CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
VOL. I DIRECT CURRENT
 COMPANION VOLUME
Classified Examples hi Eleeliicul E
VOLUME II
-
ALTERNATING CURRENT
I'ONTKN'LVS
A 0. Kl MUMUM'Al.h
A (' OKI I' ITS IN I'UIVI.I.UI.
{NIMH TIM: t'liu't.rr 1'iMU t'oNtwrw VM> TBA.NHHNTS
MlM'l.M VM'Ot S V,C QlU.STIONH

!'UHi;i-l'll V^I, J'invi.ll

I'OOUNU III' Vl.TI UN Vl'OKN, TBVNWORMMIS, K'l'l

'Il.s

"
I ( ONM.I |'| II

I' VHl
TlUNHMmMtUlh SHUUN( IU 1
Lt)\im IN I'MUUU.t.
TlUNHMHlWlill Dl.KlUN -UbNUlVt,
)l.hJtl\ JJAUIS*.

INUOOTION AltJTOR
JNDUO'MOIf "\tOTOB

Mo'jHtii DI:HIWN -Tun I'IBCM Dt

Mown in.sroviNU
Hl)l'Ul\CONMJR'I'l'SHH -(UmiUlVlj PRIM I1M,15H
IlOTVUV (JoNVUIlTIUl UllHItlh
A.O CinnuiTATOB MOTORS
KBHtillKNt^ I'll V\r,HH
(^IJNUIM'INO HTA'l'UlN Pl\H'P
HtlH STAT10NH
lUlaNOLKH I'llll TmUJU-WlItU I) (.' HVhTKMH
OOJUHlUHtlNH <T HTihl'ISMH OF HtilH'I.Y
TUUll'M \N1) Ki'UVOMU'H
Vol.TAllI) Dlloi' UN ! i
"i i

UAI'AI mrs ui'

'
IM i * \ .' i i

'
1
i.' -I 1
- MII- \M* cvi

OlMtVI IIIIIAP 1' VS^^I'^ION 1.1M 1

TllANHMWHION I.lM. l)llii| s IU I, 'i'n It s|s|',VN('|,, I

HIP, HVAN, ANJ TMNHION w ()\riuuui

PlKSI'lill'WKH OF INMUI.ATIONH
(UWW'l'AHl'iS IW MA1NH,
fNHtli.A'MON I'h'C,
POWKK KAOTOIt iMVHOVHMWN'lf
I'i-i
'
'. ''.,' H AND (})JA,H
i,l NAi i l l ,
AKI>
JHI1.K HtU'WA' ANi>
t'OItONA
ANHWMRH
CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES
IN ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
BY
S. GORDON MONK
u sc B so (KNO ), A M i K K
,

HBVD OK j.Mcmiiuij MQINKMUNQ Du

TECHNK'VL COWJ'HU

VOL. I
J3JLREOT CURRENT
FlltST AND SECOND YEAR DAY STUDENTS AND
MUST, SECOND AND THIRD FEAR EVENING STUDENTS

IN TWO A
T
OLUME,S

LONDON
SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD.
PARKER STRMET, KINGSWAY, W C.2
BATH, MELBOURNE, TORONTO, NEW YORK
1928
 3317
FROM THE SAME PUBLISHERS
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF
ALTERNATING CURRENTS
By A T DOVLR, MIEE.AAIEE, Ifenil of J leilncal
Engineering Department, Batietsea Pol^leclnni, I ondun
" 1 n
11ns book is suitable .

pngiiieenup; students !

mg m
the principles i <
'

polyphase cuncnts) ind the ealuilition of elecliK munis

In dany 8vo, cloth gilt, 554 pp willi >n illubtiatums ,

18s net

ELEMENTARY ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
ByO R RANHALI Ph , D B Sc , ,
\\lil' \
A
textbook foi Sjtudrnls who have iht tdy taken a fust
ye.u couihc, 111 electneil} and magnetism J his book has
bncn wntt( n to envoi the sc cond- antl third y< ai comscs ini
the Sonioi N itiomil CiatdicaU's in Flccttical liiigiiHoniiK
In a own 8vo, cloth gill, 240 pp., with 177 illusliations
5s not,

ENGINEERING APPLICATION
OF MATHEMATICS
By W C M.r\ M So Lecturer in Matltfiiiatit
Tiif , , s at the
Batle)\ca Pol) teiJmn.
llns bonk is in ciulcavotu to butli/i thr 1

K.i]i b<'t\v<'( n the

Lontonls of tho conventional textbooks of m itlu inalas and
tho ntpcls of CHtginocnng students
In clciny 8vo, doth gilt, 19i pp 5a nut

WHITTAKER'S ARITHMETIC OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Containing 81 Worked Examples and 5*5 Exorcises
Pen technical students and engincus
'
Un hen k has
i i
ion vohinu to the woiks on
i i

,i
the hope that it may pi five a
iii
1
i

HI who dosncs to rquni tin ,

.ibility to caleuhto qiniklj and armjatelj

In crown 8vo, 212 pp , with nmndous illubtiation -
1

3s 63 net Ihud Ldition, Keviscd and

aples
no to
, . .

9U xtuooUiubiFAftet natmg and Polyphase

.
-
i-Wf ('/")

8vo, 208 pp with 45 illnstiali0iis

, <Mja. net
 PREFACE
THIS work is an assembly of questions in electrical
just
engineering arranged undei the most important heads m
that subject They are taken mainly from the examination
papers set during recent ycais at the London B Sc (Eng )
Degree, the AM T E E the Final City and Guilds and the
,

Whitwoith Examinations of the Board of Education, and

the author is indebted to the respective authorities (includ-
ing the Controller, H.M Stationery Office) for permission
to reproduce these questions The questions are mainly
numerical, but many purely descriptive questions have
been included, especially dealing with important principles
Notes have' been given with many of the section a to help
the student ,
some examples are worked fully in the
answers, and references have been given in many instances
where the student can obtain further information. There
aie, of course, other works than those specifically men-
tioned, wherein information can be obtained, and it does
not follow that the references given are necessarily the
best, but they will generally be found to be the most
accessible Questions have been mducled in design work a

and some data have been given m these sections, but such
data are given with reserve, and the student must supplement
this data with any other to which he has access The value
in design work liea rather more m how to use data when
given than in the accuracy of that data It is thus impossible
to give answers to the design questions, but many sugges-
tions are given in the answers for the student's guidance
The working of many numerical examples is of great
assistance to a student of electrical engineering. Many text-
books, therefore, give some examples, but they can only
give examples that are covered by the text. This collection
of examples is not so restricted, and the references given
encourage a student to hunt up information wherever
obtainable, and so combines the work of many books and
"
technical publications, and develops that quality of self-
"
help so essential in an engineer
VI PREFACE

Whereas many lecturers will have their own seta of

examination questions, it is felt that such a collection as
here given m
compact form is readily obtainable by the
students, and much time can be saved in lectures by
icferencc to these questions instead of dictating such
questions to the class, with the added advantage that the
student has the question coriectly and m
permanent foim
Vol I deals with the earlier yeais of the subject and
covers the bulk of D in D
C work, eluding C machine design
Vol II is more advanced, dealing with moi o spceialixed
work, and includes A
C machinery and transmission and
distribution The author is indebted to I) Mitt, Esq ,

m
B Sc (Eng ), for valuable assistance getting out some of
the answers
S (J HI
DJOVONPOKT, 1928
 CONTENTS
VOL. IDIRECT CURRENT
IKAAII'LKS SmWKOT 1'A.or

1 RESISTANCES , J

2 OHM'S LAW AND POWER . 1

3 ENERGY AND COSTS 2

4 SUPPLY LUSTER SIZES, RESISTANCE DROPS, UTC . 3
5 RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL 4
() BATTERY AND RESISTANCE GROUPINGS 5

7 KIROHHOITF'S IND MAXWELL'S LAWS 6

8 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS 1

9 MAONETIQ FIELDS 8

10 MAGNETIZING (JOILS

JI BALLISTIC GALV1NOMETER (JALCUL VTIONS 11

12 INDUCTANCES . 13

13 LIFTING MAGNETS 14
14 HYSTERESIS 10
15 ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS AND CAP VOITY . 17

16. ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY 20
17, ILLUMINATION , 22
18 HEATING , . 25
19 HEATING OF MAC 'II INKS AND UEATINO TIME CON-
STANT . . 28
20 SWINBURNE TEST FOR D SHUNT MACHINES 32
21 BRAKE TESTS ON MOTORS ... .

34
RUNNING DOWN TESTS AND FIELD'S TEST . 35
D 0. INSTRUMENTS . . 37
vu
Vlil CONTENTS
DXAMP1ES SUBJLCT PAJ
24 TRACTIVE EFFORTS OF MOTORS AND LINK CUR-
RENTS . 38
25 D ARMATURE WINDINGS AND SLOT DESIGN 40
26 DO GENERATORS VOLTAGE FORMULA 41

27 I) MOTORS 45
28 DO GENERATORS EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS 40
29 DC GENERATORS IN PARALLEL 51

80 D EXCITING COIL DESIGN 52

31 D C ARMATURE REACTIONS AND SERIKS INTER-
POLES . . . 57
32 D MOTOR STARTERS CALCULATION Oi RESIST-
1

ANCE ELEMENTS 59
33 D SHUNT MOTORS FIELD REGULATORS 04

34 D MACHINES LEADING DIMENSIONS ()5

35 BATTERIES AND BOOSTERS 68

ANSWERS . , 60
CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES
IN ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
VOL. I: DIRECT CURRENT 4

v/l. Resistances
TAKE 3
the resistance of copper as 7/10 7 ohms per in ,
or
17/10
7
ohms per cm 3
EXAMPLES 1

v^xK Find the resistance of 200 ft. of copper cable having a

cross-section of 1 sq,. in.
*--2'. Find the resistance of 1000 yd. of copper cable 3 m
in diameter. ^
3 What length of copper wire & mils in diameter will be
required to give a resistance of 100 ohms ?
^
_^4 A
coil of 10 ohms resistance is composed of 100 yd of
wire having a diameter of 1 mm. Find the specific resistivity
f the material per cm cube
If silver has a resistivity of 1 49 microhms per cm, cube,
what must be the diameter of a silver wire to have a resistance
of 10 ohms per kilometre ?
An aluminium cable 5 miles long and 1 SQL in in section
has a resistance of 7 ohms for the double run Fmd the specific
resistivity in inch measure.

V2. Ohm's Law and Power

Power
Watts = volts X amperes = resistance X (current)
2.

^ EXAMPLES 2
^*L What must a consuming device have to run
resistance
on 200 mains and have a loading of 5 kW. ?
volt
-""2. What is required to pass a current of 35 amperes
voltage
through a resistance of 5-7 ohms ? If a further 4 3 ohms be
1

i (5492)
 2 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

put in scries to reduce the current, find the power lost in the
added resistance, and the voltage across the original resistance
It is required to run a 60 watt 100 volt lamp on a 280 volt
circuit Find the resistance to be placed in series with the lamp
to enable this to be done
What is the relation between the resistance of a metal
filament lamp, taking 60 watts on a 200 volt supply and a
carbon lamp taking 00 watts on a 100 volt supply ? If two of
the latter in series are run in parallel with the former on a
200 volt circuit, what will be the total current taken from the
mains ?

^/ 5. An electric iron taking 5 kW. on 220 volt mams ib found

to run hotter than is desired, and a resistance of 10 ohms is
put in series with it to reduce the loading By what percentage
is the consumption of energy reduced, and what percentage of
the reduced load is wasted on the added resistance ?
)^,G. A
consuming device of constant resistance works on
250 volt mams, and has placed in series with it a 5-stud regu-
lating resistance with 4 resistance sections between the studs
The currents passed when working on the successive studs are
5, 10, 15, 20, and 25
amperes, the latter
being on the "
all out "
stud, i e no external resistance Calculate the values of the
resistance sections in order, and the power wasted on the last
section, i e. between No. 4. and the "all out" one, when
running on each of the first four studs
>-7 A steel rail used as a conductor for traction work has a
weight of 90 Ib per yard run, and a specific weight of 3 Ib
per cub in Taking the resistivity of tlie*stecl as (5-3 times that
of copper, find the resistance per 1000 ft. (neglecting joints),
and the loss per 1000 ft when carrying a current of 800
amperes.
3. Energy and Costs
Energy.
Joules = volts X amperes X seconds.
1 unit = 1 kWh =- 3,600,000 joules
EXAMPLES 3
*
1. A radiator running on 230 volt mams
is found to take
4 35 amperes. What is itsrating, and the
cost per hour at
2d per unit ?
2. If a motor takes 185 amperes at 460 volts, and gives 80 lup ,

what is its efficiency ? How many B, of T, units will it use

per hour ? (O. <fc &,, 1, 1917.)
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3
.<*

3 arc metal filament lumps more efficient than carbon

Why
filament lamps ? A metal filament lamp costing 2& 3d gives
25 c p with 30 watts, and is discarded after 500 hours ; a
carbon filament lamp costing Sd. gives 25 c p with 100 watts,
and is discarded after 800 hours Find the cost per 1000
candle-hours, inclusive of lamp renewals, in eacli case, the
price of current being 1 d per B of T unit.
.1

(C. <& G , II, 1915 )

1
4 A
current of 150 amperes at 1 1,000 volts is carried through
cable 15 sq in cross-section lor a distance of 5 miles. What
is the yearly cost of the energy lost in the mams (double run)
at |d per unit ? What percentage of the power delivered is
Igst in the line ?
motor running on 460 volt mains is found to have an
average consumption of 35 amperes for the working period of
48 hoars per week If the cost of power is l|d per unit, find
the cost of running this motor for a yearly period of 52 weeks

v/4. Supply Lines. Sizes, Resistance Drops,

Weights, etc.
I =
Resistance, R p I/a Length m cm or in
a Cross-section m cm 2 or in 2

For copper p = 7/10

7
ohms per in 3 or 17/10 7 ohms per
cm 3

For aluminium p = H/10 ohms per

7
in 3 or 28/10 7 ohms
per cm 3

Volume = al pl /M cub in or cm
2

Weight Copper -32 Ib per cub in or 02 Ib per cub cm.

Aluminium -098 per cub in or -0058 Ib per cub cm
For equal conductivities, aluminium conductor weighs
49 of the copper conductor, and its cross-section is 1-6 as
great
Losses due to heating I ZR watts
EXAMPLES 4.
*

/L It is desired to transmit 1 00 amperes C C. over a distance

of 3 miles with a drop not exceeding 50 volts (both lines).
Find the minimum cross-section and weight of conductor if of
copper.' What would these figures have been for an aluminium
cable ?
2 A
60 b h p. 440 volt O.O. motor has a full-load efficiency
of 88 per cent, and is fed through a 2 sq. m
cable 1000 yd.
long When the motor is running at full load, find (#) the volt
4 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

drop on the cable, (6) the kW. loss in it, and (c) the weight of
copper in it.
^a Over what distance is it possible to transmit and deliver
15,000 kW. at 30,000 volts direct current, through cables
1 sq m. cross-section, with a resistance line loss of 10 per cent
of the energy put into the line ?
>
4. A generator feeds a 100 h.p 500 volt C 0. motor situated
800 yd. away The motor efficiency at full load is 91 per cent,
under which conditions the generator is found to be supplying
90 kW. Find the voltage of the generator and the weight of
copper in the lines
- 5 A caWe of uniform section transmits current from a soxirce
of supply of 220 volts to a resistance of 12 ohms situated
240 yd away. At a point an the line 1 00 yd away from the
source is a motor which is connected to the line intermittently
and takes 1 amperes
Find the resistance per 1000 yd of conductor winch may not
be exceeded il it is desired to ensure that the switching on and
off of the motor will not produce a variation in pressure of
more than 2 volts at the end of the line connected to the
resistance. (Whilworth, 1924.)
^G Power is supplied to a motor at 460 volts situate 800 yd
from a generator. The motor gives 3 20 h p. at an efficiency of
86 per cent, whilst it is observed that the generator is supplying
111 kW. Pind the voltage of the generator, the power lost in
the cable, and the weight of copper in it. What size of cable
would be suitable for this supply ?

j 5. Resistances in Parallel
EXAMPLES 5
1 A resistance of 4 ohms is in parallel with one of 5 ohms,
and a p.d. of 2 volts is applied across the pair. Find the total
current and the current m each. What is the combined
conductance ?

2. [Resistances of 4, 6, and 8 ohms are m

parallel across a
10 volt supply. Find the combined conductance, the total
current, and the percentage of ^this total current that passes
through the 6 ohm coil
w3. Resistances of 3 and 4 ohms in parallel form one group,
and 5 ohms and 6 ohms m
parallel a second group, tlio groups
being then placed iri series. What voltage must be applied
across the whole to pass a total current of 10 amperes, and
what power will bo absorbed by each resistance ?
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEEE-ING 5

4The following four resistance coils are in parallel 2, 3, 4,

.

and 5 ohms What p d. must be applied to the group in order

that a total power of 100 watts may be absorbed ? How will
this power be divided between the various branches ?
5 Resistances of 5, 8, 2, and 4 ohms are together in parallel,
and the group is connected in series with coils of 3 and 6 ohms
in parallel, and finally a, coil of 7 ohms is connected in series
with the whole If 20 volts be applied across the extremes, find
the current in the 2 ohms branch and the power absorbed in the
7 ohms resistance
*
6 A
galvanometer has a resistance of 173 ohms. Find the
value of a resistance to be placed in shunt with the galvano-
meter so that only one-tenth of the current will now pass
through the latter. What would have been the value of the
shunt to pass only one-twentieth part of the current ?
t^.7 Group A
consists of resistances of 4, 6, and 8 ohms in
parallel. It is connected in series with group B consisting of
3 and 6 ohms in parallel Across these two series groups is
connected a resistance of 5 ohms to form a parallel group, and
a further resistance of 7 ohms is placed in. series with the whole
Find the p d. required across the extremes to get a current
of 5 amperes through the 7 ohms resistance Find also the
current through the 4 ohms coil and the power absorbed in the
3 ohms coil
ts& Define the practical xinits of current, potential difference
and power. Three resistance coils in parallel consume 500 watts
when a p d. ol 50 volts is applied to them The resistances of
two of the coils are 14 and 25 ohms respectively. Find the
resistance of the third coil. (C, cfc G I, 1919.)
,

6. Battery and Resistance Groupings

EXAMPLES 6
1* Four Leclanchd cells having an E M F. of 1 4 volts and
an internal resistance of 2-4 ohms each are connected (a) in.
series, (&) in parallel to a resistance of 2 ohms Find the
current in each case.
2 In the above question, find the power used in each case
both (a) internally, and (&) externally to the cells Would any
other arrangement of the battery give more external power ?
If so, how much ?
1
3. Prove that in any arrangement of batteries and resist-
ances, tho maximum power output is obtained when the
internal and external resistances are equal. Given cells of
6 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

M
E F 13 volis and internal resistance 3 6 ohms each, and 4
resistances of C 4 ohms each, how will you arrange them to get
(a) the maximum power output,
and (5) the maximum current
output ? Find the current and power outputs m each case
4 Three resistances 2, 3, and ohms respectively, are con-
4.

nected m parallel. In series with these is connected a battery

having an internal resistance of 1 ohm, and an E F. of 6 M
volts Find the current through each of the resistances 2, 3,
and 4 ohms G., I, 1918.)
(C. <fc

5 Describe, with sketches, the construction of some good

form of dry cell Explain the chemical reactions that occur
m such a cell Three such cells m
series have a total M.F E
of 4 3 volts If the cells each have an internal resistance of
3 ohm, and arc connected to a lamp having an internal
resistance of 8 ohms, what will be the p d at the terminals
of the lamp? (C. cfc <9 I, 1919.) ,

<-
6. How
would you arrange a battery of cells so as to get
a maximum current through a wire o 8 ohms ? The E F M
of each cell is 1 4 volts, and the internal resistance 2 ohms
What is the value of the maximum current ?
(C <fe Cf , H, 1915 )

7. Twelve cells giving 2 volts and having an internal

resistance of 12 ohm each, are connected in series with a
group of 3 resistances in parallel of 2, J and 5 ohms respec- ,

tively and in scries with a further group of 2 in parallel of

value 1 and 0-33 ohms respectively. Find the total current
when the cells arc connected (a) all m
series, (&) all parallel, m
and (c) such as to give the greatest current possible.

7. Kirchhoff's and Maxwell's Laws

"EXAMPLES 7

1. A network is composed of the following resistances :

ab 3 ohms, ?;c =
5 ohms, cd - 2 ohms, ad 4 ohms, &d
8 ohms. K
a pressure of 2 volts is applied between a and c,
find the current m
each of the resistances,
connected up and a pressure
y 2. The following resistances are
of 5 volts applied between a and a ab 2 ohms, &e
:
~
2 ohms, =
ac 3 ohms, M=
2 ohms, de =
4 olmis &e 4 ohms, ce s
=
3 6hms. Find the currant in each branch of the network.
3. A
pressure of 3 volts is applied between, the points a and c
in the following network ab 2 ohms, bo
: 4. ohms, ad <= =
2 ohms, da 2 ohms, ae 5 ohms, de 3 ohms, ec 4 ohms. =
Find the current in each branch.
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 7

4Wheatstone bridge consists of a~b = 4 ohms, &c =

A
3 ohms, cd = 6 ohms, a,nd da = 5 ohms A 2 volt coll is
connected between arid d, and a galvanometer of 1
?; ohms
resistance between a and c Find the current through the
galvanometer
1

5 A battery having an B M.F of 11 volts and an internal

resistance o 2 ohm is connected in parallel with another
battery with an E M
F of 100 volts and resistance 25 ohm.
The two batteries in parallel are placed in series with a regu-
lating resistance of 5 ohms and connected across 200 volt mains.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the current in each
battery and the total current taken from the supply mains
(C G,, Final, 1927 ) &
*- If a p d of 2 volts is applied to a Wheatstone bridge in
which all but one of the arms and the galvanometer have
resistances of 1000 ohms, the one arm having a resistance of
only 500 ohms, find the galvanometer current
(Land. Umv 1027, El Tech.) ,

*-
8. Temperature Coefficients
R = R (1+ at)
t

where R = t resistance at a temperature t,

R = resistance at 0,
a =
the temperatiue coefficient, i e the increase in
resistance of 1 ohm per degree rise in tem-
perature using the resistance at as the
basic value
This coefficient m
the case of copper is 00428 per degree
Centigrade, and five-ninths of this value per degree Fahren-
heit, with 32 F as the base For approximate work, it is
not necessary to revert to the value at C the following ,

being sufficiently accurate

M T = R {L+a(T-t)}
t

where JSr andjK are the resistances at4

T and t
respectively

EXAMPLES 8
1 If a coil of copper wire has a resistance of 10 ohms at
15 C., what
will be its resistance at 100 0. ?
2. What
rise in temperature would be necessary to increase
the resistance of a conductor from. 50 to 51 ohms, if the
8 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

temperature coefficient of the material comprising the con

ductor is 00268 per degree ?
u- 3. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 50 ohms wheri
its temperature is 15 O After a current has been passing
through it for some time, it is found that 1 10 volts are required
to pass 2 amperes Calculate the temperature of the coil
(C & G., I, 1917 )
4 A direct current motor running on mams maintained ai
a constant voltage of 220 is found to he taking a current oJ
24 amperes through the field when started from the cold, but
after running for some hours, the current has fallen, to 2
amperes. Calcxilate the rise in temperature of the coil
5. The resistance of a coil is found by measurement to be
53 7 ohms at 16 C. On being warmed up to 84 O , the
resistance is found to be 64. I ohms Find the temperature
coefficient of the metal used for the conductor.
It is required to maintain a loading of 5 kW on a heating
At the initial temperature of 15 0. a voltage of 220 is
necessary for this purpose After the unit has been running
long enough to settle down to a steady state, it is found thai
a voltage of 240 is required to maantam the loading. Given
that the temperature coefficient of the conductor is OOOt
per degree 0., estimate the final temperature of the heating
element.

v/ 9. Magnetic Fields
EXAMPLES 9
1 What will be the strength of the field on the axis of a
long
bar magnet at a distance of 10 cm. from the pole if the pole
strength is 20 units ?
2. What will be the strength of the field at a
point/ 10 cm,
from the axis of a long straight conductor carrying a current
of 20 amperes ?
3. What will be the strength of the field at the centre of o
circular conductor of 10 cm. diameter when carrying a current
of 20 amperes ?
4. Define the C.Q S. tout of current and htate its relatior
to the ampere. A coil of wire 10 cm. in diameter with 15 turns
carries a current of 5 amperes. Estimate the strength of the
magnetic field produced at the centre of the coil
(A.M.I.E.E., Oat 1923.)
,

