mercy of
Allah before entering the masjid. " O Allah open for me the door of your mercy". Muslims are
told to respect the masjid by taking out shoes before entering , should not talk loudly and
should wear clean clothes, women should wear hijab. How do Muslims practice fasting.
10
Muslims fast in the ninth month of the lunar Callander , Ramadan, for 29 to 30 days. It starts
with the sighting of the moon of Ramadan and ends with the moon of shawal. They fast from
dawn to dusk. During this time they stay away from food, drink, smoking, medicine,
injections and marital relations . They wake up early at dawn, eat food called suhur. The
Prophet said,"There is great blessing in suhur". Time of suhur ends before dawn, the Prophet
said, " And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn appears to you distinct from its black
thread...". They make intention to fast for the day saying,"I intend to keep tomorrow's fast of
Ramadan".
They stay away from all bad deeds like lying , cheating , fighting , using bad language and
seeing or hearing anything bad during fast. The Prophet said fasting is a shield from sins".
At another occasion he said," if one of you is fasting , he should avoid sexual intercourse
with his wife and quarrelling , and if someone fights with him , he should say,' I am a
fasting'person".The day should be spend in regular

routine and extra prayers, the Prophet said, It is not recommended that day should be spend
in excessive sleeping. They recite Quran and men try to pray in the mosque.
They break fast at dusk immediately at sunset after reciting a dua, " O Allah I have
observed the fast for you and I believe in you , and I trust in you and have broken it with the
food given by you".
It is Sunna of the Prophet to break the fast with date if it is not available then water . During
Ramadan Afer Isha prayer Muslims offer special prayers called Trawih in which Quran is
recited , arrangements are done in the mosques and other places for this prayer. In the last
ten days of Ramadan Muslims stay awake on odd nights to find night of Power( laila al Qadr).
At many places Sirat al lail is recited in congregation , some people go in religious
retreat( i'tekaf) for ten days or any odd number of days.
Those on journey or sick are allowed to make the fast later, the very old and sick can give
compensation by giving food to a person twice a day. One who deliberately breaks fast has
to feed sixty people for each missed fast or keep sixty fast continuously .
Describe people who are exempted from fast. 4
Fasting is obligatory on all adults, who are mentally and physically healthy. It is allowed for
those who are travelling or sick to make the days later. The Quran says," But if anyone is ill
or on a journey shall fast a similar number of days later . Those who are very old or
permanently sick they have to give fidya( compensation ) , which is feeding a poor person
twice a day or money equal to Sadaqa al Fitr, the Quran says," for those who find it
extremely difficult to fast, there is ransom: the feeding of a poor man".
Menstruating women , women with post child bleeding are told to make their fast after
Ramadan . Hazrat Ayesha said," when we had Menses during the life of the Prophet , we
were ordered to fast later on....". Suckling mothers and pregnant women are also allowed to
fast later on, after Ramadan .
The logic behind this is that Allah does not overburden us beyond our tolerance. Sick and old
have to take medicine , they do not have strength to miss food. Most of them take food in
small portions with short intervals. Pregnant and suckling mothers need extra energy for the
child, some time they feel sick or week. Menstruation is a state of impurity, so they are not
allowed to fast, travelling people may not find food at sahoor or aftar time, sometimes travel
is too hard that people cannot tolerate thirst.
How does fasting bring us closer to Allah and closer to people?
Fasting in the month of Ramadan is an important pillar of Islam . It is obligatory on
Muslims.itn l barriers between him and Allah . The Quran says, fasting is prescribed to
you.....that you may learn self restraint". The 'taqwa' strengthens the spiritual powers and
protects us from all kinds of evils and temptations. The Prophet said," All deeds of Adam's
son are for them except fasting, which is for me". He also said " fasting is a shield and
protection from fire and protection from sins". In the month of fasting virtues flourish and
evil is suppressed . Because the devil is chained. The Prophet said," when the month of
Ramadan starts , the gate ofHeaven are opened and the gates of hell are closed and the
devils are chained".
Moral. Muslim not only stay away from food and drink they have to stay away from bad
speech and evil deeds which purifies his soul, heart and private life from immoralities ,
because he remembers Allah all day. The Prophet said, Whoever does not give up forged
speech and evil actions, Allah is not in need of him staying hungry and thirsty". Spiritual :
in the last ten days of Ramadan there is night of power. Worship on this night is better
than worshipping for thousands of nights. The Quran says," The night of power is better than
a thousand month". The Prophet said that reward of good deeds is multiplied in this month
from hundred to seven hundred times . Therefore Muslims try to perform more good deeds,
recite Quran and Trawih and get closer to Allah.
Social: The hunger and thirst make Muslims realize the sufferings of poor, and they willingly
give them food and charity. All poor and rich are brought closer to each other and renew
their brotherly ties. Rich people spend generously on poors to seek the blessings of Allah .
This makes the poor to get enough funds for at least one month. The old and sick people
also send food for their missed fasts. The Prophet has said, " During Ramadan , the
provisions of the believers are increased".
Social :The month is observed all over the Muslim world and gives a sense of brotherhood
and fraternity to Muslims. Besides that Muslims gather for breaking of fast in the mosques,
and with family and friends and get closer to each other. The gatherings are arranged for
Trawih, night prayer and recitation of Quran.
CHAPTER: 4 TREATMEN T OF THE PROPHET WITH DIFFERENT PEOPLE
Describe The Prophets relation with following people/groups
(a) Friends: The friends of the Prophet (SAW) were his companions whose loyalty is
confirmed by the Quran itself. The Prophet loved his companions and was always concerned
about their problems and was there for them in difficulties. If any of them got sick he visited
them and helped them if they needed. The Prophet told his companions to exchange gifts
with each other to promote love and better relationship. He told companions to add gravy
when they cook good food to share with other friends. Whenever he had something good to
eat he used to invite some companion to share with him. He told his companions to sacrifice
for their friends, the best example of this sacrifice was shown by the Ansar of Madinah after
migration. They themselves were poor but shared half of their belongings with their
emigrant friends. The prophet told his companions to feel others comfortable in their
company and not to embarrassed them . He said,A Muslim is one from whose tongue and
hand other Muslims are safe. The hadith teaches that we should always be kind with friends
not finding faults in them. If someone has fault , a Muslim should try and overlook it and try
to excuse the other person.
(b) Strangers: The Prophet Mohammad was kind to the strangers as well. He encouraged
Muslims to take lead in greeting the strangers, Give food and give greetings to those you
know and those who do not know. The Prophet was very hospitable to the strangers; he
invited them to share food with them. He used to help them. The Prophet once helped an old
Jew to cross the road .A companion said he was a Jew, the Prophet replied that we should
always help old people whether we know them or not. After the conquest of Makkah he
helped an old woman to carry her things as she was leaving Makkah. She kept abusing the
Prophet on the way, but when she asked him his name, she was embarrassed and accepted
Islam. In his young age he was part of an agreement (half-ul-Fuzul), which guaranteed
protection to poor and strangers/travellers. In his later years the Prophet used to say, I will
not change my part in it for a heard of red camels. The Muslims should always behave with
others in the way the Prophet used to behave whether friends or strangers.
(c) Business partner: The Holy Prophet was a business man. At his very young age he was
known as al-Sadiq and al-Amin. He got married to Khadija a rich widow, because she was
impressed by his honesty when she employed him on profit sharing basis. After trade
journey he brought double the profit as compared to other traders. The Prophet taught us
not to hide the defects of things for sale. Once he sold a camel but later he realised that it
was injured. He ran after the man to return him the money, but he liked his honesty and kept
the camel. He has said, One who cheats is not amongst us. Once some people were
talking about the character of the Prophet, Musab said he knew him the best because he
was his business partner, then he said, Mohammad always kept his accounts straight. He
taught Muslims to pay salary of employees promptly, I will be against three persons on the
Day of Judgment oneand that who employee a labourer and gets full work done but
does not pay him wages. He was polite while dealing in business. He has said, Be kind
when you sell, when you buy and when you demand your money back. To be fair in
business he told Muslims to write down agreements in presence of witnesses. He told us not
to take interest as it causes exploitation of men, if we have money we should give as lone to
help people without interest. When we follow the principals set by the Prophet and Allah in
business we will prosper and will receive blessings of Allah.