5 Define (a) unit magnetic pole s (&) polo strength, (c) mag
netic moment, and (d) horizontal intensity of the earth's
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTEICAL ENGINEEBING 9

magnetic field A magnet 1440 units and magnetic length

of
40 cm is placed horizontal and with its north-seeking pole
pointing north If the earth's horizontal magnetic intensity is
18 dynes, find the distances of the neutral points from the
poles of the magnet (A M.I E E., Apn,l, 1 923 )
6 A bar magnet of length 10 cm has a magnetic moment
of 200 C Cr S units. What strength of magnetic field would
the magnet produce at a point on its axis distant 30 cm from
itscentie ? (AMI E.E Oct., 1924.)
,

* 1. A. current is passed through a circular coil consisting of two

turns of radius 7 5 cm set vertically in the magnetic meridian.
A horizontal magnetic needle at the centre of the coil is
deflected through 45 Hence calculate in amperes the current
flowing through the coil (The earth's horizontal field = 18
gauss.) (A MIEJS, Oct., 1924 )
c- Calculate the strength of the magnetic field at the centre
8
of a square coil ol 20 cm. side of one turn carrying a current
of 20 amperes
^9 If two long conductors placed parallel to one another 4 in
apart each carry 1200 amperes in the same direction, calculate
the force on each per inch run

* 10. Magnetizing Coils

H = _--_-
where H = the magnetizing force in the solenoid coil,
SI = the ampere-turns in the coil,
I = the length of the magnetic path in cm
Transposing, we have /SI = 10HZ/47T = -8HI, which
enables the ampere-turns to be calculated for a given
magnetic field strength B, which numerically equals for H
non-ferrous paths, and equals juH for iron paths, where
IJL
=
the permeability of the iron under the given circum-
stances. For compound magnetic circuits, calculate the SI
separately for each portion of the path, and sum results

EXAMPLES 10
- 1 800 turns of insulated wire arc wound on a 5 in. card-
board former, the winding extending py"(M>j2iO|Ha. length of tho
1

tube. If 5 amperes are pas^d^Sough ffie wmffl^T^Hjl the

 10 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
value of the magnetizing force produced at the centre of
the tube
2, A. wooden ring oC 15 cm mean diameter, the cross-section
(circular) of the wood being 7 00 sq. cm is wound over with a
,

coil of 100 turns Find (a) the value of H

at the centre and
inner and outer edges of the wood when a current of 2 amperes
is passing through the coil, and (&) the current required to
produce a total flux of 50 lines in the wood.
v- 3 A current of 3 amperes passing through a coil of 400 turns
wound on an, iron, ring of 120 cm mean circumference produces
a flux density of 18,000 lines per sq cm. in the iron. Find the
permeability of the iron under these circumstances.
u 4. An iron img having a cross-section of 8s<j. cm. and a
mean diameter oi 24. em has a radial gap 3 mm. wide cut in
,

it Tt IB desired to produce a flux of 120,000 lines in this gap,

no fringing oC the flux taking place. If, under these conditions,
1

the iron haw a permeability of 1200, calculate the requisite

ampere-turns to be placed on the ring.
5. Show the effort of blots on. the magnetomotive force
needed to send the flux across the air-gap of an electro-
magnetic machine, and indicate how this is allowed for *by
Carter's coefficient. Calculate- the number of ampere-turns
required for the a,ir-ga,p of an alternator, given gap length
7 mm. slot opening 14 ~ mm
slot pitch 30 mm.
polo are
~
;

32 cm.
;

core length (including 4 ventilation ducts

;
;

each 1 om. wide) =- 35 cm flux ,

1 =
megalines. Assume the
polo-shoo to bo concentric with the armature, and ignore
fringing aL the edges oi the poles

= oponmR
Given Darter's coefficient 0-28, for
&&V

Given Carter's coefficient 0-22, for

J?aP

(Land, Univ., 1921, ffl. Mach.)

0. An iron ring having a moan diameter of 30 cm. and a
cross-Bection d em, in diamotor, has a radial slot of 2 mm.
width cut m
it. Given tho permeability to be 700, how
many ampore-turnH will bo required on tho ring to produce
(a) a ihix density m
tho gap of 20,000 linos per sq. cm.,, fringing
negloctod, and (&) a total gap flux ol 100,000 lines, neglecting
leakage. P
7. If tho ratio arc/pilch is 0-7 and the leakage factor 1 15,
estimate tho number of ampere-turns per pole required to
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN BLBOTBIOAL WNG INK WHIM} II

of the
produce a flux of 10 megahnes through Iho air-ffftp
machine of which the following particulars are known

Part

doss-sectional aica in sq cm
Length of path in cm

J5 lines per sq cm 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 U.OOO l,0 .ono

l/.O
<
II foi eaht steel 3 5 10 7
IJ foi sheet steel Jl .-5 4 7 H ;
-i(l (l)

8, ring is made of cast steel having a moan

A dwmnlor of
10 m., the section being 2 in. (parallel to axis) by 1 in. (radial)
A radial gap m. wide is cut in the ring, and it
^ is wound over
with a coil of 150 turns Using tho B-II data iho previous m
question, plot a graph showing the relation
between tho
current in the coil and the flux in the gap.
^ 9 A
ring 1 ft mean diameter is made of round iron I in.

diameter, but at one point a saw-cut 1 mm. wide IH made

through it. uniformly wound with 500 tumn of wire,
If it is
calculate the current required to produce a total ilux of
4.0,000 lines. Neglect leakage and fringing and astmmo a
permeability of 800 (Lond. Univ 3927, M. Tech.) ,

11. Ballistic Galvanometer Calculations

The quantity of electricity discharged through a
galvanometer, due to a change of iiux linking with the
search coil connected to the ballistic, is given by-

= Linkages changed imon)-ooul()tnbs

Total resistance X 10"

The ballistic circuit has to be ol high total roHiHi/anco to

reduce the damping (see Section 28), and thuH tlioro is
usually included in circuit a high resistance. To oomponBato
for this, the number of turns on the search (soil ban to bo
increased which incidentally helps to keep up tho resist-
ance of the circuit
12 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EXAMPLES 11
v 1 A inserted in the centre of a long straight
search coil is
solenoid, and connected to a ballistic galvanometer and higb
resistance coil The data of the apparatus are as follows
No of Uuns on solenoid 2000 Length of solenoid winding 1 -
mt
- ohm
Wo of tuins on search coil 200 .Resistance of search coil 5
Moan in on, of soaioh coil =!)0 sq om TtcsMance of galvanoiuoter * 20
Besistanee of added coil 20,000 ,,

Various currents passed through the solenoid are reversed,

giving the following throws (after correcting for damping)

Cuuent i veiled S 4 ampin CH

Scale doiloction 17 5 35 5 !J 70 885 (UvlHioim

Plot the calibration curve of* the galvanometer

2. of wire are wound round a field coil on a
Two turns
machine, and connected to the above ballistic, galvanometer
with a loading resistance, the total resistance of the circuit 1

being 20,000 ohrnt,. When normal field current was broken in

the held circuit, a deflection of 70 divisions was obtained on
the galvanometer Estimate the polo ilux of this machine,
When the two turns of wire were laid on the ariimture so as to
embrace the polo shoe, and the field current again inter-
rupted, a throw oi. 62 5 scale divisions was obtained. Estimate
tho leakage coefficient for this machine.
3 A constant number of ampere-turns are applied to a
variable air-ga,p which is enveloped with a search coil con-
nected to tho above ballistic. Tho number of turns on tho
search coil is 400, and the total resistance of the ballistic
circxut is 25,000 ohms. The following figures wore obtained
when the exciting current was reversed for various sizes of
air-gap

Longlili of gay i 20 25 mm.

Ckilvo throw 47 5 5-5 2 5 divisions

Plot, the curve, showing the relation between length of gap

and flux produced in it.
L Describe for finding tho B-H curves of bar
a method
specimens. An
iron ring of 3 5 sq. cm. crosH-soctional area
wil/h ft of 1 00 cm is wound with a magnetising
moan length
winding of 100 turns. A secondary coil with 200 tuniH of wire
is connected to a ballistic galvanometer, having a. constant of
1 micro-coulomb per scale division, tho total rtiHistajace of the
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTBICAL -ENGINEERING 13

secondary circuit being 2000 ohms On reversing a current of

10 amperes in the magnetizing coil, the galvanometer gave a
throw of 100 scale divisions. Calculate the flux density in the
specimen and the value of the permeability at this Hux density.
(C &
G., Final, 1927 )
5 A ring of sheet iron stampings is arranged for plotting of
BH loop, having a magnetizing coil of 350 turns, an iron
section of 1 sq cm. and a mean diameter ol 20 em A search
coil is wound on of 100 turns and connected xip to the above
calibrated ballistic with a high resistance, so that the total
resistance in circuit is 20,000 ohms During the .first part of
the experiment, the magnetizing current is step by step reduced
from its maximum value to the value given in the table, and
the corresponding ballistic throws (corrected for damping) are
recorded During the second part, the current is taken from
its maximum value to a reversed current of the value given
in the table, and the throws still recorded. Plot the hysteresis
loop, find (a) the ergs lost per c c of iron per cycle, (6) the
watts loss per Ib. at 50 cycles, and (c) the Stoinmetz coefficient
Test figures

Current -I
Throws 65 118 18 22 6 255 335 49 00 8179 973 100

12. Inductances
A circuit has a coefficient of self -induction of 1 lienry if
8
the passage of ampere produces 10 linkages. There will
1
be a coefficient of 1 henry of mutual induction with another
circuit if the 1 ampere produces 10 8 linkages with the other
circuit.

EXAMPLES 12
1. In Ques. 1 of Ex. 10, find the coefficient of self-induction
of the coil, on the assumption that all the llux links with all
the turns.
2. In Ques. 2 of Ex. 10, find the coefficient of self-induction
of the coil
3. An iron ring of 10 in. mean diameter is made oi bar 1 in.
diameter, and is overwound with 500 turns of wire. Taking
the permeability of the iron as 800, find the inductance of
the coil.
4. A ring 18 in. in (mean) diameter is made out of 1 m.
diameter round iron, of permeability 750. It is xmiforaily wound
14 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-

over with two single -layer windings containing, respectivel

700 and 1200 turns Calculate the self-inductance of ea<
winding and the mutual inductance between them in practic
"units.
5. The four field coils on a shunt dynamo each produce
pole flux of 3 megalmes when an exciting current of 2 amper
ispassed through the 2000 turns on each pole. Assuming th
the flux produced is proportional to current, calculate t]
inductance of the whole field circuit

13. Lifting Magnets

The lifting force of an electromagnet is given by
_
= B__a dynes =
2 . B*a
Ib = Ba z
,
.

JF
U2 x 1QB g ^ x
r
1Q7 kg pe pol
where B= flux density in gap of contact m lines per sq ci
a = cross-section area o the pole piece in sq. cm
Fringing and leakage is neglected, and the gap of conta
has frequently to be estimated roughly The force is thi
double the above for the horse-shoe or concentric ty]
of magnet.

EXAMPLES 13
1. an electro-magnet of the horse-shoe type is capable
If
lifting a load of 1 ton. when working at a gap density of 14., 01
lines per sq. cm calculate the cross-section area of the ir<
,

at the pole faces

2 A
horse-shoe magnet is formed out of a bar of wrougli
iron 18 in. long having a section 1 in square. Exciting coils
500 turns each are placed on each limb and connected seri< m
Find the exciting current that will just hold a load of 150 11
assuming a gap of contact of 1 mm., a permeability of t
Drought-iron of 700, and neglecting the reluctance of t
magnetic path in the load.
3. Show that the energy stored per c c, in a magnetic fie
is given by B^/Sn;, and thus deduce the formula for tho liftn
power of an electro-magnet. An anchor ring o mean diamol
15 m. is cut in two in an axial piano, the two halves bow
separated by air-gaps of 15 mils each. If 2500 ampere-turns a
applied to the iron, the permeability of which may bo taki
as 600, find the Eorce necessary to hold the two halves aptw
The iron is square bar of 1 in. side.
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 15

4 A
smooth-core armature, working in a four-pole field
magnet, lias A gap (from iron to iron) oC 5 in The area, of
surface of each pole is 1 &q. ft. The flux from each pole is
7 megalmes. Find (a) the mechanical force with which the pole
attracts the armature (6) the amount of energy expressed in
,

joules that is stored in the four gaps

(N.B. 746 joules = 550 ft -Ib. 1 ft = 30 48 cm. 1 Ib
, ,
=
453 6 grm ) (C &
G., II, 1909.)
5 (1) Show what relationship exists "between the magnetic
density at the contact surfaces of two iron surfaces which, touch
one another and the pull necessary to separate them
(2 ) A simple lilting magnet is made from a bar of iron 50 mm
square section, bent to shape shown in Fig 1
What flux per pole would be necessary in order that the
magnet should be capable of lifting a load of 340 kg. ? What
would be approximately the minimum thickness of wrought-
iron plate on which the magnet could exert this pull ?
(Wlvdworlh, 1925 )

150-
nj/tn nytn nj'fn

Fra 1

Calculate the ampere-turns required for the magnetizing

6
coil ofthe lifting magnet shown in Fig 1, in order to produce
a flux of 360,000 O.G S. lines. In the calculation neglect the
reluctance of the keeper and assume that the pole surfaces are
separated from the keeper by a sheet of non-magnetic material
J mm. thick.
The following points on the 23-21 curve of the iron may be
useful

12,000 13,000 14,000 ] 5,000

45 59 8-4 14-2

(WMtworth, 1925
10 CTAKHIKIKD K\\MI'L1'N IN KLI'JUTHHHb KNUINHIOJUNU

7 Deduce an expression tori he energy stoied in n,

field m
ici'tiih <sf />' and // and the volume of the Held.

this expression to determine the lorn required {u sopnraf

1

two surfaces with 100 sq, cm. ui contact urea, \v lu'ii fhe Iht
density normal lo tin* eonf.tet .surface i.s 10,000 lines JUT K<J. en
(('. <!: 6'., /''om/, U>U7.)

14. Hyslerosis

K\-\MIMOS 11

Th<> connection lxU\t cn lln innKnt'i.iKiiiK curt'cnf and (hi

1.
i 1

for a parf iculnr aUcrnafjnK current *l<'c( i'ti-inuKni>( is M|M>V\U I),

ilic followinj' (a,hl<% which ^ucs values for one half of <h>
loop, (lie coinple1>n loop shoxMtifj; Hit* usun
\vtih n-HpccI, to llu* axes

() lit) /> l"o l.t l/ll I,'U KJ.i 1,'N |tt;' n n

.. r
tAi HO Ht. i Ii "tift I Mi t!H .t I
j

,,!

Plot the loop OH nqunred paper antJ hy iN UK! fltdut' nut

plot tho wiivo form of tlw ruagnctii'.inK current, when th Utu
followH n Hino Itw, the amplitude of 14io Ihix being equal it* <l'
wittxununi vulu(i oC the, Hut in the above inKiHtr/,alion loop
(LnwL /'/!., 11)21, Jfl. /vr.)
H. Dwtw ill" hyhtcj't^w loop for ti'aiiHforni!*r iron wh'tt h
ruftxhnuin IH 1,000 (!.(i.H, linen per nq cnu Hhow how fo find
1

ilia wavo form of dho innKntd.iwnK tnirreni wlien it follo^n i\w

law 11,000 BUI Iil-1/. If you are given the mean length of flu*
magntskc path nrxd the ninnb<r of turnn the primary m
how would you Ihul the H.M.H. viilut^ of the
oumnt and tin* plmmi of the current V {(>', d'* (>' n l''itwl l*2tl,} t I

3. A ring of tranHformer irou Htampiw wn* let4Ml for

IOHH antl gav** the following

7W70
<r oyolo

Uio abovo data llud thtuni vahu-n of the Ht^imnni /,

coo(Il(si(i.t, and tjxplalu why the Htt>Jniut nqiwtiow, ftdli* whou
very high valuta* of th flux denlty arti In tjutwtum.
(C. at w.,
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 17

15. Electrostatic Fields and Capacity

Capacity defined as the ratio of quantity, Q, to voltage,
V, i e Q = CV
One coulomb of electricity will raise the plates of a
condenser of 1 farad capacity to a p d of 1 volt
F, the p d ,
=
work done on unit charge in being carried
from one plate to the other

= intensity of field X distance carried =F X d

If charge per unit surface, then the number of
a
electrostatic lines radiating from this unit area will be
4:7rff in air, and 4-TTff/s in any other dielectric whose specific

inductive capacity (S I C ) or dielectric constant is &

1 Parallel Plate Condenser For large plates, the field
will be uniform, and its intensity will be 4tTrajs as above.
If the plates are d cm apart, then the p d or work done on
unit charge taken from plate to plate will be ^iradje, and
the capacity per unit surface of plate is

n _ ff _ ffs _ e
V 4:TTffd 4:Trd

If A is the area in sq cm of one of the bounding surfaces,

then C = -Ae -~ cm. (see below for units)

For a multiple plate condenser, arranged alternately

+ ve and - ve, A is the area of both sides of one set of
plates, or one side of both sets of plates Alternatively, it
is the total cross-section area of dielectric through which,
the electrostatic flux passes
2 Coaxial Cylinders (as in a cable), with radii of dielectric
r (inner) and M (outer)
If q = charge per cm. length of the cylinder, =^ Sirra, the
intensity of the field at the inner surface

4:ir q 2q
e 2irr er
18 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEEBING

This intensity will thus fall off in inverse proportion tc

the increase in radius, so that at any point x fiom the
centre it will foe 2,q{c& Hence the p d

, .
-i dx =- log e
sx s r

Thus the capacity per unit length

-
_/r~- 1-
~ e
V 21og, JB/r
3. Two Parallel. Wires (as in overhead lines) The field
surrounding either wire will be similar to that around the
centre conductor in the cable above, and the same formulae
for intensity and p d will hold good But the second wire
is usually at a definite potential, equal but opposite in sign
to the first, and the total work done taking unit/ charge m
from one to the other is double that due to one alone. Thus

where s is the spacing apart of the wires, and r the ladms

of the wire,
Hence the capacity per unit length

= 0= 4 e

log a]r
fl

Units. The C G.S. electrostatic unit of capacity is the

" "
centimetre (nothing to do with the unit of length), and
is first converted to electro-magnetic units by dividing
20
by 9 X 10 and then by multiplying by 10 to convert to
,

practical units, giving the capacity in farads This IB a very

large unit, and if we use micro-nucro-farads (/-t/^T?,), we must
multiply by 10 X 10
rr
Hence "cm.< *
ol capacity
4.
X -109 X-
-
Q
J X
106 X 10<5

" cm." -- " cm."

x x
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IK ELECTRICAL EHGESTBEKIKG 19

Thus the results above are in " cm./' and when

all

multiplied by 1-11, or 10/9, will give the corresponding

capacity m
practical micro-micro-farads
(Note. The 0003 variable condenser as used in radio
sets for tuning has thus a
capacity of SOO^F )
Energy stored
Z= WV
joules if C m
farads and V in volts

EXAMPLES 15
1Describe the construction of an electrostatic condenser
State (a) the advantages, and (&) the possible disadvantages of
using glass as the dielectric An air condenser of capacity
001 microfarad is required Calculate the total area of plates,
assumed 5 mm
apart, which would be necessary. (1 micro-
farad 900,000 electrostatic units )
(A M.I.E.E Oct, 1924.)
,

2. Calculate the capacity of a

parallel plate condenser, the
total area of each set of plates being 1600 cm 2 and their
distance apart 1 mm. (Dielectric, air )
(A
3. A parallel plate condenser has its
M
I B E Oct 1925 ), ,

plates 2 mm. apart,

with solid dielectric between, having a dielectric constant of
8 3 The condenser is charged so that the surface density is
4 X 10' 10 coulombs per cm 2 Find the electric flux density
and the voltage between the plates. (1 coulomb = 3 x 10 9
electrostatic C.Cr S units)
4 A condenser consists of two co-axial cylinders, the outer
diameter of the inner cylinder being 5 cm. and the inner
diameter of the outer cylinder being 5 5 cm and it is 1 metre
,

long If the space between is filled with bakehte having a

dielectric constant of 4, calculate the
capacity and the quantity
of electricity required to charge it to 20,000 volts
5. Calculate the capacity between two telephone wires 1 mile
long ifthey are 0-5 cm. in diameter, and are spaced uniformly
9 in. apart.
fc
6. A submarine cable is 3000 kilometres long. The inner core
is0-4 cm. diameter. The outside diameter of the gutta-percha
(S I.C. 4-05) is 1 cm. Calculate the capacity of the cable.
(A.M.I.E.E., Oct,, 1923.)
7. A
parallel plate condenser is comprised of two metal
sheets 1 ft. square, with a dielectric in two layers of 1 in.
thickness and 8.1.0. of 3 and 02mthickness with S.l.C, of 5.
If a p d. ot 1500 volts is maintained between the
plates, calcu-
late the energy stored in the dielectrics and the voltage
gradients in them.
20 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

16. Electro -Chemistry

Standard I coulomb of electricity deposits 001118 grm
of silvei
Atomic Weights The numbei of times the atom of the
element is heavier than the atom of hydrogen Thus silver
107 98, nickel 58 7, copper 63 5, etc
Valency The relative electrical charges carried by the
atom. Hydrogen, silver, etc are monovalcnt, their atoms-
,

carrying a certain (minimum) quantity of electricity Nickel

is divalent, its atom carrying twice this quantity
Double Valency Copper is monovalont in cuprous com-
pounds, o g cuprous chlonde, CuCl, while it IB divalent m
cuprie compounds, e g cupric chloride, GuCl 2
Chemical Equivalents An atom of a divalent clement is
equivalent m
its combining or charge-carrying properties
to two atoms ol a monovalont clement The following gives
the corresponding combining weights or chemical equiva-
lents
E-Iydrogon. . 1
Silver 107 98
Coppor (cuprous) 63 5
Coppoi (cupi-ic) 31-8 (i.o 63-G valency)
Nickel . 29 9 (i
o 58 7 valouoy)
Mectro-chemical Equivalents, i o the weights deposited
by one coulomb of electricity, are obviously proportional
to the chemical equivalents. Thus the electro-chemical
equivalent of nickel would be
001118 587 = AnAOAO i ,

no X -~- -000302 grm. per coulomb

lO/'Uo A

laracUwfs Law, The electro-chemical equivalents of all

substances are in the same proportion as their ordinary
chemical equivalents
EXAMPLES 10
1, How may currents be measured
by the electro-deposition
of metals ? I low many coulombs would it take to deposit
10 grm. of metal from a coppor-sulpliato solution, and what
current would bo required lor 1 hour ? The electro-chemical
eqiiivalent oil copper may be taken, as 0-000320 grin, per
coulomb. (A.MJ,tt.J.,April, 1025).
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- 21

2 Explain what meant by the statement that the electro-

is
chemical equivalent of silver is 001118 grm per second * If
the electro-chemical equivalent of copper is 000328, find how
much current must he used to deposit 3 grm of copper on a
surface which is being copper-plated, in half a,n hour
(AMIEJ2, Oct., 1923 )

3. State Faraday's laws of electrolysis, and define electro-

chemical equivalent A
cuirent of 5 amperes passed, through a
vat containing silver nitrate deposits 71 grm of silver in
20 minutes. Hence calculate the electro-chemical equivalent
of silver (A .M I E E., Oct 1924 )
,

4 A current of 40 amperes at 5 volts is passed through an

electrolytic solution of resistance 05 ohm Calculate (a) the
power spent in chemical action within the cell, and (&) the
number of calories of heat set free within the cell in 15 minutes
(A.MJ.JEE., Oct, 1925 )
5 Give the legal definition of the ampere, and describe an
experiment for calibrating a low-reading ammeter by means
of electro-deposition, specially mentioning any precautions to
be observed A weighed copper plate was made the cathode
in a copper sulphate voltameter, and was connected in series
with an ammeter a,nd source of supply A current maintained
at 6 amperes as recorded by the ammeter was passed for a
period of half an hour, and it was then found that the plate
had gained 36 grm. in weight Given that the atomic weight
of copper is 63 and the electro-chemical equivalent of hydrogen
as 0000104, find the percentage error of the ammeter
6 For the purpose of repairing a worn steel pin, 6 in
diameter, 12 in. long, it is required to deposit xipon. its surface
1 mm. thickness of nickel. The available current is 50 amperes
How long must it be continued ? The density of nickel is 8 9,
its atomic weight 58 7, and it is divalent in the solution used.
The chemical equivalent of silver is 107 98, and -0011] 8 grm.
are deposited per ampere per second
(Land Univ., 1924, M, Tech )

7 State Faraday's law of electrolysis. What do you under-

stand by the electro-chemical equivalent of an clement ? If a
current is passed through two electrolytic cells in series, one
containing cupric chloride (OuCl a ) and the other cuprous
chloride (CuCl), explain what happens in respect to the relative
amounts of copper and chlorine deposited or liberated in the
two cells. (Lond. (fmv 1925, EL Tech )
,

* More coulomb
correctly, per
22 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

17. Illumination

Lambert's Law The honzontal

illumination due to a
lamp of J
candle-power produced in a working piano h feet
vertically beneath the lamp, and at a point the direction of
which fiorn the lamp makes an angle a with tho vertical,
is given by
J cos 3 a/7i a candle-feet

To produce a given illumination, tho following formulae

are available

Cp = ' '
'
*. lamps

Area in sq ft X foot-candles required

or = ,T . , (a working
" rulo)'
5 x No of lamps v

or 1 ft candle = 1 c p for every 4rc wq f d of moo. (at 100 per e<mt

efficiency. )

EXAMPLES 17

1 How many 32 c pbo required to give an

lamps will
illumination of 2 candle-feet over a working piano measuring
29 ft by 40 It., if 05 per cent oJt tho total emitted light falls
on this piano ?
2. Two powerful street lamps of. 1000 op, and 800 e.p.

(assumed uniform in all directions) are mounter! 40 ft. above

the road level and are spaced 80 ft. apart. Find the intennity
of the horizontal illumination produced at a point on tho ground
midway between tho lamp standards.
3 A single lamp of 100 c p. is suspended an open apace m
at a height of 20 It. above tho ground. Draw a curve Hhowing
as an ordmate the foot-candles of illumination produced
along a line on tho ground passing immediately beneath tho
lamp.
4 A rectangular space measuring 25 ft by 20 f L IH ilhmim-
ated by lamps of 850 c p., one at oach corner, and mounted
25 ft. above the ground Calculate the horizontal illumination
on a plane 3 ft. above the ground at points () midway between,
the lamps on all sides, and (6) in the middle of tho rectangle,
6. The following tost figures wero obtained with a
photo-
meter arranged to read the caadle-powor in a horizontal piano
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 23

passing through the centre of a lamp, itself capable of rotation

about a vertical axis

Angle o[ loUhou 20 10 00 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Candlu-iiowci 18 17 10 17 10 215 20 IS 10 17 17
Aulo 220 240 2(>0 280 300 320 340
Candlo-powei 1(> l(j 5 17 10 5 21 20 10

Determine the mean horizontal candle-power (M H P )

(5The same lamp as in Qiaos 6 \vas tested for the candle-

power in a vertical plane containing the lamp using Russell's ;

method of the 1 selected directions, the following figures were

obtained

Angles abovo and Mowhonzontal 57 175 30 444 042

Canclle-powpi above hoiizontnl 20 105 10 13 5
Candle-powcibelowhoiizant.il 21 10 18 lb

Find the M 8 O.P and the spherical reduction factor.

7.The following test figures were obtained with an ordinary
vacuum lamp, the candle-power being measured in a vertical
plane at the given angles from the vertical, starting from, the
cap end

Anglo 00 105 120 185 150 105 180

GP 51 46 ,55 30

Find the M S C P. and the M II S C.P

8 An incandescent lamp giving a certain candle-power
when run at a certain voltage has a filament diameter of 1 5
mils, and a length, of 3 ft. Find the corresponding dimensions
tor a similar type lamp to give half the candle-power at double
the voltage, the filament working at the same intrinsic
brilliancy
9 A
drawing office has to be well illuminated It is 100 ft.
long ft. wide
by 40 It ha& three rows of drawing tables, several
tables, a head draughtsman's office, and a passage-way along
one side Gave sketches of an illumination scheme and some
idea of the intensity and. umf ormity of the general illumination
you would aim at. Show clearly any individual lighting you
propose. (AM
l.E E. Ayi U, 1021.)
10 Find the illumination of the groxind under the centre one
of three lamps each of 25 c.p., arranged in a line 8 ft. apart
and 15 ft above the ground. (A M
1 ID JE., April, 1923.)
11. Define the following terms (a) mean spherical candle
24 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

power , (6) lumen ; (c) illumination (d) brightness. What

,

the illumination at the edge of a circular talble 6 ft in diamet

lit by one 100 c p lamp 4. ft above the centre ?

(AMI E.T3 Oct 1923 )

, ,

12. Calculates the cost of providing 100,000 lumen-hours <

lighting by mean*, ol the following illummants

(a) Candles each giving 1 c.p., costing Id each and lastir
"1hours.
(6) 10 cp incandescent gas mantles, burning 6 cub ft p<
hour, costing fid each, and lasting 300 hours, with 00 per cei
drop in eJHeieney
(c) I<lleetric la-tnps giving 30 c p ,one watt per ca,ndle-powe
oostiiift 2s. each and lasting 1000 hours, with 20 per cent dro
m efficiency ,

Cost of electricity, djcl per kWh Cost of gas, 4s. pc

1000 cub. ft.
19. A roadway to be illuminated by lamps on standarc
24 ft. high and spaced 120 ft. apart is to have a uniforml
distributed horizontal illumination along the line joining th
standards. Determine how the candle-power ol the lamps mus
bo relatively distributed in a vertical plane in order to offec
this, neglecting any illumination produced by a lamp beyon
the imd -point between the standards.
Id. A lamp of 250 c.p. gives umiorm illumination in a
directions, and is placed at a height of 12 ft. above the grounc
Determine the horizontal illumination produced at points o
the ground distant from the point vertically below the lam
of Oit., 12 ft., and 18 ft.
1 5. Plan a scheme of lighting for a railway goods yard whic
is 120 yd. by 000 yd., assuming that the mean illummatio

required IH | ft. -can die. (Specify size, type, and height o

proposed lamps,
Iti. (1) Name and define the units employed to specif
(a) the illuminating value of a source of light, (6) the illumin
ation of OP surfnco upon which the light falls, (c) the tota
lummouH flux from the source
(2) A
certain incandescent lamp has a moan spherica
candle-power of 250. It is suspended at a height of 16 ft
above the working plane, and is provided with a renecto
which gives an, approximately uniform light distribution ove
an area 1(5 ft, in diameter of the working plane below th
lamp. Assuming that the efficiency of the reflector is sue]
that 4.6 per cent of the total light emitted by the lamp u
directed on to this circular area, calculate the intensity o
the illumination, produced.
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 25

(3)About what value would you expect the illumination

to have at the outer part of the same circular area if the
reflector were removed from the lamp ? (Wlwtworth, 1924 )

17 The filament of a 220 volt, 50 c p glow lamp has a

diameter of 1 mil and a length of d ft. Calculate the diameter
and length of filament required for a lamp of exactly similar
type, but intended to be run on a 110 volt supply
Compare these two lamps as regards observable flicker on a
25 frequency circuit (C. <fc G Final, 1926 ) ,

] 8 How yoxi determine the constants a and @ in the

would
expression candle-power aVP for a =
glow lamp, where is V
the lamp voltage ? Taking the value /3 4 5 for a tungsten =
filament vacuum lamp, determine the percentage variation
of candle-power due to a voltage variation of 4 per cent i
from the normal value (C G., Final, 1927 ) &
19 A matt white disc 1 it. diameter is illuminated by a
400 c.p lamp the light of which falls normally on to the disc,
the distance between the lamp and the disc being 10 ft.
Regarding the illuminated disc as a distant source of light,
calculate its candle-power in a direction making an angle of
45 with the line joining the disc and the lamp The disc may
be assumed to be perfectly matt and to reflect 90 per cent of
the light falling upon it (Land, Umv 1927, El Tech.) ,

18. Heating
1 calorie 4 2 joules 1 joule 24 calories
1 B Th.U 778 ft -lb 1 watt-hour 3 412 B Th.TL
1 gallon watei . 10 lb 1 cub ft water 62 3 lb
1 lb. 453 6 grm

EXAMPLES 18

The following figures for heat loss were obtained from

1.

experiments on steam-pipe covering by electrically heating the

interior ofa closed pipe
Uncovered pipe 8-05 watts per sq. mt of pipe surface per
1 F temperature difference.
Covered pipe 3 22 watts per &q. mt. of pipe surface per 1 "P,
:

temperature difference.
Apply these figures to find the heat loss from, a closed water
tank, given the following particulars
Sizo of tank . 1 yd cube
Avciago temperature oC hot water 130 P.
Average tomporaturo of surrounding air , 50" P
 20 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN "ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-

If the water be electrically heated, the tank kept 00 per eei

full, .and the water used at the rate of 5 refills in 21 hours, tl
cold water entering at 50 JF calculate,

(a) The steady rate, of heating required

(/>) The efficiency of the uncovered tank arrangement.
(c) The efficiency of the covorod tank arrangement.
Constants 1 metre =
3 28 ft Others as above.
1

(A.M r /i'./i ., o<t., 022 ) 1

2. A
hot- water tank contains 120 gal, of water at J5"O
the water temperature has to be raised to 05" ('. by meanH <

electrical resistance elements; the ] lower available is 10 kV

Determine the following
(ct) The time required to raise the temperature as above,

(6) The cost of heating li the energy costs ^d per laknvut

hour. You may neglect radiation losses
(A.M I.K.K., Of/., Ia4.)
8. A
room measures 12 x 12 X I'l It and the air in it lu
,

to bo maintained at a temperature ol 10 C. higher than the

of the incoming- air the ventilation IUIB to be such that 1/1]
;

air is renewed every 30 minutes. Neglecting radiation lossei

dotoriumo the capacity of an electric radial/or suitable for th
purpose. Density of air, 08 Ib. per cubic foot mpecilio hot)
,

of air, 24 (A.M T.M.M., Oct., 11)21.)

4. A
cylinder contains 1000 grin of oil, having* a wpeoiflc ho
of 0-0, and contains a resistance coil of 8 ohma. The terminal
of the resistance are connected to 100 volt supply mams, llo^i
long will it take for the oil to WHO 50" 0. m
temperature
assuming that the loss of heat is not more than 1C) per mi
of the whole heat produced, and that the beat capacity of th
containing vessel (and coil) is equivalent to 200 grin, of water
(V. <C'<Y., //, H)JLO.)
5. An electric iron ft 3b. ;
weighs the loading IH (JOO wattt
Determine the rate of temperature vine
initial degreem
Centigrade per minute. State on what the Jlnal temperatur
of the iron depends. Specific heat of iron - - 0-1(5.
(A MJ.K.N,, April, U)2(5.)
0. A motor when started up was at the room temperatur
of 15 (X, and it was noticed that the current taken by th
shunt field was 2 amperes. After a 0-hour run, thin ourren
had fallen to1-7 amperes, the applied volts remaining imaltwo*
at 220. Find the final temperature of tlus Held winding.
7, A coil of copper wire weighing (5(5 grm. m imtiuTOed n
2000 gr.m, of oil contained m
a copper calorimeter weighing
with the copper starrer, 52 -5 grm, A current maintained ft
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 27

5 amperes is passed through, the wire for 15 ixmrutes, the p.d.

averaging 10 volts, and a temperature rise o! 10 C. was
observed, loss of heat being prevented by lagging Find the
specific heat of the oil. (Specific heat of copper 1 )

8 A copper calorimeter weighing 200 grm. contains a litre

of water at 15 C A coil of copper wire weighing 80 grm is
inserted, and a current of 4 amperes passed through it Find
tho time required to bring the water to the boiling point, the
mean p d. across the coil being 28 volts Neglect loss of heat
by radiation, and take the specific heat of copper as 095
9 An electric furnace consuming 5 kW. takes 15 minutes to
just molt 4. Ib. of aluminium, the initial temperature being
15 0. Find the efficiency of the furnace, given specific heat
of aluminium. 212, melting point 658 O and latent heat of
,

fusion 76 8 calories per gramme.

10 Calculapte the resistance required for a heater element
to raise the temperature of 1 gal of water 50 0. in 5 minutes
when working on a 220 volt supply. You. may assume that all
the heat is transferred to the water and no loss by radiation.
What will be the cost per gallon of water heated when the
energy is obtained at 2d per unit ? (Data as above.)
(A.M.I.EE., 1921.)
11. A boiler to supply 100 Ib, of steam per hour at 80 Ib.
per sq in absolute and 100 F of superheat is to be heated

electrically from three-phase mams at 440 volts line pressure.

If the temperature of the feed water is 130 F., calculate the
line current for steady operation if the total heat of steam from. .
32 F under the above conditions is 1240 B Th U. per lb. the s

efficiency 93 per cent, and if the heating elements may be

taken as non-inductive. (Land Umv 1920, EL Tech.)
,

12. An electric kettle had 600 c.c. of water placed in it, and
was then switched on for a few minutes to give a temperature
of just over 30 0. When the whole had cooled to 30
exactly, a further 600 c c of water at 15 0. were added, and
the resulting temperature was observed to be 23 0. Determine
the water equivalent of tho kettle.
13. In a further test on tho a,bovo kettle, 1200 c c. of water
were placed in it, and it was observed that the initial tem-
perature was 15 0. On switching on a supply at 230 volts,
it was observed that the moan loading was 2 5 amperes, and
it was found that 14 5 minutes elapsed before the water just
boiled. Find the overall and electrical efficiency of the kettle.
14. An electrically heated kettle holds 2 Ib. of water and is
to be used on a 220 volt circuit. It is required to raise the
28 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

temperature of the water from 55 F. to boiling point in

namute&. Assuming an efficiency of 85 per cent, find (a) t]
resistance oJ! tlio lieatmg unit to be used, (b) the energy
B. of T units required to boil the water (1 B Th.U = 21
calories, 1 calorie = 42 joules.) (Whitworth, 1927 )

19. Heating of Machines and the Heating

Time Constant
Beferenccs Journal I E E Vol 48, pp 214 and 735
,

Initial Rate of Jhse of Temperature The machine at tl

start being at the temperature of its sunoundings, the hot
initially produced within it is all absorbed, i e the caloric
equivalent to the watts lost during the first few minute
equal the product of mass, specific heat, and temperatm
rise of the machine parts during the same time Hence th
initial rate of temperature rise may be ascertained. (Sc
Ques. 3 )
Final Temperature Attained As the body warms up, hea
is radiated or otherwise lost, the rate of loss depending upo
the temperature, until at the final steady temperature hea
is lost at the same rate as it is produced The temperatur
will, therefore, be a logarithmic function of time, th
equation being

where = temperature rise after time (minutes or hours)

t

Of
= final temperature rise attained, and
T = temperature time constant for the machine o
part, being determined by the heat-absorbmj
and radiating properties and general cooliiij
arrangements employed,
In practice, heat is produced at some internal point an<
has to be convoyed to the cooling surfaces, so that th
" "
temperature will depend somewhat upon how and when
measured, and in general the curve of temperature rise a
practically determined is not truly logarithmic, and i,

certainly very doubtful at the origin. If, however, tin

cooling curve is determined, the whole mass is at a rnucl
more uniform temperature, and a better curve is obtained
its equation being $ =#/ e V.
~
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 29

Determination of Final Temperature Rise, and Time

Constant The exponential equations show that, after the
elapse of a time T, the time constant, the body has a tem-
perature rise of 63 2 per cent of 6f or, using the cooling curve,
,

the machine will cool from any given temperature to one

of 36 8 per cent of this in a time T. This lattei curve is by
far the best for the determination o the time constant
When this is known, 6f can be determined from the heating
curve by knowledge of the fact that the tempei ature rise
during time T is 63 2 per cent of 6f
Both Of and T can be determined by selecting any two
points on the heating curve and solving the simultaneous
equations given by these two points (see Ques 5) The
result depends upon the accuracy of the observed heating
curve, but a good mean can be obtained from several pairs
of points
Graphical Solutions (1) Plot the heating curve, draw
the tangent to same at the origin, and draw another line
through the origin having a slope 63 2 per cent of the
tangent This line will cut the curve at an abscissae equal
to the time constant T, and the ordmate through this point
and intercepted by the tangent will give Of (see Fig. 2). The
disadvantage of this method is that everything depends
upon the tangent at the origin, where the curve is least
reliable
The following graphical method gives much better
(2)
makes use of the truly logarithmic curve
results in that it
that most nearly fits the observed curve, and only the
points well up the curve need be used, these being the
most reliable
We have = 0, (1
- e
-
/*),
,
whence
dB
-=- = ~Of e ~ ,,
t/J -
= y-0
~-~f,
.

since e
w = B-~-B
" s
/ z f
at J. J,
U-f

Thus dd/dt is a straight-line function of 0, so that if this

be determined at a number of points along the curve, and
these values plotted against the 0'& for which they have
been determined, the straight line lying most evenly
through these points can be used to determine Of and T as
shomxinKg.2 MSc" Ub""1i ;
lore

1 ~7
30 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

When B = 0, = ,
whence T = = tan /?

This method is applicable to short heat runs The

temperature is run up rapidly by overloading, and then
normal loading is restored
After the lapse of a few
minutes, readings are com-
menced of time and tem-
perature, and plotted as
shown in Fig, 2a The
- lino is for plotted
dd/dt
this portion of the curve,
and it will intersect the
ordmate axis at O f and T
,

will stillbe tan (3 .

Overload Capacity Case

1 Heat produced by cop
per loss only (Ques 2) Let
FIG 2 HEATING- 03? k be the fractional increase
MACHINES
of load, i e 1 5 for 50
jfe

per cent overload. Heat is now being produced times as W

fast as before, and the initial temperature rise is k z times
the original rate for full-load heating But rate of initial
rise = Of/T, so that, if the new loading is continuous,
the new 6f attained will be fc 2 times the previous value,
i.e 6 = &20/(l ~ e ^ T )> from which either 6, k, or t can be
~

ascertained ifthe other two are given

Case 2. Heat being produced by both copper andiron
and friction losses, assume the latter to be constant, and
that at normal full -load the variable copper loss equals this
constant loss. On overload, the total heat will be (/c2 l)/2 +
of its value at normal full-load, and it loading is continuous,
we have
Z.2 J_ l
1

0= 2
Of (l-e-*>*),

to be used as above (see Ques. 6 below).

 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 31

EXAMPLES 19

1. Discuss the question of estimating the final temperature

" "
rise of electrical machinery by means of short heat runs,
and show how the estimation of the final temperature rise is
made Of what value ia a knowledge oi the heating time
constant of a piece of electrical apparatus ?
(AMI
BE., Oct, 1924 )
" time constant "
2 Describe a method of estimating the of
a field coil. The field coil of a certain machine has a time
constant of 30 minutes, and the final temperature rise is 40 O.
Calculate the overload this coil will stand if the temperature
rise is not to exceed 50 0. at the end of one hour.
(A M
I.EE. Oct., 1924.) t

3 Explain how to estimate the rale of rise of temperature

in the various parts of a D
0. machine The field coils on a
machine are excited with 2 5 amperes at 230 volts, and the
weight of copper in the coils is 00 kg Estimate the rate at
which temperature will begin to rise when the coils are excited
from the cold condition (Specific heat oi copper 1.)
4 A
machine is run on load and the mean temperature rises
are as follows

Time of urn m horns 025 06 10 1 5 20 i: a 30

Temp use, dog 10 18 33 42 48 50

Estimate, by any graphical method, the final temperature

rise of the machine and the probable value of the
" "
heating
time constant If the final temperature rise had been 40 ,

what would have been the temperature rise at the end of a run
of one hour ? (A M
I.E E Oct., 1925 ) ,

5 A machine run on steady full-load bhowed the following

temperature rises at the end of the specified time intervals

Time in boms
Temp rise, C

Estimate the final temperature rise under the same condi-

tions of loading. It, under the same cooling- conditions, the
machine were to be so loaded that tho final temperature rise
should not exceed 45 C what temporal-tiro rise woxild be
,

obtained at the end of one hour at this loading, starting from

the cold ?
6 According to what law does the temperature of a motor
increase when, started and run with constant losses ?
32 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

A certain motor has a temperature rise of 50 G when

working continuously at full load. It is found that the arma-
ture winding shows a rise of
25 O one hour after being
started cold under full load.
Find (i) the time which
would bo taken theoretically
for the winding to reach a
temperature of 50 <J it
there were no IOHS of heat
convection, etc., and (11)
by
the actual time which tht
motor could be allowed to
work under an overload ol
50 per cent without exceed
ing the maximum allowable
temperature' of 50 0., as
surmng the motor to be
started cold
MACHINES
(WIvitworth, 1026 )

7 The following readings give the heating curve for e

machine run on Htcady load-

Tlino ill hours

Temp i
IHC,"0

Find graphically the heating time constant and llnal tern

perature 1'ise, and check your value.4 by calculation HpeciJrj
also the maximum rise permissible for a, one-hour run if th<
fmal temperature rise is not to exceed 55 0. under the sanii
cooling conditions
8. The following figures were obtained on a whort heat run

Tlmo in minutes 15 45 00 75
U
Tornp, ilBG, C' , 43-8 51)5 52 ii

Estimate by a graphical method, the time constant and flna

temperature rise. (See Fig, 2a,}

20. Swinburne Test for D.C. Shunt Machines

Test Machine run light as a motor at normal vpUag
(a).
and speed. Input gives constant no-loacl IOBHOB, La friction
wrndn <* rrni and (unless separately meamirod) the liold loss
^

TI ^l
((>,
(. 0. current passed throtigh stationary armatur
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- 33

and p d noted Hence find lesistance of armature, r a

Copper loss for any loading is given by armature current
squared times t a
Efficiency at given loading obtained from
output/output -|- losses (a) and (6) above.
EXAMPLES 20
1 Agenerator having a full-load output of 100 at 460 kW
volts gave the following test figures
(a) Bunnmg light as a motor at 400 volts, total current
taken was 9 8 amperes.
(?;) A current of 40 amperes passed through the armature
gave a p d. of 4 volts across the armature terminals
Calculate the efficiency when running at J, I, 1 and
full-load At what load is the efficiency a maximum ?
2 A20 b h.p. motor for 200 volts was tested by the Swin-
burne method with the following results running light, it
.

took a current of 6 5 amperes through the armature and 2 2

amperes through the field. At standstill, a p.d. of 3 volts
applied to the armature brushes causes a cm-rent of 70 amperes
to /low through the armature Calculate the efficiency on
full-load
8. Plot the efficiency curve of a 500 volt 80 b.h.p. motor
which when tested at no-load gave the following results
(a) Input 6 amperes, running light at normal speed and
voltage
(6) Armature resistance (hot) 0-2 ohm.
Criticize thismethod of deducing the full-load efficiency and
suggest methods of increasing its accuracy
(AM I E E
"
, April, 1921 )
" test
4. A 230 volt 10 b.h p D.C, motor on a Swinburne
was separately excited and the following figures obtained
(a) Field excitation 230 volts, ] 25 amperes.
:

(6) Armature running light at full speed 227 5 volts,

3 4 amperes
(c) Armature at rest 5 volts produced a current of 80
amperes.
Estimate tho full-load efficiency of the motor
If tho efficiency of the motor had been obtained by means
of a brake test, what would have been its probable value, and
why would it differ from the value obtained from the no-load
test ? (A M.I EJ3., Got 1925 , )

5. The efficiency of a direct-current motor obtained by the

summation of the no-load losses and the armature circuit PR
3- (549)
34 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN KLUO'L'llICAL ENUIN KIW1NU

IOSHOS is 90 per cent. When tested on. a brake (/he el'iicueney is

found to be only 89 per cent (Jive a full explanation ol the
reason for the difference (.1 MJJ'J /<;., (ht 1923 , )

6, A
220 volt shunt motor running light taken amperes. i

The Held resistance is 220 ohms and the resistance of the

armature (hot) is 5 ohms What will be the armature current.
when the motor is giving h.p ? Kx plain. what assumptions
are made in calculating this result, and what errors these
assumptions are likoly to involve.
(Lond Uuw., El Tech., l!)22 )

7, Ashunt motor running light on a, circuit at l.SO volts

takes 2-5 amperes The
resistance ol' its Held windings 800 is
ohms , the armature resistance is (5
ohm, and brush drop
1 volt.
What be tho efficiency of the motor when giving an
will
output of 25 b h p the brush drop now being 2 volts ?
,

(IV/ui worth, J2(i.)

21. Brake Tests on Motors

In the ISoanioB or Pronoy Biake tests, an elfectivo \voight
or force acts at a definite leverage upon a brake
pulley
driven by tho motor
II d diameter of brake pulley (including rope thick-
ness for ropo bi ake) in feet,
W= ellective weight acting at the rim of the brake
pulley, m Ib.
N = revolutions per minute of mol-or,
then W X dj% ==
torque on motor m lb.-It.,
W X dj2 x 2rrN = work done m it per minutes -Ib,

W X d/2 X 2nN ~ brake

,,,,
. . .