(d) Married partners: Prophet Mohammad was married to Khadija in his early life, which
was older than him. He always respected her and took her as friend. When he received first
revelation he went to her to share his experience. As far as she lived he did not marry any
other woman. After her death he got married to many women. Most of them were widows
and needed protection. He treated all of them equally, and had divided his time among
them. He respected them and never raised his voice before them. He has said, Best among
you is the one who is best to his wife, and I am best to my family. Ayesha was youngest
among them; he even used to play with her. This tells how friendly he was with his wives. In
his last sermon he said, Women have rights on you as you have rights over them because
you have taken them under the security of Allah.
The Prophet (SAW) told women to respect their husbands as Allah has made him the head of
the family. He said. If a woman dies and her husband is pleased with her, she will enter
paradise. The Quran has also told women to be pious and devoted to their husbands. They
should protect their honour and property of their husband when he is away.
(e) Enemies: The Prophet Mohammad (SAW) treated his enemies with kindness. He believed
in doing ehsan that is to do well to those who were bad to you. A woman used to throw
trash on the Prophet every day when he passed by, got sick, the Prophet took care of her.
She was so impressed that she accepted Islam. When he went to Taif to invite them to Islam
they insulted him and threw stones at him. But he prayed for them and did not allow the
angels to harm them because he is sent as a mercy to mankind. People of Makkah who
persecuted him and his followers were forgiven by him after the conquest of Makkah, he set
an example of magnanimity by announcing a general pardon to all. The Prophet only exiled
the Jews from Madina when they broke their treaty and betrayed him. In later years when he
sent expeditions to different tribes and communities, he told his companions to offer Islam
first then tell them to pay jizya, if they do not agree then fight.
(f) Non-Muslims: The Prophet (SAW) was very friendly and kind to non-Muslims. He was
never harsh or rude to them. When he migrated to Madina, he developed good relations with
Jews as they were people of the Book. Muslims believe that Torah the scripture of Jews
Yuhud, have been corrupted, but is still respected by them. Since it is a Divine book it still
contains words of God. Therefore the Prophet took some laws from Torah before the
revelation happened, for example laws of slaughtering animals and some other food laws.
Prophet tried his best to be friend the Jews but the broke their treaty and betrayed Muslims.
The Christians are also people of the book; Prophet had good relations with them. The
Prophet married to the Jew and Christian women. The Quran allowed Muslims to share food
with people of the book.The Quran does not allow forcing people to convert, it says, Let
there be no compulsion in religion. The Prophet allowed complete religious freedom and
were given protection. The Prophet has sad, Whoever oppresses any non-Muslim, I shall not
be his prosecutor on the Day of Judgment. When he migrated to madina he declared all
Muslims and non-Muslims as one community.
(g) Children: The Prophet Mohammad loved children a lot. Hazrat Anas, who worked for the
Prophet for many years has said ,I have never seen anyone act more kindly towards
children than Allahs messenger. Whenever the Prophet used to pass by the street, he
patted the children. He loved his daughters and grandsons. He let Hasan and Hussain ride
on his shoulders. They used to sit on his back while he was praying and he did not come
back from sajda. He used to shorten the prayer if there were small kids with mothers. He
told Muslims not to kill children during war. If he had to distribute eatables he always started
with the youngest. He told parents to love their children. He said, The best gift a father can
give to his child is good manners and education. This shows how much he cared for the
welfare of children.
Q. (a) Describe the teachings of Prophet Mohammad about position of women;
(i) wives;
(ii) mothers;
(iii) daughters
The Prophet Mohammad brought a radical change in the way women were treated in Arab
society. In Quran women are held in very high regard, equal to that of men, but their roles
are different. And women shall have rights similar to the rights against them, according to
what is equitable, but men have adegree of advantage over them
Before Islam there was no respect for women , men could marry as many women the
wanted, the Prophet
ristricts the number to four.
Wives: Marriage is very important in Islam, as it is the foundation of a stable family, and
Muslim women are respected as wives. The Quran says, They (your wives) are your garment
and you are their garment The Prophet has set example for Muslims in his kind and
respectful treatment towards his wives. He said, The best among you is the one who is the
best towards his wife. He gave them mehr (dower), used to help them in house hold and
treated them equally. In his last sermon he said, O people, your wives have certain rights
over you and you have rights over them. Treat them well and be kind to them, for they are
your partners and committed helpers. In return the Prophet told women to remain pure and
chaste, dress up modestly and look after their husbands and children.
Mothers: A person once asked Holy Prophet who deserved the best care, and he replied:
your mother. He repeated your mother three times, and only then said, Your mother, and
then your father. There are many sayings of the Prophet which are in praise of mother, the
best is, Paradise lies at the feet of mothers Mothers have main responsibility of bringing up
of children. They are first teachers of children; therefore obedience to them would take
children to paradise. The Prophet told that parents shoul be treated with kindness. The
Quran says,"we have enjoined on man kindness to parents". The Prophet used to visit his
mothers grave frequently and prayed for her. He always respected his foster mother Halima,
and used to call her "my mother"
Daughters: Before Prophet Mohammad baby girls were often unwanted by their parents and
were buried alive in many Arab tribes. This practice was forbidden by the Quran. The
prophet had four daughters; he loved them all and made sure that they had successful
married life. He had said, " ha who loves Fatima loves me....." . Whenever Fatima visited him
he used to get up on her respect. He gave right to education to all women by saying,To
acquire knowledge is the duty of every male and female. The girls have right to say whom
they will marry. Once the Prophet told a man to cancel the marriage of his daughter,
because the girl did not want tto marry him. The Prophet declared girls as blessings of Allah.
he said, A man who has a daughter and does not burry her alive, brings her up and does
not prefer his son over her, he will enter in paradise. Daughters have a share in the
property of her father.
(c) What do we learn from the Prophets behaviour about the relationship of
man and woman?
The Prophet has taught that men and women are equal, the Quran says that Allah created
living creatures in pairs, both male and female. And that men and woman are protectors of
each other and Allah will reward both men and woman on the Day of Judgment equally. They
must respect each other in all relations as they have rights on each other. Both men and
women should observe the rules of personal modesty. Women should be properly covered in
front of non mehram (with whom she can marry), and should remain at a distance. The
Quran says, O believing woman lower your gaze and guard your modesty and, O
believing men lower your gaze and guard your modesty. The Prophet did not touch the
hand of women while taking oath. He told companions to knock before they enter in the
house of any one.Men and women should treat each other kindly and respectfully in all
aspects of life. They must give due rights to each other and take up their
responsibilities.Allah loves purity of relation ship, that is why adultery is unlawful and there
is severe punishment , of 100 lashes, " scourge the adulterer and the adulteress with
hundred stripes".
Describe brief events of the caliphate of Ali.
Hazrat Ali was chosen as the caliph after the assassination of Hazrat Uthman (r). He
immediately took some measures demanded by the opponents of Uthman . He replaced all
the governors who were relatives of Uthman . He appointed ne w governors who replaced
the governors who were relatives of Uthman . He appointed Suhail in Syria , Saad in Egypt ,
Ummara on Kufa , Usman in Basra and Abdullah in Yeman. Many of his friends told him not
to removeMuawiya because he was appointed by Hazrat Umar All governors took their
charge but Muawiya refused to hand over the charge to Sohail. Umayyads had become
powerful in Syria under Amir Muawiya . They raised the cry of revenge for the blood of
Uthman . His blood stained clothes along with the fingers, of his wife .were exhibited in the
mosque at Damascus . Hazrat Ali realised that the murder of Hazrat Uthman was not the
work of a few individuals who could be easily punished. He told the people that he would
take steps against the assassins after restoring peace.
Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair were enraged with the decision of Ali. They went to Hazrat
Ayesha who had gone for pilgrimage , to join them to take revenge from the assassins of
Uthman . They prepared a small .army and left for Basra to take help and started killing
those whom they thought as assassins .