,,
horso-power,
If ~V volts p d a])phed to motor
I = total current taken by motor
then VI = watts input,

Efliciency
J
= =, x
watts input VI
EXAMPLES 21
1. In a Proney Brake test on a 440 volt IKO, motor, the
broke arm is held at its extremity by a spring balance, the
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 35

point oi application being 2 ft. 6 in. from pulloy centre When

a pull of 20 Ib was obberved on the balance, the motor was
taking 25 amperes at 4.40 volts, and the speed was 1400 r p m
Calculate the b h.p. and the efficiency
2 ADO. motor tested with a Soamcs Brake on a pulley
of 15 in diameter showed an effective pull of 1 5 Ib when the
speed was 1000 r p m
and the input was 6 5 amperes at
,

230 volts. Find the efficiency.

3 Thefollowing test figures were obtained on a 4 -pole
D.O. shunt motor brake load 18 Ib. at a level age of 18 in
.
,

input, 200 volts, 32 6 amperes at a speed of 44.0 r.p.m. Find

the efficiency.
4. The following test figures were obtained on a shunt motor
fitted with a Soames Brake having the weights at a distance
of 18 in. from the pulley centre, the voltage being maintained
constant at 230

WolRht balanced Gun out input Speed Eilicioncy

Ib Amps i p 111 blip poi conL

2 38 1 540
4 7 ii 15'JO
6 10 4 1520
8 13 1 1510
10 10 7 1500

Calculate the b h p and efficiency in each case

22. Running Down Tests and Field's Test

Kinetic energy = |/o)
a

Energy loss W Icodco/dt watts.

where/ = moment of inertia of the moving parts, in
2
kg metres ,

o> = angular velocity %irn, =

n = r.p.second =
r.p.m./60,
dco/dt angular acceleration.
Method of Test Readings are obtained of r p. in at various
intervals oi time as the machine slows down, under various
conditions, such as with field excited, then unexoited, and
also when the armature is supplying a load, or the machine
is otherwise loaded to a known extent. Curves are plotted
36 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN BLTSOTBICJAL ENGINEERING

oi r m against time, all of which should extend above

p
and below normal speed At normal speed, the value
oi da)/dt is found, and I can be eliminated f om the loaded j

test, whence the losses due

to the various causes can be
calculated (see first example below)

EXAMPLES 22
The following
1 test figures were obtained on a D 0. shunt
motor

Field trae\cited BPM J 140 3000

5
850
Time (sec )
'5 7
Field excited RPM H<K> H100 850
Time (sec )
!i 445
Armature loaded UPM 1140 1000
15
850
Time (sec ) 81

The field was separately excited at normal value in second

and third tests, and in the latter tost a, current oi L B amperes
at 178 volts was flowing at the moment the machine passed
through normal speed. Find the iron and J notion losses, and
the moment oi inertia and energy of rotation at the normal
speed of 1000 r p m.
2 Describe a modern stroboscopic method of observing the
speeds of machines on the running clown test, showing how the
disc is illuminated. Compare this in accuracy and convenience
with an electrical method of making the same test.
A machine is estimated from its perJormance to have a loss
of 150 kW. at a speed of 1200 r p.m. On the retardation test
observed to lose 50 revolutions every minute at this speed.
it is
Find the moment of inertia of the moving system, and calculate
the energy of rotation at the above speed.
(Lond. Unw., 3924, JSl Mack.)
3 Describe how, from retardation tests and a knowledge
of the machine dimensions, the core loss of a large turbo-
alternator may be estimated. A
2000 kW. turbo-alternator
operates at 1200 rpm. on a dO period, 5750 volt line. The
calculated kinetic energy of the completes machine is 7900 ft.-
tons, and when (a) unexcited, the speed lails 2 revolutions per
second m
4.9 seconds, and (b) excited, the speed falls 2 revolu-
tions per second in 29 seconds. Estimate the core loss.
(A.MJJ'JJU., Oct., 1924.)
4 A large rotary converter tested for running down showed
a fall in speed from 1500 r.p.m. to IdCOr.p.m. 40 seconds m
when unexcited, and in 25 seconds with the field at noiinal
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 37

excitation With a load of 1 kW

being supplied by the arma-
ture, the corresponding time for the retardation was 20 seconds
Estimate the core loss due to the excitation, and the moment
of inertia of the rotating mass at 1500 r p m.
5 A test on two coupled similar tramway motors, with their
fields connected in series, gave the following results when one
machine acted as a motor and the other as a generator.
Motor .armature current, 56 amperes voltage, 550 volts ;
,

voltage drop across field winding, 40 volts Generator arma- .

ture current, 44 amperes armature voltage, 400 volts field

, ,

voltage drop, 41 volts Kesistance of each armature, 3 ohm

Calculate the efficiency of motor and gearing at this load and
criticize the method of testing (A MIES., April, 1927 )

23. D.G. Instruments

References Industrial Electrical Measuring Instruments,
by K Edgcumbe (Constable) Mectncdl Measunng Instru-
M etei s, by Gorhardi (Bonn Bros ) Journal, I.E Vol 05 E ,

(1927), page 553

EXAMPLES 23
Describe the action and construction of an instrument
1.
suitable formeasuring flux (A M
I.E 23 April, 1922 ) ,

2. Sketch and describe the main design and constructional

" "
features of a set
megger
Explain the theory of the working of the ohm-meter
(A M.I E.E April, 1925 ) ,

3 Describe, with connection diagrams, the construction of

any form of integrating wattmeter suitable for use with
three-wire c c systems of supply, and indicate how you would
give it a rating test without using the full power recorded during
the test.
4 .Describe tho essential features of a ballistic galvanometer,
and establish a formula for the quantity of electricity passed
m terms of the swing and constants of the instrument What
do you understand by "damping " ? explain why it is desirable
to keep it down to a minimum, and how this may be effected.
From tho quantity expression, obtain the conditions that must
exist for the movement to become just aperiodic, and show
that tho quantity sensibility is reduced to 30 8 per cent of
tb at appertaining when the movement is on open circuit
5, Sketch, a good form of moving coil voltmeter Estimate
the deflecting torque produced by a cod of 150 turns with a
side of 4- cm, and a width oi 2 cm. (mean values) when carrying
38 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

a current of 20 milli-amperes and situated m

A uniform radial
field of density 500 lines per sq cm
6. Sketch, the movement of one form of each of the following

types of voltmeter (a) moving iron, (b) moving coil

Explain clearly the action of the deflecting couple and oi the
controlling device winch acts in opposition to it, and give fully
the reason why the scale of one of the instruments can "be made
with equal divisions, while that of the other cannot
(Whilwoitfi, 1025 )
7 By means of hand sketches show the construction of
some modern form of " precision " measuring instrument
Point out the special design features of the instrument
described, and indicate the processes involved in. its manu-
facture and calibration. (A 1 E BM Od 1925 , , )

8 A milh- voltmeter is scaled to 150. Fts resistance with

its connecting leads is 1 ohm, and it gives full-scale deflection
with 075 volt Ma,ke an approximate design of a 1500
ampere shunt suitable for this instrument
(The specific resistance of a suitable material for making
the shunt leaves is 49 X 10" B ohm per cm. /cm 2 )
(A I K.E M Apnl, 1025 )
,

24. Tractive Efforts of Motors and Line

Currents
1 hp =
33,000ft -Ib per minute 550 ft -Ib per second
== 746 watts
Force required to move load W
up tin inclined piano oi
inclination to the horizontal is If ,sm (friction neglected).
To accelerate a body, force =
inasw X acceleration.

EXAMPLES 21
1. The motor on crane works with a,n efficiency
an. electric
of 86 per cent when
raising a 2-ton load a distance ot 80 ft.
in 20 seconds through the intermediary of winding gear having
an efficiency of 62 per cent. Find (a) the b.h.p. ol the motor,
and (6) the current drawn irom the 250 volt supply.
2. Two geared motors in parallel on a 550 volt supply drive
a 20-ton car at 20 m.p.h The resistance to traction is 80 Ib,
per ton, the efficiency of the gearing is 80 per cent, a,nd the
resistance drop on each motor IB 5 por cent of terminal p cU
Fmd the current taken from tho lino.
3 A 15-ton car is taken xip an mclmo of 1 in 25 at a speed
of 12 m.p.h., the resistance to traction being 12 Ib, per ton,
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 30

and the overall efficiency from motor to wheels is 55 per cent

Find the line current at 600 volts.
4 A train, of weight 200 tons is hauled up an incline of
I in 30 by an electric locomotive weighing 70 tons, having an

overall efficiency of 60 per cent. The resistance to traction is

28 Ib. per ton, and the steady speed obtained on the incline
is 5 m p h The supply is at 1200 volts Find the current
drawn from the line
5 A tram weighing 250 tons in all si-arts from rest on a
1 per cent incline The trictional resistance is 12 Ib per ton,
and the overall efficiency is 80 per cent Assuming that the
induction factor of the motors remains constant and that the
uniform acceleration is 4 ft. per second per second, find the
current taken from the 550 volt lines at the instant the tram
reaches a speed of S m p h.
6 A pump is required to lift 00,000 gcil of water per hour
through a height of 100 ft. Allowing 12 ft of head for pipe
friction and pump elfioiency 70 per cent, what current would
be taken by a direct-current motor running on a 500 volt
supply when driving the pump at the above duty ? Give the
h.p of the motor you would install, and assume a reasonable
efficiency (A.M T.E.E., Apnl, 1921.)
7 An outpxit of 480 tons, of material per shift is required
by endless-rope haulage from a dip 1000 yd long, gradient
1 in 8, weight of empty txib 5 cwt., weight of loaded tub
20 cwt Assuming 6 working hours per shift and a haulage
speed of 3 miles per hour, and that the motor is required to
exert a constant pull of 1200 Ib. on the rope to overcome all
friction losses, calculate the horse-power of the motor, assuming
an efficiency of 75 per cent (AM I E E Ocl 1922.)
, ,

8 Calculate the power taken by an electrically driven feed

pump which has to deliver 50,000 Ib. of water per hour to a
boiler working at 275 Ib gauge pressure Estimate the motor
and pump efficiency, and allow 65 ft head to cover losses in
pipe line between, pump and boiler, 1 Ib. per sq in. being
taken = 2 31 ft. of water (A M.I E E., April, 1923.)
9 Give an account of an electrically driven multistage
txirbine pump such as would be installed to discharge 550 gal
per minute against a maximum head of 000 ft., stating the
following :
(a) the water horse-power ; (&) a reasonable pump
efficiency ; (c) a reasonable motor efficiency Calculate from
this the electrical units used per ton of water pumped. (1000
h.p. -hours = 746 electrical xinits.)
(A.M.1.ME , Oat., 10211.)
40 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

10 What current wotild be drawn, from a 440 volt D 0.

power by a motor coupled to a gear-driven pump which
circuit
requires a torque of 200 Ib -ft at 150 r p m
assuming reason- ,

able efficiencies for the motor and gear ?

(A M
I.E.E April, 1921 , )

25. D.G. Armature Windings and Slot

Design
References The Dynamo, by Hawkins (Sir Isaac Pitman
& Sons, Ltd )
Continuous Current Machines, by S P Smith
(Benn Bros ) Insulation and Design of Electrical Windings,
by Fleming and Johnson (Longmans, Green & Co )
Symbols p ~
pairs of poles a pairs of armature
,

paths Z ,
=number of conductors
Lap Windings Winding advances at back of armature
by a forward step yl equal generally to a pole pitch, and
returns at front of armature by a back step 7/ 2 to the
conductor 2 in advance of the starting conductor, i e
?/!
= Z 2p 1/ Z -f- 2, provided both y-^ and y z are odd
Short Chord Windings are obtained by reducing both
pitches so that the advance for y^ is something intermediate
between a pole pitch and a pole arc
* Commutator connections are made m
the back step y z ,

the number being an even sub-multiple of the number of

conductors, and such that a commutator of about three-
quarters the diameter of the armature is obtained with a
segment pitch of about 2 in or 5 (minimum) mm
Armature Paths and Brushes There will be as many
paths as poles, and the same number of brushes must be
provided, i e pfa = 1

EXAMPLE
4-pole lap winding with 248 conductors. 248 4 62 =
Pitches, i/i 63, y a 01, or
2/i 61, 7/2= =
59 will give shorter end connections
Winding table -13579
\ 7\/\/\ A
02 64 66 68 70 for latter case

Comnuitator segments 124 would give a connection in

every back step, while 62 gives a connection each alternate
back step.
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 41

Wave Windings Here the winding steps are always for-

ward, so thai a conductor is taken under each, pole in
succession, and y = y% This imposes a restriction on the
number of conductors employed, since once round the
armature, i e 2py1} must come to a conductor ahead of or
behind (bettor) the starting conductor, i e
1 + 2'pyt Z 3, or Z - 1, whence 2py = Z
+ 2
Commutator connections as for lap windings, in the ?/ 2

step, which now, however, obviously a forward step

is
Armatwe Paths and Brushes There will only be two
armature paths, i e a =
1, and there need only be two sets
of brushes, a pole-pitch apart, but the additional sets may
be added at the other pole pitches, to facilitate the ontiy of
current to the armature

EXAMPLE
A 6-pole wave winding with about 250 conductors.
Z can be either 244 or 248, &mce Z 2 = 240 = 2 3 41,
giving thus a pitch of 41
Winding table for Z = 244 1 83 365 3
\ / \ / \ A
42 124 200 44
for Z = 248 : 1 83 105 247 81
\ /\ / \ / \ /
42 124 200 40
The former winding involves a cross-over of the end connec-
tion from 206 to 3 over that of 1 to 42, which is avoided in the
second arrangement It is thus generally better to choose Z
given by the minus sign in the above equation, i e the larger
oi the two possible values.
Duplex Windings. Two ordinary windings interlaced but
independent, connections being made with alternate com-
mutator segments in either winding, instead of with
contiguous segments Thus the number of segments and
conductors is doubled The two windings are put in parallel
by the brushes bridging more than one segment The
voltage is thus that of an individual winding, but the pairs
armature paths have been doubled.
of parallel
Tnplex Windings Three ordinary windings interlaced
but independent, necessitating three seta o commutator
42 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

segments, each winding being connected to every third

segment The -windings are paralleled by the brushes
bridging at least three segments The voltage is as for a
single winding, but the number of paiallel armature paths
is increased threefold

Doubly Re-entrant Windings In the duplex winding,

remove one commutator segment and a set of conductors
connected thereto. On completing the first winding, the
beginning of the second winding will be automatically
picked up on the segment next in advance of the beginning
one of the first winding, and the second winding will finish
at the segment where the first started, thus giving a self-
closed winding Otherwise the winding is exactly similar
to the duplex winding
Trebly Re-ant ) ant W^nd^ng In the triplex winding, if one
1

commutator segment and one set of conductors associated

with it are removed, then the three windings will follow on
one another and ultimately close at the first commutator
segment, thus giving one self-closed winding Otherwise
this winding is similar to the triplex
Slot Design Odd number conductors, i e those passing
from front to back, are put m the top of the slot, while
the even number conductors passing from back to front,
aie placed in the bottom of the slot. Maximum p d. will
occur between top and bottom conductors, necessitating
ample insulation between the layers as well as against the
walls of the slot, but conductors in one layer only require
to be lightly insulated from one another

EXAMPLES 25
1Set out winding tables for both lap and wave windings
fox* an 8-pole machine with 186 conductors.
2 A 4 -pole, direct- current armature has ,31 slots and 93
commutator bars. Tho winding is of the two-circuit wave type
and consists of 03 turns of copper strap. Sketch ono turn of
the winding, showing tlie commutator pitch, thn slot pitch,
and the positions in the respective slots of the two sides of
the turn M
(A I UJL, Oat., 1023.)
3. A shunt-wound D generator of 200 kW. output at
500 volts, has 6 poles and runs at a spood of 400 r p.m. The
diameter and the length of the armature a,ro as follows :
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 43

diameter, 33 5 in ; the length 9 75 in If the total flux in the

air-gap is 5 2 X 10 linos, estimate (a) the number of armature
conductors, (b) the number and dimensions of the armature
slots Give also a sketch showing the arrangement of the
conductors in the slots. State the type of winding proposed
and the winding pitches to be used.
(A.MIEE , April, 1924 )

4. The armature of a 4 -pole 4,00 volt motor is 13 25 in

diameter, and the number of armature conductors is approxi-
mately 660. Design a wave winding suitable for this motor,
showing the arrangement of the conductors in the slots and
the first few steps in the winding, with the commutator
connections (A MIEE , April, 1925.)
|/f> Make a winding table for an armature winding for a D 0.
motor to run at a speed of 750 r.p.m when connected to a
500 volt circuit. The field magnet has 4 poles, each large
enough to carry a flux of 4 3 raegalmes The armature punch-
ing has 39 slots Only three lines of the winding table need
be written out (Lond Umv., 1922, El Mack )

6. A 250 volt 200 kW direct- current generator is required,

the speed at full load being 400 r p m There is available a
6-pole magnet frame with an unwound armature 42 in in
diameter and having 72 slots The normal flux per pole being
about 5 X 10 lines, find what armature winding could be
xised for the above purpose, giving details of the windings and
stating the number oi comrtratator segments required Point
out any difficulties likely to be experienced with the arrange-
ments suggested (Lond. Umv., 1924, El Mach.)
7 When designing a direct-current generator, two trial
designs A and B were made. For A the specific magnetic
loading factor was 40,000 lines per sq in and the specific
,

electric loading factor was 750 ampere conductors per inch of

periphery. For B the loading factors were 50,000 and 600
respectively. The armatures for A and B were designed with
wave windings having the same number and size of slots
and the length and depth of the armature cores were the
same. The space factors in the slots were 70 for A and 75
JcorB.
Cak'ulate the ratio of the resistance loss in the armature
winding of A to that in B. Which armature will have the
larger iron losses ? (Lond, Umv
, 1925, EL Mach.)
8. An, 8-pole direct-current generator gives 1000 kW. at
500 volts. Assuming a value for the ctirrent density, proceed
to doHign. completely the armature slot when, there are six
44 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

conductors per slot, showing all details and dimensions in

freehand sketch.
How would you determine the length of a turn in tl
windings ? (A M
I.E.E April, 1922 ) ,

26. D.G. Generators Voltage Formula

E= Zn (p/a)10- volts 8

where = <1> total flux per pole entering at mature,

Z= total armature conductors m
winding,
n = speed in r p sec = r p m /GO,
p = pairs of poles,
a = pairs of parallel paths through the armatur
winding,
Note For a simple lap winding, p/a = 1 For a simpl
wave winding, a 1

EXAMPLES 26
J An
8-pole dynamo running at 1200 r p.m. and with ai
excitation ol 2 5 meg alines per pole generates 44.0 volts. Fm<
the necessary number of conductors if the winding is (a) wave
and (&) lap
*2 A generator delivers 40 kW at 200 volts Its armatur i

isa 4,-pole wave winding having a resistance of 01 ohm, aru

consists of 351 txirns, and the flux per pole is 2 megalmes
.Find the speed.
3. A
d-pole lap wound generator with 1200 conductor;
generates 250 volts on open, circuit when driven at 500 r.p m
The pole shoes have a bore of 14 in and the ratio pole arc/pol<
pitch is 7, while the length ot the shoes is 8 in. Find the mear
flux density in the air-gap.
4 Develop a formula by which the E M.F. generated, by s
direct-current machine may be estimated Extend the formula
to show how it may be used to calculate the E.M F. whicl
would exist between any two of the slip rings if the armature
were tapped at three eqtudistant points,
(A M.TJV1S., April, 1925 )
5. An
8-polc generator has an output of 30 at 250 voltfc kW
when driven at 300 r p m. The armature is lap wound with
1500 conductors and has a resistance of 0-1 ohm. The field
cores are 8 in. diameter and the leakage coeiacient is 12,
Calculate the flux density in the field cores.
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL BNGINEEEING 45

0. A
12-pole d c generator has an armature according to the
following specification
Slots 320, with 4 conductors per slot, each capable of
carrying 250 amperes, winding lap
If the pole flux is 5 mcgalmes, at what speed nitist the
machine he driven to produce a voltage of 240 on open circuit ?
If the voltage drops to 230 on full-load, what would be the
rated output of the machine ?

27. B.C. Motors

Tf V = voltage of supply lines,
E back EMF generated = 0>Zn (pla) 10' 8
volts,
Ia armature current,
ra armature resistance,
Then V= E + I ra
tt

Power W- VIa = SIa + /V.

mechanical power P -j- copper heat
If = T torque in Ib -ft ,

= ?i r p sec = r p m /60
Then P = 2 7rw27 ft -Ib, per sec
= 74=6
ZnnT ~~~r watts = 8 52nT watts = also JBIa ,
oot)
Whence T = EIJ& 52n == 1174Jf/ a Ib -ft

Where M JEjn
= <bZ (pja) W~ B = induction factor.

EXAMPLES 27
v 1 The following figures refer to the design of a traction
motor winding 4-pole lap with 4.00 conductors polo shoe
:
,

8 in. long, subtending an angle of 00 at the centre, the bore

being 1 ft. in diameter flux density in air-gap is 7000 lines
,

per sq cm. Calculate the torque developed when the armature

takes 25 amperes.
2 The armature of a 4-pole motor has 280 conductors
arranged in a 4-circuit winding The field poles produce a flux
of 2 5 megahnos. Find (a) what torque will be developed when
the armature takes 75 amperes, and (6) the pull on the bolt
(lose.es neglected) if the pulley has a diameter of 18 in.
^ 3. Calculate tho b.h.p. of a motor having the following data :

overall efficiency, 83-5 per cent; speed, 550 rpm., when

46 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

taking 66 amperes , armature resistance, 2 ohm flux j ,

pole, 2-5 megalmes , armature winding lap with 12

conductors
4 A 4 -pole series motor develops 20 b h p when runni
on a 230 volt supply, at an efficiency of 84 per cent. T
armature carries 1080 conductors lap wound, having a resn
ance between brushes of 12 ohm, while the field winding has
resistance of 1 ohm The magnetization curve is as follows

Ampeics 10 20 30 50 60 70 80
Megalincs per pole 6 1 38 1 67 19 2 08 225 239

Witli current values as abscissae, plot curves showing the toi

mechanical torqxie, total horse-power, and speed.
5 A44.0 volt 10 b h p. shunt motor runs unloaded at 15
r p m The resistance of the armature circuit is 1 ohm, ai
the full-load efficiency is 75 per cent. Draw a speed-loj
curve, assuming the field to maintain constant excitation, i
resistance being 169 ohms
6 Find the rise in speed of a shunt motor at the end of
6-hour run on full-load if it starts at 1500 r.p and t] m
temperature of the machine as a whole rises 35 C. Assun
the saturation (or magnetization) curve to he straight over t]
range concerned, and the line voltage constant. Temperatu
coefficient ol copper is 004 per degree C.
7 It is desired to reduce the speed of a 400 volt 10 b h
shunt motor by 25 per cent by the insertion of resi&tanee
the armature cn'cuit The torque is to remain unchanged, ar
the efficiency is 85 per cent Calculate the necessary resistanc
given field current constant at 1 1 amperes and armatu
resistance 2 ohm
8. When a shunt generator is run at 1400 r.p m and 2i
volts, it has an output of 50kW. The resistances of armatu
and field circuits are 12 and 4.0 ohms respectively At -win
speed will it run as a shunt motor at the same voltage an
taking 50 kW. from the line p
9 A traction motor is found to run at 570 r.p m. at a certai
current and at 600 volts. Determine the car speed at th
current, both at 550 volts and at 275 volts, the gear recluctio
being 62/21, the wheels 36 in. in diameter at the tread and tl
resistance drop m
the motor 30 volts What gears would I
required to give a speed of approximately 23 ni.p.h with th
motor at the same current and at 550 volts ?
(AM.I,E,E, OcL, 1924.) >
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 47

10. Calculate tlic total current taken by the following

shunt-wound motor D output, 10 b h p
220 volts , total
.
,

iron losses, 670 wattb windage and friction losses, 100 watts ;
,

resistance of armatui'e, 4. ohm ; brush contact resistance

drop (total), 2 volts resistance of shunt field winding,
,

110 ohms
If the speed of the motor is now doubled by means of a
resistance m
the field circuit, calculate the current taken at the
new speed (a) if the torque is unchanged, (5) if the horse-power
output is xinchanged
Assume that the total iron losses va,ry as the square of the
flux density, that the friction arid windage losses vary directly
as the speed, and that the ratio of the field ampere-turns at
the two speeds is as 3 to 1 (Lond Univ 1921, El Mach , )

u 11 Calculate the torque in Ib -ft. exerted by a d-pole lap-

wound motor when it is taking an armature current of 04 5
amperes. The armature has 588 conductors the pole-shoes ,

subtend an angle of 00, and are 7 in long The bore is 10 in

diameter and the field coils produce a flux density in the gap
of 8000 lines per sq cm
12 A 4-pole series-wound 220 volt direct-current fan motor
runs at 050 r.p m
with the field coils in series, taking a current
of 23 amperes Estimate the speed and current when the field
coils are arranged with two pairs of two in senes, in parallel,
assuming that the torque required to drive the fan increases
as the square of the speed Point out what approximations are
made, and indicate in what direction the answer is likely to be
incorrect (Lond, Umv., 1923, El Tech.)
13. Sketch the forms of the "mechanical characteristic"
for shunt and series B.C. motors, and estimate the percentage
change in speed from no-load to lull-load of a shunt motor
having the following data b.h.p., 25 full-load efficiency,
: ,

85 per cent volts 230, constant ; armature resistance,

;
1
ohrn ,field resistance, 70 ohms.
14. A 4 -pole series motor has a magnetization characteristic
given by the following figures

Amps through Hold

magnet . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Flux por polo (nioga-
29 05 74 85 02 07 1 01 1 06 1 08
iiues) .

If the armature has 820 conductors and is wave wound, and

the resistance of the armature and field magnet windings is
48 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

15 olira, estimate the speed at which the motor will run. when
of 230 volts, when taking a
supplied from a constant p d.
current of (a) 45 amperes, (&) 85 amperes. Calculate ako tho
torque in Ib -ft. which the motor will exert when carrying
these currents (Land, Umv 1021, El Tech )
,

15 A fan driven by a shunt motor oft. a 200 volt supply

takes 50 amperes when the speed of the fan is 3000 r p m,, the
mechanical power given to the fan bwng 0-5 kW The torque
required by the fan varies as the square of the speed It is
desired to bring the speed down to H50 r p m. by tho insertion
of a resistance in the armature circuit. Determine tho value of
this resistance a,nd the power lost in it. ( Friotional losses a,nd
armature reaction may be neglected )
(Land. Univ , 3024, Power )
i/ 10 A shunt-wound motor runs at 500 r,p m on a 200 volt
circuit. Its armature resistance is 5 ohm and the current
taken is 30 amperes in addition to tho field current. What
resistance must bo placed in series with the armature in order
that the speed may be reduced to MOO r p m., the current in
the armature remaining tho same li tho load is changed so
that with the inserted resistance the armature current is
reduced to 15 amperes, what will then bo the speed ?
(Lond Vnw 1925, EL Tech.)
,

11A 440 volt shunt motor runs at 1000 r p.m. on no-load.

(1) Calculate its speed when developing
10 b.h.p assuming
,

that its field current remaans constant at 2 amperes.

Armature resistance 8 ohm, total brush contact drop 2-1
volt. Efficiency of motor at given load ~~ 82 per cent.
(2) By what percentage must tho Hold be weakened to bring
the speed up to its no-load value ? (Whitworth, 1024.)
18 Explain in a few words why the tor quo of a motor
depends upon tho speed at which it runs.
Give an outline oi the successive stages m
the connections
effected by a tramway controller of the ordinary Horiob-parallel
type in starting a tram-car.
Indicate in a diagram on squared paper the variation in the
following quantities as thcs controller handle is moved into
successive stops, assuming a practically uniform rato of increase
of speed to be maintained

(a) Current taken from the line.

(&) Torque exerted by both motors together.
(c) Power developed by both motors together,
(d) Power taken from tho lino,
(e) Speed oi the car. (WMliwrth, 1020 )
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES TN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 49

19 A
certain type of motor for driving a recording mechan-
ism has an armature consisting of a. horizontal aluminium, disc
25 cm. in diameter, pivoted on a vertical &pmdle and situated
in a uniform magnetic field having a density of 3000 lines per
sq cm. The driving current flows radially from the centre of
the disc to the circumference When carrying a current of
10 amperes, there is a voltage drop in the disc oi 2 volts, while
the resistance of the circuit is found to be 196 ohm Calculate
the speed of rotation of the armature disc and the power
absorbed in friction. (Whitworth, 1927.)
20 The lollowmg data refer to the magnetization curve of
a 1-pole direct-current series motor

J?lu\ poi polo (racg.Umcs) 04'-} 090 1 i 1 17 1203

Ampou 1
tiuns pei pole 858 1715 2575 34JJO 4290

Each of the Held coils is wound with 143 turns and has a
resistance of 15 ohm. The armature has a two-circuit winding
with 324 turns per circuit, the resistance of tho winding,
including brush contact resistance, being 1 17 ohms The
resistance ol the mterpole winding is 3 ohm.
Calculate the speed-current and rotor torque-current curves
for thib motor when supplied at 410 volts
If the lull-load output is 12 h p and the iron, friction, and
windage losses at this output are 430 watts, what is the
full-load speed ? (Lond. Umv 1920, El MacJi.)
,

28. D.G. Generators External Characteristics

Magnetization Curve The volts produced on open circuit
plotted as ordinates against either field amperes or ampere-
turns as abscissae. The field should be separately excited,
but m general the effect of obtaining the field current from
the armature is negligible The voltage is directly propor-
tional to speed at given excitation
Terminal P
D. Line Lines drawn through the origin
represent by their slope to the horizontal a resistance, i e.
volts vertically over amperes horizontally. If such a line
be drawn to represent the resistance of the shunt field, it
will cutthe magnetization curve at a voltage at which the
machine will self-excite on open circuit, when driven at the
speed for which the magnetization curve is drawn
External Characteristic A load current pasumg through
the armature produces a drop in volts given by Iara which ,
50 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

is additive to the terminal volts to give the generated volts.

To find both the latter for a given armature current, find
the internal volt drop, and fit it vertically between the
magnetization curve and the terminal volts line, which, up
to a maximum value, can be done in two places By
setting
out along the abscissae a scale of load amperes, the curve
between this latter and the terminal volts is obtained,
i e the external characteristic.

Effect of Armatwe Eeact'tons The demagnetizing effect

of the armature currents, if present, must bo subtracted, in
ampere-turns, from the excitation, also in ampere-turns
Thus each load current produces a volt drop, measured
vertically on diagram, and a demagnetization effect,
measured horizontally to the left Tho line representing
their vector sum must, therefore, be fitted between the
o,c curve and the p d. line, instead of the volt
drop line
only above Since each effect is proportional to load
current, this line will always have the same slope
Effect of Compounding Hcie the series turns will con-
tribute magnetizing ampere turns to the field, and thus the
line representing this effect will be drawn to the
right
instead of to the left as above Otherwise the case is similar

EXAMPLES 28
1. What
percentage rise in voltage at the terminals would
you expect when full-load is thrown off a 1 50 250 volt kW
shunt-wound generator, running at constant speed, ior which
the following particulars are given
(a) No-load Maqneiizahort JDala,

Field ampue-turns per pole 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000

Ai mature volts 118 200 250 295

(6) Armature Winding

180 coils, each having two turns, eonnei-k'd i-polo lap [U'Hhtanco 0-012 ohm,
(A,M,LE,'M., April, 1921.)
2. Tho following magnetization curve was obtained for a
D.C, generator run at normal speed

'Field amps 1 3 r. o 7
C volts 140 310 HJU 408 505
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES TN ELECTRICAL ENGINEEBING 51

If adjusted to 80 olmis resistance, and the

the field circuit is
resistance of the armature JR determined as 15 ohm, plot the
complete external characteristic
3 The iollowmg figures give bhe magnetization curve of a
shunt generator lor a speed of 550 r.p m
Piold amps 2 4 6 10
Volts 285 435 515 025 695

If the speed is raised to 650, and the field circuit adjusted

to a resistance of 85 ohms, what voltage will be generated
on open circuit ?
4. In the above question, using the magnetization curve

given for 550 r.p.m and given a Held circuit resistance of

,

80 ohms and armature resistance of 2 ohm, plot the complete

external characteristic.
5 The relation between the excitation current and the
electromotive force generated by a direct-current shunt-wound
generator, running on open circuit at 850 r p m., is as follows

Excitation amps a 4 5
M
E F geneuited (volts) 08 87 1005 109 1125

The shunt ohms. Find the voltage at

field resistance is 22 2
the terminals of the machine when it runs at 850 v,p m.
self-excited. (Lond Univ., 1924, El Tech)
6 A direct-current generator is reqxured to deliver 250 kW.
The no-load voltage is 600 and the machine is to give 550 volts
on full-load The open circuit characteristic is as follows
r 585
Armature volts >00 550
Field ampeic-turns poi polo 6000 0700 7500 9000

Assuming that the total resistance drop, excluding that of

the armature itself, is 3 per cent of the net terminal voltage
at full-load, and that the shunt field is connected across the
brushes, estimate the number of series ampere-turns per pole
required if comnxutating poles are provided The armature
resistance is 04 ohm. (Lond. Unw., 1927, M. Macli )

29. D.G. Generators in Parallel

EXAMPLES 29
1. Make a diagram
of connections lor two over-compounded
0.0. generators connected to traction. buabara and equalizer.
What is the ellect oi having resistance the cables leading m
52 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEER-IN

from the machine to the equalizer ? How can you tell ]

the characteristics of the machine whether the resistance

the equalizer connections is too great ?

(C cfcO Final, 1920

,

2 Two shunt-wound 500 kW O.C. generators made

differentmakers are driven by steam engines, also by diJCfci
makers It is found that when the plant is aditistod so a
share the load equally at three-quarter load, one machine i>i
much more than its share when the load on the station rea<
full value Give possible reasons for this behaviour 'W
tests would you make to find out what is wrong and Vv
alterations in the plant might be necessary in order to rem
the defect ? (C &
G Final, 1920 ,

3 (a) What are the principal conditions which must

satisfied if a shunt-wound dynamo is to be self -exciting \v
on load 9
(&) How woxild you ensure the satisfactory operation
a number of shunt-wound dynamos ?
parallel of
Why is an equalizing connection used when a nun
(c)
ofcompound wound dynamos are running in parallel ?
(A M.I E E April, 1921 ,

4 Two 220 volt D C generators are operating in para

One has an external characteristic which may be con&idew
straight line from normal voltage at 35 amperes to 270 v
at no-load The other has an external characteristic wl
may be considered a straight line from normal voltage
50 amperes to 280 volts at no-load. Calculate the out
current and voltage of each generator when the total ou1
is (a) 60 amperes, (&) 20 amperes.
(Lond Unw., 1027, EL Tecl\
30. D.G. Exciting Coil Design
Bedding of Wires Usual to assume that the wires
directly on top of one another and not in the holl
between other wires
Coil or Bobbin Relations. -
D2 =extreme diameter of bobbin,
J) 1 =diameter over insulated core,
h =depth of winding apace =
(D 2 D^]
| (D 2 -)- DJ) =mean diameter of winding space,
l
m =length of mean turn =
|TT (!>% -|- DI)
b net length of winding space,
d = diameter of wire over insulation,
 CLASSIFIED -EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 53

Then No = b/d
of wires per layer
No of layers = h/d
No. of turns = 8 = Wi/d*.
Total length of wire = Sl m .

Total cross-section of winding, including insulation,

2
bh
= mi^ x -
_,
785
nK ,
X winding space.
4 du
Henco space factot
= 785 in this case
SCC Wires Used for Field Windings The covering
increases the area of the wire and the following selected
wires give the lelatrve increase in area

Old S.W G and Now Standards Not area in SCO increases

diam in in Diam in in sq mils (New) area by about

16 ( 064) 064 3000

17 ( 056)
18 ( 048) 044 1500
19 ( 040)
20 ( 036) 036 1000
21 ( 032)
22 ( 028) 029 600

Excitation at Given Voltage It is frequently necessary

to provide a given number of ampere-turns at a given
voltage, o g in shunt windings.
If V = volts p d. across coil,
I = current in coil,
J? = resistance of coil,
V ~
= = resistance of a mean turn r m
then JR -? and -* _
-77* .

I S 18
If the mean turn can be closely estimated, the size of
wire is obtainable, taking 8 microhm per in -cube or
2 microhm per cm. -cube as the specific resistivity of hot
copper.
Total resistance of winding, JR 8r m
 54 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Exciting current I
= J7
-~ , which should not exceed a
or m
density of 800 amperes per sq in
Then number of turns S 18jl =
Heating GJi&clc Watts lost in coil VI =
The exposed surface of the completed coil is estimated,
and thence the watts lost per unit surface area This should
not exceed LO watts per sq dm or f watt per sq in
Note If permissible watts are given, then obviously
the exciting current at given voltage is I =
watts/ V.
Series Windings The current being fixed by other con-
siderations, it follows that 8 must equal IS/I A size of
conductor is chosen (often strip) so that the current density
is not in excess of 800 amperes per sq in and the watts
,

lost per unit radiating surface checked as above

EXAMPLES 80

Determine the diameter of copper

1 m
the wire of a winding
to give 10,000 ampere-turns at 120 volts with, a mean turn of
30 in.
2 Dimension a wooden bobbin to slide over a core f in in
diameter to produce 800 ampere-turns when excited at 50
volts The bobbin is to be 2 in in length overall, and the wood
will be turned down to sucli a thickness that when, lightly
insulated the wall will everywhere be 1 in. thick.
3 (a) Show that the following relation holds for the con-
ductor in any magnetizing coil
Resistance per foot = volts across coil L.M.T X ampere-
turns where L.M T is the mean length of on turn in feet.
(5) Calculate a suitable field winding for a 4-pole, 220 volt
shunt motor to give 4.500 ampere-turns por pole, given that
the poles are 5 in in diameter and the length of the winding is
not to exceed 4 5 in. (A.M.I E.E., Apnl, 1921.)
4. A
field coil, which has to produce 6000 ampere-turns, can
dissipate 100 watts. The potential difference across its ter-
minals is 50 volts and the mean length of a turn is 50 cm,
Find the diameter of the wire. (Take the resistance of 1 metre
of copper, 1 sq. millimetre in cross-section, an 02 ohm )
(A M
L'E 'E., Apnl, 1922 )

5. A
4-pole D.C motor has a mean length of turn on the
field winding of 28 in. Calculate the necessary shunt-field
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 55

winding to give 3500 ampere-turns per pole hot on 220 volts,

with a total loss not exceeding 440 watts.
(A M I E E Aptil, 1923 )
,

6 A pole when insulated lor the reception of a field coil

has a winding space of 5|- in. X 2 in.
A series coil is required of 95 turns to carry 00 amperes a.t
a current density of about 1000 amperes per square inch.
Sketch out a design, for such a coil, indicating the number
of turns per layer, number of layers, insulation on the con-
ductors and in the coil, and method of bringing out the ends
(A MIES., April, 1923 )
7 Calculate the winding for a shunt field-coil for a direct-
current motor from the following data motor, 4. poles;

supply, 110 volts ; net winding space per pole, 4 in X 2 in ;

length of mean turn, 20 in
, required, 4200 ampere-turns per
pole when hot. Determine the watts lost in each coil, which
should be kept down to a minimum by filling the whole
winding space available E
( A M. I E ,Oct 1923 )
,

8 A field coil with 5000 ampere-turns is required for a pole

6 75 in diameter and 7 in long If the voltage on the coil is
110 and the allowable watt loss is approximately 100, estimate
(a) the diameter of the wire required, (6) the dimensions of
the coil on the assumption that the mean temperature rise
will be 40 0. (A M.I E.E April, 1924 )
,

9. Why is it so much simpler to obtain inherent automatic

voltage regulation in a dynamo than in an alternator ? Find
how many series turns per pole are needed on a 500 kW.
compound-wound dynamo required to give 500 volts at no-
load and 550 volts at full-load, the requisite ampere-turns per
pole being 7900 and 11,200 respectively. The shunt winding
is designed to give 500 volts at no-load when its temperature
is 20 C. The final temperature is 00 0.

(O.&G Final, 1923.)

,

10. A 4-pole 460 volt D.C generator has a pole core 16 cm.
diameter and such that a winding space of 24 cm X 4 cm. is
available. Design, a shunt winding to give about 7000 ampere-
turns per pole
11. Describe the general design of a homopolar dynamo for
4000 amperes at 6 volts, and show how to calculate the
exciting coil for such a machine.
12. Establish a formula applicable to an electro -magnet
winding in terms of the watts to be dissipated, the exciting
voltage, the number of turns, the cross-section of the wire, the
length of mean turn, the winding space, and the space factor.
56 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRIC! AL END INE BRING

Find the maximum number of ampere-turm thai can be

accommodated m a winding space of 150 q. ern. at a winding
factor of 62, with length ot moan turn
2 metres The
exciting
voltage is 110 volts, the \vattn loading 5500, and tlie specilic
3 microhms per cm cube,
resistance of hot copper is 2
13 The following particulars refer to a 50 kVV 1-pole, ,

250 volt, 600 r.p m

shunt- wound generator armature wind-
330 conductors resistance of armature
ing two-circuit with
1
;

and mterpole windings, 00-1 5 ohm; a\ul length of oach

shunt-field coil, 11 5 cm moan perimeter of each shunt coil,
;

7 (i cm The
103 cm depth
,
of winding, magnetization curve
on open circuit is

,i H 1 OH 43
Mirv per polo (megalines)
fiono 01)00 7000 8000
Ampeie-tmns poi pole

Neglecting the effects ot armature reaction, cal< ulate (a) the

diameter ol wire for the slrant-held winding, (&) the number oj
turns per coil, (c) the resistance oL each coil, (d) the shunt-field
current at full-load Take the specific resistance <>[ copper as
2 X 10' ohm per cm. cube, and allow 5 mils radial tlueknesi-
for insulation (Land Umv., 192B, MacJi.) M
14.. A
lifting magnet is to bo operated from a 200 volt direct
current supply and to absorb 8 kW. Determine the maxumnr
number of ampere-turns that can be provided, ii tho winding
space has a cross-sectional area of 300 cm, the- mean lengtl
a
,

of turn being 1 5 mctroa Specific resistance of copper, 1

microhms per cm. 3 .
Mpace factor, 0-7.
(A MJ K.l'J , yip? i/, 1027.)
15 A bo wound on a cylindrical bobbin with a
coil is to
diameter of 3 cm.and a longth of S em. The radial depth ol
the winding space is 1 G cm. The power taken by the coil ii

to be 100 watts when the terminal p.d. IN 100 volts dirccl

current. Assuming the mnulatod wire to have a space facto)
of 7 and the specific resistance of copper to be 2 microhms
per cm. cube, find the number of ampero-tuniM thai- can be
accommodated. (6*. ct' (V,, Final, J927.)
16. A crane magnet is built to dissipate about fi kW. at i

supply voltage of 100 D.O. Tho net winding space IB 20 x 2(

sq. cm Determine tho number of tiiMiH in tho niagnot, tin
cross-section of tho copper wire used, and the total ampere
turns, taking a winding spaco factor of 0-($, and a Bpoeill
resistance, hot, of 2-3 microhmH pw cm, eubo. Tho meai
length of turn of tho winding is 2 ml.,
(Lond, //niw,, 1U27, EL Mark.)
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 57
31. D.G. Armature Reactions and Series
Interpoles
Reference Continuous Current Machines, by S P Smith
(Benn).
The series interpole is
required to neutralize the cioss-flux
from the ai mature, and m
addition to provide a oommu-
tatmg such a value that the rotational E
flux of F. M
generated by at in the coil undergoing commutation shall
equal the E M
F of self-induction produced in the coil by
the very act of commutation
Armatwe Cross Ampere-Turns
Zia /2p = ampere-conductors per pole /producing
ZiJ4.p = ampere-turns per pole J cross-flux

If the brushes are advanced

through an angle 6, which
should not be the case with interpoles, then
26
Z conductors producing demagnetizing flux
ggQ
per pole,
6Z
KgQ
* ffl
= ampere-turns of demagnetization per pole,
and this expression must be subtracted
from the cross ampere-turns above, to
give the net number of ampere-turns to
be added to the interpoles to nullify
cross-flux
The E M
F of Self-induction m
coils undergoing com-
mutation will depend upon the coefficient L for the coils
and the speed of reversal of the current, i e the "
" frequency
of commutation
Estimation of Coefficient L Hobart's Rule For open
slots, the embedded length of a turn is linked with 4 linos
of force per ampere
per cm while the free end turns link
,

with about 8 lines of force per

ampere per cm In the slot,
the conductors are always in pairs, with currents
normally
in the same direction, so that the second conductor
produoos
another 4 lines, linking with the first conductor Hotice
if
^ = embedded length of a turn,
/
2 free length of a turn,
then 8^ -j- 8^ ss? flux per ampere linking with one turn
58 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

If Te= turns per coil

TO= mimbei of coils short-circuited by the brushes,
then T (8^ c
8Z = flux per ampere linked with each
-j- 2)
turn,
and Tz c (Sl + -8Z a ) X 10'
8
henrys = coefficient L of one
coil
If thewhole group of m coils lies in the same slots, tho
coefficient becomes

L = mT\ (#! + 8Z 2 ) 10-

8
henrys
Frequency of Commutation Complete commutation can
be regarded as equivalent to half a complete cycle of A C
If ve =
peripheral speed of commutator,
tb =
arc of brush contact (or thickness of brush),
t m thickness of mica insulation,
~
then
&
= time for commutation, T,
ve

=
and frequency/
2^= ^
reducing to
^_ approxi-
^
mately i tb be taken as the brush thickness instead of the
arc of contact
Then E F of self-induction E s = 27rfLia per coil.
M
CommutaUng Flux Now the short-circuited coils must
move in a commutating flux of density B extending over ,

an axial length of e L
such that the rotational , , E M.F
E c ZT evL c c 10~ 8 shall B
B above, where v velocity =E
of coil side
Ampere-Turns for Commutating Flux It is customary to
calculate the ampere-turns to push the commutating flux
across the air-gap only Alternatively 25 per cent is added
to the ampere-turns per pole of cross-flux from armature
to give the total ampere-turns for the commutating pole
The excitation current is the armature current if all the
interpoles are in series, or a sub-multiple if they are
arranged in parallel groups.
EXAMPLES 31
l^The following data refer to a generator with a full-load
current o 600 amperw ? pontjuplops, 512, arranged 6-pole
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 59

wave ;commutator segments, 128 If the brushes arc rocked

forward a distance equal to 3 commutator segments from the
neutral position, find the number of ampere -turns to be placed
per pole on the interpoles to compensate the cross-flux.
2 Discuss the question of limiting value of the reactance
voltage in the case of a direct current armature Obtain a
formula by means of which the reactance volts may bo esti-
mated Estimate the reactance voltage for the machine of
which the following particulars are known number of com-
mutator segments, 55 revolutions per second, 11 67
,
brush ;

width in commutator segments, 1 74 ; coefficient of sel-

induction, Q 000153 henry current per coil, 27 amperes
;

A IE
( M EOct 1924.)
, ,

3 Explain the function of the mterpole as used for com-

mutating purposes, and show how to estimate the field
required to effect commutation when data of the armature
winding are available
If a single-turn armature coil as short-circuited by the brush
has a resistance of 015 ohm a,nd an inductance of 015 milli-
henry, find wha,t commutatmg field would be required to
" " com-
enable a current of 20 amperes to be straight-line
niutated m
one -thousandth part of a second.
4 Describe the construction and principle of action of a
dynamo suitable for tram lighting, emphasizing what happens
on reversal of motion How is such a machine suitable for
the running of an arc lamp without the employment of a ballast
resistance ? (Rosenberg's dynamo.)
5 Show by means of curves and rough sketches the dis-
tribution of flux that would be obtained in a O.C shunt motor
on load if fitted with interpoles, and also what the distribution
would be if the interpoles only were excited
/C Estimate the number of turns needed on each com-
mutator pole of a 6-pole, lap-wound dynamo of 200 kW. at
200 volts, given armature diameter, 90 cm. total number of
;

armature conductors, 540 length of commutatmg-pole air-

;

gap, 1 cm. flux density

;
m
commutatmg-pole air-gap, 3000
lines per sq cm (AM I.M.JE Oct 1922 ) , ,

32. D.G. Motor Starters Calculation of

Resistance Elements
References, Electric Switch and Control Gear, by 0. 0.
Garrard (Benn). Controllers for Electric Motors, by James
(Chapman & Hall)
An overload of about 40 per cent is usually allowed for
60 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

starting purposes, and tho staiter will be advanced a step

when ent has fallen to a definite lower limit If this
tlio curi
lower limit specified, then the number oi steps must be
is

adjusted to suit these working limits. If the number ol

steps is specified, then the lower limit current will be fixed
thereby
The resistances m
circuit on successive studs form a
geometric progression, having as its common ratio the
value-lower hmit/upper limit

Let V --=
supply voltage,
J?.,
= resistance in circuit on first stud,
including
motor and loads,
then I upper limit current = F//*j
If i = lower limit current, and
r = ratio of:
ijl,
then J2 2 resistance in circuit on second stud,
= Mi X r
J2 3 = resistance in circuit on third stud,
= 72 x r = x r 2 ft
t
z

whence R n resistance m circuit on nih stud,

= /*! X r"- 1

Suppose there are n + 1 studs, giving n stops, so that the

resistance in circuit on tho last stud is just the resistance
of the motor., a R
(The armature resistance only is
generally taken as the only resistance in circuit )
Thus we have the equation x fn Ra = J^ ,

whence r isfound if n is given, or

n is found if r is given.
In this latter case, n need not be found by solution of
this equation, as tho GP
will cease when the resistance
of the armature is reached, and then the number of
steps
can be counted up.
Series Motors The above treatment
really applies to
shunt motors only, working in a relatively constant field.
For series motors, the back E.M.F. increases on
passing
from ono stud to the other, due to increased field (speed
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 61

momentarily constant), whereas in the shunt motor the

above treatment is based on constant back E F on M
passing from, one stud to another It, therefore, follows that
resistance can be cut out more quickly for a series motor
than for a sliunt motor, but a startei designed for a shunt
motor will be available (and conservatively rated) for a
corresponding series motor For a special treatment for
series motors, we have the analytical treatment due to
S P Smith (see Journal, I E E Vol 58, page 645) The ,

magnetization curve of the motor is required, or the speed

load curve
If I = ~ I le
upper limit current), __ current
i = lower limit current ~i' increment factor,
y
<D = pole flux "i p-rK-T to l) -n __ $>
_
(j>
= pole flux ("i x i . to i
j
(

flux increment factor,

a = B/Jc
= flux - GUI rent increment factor,
Rl = total resistance in circuit on first stud,
) r 1 __
including motor \'R l E 2>
jR 2 = ditto on second stud, ditto /

Rm = resistance of motor, including field,

V = supply voltage,
n number of resistance steps or sections,
then, the motor is to start with current I on
if first stud,
the condition to be satisfied is that the function
1 _ n n T
f
j
/
\n
7? _ ~\ ___ !_
|-
_R
m _1J- v
a.)^_ yCt>

and the first section of the resistance is rx = JR t (J5 a).