When Ali came to know about this he left with his army to stop them. The two sides met at
Basra. Ali tried to settle the differences peacefully , Ayesha agreed. But the extremists@
among them provoked a fight, that grew into a battle , fought around the camel which
carried Ayesha's litter. Realising the situation Talha and Zubair left the battle field. The were
followed and killed by the mischief makers. Ali won and sent Ayesha with due respect.
Muawiya insisted that Uthman was killed unjustly , and .K,.8"&. moved his forces against the
caliph.The two forces met at Siffin in 37 AH. Fighting continued for many days. Muawiya's
side was loosing , he advised his soldiers to fix Quran to their lances, indicating that the
outcome should be decided by consulting Quran .
Hazrat Ali agreed for arbitration . Abu Musa al Ashari was appointed as arbiter of Ali and Amr
bin Aas for Muawiya . Some people disagreed and deserted Ali . They told Ali to kill .l@
Because he .""rebelled. They were around 30000, and are known as kharijites-out goers .
Two arbiters decided that Uthman was killed unjustly so his assassins should be killed. They
said that both Ali and Muawiya should step down. Abu Musa announced that Ali had stepped
down but Amr changed his version and declared Muawiya as caliph. Ali did not accept.
Ali fought against kharijites at Nahrawan and gave them a crushing defeat. He moved
against Muawiya but lost Egypt . Then he concluded peace treaty with him. ?I.
In 40 AH 661CE, one of the kharijites, Ibn Muljim attacked him with a poisonous sword , he
died on the month of Ramadan.
Why did Muawiya turn against Hazrat Ali ?
Muawiya was the nephew of Hazrat Uthman . He was the son of Abu Sufyan , an influential
leader of the Umayyad tribe. He was appointed the governor of Syria by Hazrat Umar . When
Ali became the caliph , he decided to change the governors, who were relatives of Uthman .
Many companions told Ali not to replace him but he went against the advice . Other new
governors handed over the charge but Muawiya refused to accept Ali's orders. No one in
Syria took allegiance to the caliph. Muawiya insisted that Ali should punish the assassins of
Uthman . Ali wanted to restore peace first, besides that it was not the work of few people.
Muawiya got enraged and turned against Ali .
QWhy did Ayesha , Talha and zubair turn against Ali?
Hazrat Ayesha daughter of Abu Bakr ,was a widow of the Prophet . She was in Makka when
Uthman was assassinated . She was deeply grieved to hear this news. Talha and Zubair the
two companions of the Prophet , who initially favoured Ali as the rightful successor of the
Prophet. They turned against Ali because he was reluctant to punish the assassins of
Uthman . They went to Makka and persuaded Ayesha to prepare an army to punish the
culprits. Ayesha openly denounced Ali and went to Basra to raise an army to kill assassins .
Ali went with a force to stop her. Both sides tried to settle their differences peacefully , but
the mischief makers provokeda fight, which grew into a battle fought around the camel that
carried Ayesha.Talha and Zubair were killed when the left the battle field. Ali won and sent
Ayesha to her home with all due respect.
(c) . Indicate three ways in which the reign of the Rightly guided Khalifas may be
helpful to Muslim rulers today.
The Rightly guided Khalifas serve as perfect role models for the Muslim rulers. They had
strong faith in Allah and they took guidance from the Sunna of the prophet in all matters.
When the companions told Abu Bakr not to send expedition to Syria , he replied," who am I
to with hold what Mohammad had decided. Let Madina stay or fall, let caliphate live or die
the command of the Prophet would be fulfilled".
Being the head of the state. Of an emerging empire they lived a simple life like the Prophet.
They considered them as servants of people, and always gave preference to other people.
None of them took advantage of their rule. Abu Bakr and Umar paid back all money that
they took as Khalifa , before their death, considering they might have not performed their
duties properly. Hazrat Umar used to roam in the streets at night to check if there was any
one who needed his help. He once said," even if a dog would die of thirst near river
Eupherate , I will be held responsible". Hazrat Uthman never took any money from the state
for his services. Rather he had fixed allowance for many widows and orphans .
They were all courageous and were not afraid of their enemies. They faced threats of
apostasy, rebellion and anarchy by using good strategies and strong determination . They
crushed two big empires Byzantine and Persia with relatively small force.
Hazrat Uthman did not allow to protect him when he was besieged by those who revolted
against him. He did not want to shed blood of Muslims , he preferred to give his life . Hazrat
Ali tried his best to avoid war with Muslims through negotiation , but due to circumstances
he was persuaded to do so.
The rulers of today should try to follow them,and should not exploit people. The Prophet
Mohammad defined a good Muslim ruler as," they love the people and are loved by the
people" , the caliphs exactly fitted into this definition.
Why was Ali called gateway of knowledge . 4
The prophet has said," I am the city of knowledge and Ali is it's gateway".
Ali was one of the close companion of the Prophet Mohammad. He was Abu Talib 's son. He
lived with the prophet since his childhood . The prophet loved him like a son and gave his
daughter Fatima to him in marriage . Once some one asked Ayesha that whom did the
Prophet love most . She said Fatima, he asked and among men. She said Ali .
He was a constant companion of the Prophet and learned a lot from him. He worked as his
scribe. The prophet told him to write down the revelations of the Quran .
He fought by the side of the Prophet in the battles. He had ample of time to learn from him
in all fields. Like the Prophet he was a model of simplicity and self denial.
Q. Describe the circumstances of Ali 's death and indicate its impact on the
subsequent history of Islam .
The kharijites who survived after the defeat of Nahrawan , had planned to kill Ali and
Muawiya . While was praying in the mosque he was attacked by a kharijite Ibn Muljim , with
a poisoned sword . He remained badly injured for three days during which he protected his
assassin . He willed that after him his assassin should be killed with one stroke, and if he
survived then the assassin should be spared.
Ali's death brought major division among Muslims , the Muslims were divided into Sunni and
Shi'ite. Those who those who claimed Ali as the true successor were known as Shi'ite .
Q. The most important jihad is the battle against dunya( the world) . Do you
agree? Give reasons for your opinion .
The prophet Mohammad has said, " the best jehad is to fight against evil passions of the
self". That is to keep oneself away from the worldly desires. This means that a Muslim should
develop best of character , by taking out all evil from his mind and heart. It is very difficult to
stay away from temptations of the world,like greed and desire of doing things which are
against the will of Allah, like drinking gambling , adultery and other pleasures. That is why
this effort is even more important and more difficult than military jihad.
In Surah Nas Allah tells us to take his refuge against evil temptations. The satin is there to
mislead Muslims from the right way , that is why Muslims are told to take protection of Allah
with prayer and patience.
Describe Muslim belief and practices in the following:
Kabah is the most sacred place for Muslims. It is the centre of pilgrimage in Makka .
It is the first house of worship on earth, most probably built in Adam's time by angels. The
Quran says,"the first house of worship appointed for men is at Bakkah, full of blessings for
all." It is called Baitullah , the house of God or Baitulharam- the forbidden house. Muslims
perform Tawaf of Kabah during Haj and umrah. This practice continued since the time of
prophet Ibrahim, who was told to rebuild Kabah. The Quran says," And remember Ibrahim
and Ismael raised the foundation of the House". All Mulims face toward Kabah during five
daily prayers.
Ihram is the ceremonial dress for the pilgrims. It consists of two unsewn pieces of white
cloth. The pilgrims must wear Ihram before they enter in the boundaries of Miqat, the outer
most circle of Makka . The pilgrims take bath , make intention to wear Ihram, and after
wearing they offer two nafal and make intention for pilgrimage join . They start reciting
talbia, that is to say," here I am o Allah here I am. Here I am you have no partner. All praise,
all blessings,all sovereignty belong to you.....". They keep reciting it throughout Haj .The
pilgrims are not allowed to cut their hair or nails, they should not hunt or kill an
animal,should not marry and stay away from marital relations.
Tawaf: when the pilgrims reach Makka before Haj they perform tawaf of Kabah , that is
going round the cubicle seven times. Traditionally tawaf begun by kissing the black stone ,
that is placed in the corner of the House. If they are prevented by croud they raise their
hands ,say God is great and start the tawaf. They recite different supplications while taking
rounds. After finishing they drink water of zamzam offer two nafal.Tawaf is performed two
more time during Haj, one after sacrifice and second before leaving Makka .