Succeeding sections of resistance form a geometric pro-

gression with common ratio a, i e r 2 ar 13 r 3 ar^, etc = =
If n is given, then * will not be, and vice versa In the
former case, which is the most usual, it is necessary to
find, by trial and error, what lower limit of current i will
satisfy the above condition
If the speed load curve is given, deduce the ideal speed
curve, i e when JR m ~
0, by adding E ml to the speed
ordinates, Then, since back E,M F M V constant ,
= =
62 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN" ELEOTBICAL ENGINEERING

for this ideal curve, it follows that the flux is inversely

proportional to the speed, or <I>/<^
=
speed corresponding
to i/speed corresponding to I

EXAMPLES 32
1 what information you would need to enable
State clearly
you to calculate a metallic starter with a given number ot
&teps for a series motor. Calculate the resistance steps for the
starter of a 500 volt shunt motor, given number of steps, 12 ;

maximum current during starting, 20 amperes resistance ,

between armature terminals, 1 ohm

(C &
G,F^nal, 1921.)
2 A
starter is required for a 10 h p , 220 volt shunt-wound
motor. The armature resistance is 02 ohrn Give particulars
of the resistances of the various steps, and state the resistance
material you would use, and the method of support you would
adopt (A.M. I E 13. A pnJ, 1 923 )
, .

3 Obtain the number of steps and the resistance in each

step of a starter for a 500 volt motor on the assumption that
the resistance of the armature is 0-125 ohm The maximum
permissible value of the current is 100 amperes, and resistance
iscut out when the current has fallen to 70 amperes.
(A. M
I.E.E April, 1924 )
,

4 A
200 h p shunt-wound motor with an armature having
resistance of 0-25 ohm is to be started from 180 volt D.O supply
mams. Calculate the resistance required for each step of the
starter if there are 5 steps on the starter, and the maximum
current shall at no time exceed 450 amperes.
(Lond Umv
1022, El, Power.)
,

5 What materials are employed for the resistance sections

of metallic starting rheostats, and in what forms should these
materials be used in starters for (1) a 2 h p., 220 volt motor,
(2) a 25 h.p 500 volt motor, and (3) a 60 h p., 110 volt motor ?
,

Each grid of a grid-type rheostat has overall dimensions

(exclusive of connecting lugs and bosses) of 17 4. cm X
23 5 cm , and a thickness of 9 cm the specific resistance of
,

the material being 86 X 10" 8 ohm

per cm. cube Make a dimen-
sioned sketch of a grid for which the resistance is 012 ohm
and the cross-section of conductor is 85 cm. Show by
sketches how the grids are assembled in a common frame,
giving details of the insulation and how the series or parallel
connections are made between individual grids.
(Lond. Umv 1923, SI. ,
Mach )

Q. Estimate the resistance sections for an 8-stud starter for

 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES TN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 63

a 15 h.p 440 volt D

,
shunt motor, the armature drop on
full-load being 7 per cent of supply voltage, the current on
the first stud being limited to full-load value and the current
not to exceed 150 per cent of this on succeeding studs.
7 A direct-current, 500 volt series-wound motor, having a
resistance of 5 ohm, gave the following figures when tested
on load at the rated voltage

Revolutions pei minute 100 140

Cm icnt m amjieiei 40 50

If the motor is started from rest by moans of a variable

series resistance, calculate (a) the total resistance JR required
in the circuit of the armature if the current at starting is to
be 50 amperes, (&) the speed when the current has fallen to
40 amperes, the total resistance being kept conbtant at R
ohms, (c) the value of the resistance to be cut out at this speed
which will cause the current to increase to 50 amperes again
Sketch and describe a starter suitable for this.
('Land Umv 1925, Power ,
M )

8. It is required to supply a resistance of 50 ohms with eight

equal increments of current in successive steps, starting from

zero current. At the final step the resistance is to be on full-line
voltage. Intermediate stops are to be obtained by moving one
of its terminals to successive taps on another resistance of
200 ohms, connected permanently across the line voltage
Calculate the values of the sections into which the resistance
of 200 ohms must be divided.
(Land. Univ., 1926, El. Tech.)
9 Calculate a starter for a 10 b.h.p , 440 volt series crane
motor given the following data
Magnetization curve

AmpeieH
Polo ilux (mogalmes)

t current., 28 amperes,
Number of stops, 5 ttosiulu-nco of motor, 1 J ohm

10. Explain briefly the reason why a satisfactory starter for

a series motor ca,n be obtained with fewor studs than would
be required for a corresponding shunt motor. Assuming that
the magnetization curve is a straight line passing through the
64 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

origin, calculate the values of the resistance elements Cor tho

starter of a series motor from the following data
Voliago 500 volts
Maximum staiting ctiuent 100 ainpeies
Motor icbisl anec 5 olnn
Numbci of elements 5 (i e (S slutls)

(Land. Umv , 1923, El. MacJi )

II Show how to find the resistance bteps for the starter of

a series-wound direct curient motor A 40 b.h p 4.00 volt ,

series motor lias an efficiency of 88 and a resistance of

75 ohm Find the resistance steps for its starter if there aio
5 steps and the maximum current is to equal the full-load
current on each step The magnetization curve is as follows

Cuirent 425 51 60 2 78 5 07 5 .impetus

Mu\ 50 60 65 7

(Lond Unw , 1927, M Maoh.)

33. D.G. Shunt MotorsField Regulators
EXAMPLES 33
I Obtain the values of the resistances between stops on a
shunt-field regulator for the 460 volt D motor whose open-
circuit characteristic is given in the appended table, and
whose no-load speed has to be increased from 500 to 1000 r.p.m.
by 5 equal increments
Field ampeics 1 4 (i 8
Open-micmt volts 200 300 100 460 500

(AM 1 E E , Oct., 1924 )

2 A 230 volt D O shunt-wound motor whose magnetization

curve is given by the figures below, runs at no-load at 1200
rp m The resistance of the field magnet coils is 38 3 ohms.
JFmd what resistance must be placed in series with the field
magnet coils to increase the speed to 1100 r.p.m,. at no-load
Ampeies in magnet colls I 4 6
Flu's: per pole m megalin.cs U 08 102 1-15 121 121

(Lond Umv , 1923, FA, Tech )

3 an output of 300 kW
A shunt generator is required to give
at a terminal voltage, which, may be adjusted to any desired
value between the limits 210 to 230. The machine is als<
required to run on a 25 per cent overload tor 2 hours, the
terminal voltage being adjustable over the Bamo range.
The resistance of the field winding is 16 9 ohms at 20 0.
 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELEOTMOAL ENGINEERING 65

and the relation, between, the electromotive force and field

current at normal speed is as follows

Field uiueiit
Elect uimotivc' foreo

When the machine was running on a 25 per cent overload at

normal speed, and with a terminal voltage of 230, the field
current was 102 amperes
Find the resistance necessary in the field regulator on the
Assumption of a maximum temperature of 60C and show ,

liow the resistance steps should be graded to give equal incre-

ments of terminal voltage per step with the machine running
at the normal speed on no-load and at a tempoiature of 20 C
(Loiid Unw , 1925, El Much )

34. B.C. Machines Leading Dimensions

If D diameter of armature core in in or cm ,

L gross length of armature core in in 01 cm ,

W wattn output or input,

N speed in r p m.,
G output coefficient,
=
Wp*LN 7T*BrX/6Q x 10 8 where ,

gap flux density,

T ratio pole arc to pole pitch,
X specific ampere loading
TYPICAL DATA FOR MTTLTIPOLAE MACHINES

Itom Symbol English Metric

Output coefficient
from WIN =
100 42 x 10' 3 26 x 10-*
to WfN =
1000 48 x 10- 3 29 x 10' 4
to W/N =
5000 52 x lO" 3 32 x 10-*
Specific ampere loading . X 750 300
Flux density in teeth . Bt 135,000 20,000
hold core Bf 100,000 13,500
armature core Ba 80,000 11,000
yoke (cast steel) Bv 80,000 11,000
polo shoe Bs 60,000 10,000
airgap B 50,000 8000
yoke (cast iron) Bv 35,000 5000
Current density m sl6t copper 2600a 4a/sq mm.
Comtnutalor pilch, about 2 in. 7-10 mm
5 (5492)
(ill ('! \,ssll il,l h\ Ull'l t.s IN I'HIUTUH'U KNO1N ICKUllsu

Utttiu pull' tUC, polt> pld'U

CnmillUliUm voli pt'l J'llli , .1 III

Tulnl uni'Mt IH r lul iij> to

i it,ln>nt

IK ll.M. Ml..,, li; I !l.t Nl "'/." "/ /

M VUI "
,.
I'.dih
1 I

( IU n ill
.I
m o,
II
11 i
-<.
iS HI '/"/
III
/, /
I /
f
'
I

t,
'
I"'
'
1 ' '

iJHt'tvtU't'-i Tfn' l>tjn<tntii h\ II. iv kin (I'llm.m) f*W-

tuut<>\ (<tn'*<Ht MitthtiHb, l,\
S I' Smith (limn IIOH)
Mlcdnc Motur*, Yol I, > ' ! l!(tli.tr! (Piitti.ui) A'/"'"/'<" f "
r
'"o//

^njn 1>I l>i/iiuiin> Kln'tiK' Mr In IK ///, In, i\hl(s WiUkoi

,iuu) i, <Jn*'H ^' <'(
)
7V/ 1 I't i
fotntmin mid lii',njn <>j

Cinit iif illai'ltnii'ti, h\ Clfis

I, in \\lui< \\.n \Muid \(tiiiiii\t "(Kid \\ ,i

'

, tin) t i cui'ii'iil

m'lH'r.Uul- IVoni !i '.< nn <uil)Utc nuiiiiii" il I50UO t

jt tn ">
Wlatt
\\lial. you t'iin iulT to lie i tnlnll< di unili'i' .nu! !cii",Ui o
ion* lur tht't ilxiuunti,
. , .

(Hiinin a In i ,i|]ituuM it ton to ,ultt" iliini ttsion i

',1.
ln l t

of ),<',!',<(!'
>i i afo] li.uini .tuotttpttt ol HHHf k\\ ott lull-In u
i ,

a1 not) uilt-i. The tn.H'liuir \^ in ha\r m(<r|iol<', iml oj*rnt

'
Uil- 2u(i )
p.m. \vit In lie u> it, tl IS.l-l.S \, i"int'< r.ituic tt ->,

f i M.I /'' A'., Or/., I !;>;, )

C>, Oht mi a hi'Ni !i|)|ro\im.t( ioti (o tht {iMiiiiiv thnti usioii

o|n'j if in p m. an
1

of -I
po!<', 7.* K\\'. I >,( \ JA
( lu't'.iioi .it 7r>(! ,
i

(.IVIIJR *-* \ll v

i in (jit'ii ( it''ui1 . \ uiiH' 'iiut Mi'
. \alucs i<

the ait- K*'!' <l (< Jhit'V, ainpi'i'i' I'oixlu* <OIM JH f unit li m^li (

IH'i'iplicrj, He. ( t Mil- /:.. !//*/, |lai.)

1, Tin- iut|iui. >r an .ii'innt tin* ri pixrn h\
KW, n*i< I'.p.ui. </

AMhuinuiH si'HUit.aUlc \iihn 1

fiHhiM>uij>ul <'Ol1ifujji tf/)gi\
iliti Icatlnij,
1
;
tiuni'immti'i I'oi' t In* HI ninf ui'i' coi i* oi' u ."U!> \ (lt> D,<
M li\ttnn 5(1 kVV, nl i<H> c. pan.

5. Mnlu* the WH'i'HMat'j. cnSi'itlition'. in ouli-r to muvt 1.

jbppi'oxiinat.iou do tl* d'!*Hiti o| a UIO h.lup,, Tiillt \oH. I).

1

Ill'Hd

icvpoli' tuotoi' lo dcisclop it>> lull output (

'.jiccil of (it
".
pan, AMHUIIU* mn(uh(i \ilu fut llu\ nttd i{nHit i
t umut
tt'. ntid htat> 1U< %
wnikium tcnip^CiHui'i i-iw lo in- i'\fHH.iHL
1

(.i,, ii. /,/; A ., i///, iar.)

(5, Make liltt
1
nr (
-t'HHiU',v fairulntioi^t m orclt'i* to nrmt at t
l )Uintnt4oiiM of it tw bl, jn, -1
i>ol' !).
 CLASS! FIKD KXA.MPLISS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 67

shunt motor fitted with mtcrpoles and intended to operate

at 800 i 11 111. on a 500 volt supply
(.4 M.I Oct 1924 BE , , )

7 Designs are required for a lino of direct current. 4-pole

motors for the following outputs a,n.d speeds

Output Spi ods in icvolutions pu minute

hoist ]>o-\\ei iiUOO, 15(10, anil 1000

1500, 1000, .nut ()()()

150(1, 1000, mil 000

1500, 100(1, ,uid (>()()

Ki-oui the 1 olio warty table of output coehlcientis work out the
diameteis and core lenoths of the armatures of these machines

Uoisi i
town nii(|iu1 10 I', 20
7
If
ODU-i (10 Lit) 00169

"Wheu W dcnotis the output m

wails, J) the ili.unc'tor of the aiin.ituie, ind L
the net ( ore length in i ntniv tus, jy tin ie\olutioi^ pei uiuuite

(iowrf l/H';r , 1925, i'/ Much }

K A 30 b.h 4-pole hhunt niotoi litted with inter-

j) ,
1(50 volt,
polcs has heen desJi?ned to o]>era,to at 700 r p in Make
freehand sketches showing; tlio eonstriictional details and the
dimensions ol a coitmuitator buitable for this motor.
(A M1EE , April, 1024.)
0, l)(si!in and draw the ai mature of a compound-wound
DV gvnoratoi to run at a speed of 375 i.p m ,
and to comply
with the follcm mp, specification
Output 500 kW
Voltdfit' 2,")0
KetruLition The nmthme to bu ( onipoiimU'il irom 2 H) volts no load

to 250 volt-, lull-load

t 'oinmut.it ion Rp,irklusa at all loads without locking the blushes
Tempei.vtme ILSO Not to ex and 45"G by tliorinoiui-toi .iltoi IIOIWB'
iull-lonil run
Test -voltage to rulh 1500 volts foi 1 minute
The cHmmcy at full-load and halt-loud, taliulated fioni the no-load los^eb, to
1)1' ht.ltt d
(Loml U'itiv., 1021, El Hack]
10. Make the
necessary calculations order to arnve at a m
first appioximationto the debign ot the commutator and brush
Hear for a D.O. inter]K)]e generator having a.n outj)ut of 1000 kW
on full-load at 500 volts, 250 r p m. Afahume a bin-face tem-
perature rise of 50 () (A
5

I E E April, 1920 ) M ,
68 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ISNUINEJERING-

35. Batteries and Boosters

EXAMPLES 35
1 Give a- short account of essential matters in the main-
tenance o a large battery Explain the naturo of bulphating,
refer to the removal of deposit, the attention to be paid to
density, the protection of parts or fittings liable to corrosion,
the signs of good condition, and similar practical points
(C &
<7 Final, 1925 )
,

2 Describe the construction of the Edison alkali accumu-

lator, and give the chemical changes taking place during use
Compare and contrast it with the lead-acid cell undoi the
following heads (I) weight, (2) voltage, (3) charging pecu-
liarities, (4.) maintenance, (5) suitability Cor traction, (0) coat
for given watt-hour capacity
3 Describe any form of automatically reversible battery
booster, showing its connection in the circuit, and state clearly
now it functions, and how at is adjusted to so function at any
desired load conditions.
" end
4. Describe and compare the cell
"
and " reversible
" methods of
booster working a battery, assuming (a) normal
working conditions, and (b) a breakdown oi the converting
plant in the sub-station (A,M.I.K E OcL 102!5
, , )

5 A 55 cell, 420 ampere-hour lead battery costs 520 the ,

energy put into the battery costs 2d per kilowatt-hour ;

determine approximately the cost of the output energy per
kilowatt-hour, assuming that the battery plates will last for
800 cycles of charge and discharge, and that the watt-hour
efficiency is 70 per cent. Give your own figures for proper
maintenance costs, and fetate briefly your views as to the actual
useful Me of lead cells. (A.M I E,T<] , Oei., 1925.)
 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
VOL. I

EXAMPLES 1

1. 0168 ohms 3 357 ohms 3. 49 8 yd

" 4. 8 59 mictohrns/
cm '
5. 1377 cm 6. I 1 microhmb/m
3

EXAMPLES 2
1. 8 ohms 3. 200 volts 168 kW , 114 volts 3 2166
ohms. 4 1,4 , 09 amps 5 9 4% ,
9 35 % 6. 25 ,
8 34 ,

4-16 and 25 ohms, 625, 250, 5625 and 1000 watts

7. 0-00634 ohms ,
4 OG kW r ,

EXAMPLES 3
1. 1 kW ,
2d 2 70 % ,
85 1 kWh 3. 3 l)6d and 6 4d.
4. 1,2133, 403 % 5 251

EXAMPLES 4
1. Copper, 0-532 f,q in 28 9 tons Aluiniimim, 0-852 sq in ; ,

14 2 tons 2. (a) 24-3 voltt, (b) 2 3 (c) 2 06 tons ,

kW ,

3 751 miles 4. 548-9 volts, 1-11 tons 5 064 ohms

6. 491 volte , 7 kW
2 42 tons Use 37/ 103, i e 3 sq
,
cable. m
EXAMPLES 5
1 9 ,05, 04 amp , <j
45 mho 2. 542 mho ,
5 42
amp,, 325 %
*-"*--
3,
/J
4441 volts, 14R 7 and 1241
98, 733,
wattf -)tal, 4441) 4. 8825
volts, 39, 26, 19-5,
a,nd . . .100 watts), 5. 0-937 amp , 28 4 watts.
19 ohms , 9 ohrns 7. 15 88 volls 1304 amp,, 10(52 watts.
,

8 W ~ VI - V"iE V*G, whence (7 = Wf V" =- 500/2500

- mhos Individual
2 = 0-0660 and 1/25 = 0-02, <?'B are 1/15
totalling 0-lObO Thus the thud conductance JH 02-0-1066
0-0933, correHpondmg to a resistance of 10 7 ohms, Aw^ Ahter,
t-otal current = 500/50 10 tunp Uuirout tlnoticfli l*fohms =-
3-^
ntnp thronch 25 ohms
,
-=- 2
ainj) , (otalling 5-$Z amp leaving a ,

balance of 4j|$ amp winch will bo panned by SO/fr^S ,1|>3 ohms.

**'
EXAMPLES
1. (a) 0-48 amp. , (b) 54 amp. 2. (a) 2 24 and 7 watte ,

(5) 0-466 and 583 wattH. Two || groups, of ? each give 0-81 watts
output. 3. (a) 3 paiallel groups of 2 rolls each connected to 2

parallel groups of 2 resistances oacli gives 362 amp and 706 watts
60
 70 C'LVHSIJJlISn EXAMPLES JN KLROTRIO-VL ENUi N KKIUNU

(6) all colls and

icsisUuii c-. in p.uallol gives <H>7 ,vmp and
output ,

0-6 watts output 4. I'M, (>')(> und 72 amp 5 ;$ s<j xo ^ s

6. 2 parallel groups of 3 m MM tes <vivos 7 amp 7. (u) 2 1,3
amp 1

.(6) 3 07 amp (<

2 pamllol tfioups ot
, )
i WH'IOH p;i\i>s 1,'J am
amp (>
\

KXAMPLHN 7
- 282 ad - 31 8 be
1. n/> 2:5 , cd
, 37 /></ 052 anm
, ,

2. ab I MH = 0-80> ?' - 0-019

,
r
r>h< <;<,<) ._
, , , M ^
= 440 , cc - 0-858 nmp 3. 6 -- 6< f> n <t ~ o 7 6S . > , ,

dc = 735 (ic, =. 32 ,
r fi tie 03 amp , 4 015 amp' ,

5. 12 amp diaohnttfo horn I 10 volts .50 amp har^o lluougli , I <

100 volts total IS 4 amp tiom inunih

,
6. ()2()(>

EXAM PLUS K
1. 13 6 t ohms (appiov )
2. 7-17" U
3. 50 = J? {1 + 15a) 50 10 1 4- 15 .

wh
55-2?ov(l + *) <JT> Fl I <^a
+ 10 ta
henc-o 10 ---11 + l(55a
1
10 <a 1 -1- Ki.la 01 /!a -I | I<),r>a or / -
+ K> 5 a
t =- 23 1 + i(i-5 3!)-')" r /Ins

By tho appioxuuato method, fit)

-
50 (1 ~\ /'a) whom t,' <nw of
temperature Thus 5 -- 50 /', whonco /' 'J'i i and imal ttimpem-
ture = 15 + nso 15 + 23-1 -- 3H O
1
I

4. 47 C 5 0-00208 6. .535 (1

MX AM PL KM .)

102 dynes or hnfrt per nq cm 201 8, '251 4 <) 42

8.084cm 6.0158 7. 107 amp I 8. ll^Kmns 9. 720 dyne*.

I'JXAMPLKH 10
1.00 2((t)KW, (500; 4-41; (ft) 2-fl amp. 3. I.13JJ.
-
4. Fluxdonnity 120,000/8. KOI ium, // 120,000/8 , 1,200
IOU/H
- 10 10() > y lTC
'
750 (nnuUl puHMutt iron miss-
9 1 for iron. '-
"
_

ITC 8 UIK is no^lff'tod)

u r* 1() x- 120,000 >
0-3 ., ,
/fornir
(

S ~ 3,5KO Total
,

1330 . Ann.
'In x 8
5, 5,880 amp.-UtmH For Oartor'H ( 'oof., MOO /tf^r// a nf IFnrW, vol. 38,
1901, p 884. Alno Continuous dwtnit Mtti'fnmi, hv S. P Smith *

(Benn), p. 53. 6. (^5,325, (A) 2,Il>l. 7. -l.-KH).