Sayi: After tawaf the pilgrims perform sayi that is running between Safa and Marwa hills. The
pilgrims first ascend on Safa hill reciting , " behold Safa and Marwa are among the symbols
of Allah, so those who visit the House in the season or at other time should compass them
round.....". Sayi is performed in the memory of maternal love of Hajra, wife of prophet
Ibrahim , who ran between two hills in search of water to quench the thirst of her son. This is
the place where the great miracle of Zam Zam took place.She was left alone with her infant
Ismael by the will of Allah. This shows obedience to Allah and to submit oneself totally to the
will of Allah .
Going to Mina:
On 8th of Zulhajah the pilgrims go to Mina . There they offer Zuhr, Asr, Maghreb and Isha
prayer , spend the night and after fajr prayer they go to Arafat. Stay at Mina is a Sunnah of
the Prophet(s).
Wuquf Arafat( standing at Arafat )
On 9 th of Zulhajah the pilgrims go to the plane of Arafat . This is the climax of Haj . They
combine their Zuhr and Asr prayer, listen to the sermon of imam and keep standing facing
towards Kabah . While standing they recite words of talbia ' here am I o Allah here am I . You
have no partner, here am I ......' And istighfar, forgiveness from Allah and kalma tauheed.
The Prophet has said, "Haj is going to Arafat " and " there is no Haj without standing at
Arafat ". Haj becomes void without this rite. Allah has promised that all sins of a person are
forgiven on this day. They Prophet said, Allah comes down on the lowest heaven on this day
and make all angels witness and says," be witness I have forgiven all those coming from
different valleys, dishevelled and dirty". Arafat is the place where Adam and Eve met each
other after years of wondering on earth after their descent .this is where Holy Prophet gave
his last sermon and received the aya about completion of religion, " this day I have
perfected your religion and have completed my favour upon you and have chosen Islam as
your religion".
Muzdalifa:
In the evening of 9th the pilgrims go to muzdalifa , and spend the night over there in open.
The Quran says, "when you hasten from Arafat celebrate the praise of your lord at
muzdalifa". The pilgrims collect 70/49 pebbles from here for rami, the stoning of satin pillars.
Day of sacrifice - Yomul nahr
On 10th of Zulhajah the pilgrim go to Mina . They throw 7 pebbles on the biggest satin pillar
and give sacrifice of animal. Feast of sacrifice is the major religious festival at the end of Haj.
This day is celebrated as I'd-al-Adha through out the Muslim world . This is performed in the
memory of prophet Abraham , who was about to sacrifice his son Ishmael in the name of
Allah but a ram was placed instead. This shows that material things do not matter for the
believers. The Quran says," the sacrificial camels, we have made for you as among the
symbols of Allah ".
Halaq ,cutting of hair
After the sacrifice the pilgrims get their head shaved or hair trimmed. Women only trim a
lock of hair cut. The Quran says," if Allah wills you will certainly enter the sacred mosque in
security, you will have your head shaved and hair clipped". This is the shariah way of
leaving the state of Ihram and the Prophet has send great blessings
on those who shaved.the pilgrims are allowed to cut their nails and take bath, but other
remain.
Tawaf ziarah
After sacrifice the pilgrims go to Makka to perform tawaf and sayi in the same way as they
did before. They must perform it till 10th of Zulhajah . This is obligatory act of Haj.
The pilgrims throw pebbles on the three satin pillars in Mina . They throw seven pebbles on
each of the pillar ,small pillar, middle and the biggest. They repeat it for two to three days.
The Prophet(s) said, "throwing pebbles on the jimar are appointed only for the remembrance
of Allah ". This is to condemn the devil as Abraham did, when satin tried to mislead him.
Tawaf wida
This marks the end of pilgrimage . It is wajib, next to fard. After tawaf the pilgrims drink
water of Zam Zam .it completes the Haj and the come out of the restrictions of Ihram .
Describe the importance of pilgrimage .
Haj is a mean of getting closer to Allah . The believers get a chance to show love and
gratitude to Allah . They leave their family, business and home only to seek pleasure of
Allah. They devout few days for His sake and keep chanting ," here am I in your service O
Allah.....". It is the obligatory duty for well of Muslims, once a year. The Quran says, "
pilgrimage to the House is a duty unto Allah for men for those who can afford the journey. ".
All the sins of the person are forgiven if he performs Haj with sincerity . The Prophet has
said," there is no reward for an accepted pilgrimage but paradise". According to another
tradition the person becomes like a new born child. The prophet has said the Arafat is the
day when highest of people are forgiven. There is a Hadith qudsi , " Allah comes down on the
seventh heaven on the day of Arafat and calls all the angels and says,' be witness I have
forgiven all those who have come from different valleys, disheveled and dirty."
The pilgrims during Haj visit the house of Allah and are taken as His guests. They get great
reward for their every step, even looking at Kabah gives them blessings. The Prophet has
said," people who performs Haj are the guests of Allah , if they pray for something , he will
grant their prayers and if they ask for forgiveness , he will forgive".
The prophet has said that the person who has means to perform Haj but did not have will to
perform it , he would die as a Christian or Jew .
Haj demonstrate equality and brotherhood among Muslims. All wear same clothes and
perform same practices and prove that all Muslims belonging to different race and culture
are one community. Muslims leaders can solve their political and economic problems during
this occasion . Other Muslims are allowed to do business during Haj as well.
Describe the importance of Zakat for Muslims . 10
Zakat is one of the pillar of Islam, it means to purify, to bless. Zakat purifies the wealth of a
person and purifies his heart out of love of wealth. It is the compulsory charity, given by the
well off Muslims to the poor and needy Muslims . The Quran says," Take charity from their
property in order to purify and sanctify. The purpose of zakat is to make people pious, the
Quran says,"By no means you can attain piety unless you spend out of what you love". It's
not a tax, it's an act of worship which benefits mankind . Importance of zakat is seen from
the fact that it appeared 32 times in the Quran , with the exception of six verses it always
appeared with salat, " establish prayer and pay the poor due...." There is multifold reward for
giving zakat,the Quran says,"the parable of those who spend in the way of Allah is that of a
grain of corn, it grows seven ears and each ear has a hundred grains". Allah condemns those
who do not spend their wealth in the way of Allah in Surah Takasur and other verses. The
Quran announces severe punishment for such people, "on the day when heat will be
produced out of that wealth in the fire of hell and with it will be branded their foreheads,
their flanks and their backs". The Holy Prophet announced great blessings for those who
spend in the way of Allah,"Allah appoints two angels for the one who gives charity
generously to pray to Allah to bless the person....". By giving zakat a persons sins are
forgiven. It is like expiation of sins. The Prophet has said, " charity that is hidden saves from
punishment of Allah ".
Zakat is an economic security for the Muslims, so that every member gets at least basic
necessities . Zakat leads to equal distribution of wealth and prevent accumulation of wealth
in few hands . When money is in circulation, the economy of the community prospers and
inflation rate goes down. It shortens the gap between rich and poor by establishing a
balance between two extremes. Zakat fosters brotherhood and equality in society" . The rich
Muslims feel sympathy for poor and consider it their duty to help the poor and the poor don't
get jealous of rich, they rather pray for them and are thankful to their rich brothers for their
help. Giving of zakat teaches that needs of the community are more important than the
needs of the individual .
Zakat stimulates investment and discourages hoarding in the community. If people do not
invest their wealth it will be eventually consumed by giving zakat every year. Zakat also
reduces the crime rate, as when the poor will get their share the will not use unfair means to
acquire wealth.
How do Muslims observe the practice of zakat? 10
Zakat is a tax paid by rich Muslims to the poor Muslims.it is the obligatory charity and only
2.5% of the annual savings, if the value of goods reach upto a certain level known as Nisab .
If it is kept for a year with the person!only than zakat is to be paid. for gold Nisab is 7.5
tola(87.48 )grams.for silver it is 52.5 % tola (612.32 grams) or cash equal to same amount
of silver. For these 3 items zakat is 2.5% of the value.
There is different rate of zakat for different objects,for instance, 10% of the produce of land
and is called usher, and 5% of the produce from irrigated land and of the mines, khums.
There is zakat on cattle,if a person owns 40 or more cattle,he shall give 1goat of one year
only. If a person has 30 or more cows or bulls ha shall give one calf of of one year old as
zakat. For five camels it is one one goat. Zakat is also on valuable assets at the rate of
2.5%. This Nisab is taught by the Ptophet , he has said, " there is no zakat on property
mounting upto five uqiya."
Zakat shall be given to poor and destitute, to people under debt, to new converts , as
ransom to free a Muslim , travellers and for building of mosque, orphanage etc. the Quran
says," Alms are for the poor and the needy and those employed to administer funds, for
early converts, for those in bondage and in debt, in the cause of Allah , and for the
travellers". in a Muslim country , zakat should be a state institution , traditionally it is
distributed through the mosque. It is often given in Ramadan . Zakat is not given to one's
parents or children, grand children or to the family of the Prophet or to one' husband or wife.
The Prophet Mohammad has made clear that ,"neither the property of different people
should be gathered together to give you nor the joint property should be split for fear of
zakat".
How does zakat benefit the individual and the community?
Zakat is one of the pillar of Islam, it means to purify, to bless. Zakat purifies the wealth of a
person and purifies his heart out of love of wealth. It is the compulsory charity, given by the
well off Muslims to the poor and needy Muslims . The Quran says," Take charity from their
property in order to purify and sanctify. The purpose of zakat is to make people pious, the
Quran says,"By no means you can attain piety unless you spend out of what you love". It's
not a tax, it's an act of worship which benefits mankind . Importance of zakat is seen from
the fact that it appeared 32 times in the Quran , with the exception of six verses it always
appeared with salat, " establish prayer and pay the poor due...." There is multifold reward for
giving zakat,the Quran says,"the parable of those who spend in the way of Allah is that of a
grain of corn, it grows seven ears and each ear has a hundred grains". Allah condemns those
who do not spend their wealth in the way of Allah in Surah Takasur and other verses. The
Quran announces severe punishment for such people, "on the day when heat will be
produced out of that wealth in the fire of hell and with it will be branded their foreheads,
their flanks and their backs". The Holy Prophet announced great blessings for those who
spend in the way of Allah,"Allah appoints two angels for the one who gives charity
generously to pray to Allah to bless the person....". By giving zakat a persons sins are
forgiven. It is like expiation of sins. The Prophet has said, " charity that is hidden saves from
punishment of Allah ".
Zakat is an economic security for the Muslims, so that every member gets at least basic
necessities . Zakat leads to equal distribution of wealth and prevent accumulation of wealth
in few hands . When money is in circulation, the economy of the community prospers and
inflation rate goes down. It shortens the gap between rich and poor by establishing a
balance between two extremes. Zakat fosters brotherhood and equality in society" . The rich
Muslims feel sympathy for poor and consider it their duty to help the poor and the poor don't
get jealous of rich, they rather pray for them and are thankful to their rich brothers for their
help. Giving of zakat teaches that needs of the community are more important than the
needs of the individual .
Zakat stimulates investment and discourages hoarding in the community. If people do not
invest their wealth it will be eventually consumed by giving zakat every year. Zakat also
reduces the crime rate, as when the poor will get their share the will not use unfair means to
acquire wealth.
Describe the difference between the private prayer(dua) and individual prayer
(salat).
Salat are daily prayers obligatory on all Muslims five times a day. Private prayer or dua are
supplications offered whenever a person is in difficulty or need any help or anything from
Allah. Allah has promised, " And he gives you of all that you ask for". Both are form of
worship to Allah . Allah loves that we should ask for his help formally through salat and
informally through supplications.
"Salat is fixed on appointed timings" on Muslims . There are five prayers at dawn,noon,
evening, at sunset and night. Invocation can be made at any time of the day, however there
are certain trimming when it is more effective . These are on the night of Qadr , at Arafat on
the day of Haj , on Friday , in the month of Ramadan , at time of morning prayer etc,etc .
There is a specific method of daily prayer, Azan is announced, actions like takbir, standing,
ruku, sajda, sitting and Salam is offered along with specific recitations. For supplication there
is no ritual, it can be offered in any language or position , sitting , standing or lying. It is
generally offered with hands raised. It is recommended that Darud and Surah Fatiha be
recited before dua , while facing towards Qiblah . Facing qibla is though compulsory for
salat. The Quran says, "Direct your face to the masjid al-haram, where ever you may
be..."The Sunni Muslims prefer to offer supplications that were used by the Prophet
Mohammad (s) and Shia Muslims also offer that were in practice of their imams .
It is obligatory to perform ablution(wudu) before salat , the Prophet said," prayer without
purification is not accepted", but purity is not required before dua. It is compulsory to cover
ones's sattar for prayer. Men should cover from navel to knee and women should cover all
body except face and hands. For supplications there is no need to cover, though it is better if
one covers.
Muslims should know that Allah is the only sustainer and cherisher and they should only
pray to him and turn towards him for their needs, he does not return raised hands empty.
"He is ashamed to turn away the hands of his servants when they raise them up before
him".
Describe the main features of Friday prayer.
Friday prayer is obligatory for all Muslim adults , in the masjid in congregation . The one who
misses it without a valid reason is sinful. The Prophet Mohammad said," Whoever misses
three Friday prayers in a row out of negligence will have a seal put over his heart by Allah".
For Muslims Friday is the best day,it was made a day
prophet said," the best day on which the sun rises is Friday . On Friday Adam was created,
and on that day he entered paradise, and on that day he was expelled from paradise. And
the Hour will come on this day".
The time of Juma is same as that of Zuhr prayer. It has two Rakah instead of four. Friday
prayer is valid if there are two or more people present, the prophet said, " Two or more
people constitute a congregation ". It is desirable that worshipper should take bath, wear
clean clothes, clean teeth and apply perfume before prayer. They should leave their
business and every thing at the time of prayer and should go to the masjid as soon as they
hear to the call of prayer, the Quran says, " when the call to prayer is announced on Friday
hasten earnestly to the remembrance. of Allah and leave off all business that is the best for
you."
The sermon before prayer is compulsory ,and listening to it is wajib. There are two Azans for
Friday prayer, so that everyone could reach before sermon, which is given soon after second
Azan . Imam faces the congregation and divides the sermon in two parts,there is a brief
interval of one minute in between . The sermon includes praises of Allah , blessings on the
Prophet, recitation from the Quran and and the first kalima. Imam also reminds people about
their duties towards Allah and people. He encourages them to do good deeds and warns
them of punishments for sins and hell fire. He prays for the universal Muslim community.
During sermon no one should talk or do anything .
It is Sunnah to pray four or two Rakah after Friday prayer.
Benefits of congregational prayer
To get the maximum benefits from daily prayer it should be offered in congregation behind
an imam. The prophet and his followers always prayed in congregation five times a day. The
Quran has laid special stress on prayer in congregation . " Establish prayer and give zakat
and bow down with those who bow in worship". There is great reward in this type of prayer.
The Prophet has said, " A prayer performed in congregation is twenty seven degrees more
excellent than the prayer said by a single person.
Congregational prayer serves as a strong bond in uniting the Muslims. The gathering of
Muslims living in a community five times a day in the mosque helps in establishing a
healthy social relations between different sections of the community.the gathering becomes
larger on Friday and on two eids.
Congregational prayer levels social differences and promotes an atmosphere of equality and
brotherhood It also removes class and racial difference , as all rich and poor, ruler and the
ruled , black and white stand in same row shoulder to shoulder in prayer. It gives a
realisation that all are Allah's creation and equal before Him.
. Prayer is a training for the community to respect and obey their leader. It makes the
community punctual and regular in their work as they have to reach the mosque on time
other wise they will loose the reward of congregation . The Quran says," prayer has been
enjoined on believers at stated time". Prayer instills discipline and sense of performing
duties in the community . It's the training for jehad. Like a soldier the believers get up early
in the morning perform wudu rushes to the mosque, obey his leader in physical movements
and spiritual exercises.
The lessons of equality , fraternity and brotherhood learned from congregational prayer,
when put in to practice , serve as foundation for unification of the human race. The golden
rule of Islam is brotherhood , which becomes meaningless without being practiced through
congregational prayer.Administration under Hazrat UmarHazrat Umar introduced an
effective system of administration. He divided the empire into eleven provovinces each
under a governor. The provinces were further divided into districts under amils. He
appointed capable governors and officials , who were given strict rules and regulations to
follow. Each year after Haj they were summoned before the caliph in open courts. They were
questioned about their services and actions. All officials were told to hang a copy of rules in
their offices so that every one know about them. Umar introduced the Diwan- register,
where the record of all military officers was kept and pension was given to them during
peace time, so that they are available during war and to stop them to settle in the
conquered area. This way he established a proper army. The soldiers were ristricted to the
garrisons, this lead to the establishment of new cities like Fustat, Kufa and Basra. .
Umar established bait ul mal the state treasury, where all taxes like fay, usher, zakat jizya
were collected. He made sure that justice was done to everyone . He appointed capable Qazi
in each province, Umer separated the executive from the judiciary. The Muslim Calendar of
Hijra began during his rule. Census of population was done.
During his rule basis of many institutions was setup which kept working in the later years.
For example board of inspection, police and, jail.
Umar set up majlis shura consisted of two councils, where matters of national importance
and daily business were discussed. Umar always consulted shura before making important
decisions.
Umar was known for his rigid discipline but at the same time he was very caring and
sympathetic . He was specially very kind to the non Muslims . He exempted the old
Christians from jizya. Pensions were also given to them. Hundreds of mosques were made
and muezzins and imams were employed by the state. Extension of masjid haram and
masjid nabvi was done. Qualified teachers were appointed to teach Quran , and learning of
Quran was made obligatory for the soldiers. His stable and systematic government
established peace and prosperity in the t
He was so concerned about his duties as caliph that once he said, even if a dog would die
near river Euphrates out of thirst, I will be held responsible for that". He used to roam about
the streets in disguise to see if anyone was in need.
What character quality is shown of Umar by the manner he died ?
Hazrat Umar was a man of quick tamper, This is seen from his conversion to Islam. This
temperament stayed with him throughout his life, though Muslims respect even his wrath.
When he met the commanders of Muslim army wearing silk clothes in Jerusalem he started
throwing stones at them. This characteristic also caused his death. A Persian slave Abu Lulu
Feroz asked to be relieved from taxes but Umar refuse to give him concession because he
was doing his own business. The slave threatened to kill him, but he did not believe in
favouritism. Therefore in 23 AH/ 644CE Feroz assassinated him, when he was 60 years old.
Describe the battle of Qadisiya and Yarmuk.
In 636 the Persians planned to avenge their defeat at Buwaib. They collected a large force-at
Qadisiya . Hazrat Umar encouraged his army to face the enemy. Umar decided to lead the
battle himself. Saad bin Waqas was chosen as the commander. Umar told him to encamp at
Qadisiya on the West Bank of the Ateeq, a branch of the Euphrates .In this battle there were
70 of the Prophet's companions who fought in Badr 300 ,who took oath under the tree( bait
Rizwan)" . The command of Muslim army was given to Saad bin Abi Waqas .30000 Muslims
faced 60000 Persian army, including elephant corps and large cavalry . Saad sent a Muslim
delegation to the Persian emperor Yazdgard, inviting him to Islam, pay jizya or be ready to
fight. The emperor insulted the Muslims by calling them back word and poor.
The Persian commander Rustam crossed over the river to attack . 6000 Muslims from Syria
also joined Muslim army. Saad who was unwell directed operation from his sick bed, used
successful strategies by making best use of. archers to stop the elephants and he also used
his forces tactfully to break the percian strength . On the third day Rustam was caught and
killed , the Persians were routed, Saad chased them to Babul,and followed them to the
Persian capital Madain the emperor left the palace open to the Muslims and Madain was
captured too. All the territory from Euphrates to Tigris came under Muslim rule.
After the fall of Fihl the Byzantine emperor was determined to save Palestine, the holy land
for the Christians. He collected troops from all over the empire. Khalid bin Waleed also
grouped his forces along the river Yarmuk. Hazrat Umar was in constant contact with the
Muslim commander and he kept sending them his advice. The romans sent their
representative to buy over the Muslims but Khalid declined his offer. He then invited the
Romans to accept Islam, pay jizya or be ready to fight. They decided to fight. The battle
lasted for six daysKhalid used good war tactics and let Romans suffer heavy losses. Only one
third of the Byzantine army remained in the battle field , rest had either being killed or fled
away. A storm broke out which caused confusion in the Roman army. 3000muslims were
martyred in the fierce battle. This changed the history of Southern Mediterranean region.
The Byzantine emperor withdrew from Syria and moved his capital to Constantinpole.
Expansion of Islam during Umar's rule
Hazrat Umar continued the policy of expansion began by Hazrat Mohammad and Hazrat Abu
Bakr. Iraq and Syria the southern household of the Persian and Byzantine empires had been
brought under the rule of Muslims before Umar. He had to reinforce these terrotaries against
their previous rulers. Therefore campaigns were sent to Iraq and Syria ., then into Persia and
into Egypt . One of the major battles that lead to the victory was the battle of bridge at
Marwa in 637 CE. It was lead by Abu Ubaida Thaqifi and Muthana. Four thousand Persian
forces under the command of Rustam gathered at the bank of river Eupherate to fight. The
Muslims built a bridge of boats to Cross the river they were trapped when the bridge was
collapsed .. Abu Ubaida was killed with many others. Muthana saved the rest of Muslims by
holding the bridge with his hand. Next year in635 CE once again Muthana took Mulim army
at Buwaib to fight 12000 Persian army led by Mehran. Muslim used the same trick they let
the Persians cross the bridge . Muslims broke the bridge and trapped the Persian army.
Muslims had a great victory which led to the conquest of Southern Iraq .636 was the turning
point for Iraq. The Persian army came to take revenge of their defeat. With huge force
Hazrat Umar decided to lead himself. Khalid bin Waleed and Abu Ubaida were busy therefore
the command was given to Saad binAbi Waqas. The Persian army was 60000 including
elephant corp. Muslims offered to accept Islam, pay jizya or fight. Yazdgard the Persian ruler
insulted the Muslim delegation by saying that they were poor and uncivilised . Saad used
successful strategies by making best use of archers and defeated the enemy on the third
day at Qadisiya. This later resulted in the conquest of the Persian capital Madain, Rayy ,
Fars, Isfahan and Khurasan . The strength of the Persian was completely broken .In 635 CE
the Muslim army occupied the Syrian front and captured Damascus , a city known for its
wealth and culture. In the battles against Byzantine forces Khalid bin Waleed conquered Fihl,
and Hims. He then moved towards Palestine. The Byzantine emperor was determined to
save Holy land for Christians . He collected troops from all corners of the of the empire.
Khalid also grouped his forces at Yarmuk. The Romans tried to buy over the Muslim
commander but Khalid declined , and offered them to accept Islam , pay jizya or fight .
Muslims fought a fierce battle at Yarmuk and defeated the Romans . The Romans suffered
heavy loss, 3000muslims were also martyred. This battle changed the history of the
Southern Mediterranean region the Byzantine emperor withdrew from Syria and moved his
capital to Constantinople . At Jerusalem the Romans surrendered on the condition that Umar
would come to sign the treaty himself to Jerusalem . He travelled with his slave do so.
Muslim army also conquered Egypt and famous port city Alexandria . Hazrat Umar through
out the campaigns motivated his soldiers and guided his commanders for war strategies.
Articles of faith.
BELIEF IN MESSENGERS
Muslims believe in the line of prophets sent by Allah for the guidance of mankind . They
believe that the line began with Adam , the first man up to the Prophet Mohammad , the last
messenger of Allah . According to HADITH there were 124000 messengers . The Quran only
mentions 25 of them, for example Ibrahim , Ayub , yousaf, yaqub, Musa and Isa.