8. Flux 8 10 18 20 2'2 I!)
1
lines M
Amperes- fi-2 B-48 <)-2(i 11-21 18-01) 25-72
9, 2-77 amp
 ANSWERS TO QUESTION'S 71

EXAMPLES 11
1. Q = 1504 I 2 (a) 06061 mogalmes , (b) I 118
3 Gap 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25
Flux 1,270 1,080 988 894 819 687 494 273 127 56
4. B= 14,286, jM
=
1,138 5 (a) 3,400, (6) 1 , (c) 000182
EXAMPLES 12
1. 00203 henry 2, 1882 micro-hem ys 3. 0-16 henry
4. 0-1627, 0-478 and 0278 homy 5. 120 henry ,

EXAMPLES 13
1. 64 sq cm (each polo) 3. 2 42 arnp 3. 152 Ib.
4 4,710 Ib , 10G5 joules
_ 2
n
B ~a ^ 2(l>
2
"
*= 34 whenC
x 10' ^'
5' kg '
2-47 2 47 X 10' X a
(J) = 324 megalmos Ant, (a) , (b) about 3 cm
6. 1,514. 7 892 Ib.
EXAMPLES 14
8. 0-00126 , 00137 , 00136

EXAMPLES 15
1 565 sq cm of plats 2 1418 /.t/cF
3. 4 x IQ' 10 coulombs 4 x 3 X 10" 1 c g s units 1-2 = a
1

47T0 4rcl 2 _
Flux density
i ,
= ^-
,

4 57 hnes/sq
,
.

cm Ans
.

Voltage = F x d = 4 57 x 02 = 0-0914 c g s 27- volts

= 0914 x 300 = 27-42 piactical volts Ant,

Working in piactical units, and per sq cm of condenser, wo have

foi the capacity
10
~ s X 10 _,
~~
4urf mt 9
/
4ud x 9 "
12
rr q = 4 X 10-" X 4raZ X 9 X 10
(7ForF-/ ; &>< 1Q
4 X 10- X 4* X 02 X 9 X 10"
^ = }
3-3 X 10

4. C per cm. length -=

2x23 ^ lQgioll
_ 10
~
TW*
4,
X '

4 6 X 0414
~ 23 4/i/{ F. per cmlength or 2340 ^t F per metro Ana,
2340 X 20,000
CV =
,

P inn
=468 ,,,
micro -coulombs,
,
/uw
,

5. 00000 /*F 6 730 /F. 7. 0-0002256 and 0-000271 joules ,

2682 and 1610 volts/cm.

 72 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTKICAL ENGINE EBXNG

EXAMPLES 16
1. 30,400 coulombs, 845 amp 3. 508 amp. 3. 0001118.
4. 120 watts , 17,280 calories 5. 1 8% slow 6. 23 74 hr.
7. Copper 1/2 , chlorine 1/1

EXAMPLES 17
1. 9 20 398 ft -candles
3. Feet 4 8 12 16 20 24
Him. 025 0236 02 016 0119 00885 0655 ft -cells

4. Short side, 14-58 long side, 14 1 , centre of root , 15-32 fb.-cdls,

,

5 18 26 6. 15 95 874 7. 45 1 46-9 8. 3-78 ft

,
595 mils. , ,

10 0-264 ft -cdls 11. 32ft-cdlH IS. (a) 19<)0d (6) 51-7d , ,

(c) 46 9d 13. J inversely proportional to cos 3 14. 124, 0014;

0-296 16. (2) 1, (3) 7 ft -cdls 17. d = I 58 mil Z
- 2-53 ft. ,

18. Volts 4% up, c p 19 2% above normal volts 4% down, c p ,

16 75% below normal 10. 2 54 c p.

EXAMPLES 18
1. (a) 10 64 kW.
Uncovered, covered, 8-7 , kW , (6) 69-5% ,

(c) 85% 3-175 hr (6) 16 88d.

2. (a) 3. 4 , kW 4. 3-4 mm
5. 23 7 6. 56 C per mm
7. 0-41. 8, 54 mm 9. 36%.
10. 15 26 ohms 528d 11. 47 2 amp, 12. 90 gnu 13. 85
and 091 14. (a) 74-4 ohms, (b) 0-1085 unita

EXAMPLES 19
20% overload
2 3 023 C per sec 4. 03 5 (J 94 hr ,
I

16 12C (Curve is very poor, results very vanablo )

See Fig 2, page 30, for graphical solution
5. By calculation,
we have, using the 1 and 2 hr figures-
-I I
292 = 0^(1-6 T) = Of (\~y) whwo y
- c '/'

442 = 0f(l-e~?) = / (l-y

a
)

By division of second by first, we have

44 2 --
- 1 + y, whence y - 15/29 2 and e'/'
1 *><")'>
'
~- -
1 946
55-5
^y & 5
y 1

whence -,
==
log, 1 946 - 2 3 log w 1-94C or T 1-5 hr. Am,
29 2 29 2 29-2 29-2 a
= =
r^ - r lf/
* ,
--
Also 6 f - - . 00- C An.
_ , M>2
I - e T J
gjjfg
For temperature at end of 1 hr. run, wo have (the time constant
being the same)

6. (i) 21 = 1-45 hr (li) t = 1-38 hr. 83 mm. 7. JP =20 hr.

fl
r
= 65 C. for 1
,

hr run = 21-7 C 8. T ~ 120 mm., Qf 05 C.

 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 73
EXAMPLES 20
1. 89-6, 90 9, 91 0, 90 6 %, 91 k\V 2. 87 95 %.
4. Field loss 230 X 1-25 = 287 5 wattH =
" " =
Constant light losses == 227-5 x 3 4 773 6 watts
10 X 746
If rj
YI
= efficiency, then full-load current
c = -
*soO X Y
Copper losses at full-load Pra
a
2 2
_ / 7460
t60 \ 5 _ 746
~ ~
X j>_ "
~
TJ ) 80 23 a
23" x 4* x
output 746 X 10
nC 1]
'

output + losses 7460 + 287 5 + 773-6 + 746^

02V
74ga
whence 2
+ - =-
8521?j 7460r/

+ 00796 =
}]
^ -875 V.875--4 X 008
Z
= -875
2
856
^ ^^^^
This method involves the solving of an awkward quadratic A
simpler method is to assume 77 = 85, find full-load copper losses,.
thence total losses, input and efficiency Now go back and insert
this value for ?; instead of the assumed 0-85, and obtain a more
correct value as a result Extending this method ad injimtum, the-
coirect efficiency will be obtained In general, only one such correct-
ing process is necessary
6. 24 7 amp (brush-drop introduces a complication) 7. 88-6%.

EXAMPLES 21
1. (a) 13-3 , (6) 90-4% 2. 89%
,, ,
. 181b X 1 5fl x STT Y 1440 X 740 ..

EXAMPLES 22
1. The throo running-down curves aio drawn as N against t, and
tangents are drawn at N = 1000, whence values for dN/dt are
found for this speed
000 _ dft) 27T (IN
Now
vr x innri
at 1000 r.p
* m., ca = J
------ X 2rc and ,
-y- =-
---
-j~
dt 00 cfi
74 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-

_ da>
= -1000 X 4TC 2 dN 100 _ dxV
Thus W Ico -7-
di
f
faO-
X -7-
CM 9
I
dt

From, the curves, wo have foi dN/dt the three cases (a) un- m
excited =(b) 38 ,
66 , and (c) excited and loaded = 95 4.
excited -
Hence W=
(a) 422 I, (b) 733 I, and (c) 1060 I
Now the added load in ca.se (c) is 1-8 amp x 178 volts 320 watts.
Thus 1060 1-733 I 327 I =
320 watts, whence I = 0-98 =
2
kg -mt
Nowfriction loss loss in (a) = = 422 J =
423 watts, and core
loss =
loss in (b) - loss (a) 311 m I =
304 watts
2
Energy of rotation I Ico

98 X 1000 2 X 4TT 2
= = 555 kg - mtS<
2 x 81 X 60*
2. I = 225 kg -mts 180,000 kg -mt& 3. 67 5 kW.
-, E -==

4. (a) 1-5 kW
(b) I 53
v 10 5 kg -mts 2
, 5. 74 4% (dynamo
iron and friction losses included with the motor losses)

EXAMPLES 23
5. 1 222 grm -cm
EXAMPLES 24
1. (a)5255bhp (b) 182 amp ,
3 57 1 amp 3. 110-5 amp.
4. 383 amp 5. 563 amp 6. At etf of 85%, 85 2 amp 50 h.p
,

7 584hp 8 Motor eff =85%, pump off =70%, 22 2 kW.

9. (a) 100 hp , (6) 70% 85% Units per
, (<,) ton = 85.
10. At gear eff of 60% and motor off of 85%, current 19 amp
EXAMPLES 25
1. Lap 1^_ ^3^ 6^
24 26 28

Wave 1 47 f
)3 139 185
^~24 70 116 162 22.

3. Conductors 484, 6 pei slot in 81 slotb, 2 idle conductors Wind-

ing wavo, with pitch of 81 Slots about -725 X 1-25 in m
4. Try 'Conductors 65 A, 16 per slot 41 slots, 2 idle conductors m
Winding pitch, 163 commutator segments, 164 i.e two turns
, ,

per coil
5. 466 conductors, wave wound, 12 per Riot, 2 idle Table
F. B F B B\
1 118 235 352
3 120 237 354
5 122 239 356

6. Conductors, 720, pitches, 121 and 119, bogmonfcs, 360.

7. A/B 1 676/1 B iron loss greater. ,
8. Slots about 19 X 48
mm with conductors about 16 X 4 mm.
 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
EXAMPLES 20
1 () 218 (220 will not suit a wave winding) (b) 880 ,

2. 1005 3 40,600 lines per Hq in 5 S3 4 x 10' Imes/sq m

6 600 r p m690 , kW
EXAMPLES 27
1 26-7 Ib -ft S. (a) 61 6 Ib -ft , (6) 82 Ib 3. 21 bh p
= - 20 x 74fi
4. Output watte 20 X 746 Input watts

Full-load current

E X 10 s
-Q^*-
E
x 60
77 3 amp
RPM x 10 a
flux in megalmes)
<1> M X IS

Input RI RPM OO/i' T- Total h p

imps drop \llll4 10 11110=5 N ~N 1174MT,c
Ib 11 -=sr,,/7i<)

20 44 2.286 10'? 1205 11 13 2(5 18 60

40 88 221 2 1 07 730 L8 02 8874 1184
60 132 2168 208 580 22 12 158 8 17 15
773 170 2U 236 502 25 r l > 231 S 22 00
80 17 d 2J24 104 25 82 2432 22 SO

5. Per cent full load 25 50 75 100 125

RPM 1482 1466 1449 1431 1413

6. 210 r p in (change of armatmo resistance neglected) '? 6 36

ohms 8 1159 r p m 9 1885 mph , 89 mph , 51/21
10.4275 amps, (a) 83-31 11. 832 Ib -ft
amp , (6) 3<M2a
IS Assuming equal drops and flux proportional to field current,
T =
38 7 amp and 772 r p N= m
13. 4 85%, allowing 2 voll
brush drop assuming (a) straight line magneti/ation cxirve in
,

neighbourhood of full-load, (6) no aimatme demngnelmng

reaction and (r) no temperature change effects upon resistances
14. (a) 917-7 r.pm, 772 Ib -ft. , (6) 7403 174-2 Ib -ft rpm,
15. 807 ohms, 1130 watts 16. (ft) 2 4C7 ohms , (b) 420 r p m
17. (a) 16IO rpra. , (b) 19. 163-2 375% -4 watt ipm ,

SO. 774rp.m
EXAMPLES 28
1. 5-0% 3. 730 volts
2. Load amps 0, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100
Teim volts 454, 420,387, 343, 295, 220, 120, 70, 43, 23, 8
4. Load amp 0, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 050, 050, 000, 500,
Term, volta: 014, 575, 538, 491, 449, 392, 310, 241, 200, 139, 91 ,

Loads amp (mntd ) 400, 300, 200, 100

Terms volts (conttl ) 62, 39, 25, II.
6. 108 2 volta 6, Five turns, i e. 2300 amp, -turns
 76 CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES IN ELECTRICAL ENGIN

EXAMPLES 29
4 (a) 23 6 amp and 36 4 amp at 236 3 volts , (6) 5-3
14 67 amp at 262 38 volts

EXAMPLES 30
1. d = 05" 2. Depth =071" 3. Assuming oven
of 10", Z = 1-216 amp # = 3700, and d
, 044" = 4.
5 Maximum possible d = 0427" 6. Three layoii? ot 32
5" X 13" bare or about -525" X 155" insulated 7.
J = 2 amp d = 06" covered , 8. Approximate cuin
= 091 amp No of turns = 5000/0 91 = 5500 Bes
coil =
110/0 !>1 = 121 ohms Resistance of a mean turn.
or 110/5000 = r m For a rise of 40 C the final tempi ,

be about 55 C and the specific resistivity at this t

,

will be 67 (1 + 55 x 004) = 0-67 y I 22 = 817 mi

in. cxibe

If l
m = length of a mean turn, _ ) ,

d m f= mean diameter o{ coil, m

}
m
a = net cioss-scetion of conductor, all inch moasi

mi
Then rm - = m whence a
,
.
= ..
.,_
117
1()tio

Assuming that this conductoi, when covoied, will lu

mcroafted by about 20%, i e = 14 d m 10~ J With a spj
0-785, the winding space becomes
5500 X 0-14 dm 10-' _
" ~ JS d
785
But winding space 6-75"), and by oquatmj
also =- 7" (d -
we obtain dm 7 85", and net a = 000914, or diam<
1

= 034" Hence use 21 S G. Overall diameter of W

about 9" 9. 4 turns per, coil 10. Suggest I/ 036,
12. 57,500 amp -turns 13, (a) 0-172 cm ; (6) 2204 turn
ohms, (d) 2- 95 amp 14. 45,900 15. W(iO 16. 5
turns , 235 nq cm
EX AMPLE S Si
9200 2 Time for commutation =. T =- time to
1.
brush width If S number of commutator
r.p s then time to travel one comimitt "i
J
,

b -- number of commutator sogmeiits i

T b/tin Fiecnierit'V ot commutation -= j i/i!'/'

-----

is the coeiTifient of Belt -induction

per cod and i a
-
a,i ma
per be commutaLed, then reactance voltugo - K
coil to
t

___
2jS* -
__
55 x 11-67
- - ~
X 0-000153
-
-
x 27
^477 v<
2b lt yj~

3. 9-95 x 10 4 hnos 6. 10 per polo.

 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 77

EXAMPLES 32
1. 5 88 , 45, 3-44 , 2-63 , 201, 1 54 , 1 18 , 09, 07, 53 ,

04,03 2. Using 7=06, I = 60, JR's = 1 46 ,

88 , 53 ,

31 , 19 , Oil, 07 , 04 , 02 , 017 3. 10 steps ,15,

1 05 ,
73 ,
52 36 , 25 17 , 12 08 ,075 4. 0-27 , , , ,

02, 15 , Oil, 085 5 5 logs, 1 cm wide, spaced 3-1 cm

apart 6. 4 86 5 24
,
2 44 1 13
, 53 246 ,114 Total, , ,

14 56 oil ma 7. (a) 10 ohms (6) 33 3 r p in (c) 2 26 ohms

, For ,

materials tor resistance elements, see Electrical Engineer*' Data

BaoLs, Vol TI (Benn) 8.8333, 4167, 25, 1667, 1192,
8 91 6 95
, 5-55 ohms , 9. R 1 = 15 71 r t = 3 99 , r,, = 3 37 , ,

r, -= 2 86 ? 4 -= 2 42
, r-a = 2 06 10. Equal steps ot "0 9 ohms
,

each 11. 1 07 0-91 77 65 , 55 , total with motor,

, , ,

4 7 ohms
EXAMPLES 33
1. Field alone =460/6 amp = 76 66 ohms
At 600 r p m 460 x 5/6 = 383-3, , for which I , = 3 6, Jt =460/3 (3 =- 1 28
At 700 460 X 5/7 =328 5 , =24, If - 460/2 4 = 192
At 800 460x5/8=2875, =460/1 8 = 255 =1 8, It
At 900 460x5/9=2555, 5, R =4 60/1 -5 = 306 =1
At 1000 460x5/10=230,
,
=-1 3, B = 460/1 3 = 354
Honeo resistance units = 51-34 ,
6J 63 ,
51 and 48 ohms
, ,

2. 31-1 ohma 3. 6 8 ohms of which 4 Ico will be subdivided

EXAMPLES 35
5 About 3\d per unit

LIBRARY )z
o

3317

PKINTHD IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATK

B8 (5402)
 FROM THE NAME PUBLISHERS
Electric Lighting and Power Distribution
By VV I CRI N MAVcoctv, M
J K h 1

An KleinenUuy Maim il ol Fleitm.d student

1

ngiiu'enn^ I lui
\a,nun, ilions ol the ily and t.mlds of Londoi
pieparuig foi Hie
(
l<

Institute and simil.u e\annn. it urns Ninth lulilion, thoumghb

lexisedbyC H ^AMAN, l>utonh I /utinul Lngntcir, ^tokc-on- Innt
In ciown B\o
575 Pi* Wlt]l *t()7 ilhislialums 10s. (>u. net
Vol. I,
VoL 11, 611 pl> wiUi 249 illustialioiis
,
1 0s. (><1. m-t

Electric Wiring, Fittings, Switches and Lamps

"

By "W RUIN IVKvcoctc, M

I 'i-
K 1 I
1

A piattu.il book fin dot 1 lie li^i I'liginct-is ,intl cotituutcns, consult
-, win men, and students
cnginetis, aulnltits, buildti
1

in."
lia ciown Hvo, with 28 illuslt.it ions CvlU pp. Os. (id. ,
I iu>( Sixtl
I'nu Ki 1\I Si IV! 1 h I-
Edition, Revised by ir Mi', ,

Art and Graft of Gable Jointing

By C Ci WA'ISON, M K K I
1

Abook Ini in.uns (nf-ineei-- I . 'students

CoNUiNis Lnhocliictoi v '
'
' 1( l l'<ninle Jomts-
(

Biaul Joints and Luxp.insiou il

!
I '1 he Slee\e~- Jomtin,
a Thiee-coie Cable Appendix lnde\ 1

In ciown Bvr>, with 9U di.ijj;iaius and

l)
tables <s. iuL,

Elements of Direct Current Electrical Engineering

By H K 'IKLWMAN, M A ,( liuf Iu\triuh>r in tht
r
I lit trued f'li^ninr
nig Department <>/ tin Rovtit Ordntuxc I
ollegi ,
\\ <>i>lhH(/i , v uul (' I-
1

CoNDUt'i'E, H Sc , of tin AYvrtX// [)t'/>tt,itiut'itt, Roval Ovihiunn Collcgt

\Voolwich
This book has bc'in wutten with (he leqnnenu'iits ol lust and secom
in view. At the end of eat,
yeai students of electuc.il eiigiiKH'nnp,
of examples to be woiked tiy the student
diapte: arc- given a mimbei
This book is suitable not only lot use as n lass textbook, but also fo <

pnvato study r
In ciown Svo, doth gilt, I 16 ilhibtintion.s H. net

Practical D.G. Armature Winding

By JL WOIUSON, 1'orunMi of tin Ji'iiuttttrt' tt unitug Dcfiartmnit
J\Jet>i>yi, Unite, P((iilt"> tf> ( o

Intended foi LIic appuntue and nnpiovei engaged in nniutitr

winding and icp.in woik, also of gteat vnlue to thobe mtexesfced i
the design ol elu li ical in.u luneiy
In ciown 8vo, 240 pp with 8 eoiouml plates and many line thawing
,

and photogiapliH 78. Oil* net,

LONDON Sm IS.AAC I'HMAN & SONS, LID., PAUKMI ST., KING.SWAV, W.C
 FROM THE SAME PUBLISHERS
^ury-Arc Rectifiers and Mercury -Vapour
amps
J A
I'LEMING, MA, D Sc FKb, Umveisity , Profei>i>ov of
cal hngniefrnig w the Unwet s?(y of London
ptescnl book the lust on this subject, and in it Di Fleming
is
<un accomplished the diiiicult lent ot explaining abstiact theoi-
pi mcipies in an exceeding" and combining
' '

his the most up-to-date A on the subject

wei station engmeei, lailway engmeci, consultant, 01 scientific
-
can alloul to disiegaid this impoitant tontiibution to technical
are
town 8vo, 108 pp , with 44 illnstiations 6s. net

Electrolytic Rectifier
1ST A lHi I>RUYNIi
ieful survey of piesenL-day theory and piacbce Foi clectucal
eis, physicists, and wnclcss amatcms, Explains how to make
.e a lertiliei ioi cliaigmg accumulalois fiom alternating cuiient
mains
trown 8vo, 82 pp ,
with 23 illusti aliens 3s. 0(1. net

taker's Arithmetic of Electrical Engineering

aimns 81 Worked Examples and 37f> Exercises.
"
n 1
teclimcal students and engmecis This bool i

>nipamon volume to the works on Electuca

pe that it may piove a valuable aid to the
line the abilitv to calculate quickly and accurately The plan
cl in this book is fust to give the fundamental quantitative

nslnps and laws, and then numeious worked-out examples illus-

the puuci}>les of the subject Tn addition, there are added 300
les foi the student to woik himself
rown 8vo, 212 pp with numeious illusti ations
, 8s. 6(1. net
Edition, Revised and Enlaiged

emetic of Alternating Currents

E 11 CRAPWUI, M 1 E E Lecturer in Eleilvicnl , Engineering
University of ^hef/icld l oi engmeeis and students
r
on-
WorkedI'Xainplos and Exercises. This book is a companion
" "
j to Whittaker's Anlhmetio of Electucal Tuigmeeimg (qv )
*" ' 1V
'yphase Cut rents To make
'

xlbook?
~>k as us mattei has been included in
hat the jed intelligently
own 8vo, 208 pp , with 45 illustiations 4s. 6d. net

r SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LID ,

PARKLR Sr , KINGSWAY, W,C2
 AN ABRIDGED LIST OF
TECHNICAL BOOKS
PUBLISHED BY

Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons,Ltd.

PARKER STREET, EINGSWAY
LONDON, WC2
The prices given tipply only to Great Bntam

A. complete Catalogue giving full details of tho following

books will bo sent post iroo on application

ALL PRICES ARE NET

s d.
\BRASIVE MATERIALS, THE MANUFACTURE AND
USE OF A B Searle
AC PRO rBcxivE SYSTEMS AND GEAR J
. . .26
,

and C W
Marshall
ACCUMULATOR CHARGING S Ibbetson W
. ..26
Henderson

3 6
ACCUMULATORS, MANAGEMENT OF Sir D. Salomons 7 6
AERONAUTICS, ELEMENTARY. A, P. Thurston . 8 6
AEROPLANE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF A W Judge . 7 6
AEROPLANE STRUCTURAL DESIGN T
and J D. Frier ...
AIRCRAFT AND AUTOMOBILE MATERIALS FERROUS
H
.
Jones
21

A W Judge . . 25
AIRCRAFT AND AUTOMOBILE MATERIALS NON-
FERROUS AND ORGANIC A Judge W . 25
AIRSHIP, THE RIGID E. H Lewitt . . 30
ALCOHOL, INDUSTRIAL AND POWFK R C Farmer 2 6
ALTERNATING CURRENT BRIDGE METHODS OF
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT B Hague . . 15
ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT, THE P Kemp 2 6
ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINERY, DESIGN OF
J R Barr and R D Aichibald . . . 30
ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINERY, PAPERS ON
THE DESIGN OF. C. C Hawkins, S P Smith, and
S Neville 21
ALTERNATION o CURRENTS, THEORY AND PRACTICE
OF AT
Dover . , . , . . 18
B7 11
ALTERNATING CURRENT WORK W
Perren May cock 10 B
ARCHITECTURAL HYGIENE B F and H P Fletcher 10 6
ARITHMETIC OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS E H.
Crapper 4 6
ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Whit-
taker's . 3 6
ARITHMETIC OF TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY
T E Herbeit and R G de Wardt 5
ARMATURE WINDING, PRACTICAL DIRECT CURRENT
L Wollison 7 6
ARTIFICIAL SILK AND ITS MANUFACTURE J
Foltzer Translated by T Woodhouse .21
ARTIFICIAL SILK ITS MANUFACTURE AND USES
T Woodhouse 50
AUTOMOBILE AND AIRCRAFT ENGINES A W
Judge 30
BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS, HANDBOOK OF A W
Macaulay . 12 6
BAUDOT PRINTING TELEGRAPH SYSTEM H W
Pendry . 60
BELTS FOR POWER AND TRANSMISSION G W
Dunkley a 26
BIOLOGY, AN INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL
Walker .

BLASTING WITH HIGH EXPLOSIVES

N
W
G Boulton
.50 5

B J Hall
BLUE PRINT READING
...
BLUE PRINTING AND MODERN PLAN COPYING

J Brahdy
60
10 6
BOILER INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE R
Clayton . 26
BOOKBINDING AND THE CARE OF BOOKS D
Cockerell . 10 6
BOOKBINDING CRAFT AND INDUSTRY T Harrison 3
BREWING AND MALTING J Ross Mackenzie 8 6
CABINET MAKING, ART AND CRAFT OF D Dennmg 7 6
CABLE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS OF THE
WORLD, THE F J Brown . 7 6
CABLE JOINTING, THE ART AND CRAFI OF C G
Watson . 6
CALCULUS FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS J Stoney 3 6
CAMERA LENSES A W. Lockett . .26
CAPSTAN AND AUTOMATIC LATHES P Gates 2 6
CARBURETTOR HANDBOOK E W
Knott . . 10 6
CARPENTRY AND JOINERY. B F and H P
Fletcher , . 10 6
CENTRAL STATIONS, MODERN C W Marshall . 2 6
CERAMIC INDUSTRIES POCKET BOOK A B Searle 8 6
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, INTRODUCTION TO A F
Allen . . 10 6
CHEMISTRY, A FIRST BOOK OF A Coulthard 3
.50
.