The Quran tells that message of all the prophets was same that was to believe in Allah and
the day of judgement. The Quran says," religion before Allah is only Islam". Muslims believe
that all messengers were sinless men and were chosen by Allah , and inspired by Allah
through revelations. The Quran says, " Before you( O Mohammad )also the prophets , we
sent were but men, to whom We granted inspiration". They were all sent for the guidance of
mankind to every nation and spoke the language of their own people. The Quran says, " we
sent not an apostle except to teach in the language of his people". Allah gave special powers
and miracles to the prophets to prove that their message was divine. For example Moses
hand used to shine and his staff turned into a moving serpent. Jesus could give life to dead
and cured the bind and the lepers.the Quran says," and you healed those born blind and the
lepers by my leave.To some prophets the revelations were given in form of books. The
Quran has mentioned five of them,Suhuf to prophet Ibrahim , Zabur to prophet Dawood
,Torah to prophet Musa , Injil to prophet Isa and Quran to prophet Mohammad . The
obedience to the prophets is mandatory on his followers, but they should not worship them
or take them as divine. Muslims respect and believe in all the messengers and do not prefer
one over another , as the Quran says, "We make no difference between one and another of
them". Muslin must believe in all the messengers who came before Mohammad . The Quran
says, "We believe in Allah and the revelation given to us and to Ibrahim , Ismael, Ishaq,
Yaqoob, and the tribes and that given to Musa and Isa....."
All the prophets who came before Mohammad ( s) were sent with a message of warning and
guidance to a particular tribe or nation. Their messages were not universal or for all people
living in that time. The last messenger of Allah Mohammad (s) was entrusted with the final
message and complete guidance for all humanity and for all timings to come. The Quran
says that the previous prophets foretold about his appearance . His distinguishing feature
was that he confirmed the truth of all the prophets who came before him and was
successful In conveying the message of Allah in his lifetime . The Quran says, "To you we
sent the scripture in truth,confirming the scriptures that came before it.....".
Muslims believe that Mohammad is the last messenger of Allah and no prophet will come
after him. The Quran calls him"Khatam-al- Nabiyyin", the seal of prophets. Allah says, "We
have sent you but as a universal messenger to men, giving then glad tidings and warning
them(against) sin. Allah has taken responsibility of protecting and preserving the message of
Prophet Mohammad , the Quran. Even his complete life record,his actions and sayings are
preserved for humanity to take guidance .
Explain how belief in the prophets influences daily living of Muslims ?
The Quran teaches to believe and respect all the messengers as they all came for the
guidance of mankind . There are many stories of the past prophets in the Quran that teache
different lessons to Muslims . They tell them the reasons why some nations were punished
by Allah , tell Muslims to avoid such vices. For example nation of prophet Lot was punished
due to homosexuality and the nation of prophet Shoab was punished because of short
weighing and cheating in business. All the prophets set examples of patience , sacrifice and
obedience to Allah. For example prophet Ibrahim left his home, left his wife and child in the
desert and was about to sacrifice his son for the sake of Allah. Muslims give sacrifice of
animals every year to commemorate his sacrifice . They also .remember Ibrahim during Haj
by throwing stones on satin pillars to condemn devil as Ibrahim did and run between Safa
and Marwa hills in memory of maternal love of his wife Hajra, and send blessings to him
during their daily prayers. Muslim mothers narrate the stories of prophets to their children as
bedtime stories, specially about prophet Noah , prophet Josef and prophet Moses . Belief in
the prophets provide a link between three major religions, Islam , Christianity and Judaism .
They can talk on common beliefs to bring global peace and friendship. Muslim scholars have
taken information from Torah and Bible to complete the stories of past prophets. Muslims
follow the Sunnah of Prophet Mohammad in their daily life. They eat with right hand, sit
down while drinking water, and try to adopt his character .
Belief in Allah 's Decree , Predestination and Destiny QADR
Belief in the divine destiny or QADR is the sixth article of faith.The word QADR or destiny has
the same rout as Qadir, one of Allah's name, meaning All Powerful. Divine destiny means
that everything in the universe is object to the law of Allah . Every thing good and,bad is
from Allah and nothing happens without the knowledge and will of Allah. The Quran says , "
Glory the name of your Lord Most High, who has created,and further given order and
proportion , who has ordained laws". This means that Allah has created and fashioned the
universe with absolute wisdom and a definite purpose. He is also supervising and directing it
to it's destined end.Since Allah is Al Qadir, his knowledge is all encompassing and absolute .
The Quran says," ...that you may know that Allah has power over all things and that Allah
indeed encompasses all things in knowledge ." Every thing that happened, or is happening
or will happen has been determined by Allah not even a leaf falls without his will. The Quran
says," verily all things have We created in proportion and measure".Allah's creation is not
unplanned ,every thing goes by law,proportion and measure. Every thing has it's appointed
time, place and it's limitations . Nothing happens but according to Allah 's plan and will good
or bad. Allah says,"No misfortune can happen on earth or in your souls but is recorded in a
decree before We bring it into existence ." It means that Allah 's decrees are pre ordained
and pre planned. In Surah Anfal Allah tells that victory of Muslims in Badr was already
decided, that is why Allah gave courage to the Muslims by showing enemy less in their eyes
and by making the Quraish overconfident. The Quran says,"So that we may accomplish a
matter already decreed".
This does not mean that we do not have free will. Allah has created us with a free will and
ability to choose between right and wrong. The Quran says," Man can have nothing but
What he strives for". All Men will be judged on the basis of their actions and intentions on
the day of judgement, it is up to them to obey or disobey. But ultimately it is Allah who
decides their fate.
Explain how belief in QADR influences our daily life?
Belief in Qadr makes Muslims contented and satisfied with their life. They know that
whatever they have was destined for them. They learn to be patient on tragedies and
natural disasters, because every thing good and bad is from Allah So a Muslim is thankful to
Allah for good things and endures patiently when anything bad happens.
Belief in predestination makes them realise that Allah is most supreme, the omnipotent and
omni scent Lord so we cannot conceal anything from him. This encourages us to maintain
purity in public and private, eventually a person becomes pious.
Belief in the hereafter and the day of judgment
Belief in the life hereafter is an important article of faith for the Muslims . They believe that
life on earth is temporary and that every one would die , the Quran says," Every soul will
taste death". They also believe that a new life will be given to all men, but before this they
will be questioned in grave by the angels. Either they will be punished in grave or put to
sleep based on their bad or good deeds.
Muslims believe that every thing in the universe will be brought to an end on an appointed
day called Qiyamah. All land marks will be annihilated , earth will be flattened, sky will be
folded up and stars will fall down. This will start with the deafening sound of the trumpet
blown by angel Israfil . The Quran tells that it will be a great earthquake," When the earth is
shaken to her utmost convulsion" the Quran also calls this day a calamity, "What do you
know what the calamity is. It is the day when men will be like scattered moths and
mountains will be like carded wool". With the second trumpet Allah will resurrect all men
who lived on earth since it's creation . The Quran says," Does man think we cannot assemble
his bones, nay we are able to put together in perfect order every tip of his finger".
Allah will assemble all people to the plain of Hashr to give an account of their deeds
performed in this world. No injustice will be done to people on that day, the Quran says
"Allah will set a just balance on the day of Resurrection ". The book of deeds will be given to
every one. The Quran says," And the book of deeds will be placed before you and you will
see the sinful in great terror". Allah will set his balance to weigh good and bad deeds
performed in this world. The Quran says," then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight
of good shall see it. And anyone who has done an atom's weight of bad shall see it". Those
who believed in Allah and remained righteous will be rewarded with a life of bliss in paradise.
Those who disbelieved and disobey Allah , will be punished in hell fire for ever. The Quran
says,"then he whose scales are heavy will be in a state of bliss and he whose scales are light
shall have a deep pit for dwelling ". The Prophet Mohammad has told that this world is a
cultivating ground for the Hereafter , so we should not waist our time in running after the
material gains. The Prophet has said, live in the world like a stranger or a wayfarer ". He also
told us to take this world like a prison and strive for the ultimate abode in paradise. The
dwellers of paradise will not live in want, they will get what they wish for. The Quran calls it,"
The gardens underneath which rivers flow, where they will live forever". The Quran also tells
about the horrors of hell. "it is the fire blazing fiercely". Those who did not believe in Allah
will live in hell forever.
How does this belief effect our daily life.
Belief in the life Hereafter directly affects the life of a believer, because it serves as the
major factor in adopting the course of life a person would follow. This belief encourages the
Muslims to live a righteous life away from luxuries. As the Prophet Mohammad has said, "Do
not love the world Allah will love you". The believer will stay away from temptations, will not
drink wine or commit adultery. He will not be attracted by gambling , bribery,or other
unlawful things. He would like to give charity willingly , because he would believe in the
saying of the Prophet that charity appeases the wrath of Allah . He would be kind to people
as theyvare all Allah's creation. The Prophet has said ,"Be kind to those on earth, He who is
in the heavens will be kind to you". Those who believe in the day of judgment are regular in
their prayers as they know that the first question on the day of account would be about
prayer and those who did not pray will be severely punished. The Quran says," Those who
are too arrogant to pray will find themselves in hell in humiliation".
How is the Quran unique as compared to other revealed books?
Quran is the only revealed book which is kept intact since it's revelation , it was preserved
soon after it's revelation. Allah has taken responsibility of protecting and preserving it. The
Quran says," We have, without doubt , sent down the message and we will assuredly guard
it from corruption." ( 15:9). Other books revealed before Quran were either changed or
distorted by their followers, none of them is available in their original text or language .
Other revealed books were sent for a particular tribe or nation for some period of time.
Where as Quran is a universal book of guidance sent to all mankind. It's a complete and
perfect book of guidance unlike other books that contain only a code of conduct. The Quran
contains spiritual guidance as well as it's a code of ethics , it guides people in their political ,
social, legal and economical affairs . The Quran says," And we have sent down to thee a
Book explaining all things.....". ( 16:89)
The Quran is unique in its expression , it has no beginning or end , it's purely divine . No one
had ever accepted the challenge of producing ten verses like it. It's a perfect piece of
literature, full of similes and metaphors . The Prophet Mohammad said, " excellence of Quran
over other expressions is like excellence of Allah over his creations".
Caliph Abu Bakr :
Brief events of the caliphate
Abu Bakr was elected as successor of the Prophet in 632 CE. After the death of the Prophet
there was difference of opinion about who should be the next leader. Hazrat Fatima and
some companions wanted Hazrat Ali to be the Khalifa. The Ansar wanted a leader from
amongst them. Therefore they gathered at Saqifa Banu saad to choose Abuubaida Ansari as
caliph. Abu Bakr , Umar and Abu Ubaida bin jarrah went there and Abu Bakr gave as peach
in which he told that Quraish would not accept a non Quraish as the leader. Hazrat Umar
then nominated Abu Bakr as caliph and took allegiance at his hand. Other people also took
bait at his hand and he was chosen unanimously .
After assuming the office he gave a memorable speech in which he showed his humility and
strong faith in Allah. " I have been chosen as your leader and I am not better than you . If i
do well help me , if I do wrong set me right........obey me as long as I obey Allah and his
Prophet
Other events:Abu Bakr secured the unity of Islamic state by putting down uprisings. He
fought against the apostates. Some tribes refused to give zakat to Madina and did not
accept the rule of Abu Bakr and started believing in false prophets. The rebellious tribes
attacked on Madina , but Abu Bakr handled the situation himself and defeated them. They
surrendered and agreed to pay taxes.
The revolt against Islam is known as 'Ridda'or apostasy movement , and was major threat to
the unity of Islam . These movements spread all over peninsula . Abu Bakr sent forces under
experienced commanders crush the revolt . Al Aswad al ANSI was a leader of Ans tribe, he
was an ugly man and used to wear a veil to creat mystery about himself .he declared his
prophethood in Mohammad 's life. An expedition was sent under Firuz in which he was killed.
In Abu Bakr 's time one of his follower Qais revolted. He was defeated by Feruz.. Tulayha was
a wealthy leader of al Asad tribe. In 630 he declared himself a prophet. Khalid bin Waleed
crushed his rebellion, the tribe supporting him surrendered and he escaped.
Sajahaa Christian Arab also claimed prophethood, but after defeat of Tulayha she joined her
forces with Musaylma and married him. After Musaylma she accepted Islam .Musaylma the
liar was from bani Hanifa in Yaman. He declared himself a prophet in Mohammad's life. He
allowed drinking , gambling and adultery . After the Prophet he revolted and gathered a
force of 40 000. Ikrama and Shurabil were sent to face him . Later Khalid bin Waleed also
joined. In the long battle many people were killed, and it was called the battle of the garden
of death. Musaylma was killed too.
Many people who memorised the Quran died in the battle of yamama, therefore on the
sujestion of Umar Abu back ordered the compilation of Quran . Which was done by Zaid bin
Thabit.
Abu Bakr also continued the policy of expansion started by the Prophet. First he sent
expedition to Syria as planned by the Prophet. He sent forces towards Iraq and Palestine. His
forces defeated Byzantine army and conquered Ajnadain . His forces also conquered Hira an
important city and opened trade rout to the north east and west.
Abu bakr died in 634CE 13th AH. He is remembered for his faith and loyalty toward Allah and
the Prophet.
Why was Abu Bakr known as al Siddiq and saviour of Islam?
Al Siddiq means testifier ot truth. Abu Bakr always spoke truth and believed in the truth of
Mohammad . He was the first one to accept Islam and without any hesitation. He was the
one who confirmed Prophet's statement of Miraj , when people did not believe in him.
After the death of the Prophet Mohammad Abu Bakr proved to be the best amongst the
Muslim community . He calmed down the Muslims at the death of the "
Prophet by reciting the Quranic ayat," Mohammad is but a messenger........" He told Muslims
that, " If you worship Mohammad , he is dead , if you worship Allah he is eternal and ever
living". This way he united and revived the Ummah.
The historians called Abu Bakr the saviour of Islam . He became the Caliph at the most
crucial time of Islam. There was disunity among the Muslim tribes, many people declared
them as false Prophets, and rebellion in Arabian peninsula that threatened the existence of
Islamic state. Abu Bakr brought unity among Muslims by fighting Ridda wars and crushing
the rebellions. He really deserved the title of saviour of Islam as he very skilfully saved Islam
from serious threats that may endangered the unity of Ummah. His most important work
was compilation of the Quran , the greatest unifying force for the community .
Caliph Abu Bakr
Describe expansion of Islam during the caliphate of Abu Bakr.
Abu Bakr continued the policy of expansion begun by the Holy Prophet. Hazrat Mohammad
had planned to send an expedition to Syria , but it was postponed due to his illness. Abu
Bakr sent it besides the opposition of some companions.ha said, " who am I to withhold the
army that the Prophet had ordered to proceed?let Madina stand or fall,the khilafat live or
perish command of the Prophet will be followed".
In those days, the Romans in the north west, and the Persians in the north east were two
super powers. Clashes between them resulted in enmity with Muslims . The Persians
supported the rebels and apostates. There fore Muslims had to challenge them.
Abu Bakr send expedition to Syria in 632CE under Abu Ubaida , Amr bin Aas , Yazid bin
Sufyan and Shurabil. Totatal number of men was 2700. The first encounter was at Basra in
634 in which Muslims were successful.then the battle of Ajnadain took place in which the
huge Roman army of 250000 fought against Muslims . Heraclitus the Roman emperor sent a
large army under his brother Theodorus . Abu Bakr sent Khalid bin Waleed. Battle took place
at Ajnadain in which Muslims were successful. Muslim forces moved towards Palestine,and
then to Syria , laying seige to Damascus . These victories opened up Iraq and Syria.
Abu Bakr then moved towards vast and wealthy Persian empire. Abu Bakr started with the
invasion of Iraq under Khalid bin Waleed. Khalid entered in 633 CE with 18000 men and won
four decisive victories from March to May . Every time Khalid offered them three options, to
accept Islam , to pay jizya or to fight. Muslim forces also captured provincial capital Hira and
laid seige to Amber in 633CE. He conquered all of the Euphrates region and Damat-ul-Jandal.
In December 633 CE the Muslim forces defeated the combined forces of Persian,Byzantine
and Arab Christian to put an end to the Persian authority in Iraq. This victory was important
for the Muslims because Iraq was the trade route to the North East and West.