CLUTCHES, FRICTION R Warmg-Brown .

COAL CARBONIZATION Roberts 25

OFF
.
f

COAL CUTTING MACHINERY Eagar t 2 6

COLLIERY ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING G M
Harvey 15
COLOUR IN WOVEN DESIGN R Beaumont . 21
COMPRESSED AIR POWER A and W Z W
Daw . . 21
CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE W Noble
Twelve trees . . . 3 <

CONDENSING PLANT I V Robinson and R f

Kaula . .

CONTINUOUS CURRENT ARMATURE WINDING. F M

30 ...
Denton ...
CONTINUOUS CURRENT DYNAMO DESIGN, ELEMEN-
. 26
TARY PRINCIPLES OF H M Hobart 10 . 6
CONTINUOUS CURRENT MACHINES, TESTING 01-
C F Smith 2 6
CONTINUOUS CURRENT MOTORS AND CONTROL
APPARATUS. W
Peiren Haycock 7 , 6
COSTING ORGANIZATION FOR ENGINEERS E W
Workman . . 36
COTTON-SPINNERS' POCKET BOOK J F Innes 3 6
COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY Win Scott Taggart 2 6
CRYSTAL AND ONE VALVE CIRCUIT. SUCCESSFUL.fa,

J H Wafckins 3 6
DETAIL DESIGN OF MARINE SCREW PROPELLERS
D. H. Jackson .

DIESEL ENGINES, MARINE LOCOMOIIVK STA-

6 ...
TIONARY D. L Jones ~1
DIESEL ENGINE, THE A Ortou
.

. . .26
R M. Archer ...
DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMO AND MOTOR FAULTS
. 76
Barr .... ...
DIRECT CURRENT ELECIRICAL ENGINEERING J. R

DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, THE

15

H F Trtwman and G E
ELEMENTS OF
Condhffe . .

DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES, PERFORMANCE AND

..50
DESIGN OF A E Clayton 16
DRAWING AND DESIGNING C, G. Leland
.

. .36
.

DRAWING, MANUAL INSTRUCTION S Barter 4 .

DRAWING OFFICE Pu API ICE H P. Waid 7 . 6

 s. d
DRESS, BLOUSE, AND COSTUME CLOTHS, DESIGN
AND FABRIC MANUFACTURE OF R Beaumont 42 ,

DROP FORGING AND DROP STAMPING H Hayes. 2 6

DYES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO TEXTILE
FABRICS. A ]. Hall
A E Bottone
. .30
DYNAMO, How TO MANAGE THE 2
DYNAMO ITS THEORY, DESIGN, AND MANUFACTURE,
THE C C Hawkins Vol I . 21
Vol II . 15
Vol. Ill . . 30
ELECTRIC BELLS S R Bottone 3 6
W
.

ELECTRIC CABLES F. Mam 2 6

Perren ...
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY AND CALCULATIONS
W May cock 10 6

Chilton
ELECTRIC FURNACE, THE
...
ELELTRIC CRANES AND HAULING MACHINES

F J Moffett
.
F. E.
.26
. 2 6
ELECTRIC GUIDES, HAWKINS' 10 volumes, each 5
ELECTRIC HEATING, INDUSTRIAL J Beau- W
champ
ELECTRIC LAMP INDUSTRY
.

G A Percival
. .26
. 3 o
ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND POWER DISTRIBUTION
W
Vol I
Vol II .
Perren Maycock .

ELECTRIC LIGHTING IN FACTORIES. L Gaster

10
10
.

... . . 6
6
6
ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING, PRACTICAL. F C
Allsop .

ELECTRIC MINING MACHINERY S F Walker

. .76
15
ET ECTRIC
Dover ...
MOTORS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS A T,
ELECTRIC MOTORS DIRECT CURRENT H
.

M
15

Hobart . . 15
ELECTRIC MOTORS POLYPHASE. H M Hobart 15
ELECTRIC MOTORS, A SMALL BOOK ON. C C. AND
A.C. W. Perren Maycock
ELECTRIC MOTORS, SMALL E T Painton
... . .26
60
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS W. T Taylor . 2 6
ELECTRIC TRACTION A T Dover . . 21
ELECTRIC WIRING, FITTINGS, SWITCHES, AND LAMPS.
W Perren Maycock . . . . 10 6
W
.

ELECTRIC WIRING DIAGRAMS Pen en. Maycock 5

ELECTRIC WIRING TABLES W. Perren Maycock . 3 6
ELECTRICAL CONDENSERS. P. R. Coursey . . 37 6
ELECTRICAL EDUCATOR, Pi MAN'S } A Fleming i

2 Vols . 63
ELECIRICAL ENGINEERING, ELEMENTARY. O R
Randall , 50
 5 d
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FOR MINING STUDENTS.
G M Harvey . 5
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS' POCKET BOOK Whittaker's 10
.... 6
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT MAKING FOR AMATEURS
S R Bottone
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THEORY AND PRAC-
.6 ...
TICE Murdoch and Oschwald . 12 . 6
ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS A Monk-
house, Jr. 21
ELECTRICAL INSULATION S Flight W . 2 6
ELECTRICAL MACHINES, PRACTICAL TESTING OF
L Oulton and N, J Wilson . . . .60
ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERS' LIBRARY. Three
volumes, each 7s 6d Complete set ,
20 . .

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY. H Cotton 12 . . 6

ELECTRICAL TERMS, DICTIONARY OF, S. R.
Roget .76
ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY M W
Thornton . .26
ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION OF PHOTOGRAPHS M J.
Martin 60
ELECTRICITY R E Neale . . . .30
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, FIRST BOOK OF. W.
Perren Maycock . . . .606
LLKCTRICITY IN AGRICULTURE A H Allen . 2
ELECTRICITY IN STEEL WORKS McFariane W . 2 6
FLECTRIKICATION OF RAILWAYS H F Trewrnan 2 6
ELFCTKO IMPOSITION OF COPPER C Denny. W 2 6
ELECTRO MOTORS How MADE AND How USED,
S R Bottone 46
ELECTROLYTIC KBCTIFIERS, N A. de Bruyne . 3 6
ELECTRO-TECHNICS, ELEMENTS OF A P Young 5
PNGINEER DRAUGHTSMEN'S WORK . . .26
ENGisKkKi\f. IIACTORV SUPPLIES, W. 1 Hiscox 5
ENGINEERING HAMII-SKKTCHING AND SCALE-
I>KA\MM, T Jackson and P Bentley 3
ENGINEERING INQUIRIES, DATA FOR J C Connan 12 6
ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES, ELEMENTARY G E.
HALL . . . 26
ENGINEERING SCIENCE, PRIMER OF E S Andrews
Part 1,2s fid ,
Part 2, 2b , Complete . .36
ENGINEERING WORKSHOP EXERCISES E Pull ,3 6
ENGINEERS' AND ERECTORS' POCKET DICTIONARY:
ENGLISH, GERMAN, DUTCH W. H Steenbeek 2 6
ENGLISH
Potter
FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS.
.
F F.
.... 2
 Farmer ......
EXPLOSIVES, MANUFACTURE AND USES OF

FIELD MANUAL OF SURVEY METHODS AND OPERA-

R C
26
TIONS A Lovat Higgms 21 . . . .

FIELD WORK FOR SCHOOLS E H Harrison and

C A Hunter 20
FILES AND FILING Fremont and Taylor . . 21
FILTRATION G L Wollaston . . . .26
FITTING, PRINCIPLES OF
FIVE FIGURE LOGARITHMS
J G Horner
E DornmettW 1
. .76
.

FLAX CULTURE AND PREPARATION F Bradbury 10 6

FOUNDRYWORK B Shaw and J Edgar 2 . 6
FUEL ECONOMY IN STEAM PLANTS A Grounds 5 .

FUEL OILS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS H. V

Mitchell 50
FURS AND FURRTFRY C J Rosenberg 30 . .

GAS AND GAS MAKING W

H Y Webber J .

GAS, GASOLINE, AND OIL ENGINES

Rathbun .
J B.

GAS ENGINE TROUBLES AND INSTALLATIONS J. B.

2 .... 6

Rathbun . . .

GAS AND OIL ENGINE OPERATION. J. Okill 5

. . . .26
.

GAS, OIL, AND PETROL ENGINES A Garrard 6 .

GEOMETRY, THE ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL PLANE.

P W Scott Also in Two Parts, each Is 26
GEOLOGY, ELEMENTARY A J Jukes- Browne . 3
GRAPHIC STATICS, ELEMENTARY J T Wight . 5
GRINDING MACHINES AND THEIR USES T R Shaw 2 6
HANDRAILING FOR GEOMETRICAL STAIRCASES.
W A Scott 26
HIGH HEAVENS, IN THE
HIGHWAY ENGINEER'S YEAR BOOK. H
Sir R Ball . ,50
G. Whyatt 6
HOSIERY MANUFACTURE Davis
HOUSE DECORATIONS AND REPAIRS.
W .

W
. .76
Prebble 2 6
HYDRAULICS E H Lewitt . . . . 10 6
HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT J Meares. W 2 6
ILLUMINANTS AND ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING,
MODERN Dow and Gaster . . . . 25
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING, THE ELEMENTS OF
A P Trotter 26
INDUCTION COILS G E Bonney
INDUCTION COIL, THEORY OF THE E Taylor-Jones 12
. . .606
INDUCTION MOTOR, THE. H Vickers . 21 .

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES J. Okill 3 .

IONIC VALVE, GUIDE TO STUDY OF THE. W. D. Owen 2

[RONFOUNOTNG B Whiteley
IRONFOUNDING, PRACTICAL. J. G. Homer
.

10
..30 .
6
 s. d.

IRON, STEEL AND METAL TRADES, TABLES FOR THE

J Steel 36
Mac Bean .....
KlNEMATOGRAPH SrUDIO TECHNIQUE

KlNEMATOORAPHY (PROJECTION), GUIDE

L
TO.
C
C. N.
.26
Bennett . . . . . 10 6
LACQUER WORK G Koizumi .
. 15 . .

LEATHER CRAFT, ARTISTIC H Turner . 5

LEATHER WORK C G Leland
Li NS WORK FOR AMATEURS H Orford
. .

.
.50
.36
LETTERING, PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL E G Fooks 3 6
LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS Sir O. Lodge . 15 .

LOGARITHMS FOR BEGINNERS C. N. Pickworth . I 6

LOUD SPEAKERS C M R Balbi
Low TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION. S. North and
. . .36
J B Ga.rbe 15
LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS. J H. Hyde 2 6
.60
.

MACHINE DESIGN. G W. Bird . .

P W Scott ....
MACHINE DRAWING, PREPARATORY COURSE

MACHINES, THEORY OF LToftandATJ Kersey. 12

..20 TO.

6
MAGNETO AND ELECTRIC IGNITION. Hibbert 3 W . 6
MANURING LAND, TABLES FOR MEASURING AND.
J Cullyer 30
MARINE SCREW PROPELLERS. DETAIL DESIGN OF.
D H. 60
Jack-son
MATHEMATICAL TABLES W. E Dommett . .46
MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF.
W. C Bickley 50
MATHEMATICS, MINING G W
Strmgfelkrw. . 2
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DETAIL TABLES. J. P.
Ross
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS' POCKET BOOK.
..76Whit-
taker's 12 6
MECHANICAL HANDLING OF GOODS C H Woodficld 2 6
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. H. Williams . 20
MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL TABLES
STOKING D. Brownhe
. . .
.50
.20
.

MECHANICS' AND DRAUGHTSMEN'S POCKET BOOK

W Dommett
E, . . ..26 . .

MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS G.W Bird 5

MERCURY-ARC RECTIFIERS AND MERCURY-VAPOUR
LAMPS A Fleming
J
Homer
. ..60
.60
. .

METAL TURNING J G. . .

METAL WORK, PRACTICAL SHEET ANJD PLATE

E A Atkins 76
METAL WORK REPOUSS& C. G Leland . 5
 A. d
METALLURGY OF CAST IRON J E Hurst . 15
METALLURGY OF IRON AND STEEL, THE Based
Notes by SIT Robert Hadfield
METALWORKERS' PRACTICAL CALCULATOR
... on

J
26
Matheson . . . . . . .20
METRIC AND BRITISH SYSTEMS OF WEIGHTS
MEASURES F M Perkin
METRIC CONVERSION TABLES. E. Dommett
...
W
AND
.
36
1
MILLING, MODERN E Pull . . . .90
MINERALOGY F. H Hatch . . . .60
MINING CERTIFICATE SERIES, PITMAN'S
MINING LAW AND MINE MANAGEMENT A. Watson 8 6
MINE VENTILATION AND LIGHTING. C D
Mottram
COLLIERY EXPLOSIONS AND RECOVERY WORK
. . .86
J W
Whitaker , . .

MINING MACHINERY T Bryson. (In Preparation)

. . .86
ARITHMETIC AND SURVEYING, R M EVANS. 8 6
METHODS OF WORKING. Prof IraC F Stathara
(In Preparation)
MINING EDUCATOR, THE J. Roberts. 63 . .

MINING, MODERN PRACTICE OF COAL. Kerr and

Burns Part I, 5s Parts 2, 3 and 4, each
, . 6
MINING SCIENCE, JUNIOR COURSE IN H. G Bishop 2 6
MOLLIER STEAM TABLES AND DIAGRAMS, THE 7 . 6
MOTIVE POWER ENGINEERING FOR STUDENTS OF

...
MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Harris
MOTOR BOATS F Strickland
....
. . .
H C
.
10
3
6
u
MOTOR CONTROL, INDUSTRIAL A. T. Dover . 2 6
MOTOR-CYCLIST'S LIBRARY, THE Each . . 2
A J S THE BOOK OF THE. W. C. Haycraft
,

B b A THE BOOK OF THE " Waysider "

,

DOUGLAS, THE BOOK OF THE E W Knott

P AND M, THE BOOK OF THE W C. Haycraft
RALEIGH HANDBOOK, THE " Mentor "
ROYAL ENFIELD, THE BOOK OF THE. " R E.
"
Hvder
RUDGE, THE BOOK OF THE L, D Cade
1
RIUMPH, HE HOOK OF THE.
I
E T Brown
MOTORIST'S LIBRARY, THE
AUSTIN TWFLVE, THE BOOK OF THE, R,
Garbutt and R Twelvetrees
Ci YNO CAR, THE BOOK OF THE E T
. .50
Brown.
(/ the Press)
STANDARD CAR, IHE BOOK OF THE "
Pioneer "60
 s d
Mm OR INDUSTRY H Wyatt 3
MOTOR TRUCK AND AUIOMOBILE MOTORS AND
MECHANISM T H Russell .
26
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING H Percy Boulnois 2 6
Music ENGRAVING AND PRINTING Gamble .21 W
NAVAL DICTIONARY, ITALIAN-ENGLISH AND
ENGLISH-ITALIAN W
T Davis 10 . . 6
NITROGEN, INDUSTRIAL P H S Kempton 2 6
OIL POWER S H North 3
OILS, PIGMENT b, PAIN is, VARNISHES, ETC R H
Truelove . 2 6
OSCILLOGRAPHS J T Irwm . 7 6
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS J E. Walker and
R B Poster . . 21
PATTERN CONSTRUCTION FOR GARMENT MAKERS,
Tim SCIENCE OF B W Poole 15
PATTERNMAKING T5 Shaw and J Edgar . 2 6
PATTERN-MAKING, PRINCIPLES OF J G. Horner 4
PETROL CARS AND LORRIFS F Heap 2 6
PHOTOGRAPHER, THE COMPLL.IE PRFSS Bell R
Bell . (3

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS T L J Bcnlley and

J Soulhworth . 3 6
PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE L J Hihberl 2 6
PHOTOGRAPHY, COMMERCIAL D Charles , 5
PLAN COPYING IN BLACK LINES FOR HOT CLIMATES,
B J Hall . . 26
PLYWOOD AND GLUE, MANUFACTURE AND USE
THE. B C Boulton.
PNEUMATIC CONVEYING E G Phillips
.

2 6
,.76 OF,

POLYPHASE CURRENTS A Still

POWT.R FACTOR CORRECTION A E Clayton 2 6
. ,76
POWER STATION EFFICIENCY CONTROL J Bruce 12 6
POWER WIRING DIAGRAMS, A T, Dover . .60
.50
PRINTING H. A Maddox
.76
.

PYROMETERS. E Griffiths .

QUANTITIES AND QUANTITY TAKING W. E Davis 6

RADIO ACTIVITY ] Chad wick 2 6 .

RADIO YEAR BOOK ....

RADIO COMMUNICATION, MODERN. J H Reyner 5

RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION H. F. Trewman .21

16
RAILWAY SIGNALLING AUTOMATIC, F R Wilson 2 6
RAILWAY SIGNALLING MECHANICAL. F R
Wilson . . . 26
RAILWAY TECHNICAL VOCABULARY. L Scrrailher 7 6
REFRACTORIES I-OR FURNACES, ETC A, B Searle 5
RRINI-ORCEO CONCUHB W N, Twelvelrei^ . 21
REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS, SIMPIUIED
METHODS OF CALCULATING W
N Twelve-trees, 5

E S Andrews ...
REINFORCED CONCRETE, DETAIL DESIGN IN.

RETOUCHING AND FINISHING FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS

. 60
J S Adamson 4 o
RUSSIAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, TABLES OF
Redvers Elder . 2 6
SEWERS AND SEWERAGE H & Whyati 2 6
SHIPBUILDING AND THE SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY
J Mitchell . 3
SHOT-GUNS H B C Pollard . 6 o
SlLVERWORK AND JEWELLERY H Wilson , 8 (S

SLIDE RULE. A L Higgms . 6

SLIDE RULE C N
Pickworth . 3 6
SOIL, SCIENCE OF THE C Wairell 3 Q
SPARKING PLUGS A P Young and H Wat re n 2
SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING WORKS W L
Evershed 5 Q
W
,

STAINED GLASS WORK C Whall. iu b

STEAM ENGINE VALVES AND VALVE GEARS F L
Ahions . .

SIEAM LOCOMOTIVE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTEN-

26
ANCE E L Alirons . 26
STEAM LOCOMOIIVE, THE E L Ahrons 2 6
STEAM PLAN i, THE CARE AND MAINTENANCE oi<
T E Bra ham 5 Q
STEAM TURBINE THEORY AND PRACTICE W J
Kearton . . 15 o
STEAM TURBO-ALTERNATOR, THE L. C Grant 15
STEELS, SPECIAL Based on Notes by Sir K
Hadficld
WORKS
T. H Burnham . . 50
STEEL ANALYSIS. J O Arnold and I
Ibbotson . . 12 6
STENCIL CRAFT. H Cadness , 10 b
STORAGE BATTERY PRACTICE R Rankm . 7 6
STREETS, ROADS, AND PAVEMENI& H G WhvaU 2 b
STRENGTH OF MAIERIALS F V Wai nock 12 6
W
.

STRUCTURAL Si EEL WORK H Black 2 t>

STRUCTURES, THEORY OF H W. Coultas . . 15 o

T Muldleton ...
SURVEYING AND SURVEYING IN&TRUMEN rs G A

SURVEYING, TUTORIAL LAND AMJ MIM- T Biyson 10

.HO
6
SWITCHBOARDS, HIGH TENSION H. E Poule 2 . 6
SWITCHGEAR, HIGH TENSION H E Poole , 2 6
SWITCHING AND SWTTOTGEAR H. E Poole . 2 6
TELEGRAPHY T, E Herbeit 18, , , ,
 i d
TELEGRAPHY, ELEMENTARY. H \V Pendiy . 7 6
TELEGRAPHY, TELEPHONY AND WIRELESS J Poole 3
TELEPHONE HANDBOOK, PRACTICAL. J Poole .18
TELEPHONES, AUTOMATIC F A Ellson 5 .

TELEPHONY T. E Herbert 18
. .

TFLEPIIONY, THE DIRECTOR SYSTEM or AUTOMATIC

W E Hudson . 5
TELEVISION A Dinsdale 2
TRXTIIE CALCULATIONS G. H Whilwam 25
THERMODYNAMICS, APPLIED W
Robinson 18
TIDAL POWER A M A Smiben 2 . b
TIN AND THE TIN ENDUSIRY A H Muudey 3
TOOL AND MACHINE SETIING P Gates 2 . H
TOWN GAS MANUFACTURE R Stalcy 2 6
TRACTION MOTOR CONTROL A T Dover 2 . h
TRANSFORMERS AND ALTERNATING CURRFN i

MACHINES, Tim TESTING OF C F Smilh 2 ft

TRANSFORMERS FOR SINGLE AND MULTIPHASE

CURRENT, s Dr G Kapp . 15 .

TRANSFORMERS, HIGH VOLTAGE POWER T W

Taylor . . 2 6
TRANSFORMERS, SMALL SINGLE-PHASE E T
Pamton . 2 6
TRANSPORT LIBRARY
AIR TRANSPORT, COMMERCIAT Lieut -Col Ivo
Edwaids and F Tvmms , 7 B
PORT ECONOMICS B Cunningham 6
RAILWAY OPERATION, MODERN D R Lamb 7 6

P Burtt ...
RAILWAY RATES, PRINCIPLES, AND PROBLEMS
RAILWVY STATISTICS A E Kirkus
. 60
5
ROAD TRANSPORT, HISJORYAND DEVET OPTVTENT
OF. J, PATERSON G
TRANSPORT UNDERTAKINGS, THE RIGHTS AND
DUTIES OF II B Davies .
TPTGONOMETRY FOR ENGINEERS, PRIMER OF W G
..50
DunKley . . B
TURBO-BLOWERS
Kearton
AND
.

TURRET LATHE TOOLS, How TO LAY OUT

...
COMPRESSORS W.
,
J
21
tt

UNION TEXTILE FABRICATION R Beaumont . 21

VENTILATION, PUMPING, AND HAULAGE, THE
MATHEMATICS OF F Birks . S
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. J B Coppock . 3 b
VOLUMETRIC WORK, A COUK&E OF. E C aik , 4 h
WATER MAINS, THE LAY-OUT OF SMALL H H.,
Helhns 76
 WATER POWER ENGINEERING F F Fc-rgusson 2 o
WATERWORKS FOR URBAN AND RURAT DISIRTCTS
H C Adams . 1^0
WEAVING W P Cianksnavr . 3
WEAVING AND MANUFACTURING, HANDBOOK OF
H Greenwood . 5
WEAVING, EMBROIDERY AND TAPESTRY A H
Christie . 10 6
.50
.

WEAVING FOR BEGINNERS L Hooper .

WEAVING, HANDLOOM L Hooper . 10 6

WEAVING WITH SMALL APPLIANCES L Hooper
(1) THE WEAVING BOARD )
(2) TABLET WEAVING (
Each. 7 6
(3) TABLE LOOM WEAVING )
WELDING, ELECTRIC L B Wilson . 5 Q
WELDING ELECTRIC ARC AND OXY-ACETYLENE
E A Atkins . 7 6
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND IELEPHONY, AN
INTRODUCTION TO J A Fleming . 3 6
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH v, CONTINUOUS WAVE
BEG Mittell
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY, DIRECTIVE
26
Direction
and Position Finding, etc L H Wallei . 2 6
WOOD-BLOCK PRINTING F Morley Fletcher . 8 6
WOOD CARVING C G Leland
WOODCARVING DESIGN AND WORKMANSHIP
.

G
.76
Jack . 8 6
WOODWORK, MANUAL INSTRUCTION S Baiter . 7 6
WOOLLEN YARN PRODUCTION 1 Lawson . 3 6
WOOL SUBSTITUTES. R Beaumont
WORKSHOP GAUGES L Burn .

WRITING AND ILLUMINATING ANO LtmutiNG E

. ,

..SO . 10 6

Johnston . H 6

....
,

X.-RAYS, INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

01- P II S
Kempton
YARNS AND FABRICS, TESTING OF II P
26
Curtis 5
ZINC AND ITS ALLOYS T E Lones . . 15

Complete Descriptive Catalogue 01 Scioutilk and

Technical Boohs jost froe

PITMAN'S SHORTHAND
INVALUABLE FOR ALL
BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN