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_ Ah. Pk. Au u Bsh CP
Cu P AUS J Aih GUS S { uvUS.
(1) Cu g\zv G ] CUP J ] 2. Cshx u C[P izu, Pmh zuu
(Patterns) i[P Ex GQ Gu GuP, (] oa_) Eh A
Es \ Enq. zv \Uv zxUP[P. \mhu \UP
(2) Gu J UP ] CUP[P uSP Eh x. Ag\ \v A ^oUU,
En sk, J ] CUP[P J A x.
i[P Ex. 3. Akzuu, | GUS Cu, C[PUS P
(3) J x CUQ \vP ] AvP E ] \Uv G u? | x
i[PUS Ah[Qk. J zuPzu Pkzu, ]US A o
EUP . US Ix {zx
(4) xP Cu JS
EUP .
i[P J CUS G Es
xPa \u A Jmk zu _ xUQmk, . zuPzu ukx Th
JEUP, C.
Cu xPx Eun \ x, Cx B C[P Hux J \UPzv C[P.
Es G _US oiUS. S E[S[P. zu | Gux Ksn
GUS oiUS? q ia]UQmh C[P.
G w Cu Pmh o AiUS. US
o AiUPx? Hu |US ug\ A a_ }[P x AiUPi n \ Cu,
Pzu Jv Kmih. A sh J u, AiUPi, v Ax P AP Hmi
sn[Pmi sh CUS _ zvUP. A, G \mh
oia\, A[PUS oa \zu PUP PUPx. s B UPzv x uu u A
Gu i C GvUQmh C.
 88 89
|h |Pzv
i Q

Au AbP, gbP UP. J v, Bi i sk _zu

A[P GUS uv. Axu \ J U Pskia_mh.
AxP Aa \. B J uh An_mh v \ UP
Cx Gx G Akzu Azvzv zxk. v zx { kh. Cu a_ |
v Hm Ax P A \mh Psk ia\x G? \ \x, Bi
i Csk \ \x. Cu G
so, Ah { A J CnUQ Hu Pka_.
A GUS Qhzux, Au S P UPUPh ] zu \
J zuPzx \. . Eh, A o|zx \ sn.
Bzx C . x zx
Az un {h GkzxUQmh. J J ] GUmU P
4. Au G J i APU Pq v Jsn zv. J j u
EhP. Auk A Gu J {P Au \x.
J i PP Cu EnP. (B) G miS v vu[P. A[Ph
B[Qzv i & PATTERNS - G \ Csk SuPUS, 4, 6 _. vj
. Cu _ Hzuxu ]. US. A\ Su zv zu. |
P Pmh. zu umi zu. GUmm
Cu u \, \vP A ,
mh Pk[P. jmu. h Jsq
Au A G u a_ J un Pmkx.
C. n \u A\zxUS J zv
Cu |i Gzv UP ix. Au ] Gv. a\ zx {zx wvka_.
Es {Pa]Pa \ Eun[P
(C) J ]U P \ sn Ba_, zu
UP.
Pmh y GQ A P \z
{Pa]P v Cg]P zvUP.
(A) \zx mi Cu J P B (D) | v G G \zxUS i
P \ hn. uP G G hm GkUPq G Gu BUQ
sn Ba\x. ] hUh[P CUP[P. \UPnUP u zv
B \x Pg\ |zxUS (i) h x B zvU Pkzx zv soUQh C[P.
(Bi) \zu _zuU PUS. v Ai CUS, P_u Pg_ S. _sk
Aimh, u C T SCAN \q
J {hzv Ax { . Av J G AhiUS zvUS S.
h G J \v. Ax Hu P \
mhia\ UP mh a_ Phg\x G Cu |S |P, u PUS zv\
G a_. G?
 90 91
|h |Pzv
i Q
u Csk Aux (A) & (B) Az un UP Tmh mh a_
Pmk[P. Akzu zu Csk (C) & (D) un J ] un.
Pmhu[P.
Csh mi (UP)
| ui \vP u | Qmh Q
\vP, \ |S P ]uP 2 X 1 = 2; 2 x 2 = 4; 2 x 3 = 6; h 2, 4, 6, 8 10,
\x A Gi Ahx zxmh. 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 G v. Av u 2,
A, Csh TmiUQmh , Akzukzx h
A un Pmi J, u[P \ uuU Pa]UP.
u P \ EPP Cx
uQx. Ai mh \miS Ah 5 I 2 B UQ h QhUP 2, 4 ,6 GQ \
A un[P US. Ax J v 5 Bx Gsn ia_k.
x. 8 k, 8 , 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56,........ Gvmk,
B |US, Az un Gi u[Phx 4 I 8 B UP \ |x Gsn ia_ \
u. Azu _ Cu, G k. Csh mi 2,4,6,8,10 Cu
un Pmi Bk[P. B Cu un Pmi A.
iUQ[P u un Pmk Hzu Cu Tmh mh un Pmik. (Gu
hmh. miS Gu un G Pski[P). Cx
C Pa_a i[P. A G, unzu zuh, Cx Tmh
k, Cx UP k G \hq.
un \ Pkzu A J J[S Ax Cu Pmh QP u u
J \U PskiUPq. Cu Gi kzx[P. (Look-up Table). Cx _z
G Bx zv, u[Q ] GUS Pmi.
ux.
|[P? (| G AUP, [P.
B zu SP Au AUQ a]US. SuP E PUP miz u Ci Bh P
u SP S. | u E S Aihz v, Gsn ]zvzv EUQ
Pg_ Gq Au. A A, PP \u \[P.
.....) AbP GsqUS v AP un,
] u uu A. u[Ph[P.
u UP mh h iUP zxP AP A un Gi Pmi ]x
UThzv \UPVP. CuU Su [P[P u zxk.
Pi h P[P, u u |US u u, u zv Jsn A
G h u. h AuU Su [Qk. w. Pg\ | Pa_ zxQmh
Cu \uU PmP Bu CUS. [P. E[PUS u J | (A). Au
B, Ax PnUP h \ i. kzv u zv [Q[P.
 92 93
|h |Pzv
i Q
CUS iUPu J {Pa] AiUPi . A[P ]
_ oiUS U PnUP xPa \u gbP
ui A unzv Qha_mh, _ mhzu UPmkUQmk _zv [P. CUS
oiUS. ]x uhu x gbP C a
B | zxUS Ax \v. Au \v \ ui [P. Pzu Pzu Psk
Guu unzx CUS Jsq Jsn _ [P. CQmh x, GUS J gb a\
uk.. |UP }mha \. |US wUP i. E[P Eu u[P.
Cu Ah _ oiUS. C Qmhzumh A. | J \un vP
AnzxUS x u. |h Psq mhu, }[P \ x zvU Pmhx Th
] Cu Az unzx Ps zvh C \, G mk[P Pg_.
unzx E A kzua \. C UP u, GUS G \
A AU Ps zv UP ]_ \. mh[P. C Cizu \ \,
Psq zu, Ps zvh un, P P u SP Au PQu[P C P
_. Ah unzv C A _ voa_mk [P.
oiUPx, Au | zxQmh & P. Cu mi \ mimk,
{ ] & A. mk. J ] |US \ B QhUP A\
C un[P Pmk zu J v , iUP v\ zuP C, AUQ
Env[P. ] A, J J u Cu PQuzu i, J | ia_
x Gi ] o \ ix uvk. Akzu | UQ. \ Ax
zxmh. A hPiU \\ a\ G
a\ wzxh G.
C J Av\zuU P[P
Gu a\ CuU Pou wUP AUSz
s Ba] {zx | \giu uu J A unzv u[Pmk
J \P gb ( gb, Hu {mh g_ _P h Pq.
US UPw[P. A[P zx, Gg] G
Ai Sk[P). zv G . P Cu x G un ]u. G
Av u Bva \u, Gux un[PUS x unzx J Smh
UPk P. ug\ unzuh Cna_ zu, w
Av QhUS.
A J vPzv mh i ia\.
Pouzv, hii hPiU \\ Cu u, ux |zx Cshx _
(Stochastic Processes) GQ Av wU EPmk mh.
Pu. \ J Pmh Q. AiUPi C, Cu C[P iUPmh G Pu\
|[P vUQx PU Phu A. |Pa_ Asn J unzv Pmi, Eua_[P.
En P AvP. { A\un.
Ph] AzvzxUS , i Gvh.
 94 95
|h |Pzv
i Q

Pu \: Cx u UP \ ]UP ,
|h: Cuh ]zu i \mj[P.
Psn zx C, |US Ix En
P A ig\u, P \ sk
G Au UPx _. Cx UPsn zx
_ \ six. Ax u ].
Pu\: | u u unzu zv \,
E[PUS A] un mku{UUS
va_ C? zu Gu u un {US
. C?
|h: Esu. }[P zu unzu mk
mk \, G ] oia_x.
Pu \: Ax Gx? P un[P
zvu, Au Ai, \ mj \
zx a]UR[P.
un GQ J un Pmhq. Av, }[P
G J xP unzu UQx, Auz
un GQ unzv Pmi Av K
P unzu, J \U Q, \
zvhqm.
|h: PUPzxUS | CUS. B, Au
Azv 12 Gi \x? GUS g]kzx. B GUS
un[P Pmi Eg]UQmk kzxQ v Gi \x?
x Gi?. Pu \: _. G J x un P
 96 97
|h |Pzv
i Q

UQx, }[P AxUS zu Azu un _ zuP k Gvmk P

P U Ps Psk [P. Eh zx { zx h sna \[P.
U Ps J un EQ, G u A h Aa_mk, h so
un[P, Av u[Qhu zvk[P. . zuP Gua \[P.
|h:A unU Pmi un G ] P zv AvP zuP PUh \
Pmhh, UPsq Azu un k[P. A[P JsqUPsq uh CUQ
PP \ {US. Aizu? zuPz ui ] (un) mk[P.
Pu \: Gu J zuU PmSx, _ Eun, umk, h, , (\mk \a\
x z uhw[P. Ax Gu unzv G J unP), , \mh, zuP, ,
Pmtv ui ia], Av uk[P. Cuzu Th GQ tzun Pmi
Av u[P mik[P.
|h: x mhx. Cu BUQx ]. B
UPzxUS vmh P P _u. Pu\: J zu ia\a_, Auh zx
zu Kivk. Jh J uh
Pu \: A\hw[P. Cx u Aiu, \vP, A x ui (]a_)
Au Jk J Cnzx { u J
|h: C, Ai }[P \, ] | Az un Pmu \.
Cu A Pkzu Ai, Ai[Q A
P, uso Ai, Ai ui GQ | G C Az un Pmi kzux Gi
U Psq {ka_, US \uP UThx, C?

Pu \: AiP, [P AiP, SUSi |h: Pu\, ]UP [P UPUS

AiP, C[P AiP AiP mkmj[P ukzu E[Ph Eu H uh u?
\. AP GQ unzx Ai u[Pq. Pu\: }[P \U Pkzuuzu | \
AiP AiP G Amh \[P . v\ G \mh?
u[P h.
|h: Av Pu\, | \aAv \
|h: \[P. E[P v ] USzu x. Av,
Pu\: Pmk un ASUS, _ E[PUS GUS v \ ix.
Pmx AUS. Cskuz u[P J J[S E[Ph ]uh P P P AvP. Gux
Pnh., Axu AvP u, v\ \ v\ UPx Eun
hUS \h[P.
Au _ Az un Pmkx
JUP uhu CUPq, E[P Pa_mkzu, | x \x,
h \U PkUPx, v\ UPx
|h: PUS J mi |hzx[P. ui ka_ ] Eun[P \. Eun[P
 98 99
|h |Pzv
i Q

nP _ Hzv zv a_ ui |zvS }izux. k mk, SuP

iUP P Eu CUS. Gxu {zu zx, G zuP
GvP G PnUQmh GUS A
Pu\: A |, Ph] i[P Gi GsoUP Az usi Cux.
kzux zxmk, zuPzu ia_k?
| Qhzu, C AvP zuP
|h: Ai \. Gu C G \ ] ] PsP u
S: Gzu P\?
\zv Cu Bsk \ k G U Cx, Cu SuP un Pmh QmhP.
SuPh UP [P v. CP, u[P UP J Eu Chzuz
u iP. Av ]x \uP C.
u A uP, Px C
E\P mi k \zx
QvuP. Ax, Pu\ Asn zu
Au, un Pmk zu Cu S
SuPUS \zu G ]zu.
Gvu A Qmix. :
SuPUS J mi zu. AP B[Q
P SuP. AP {x
B[Q zuP Gu sk. AvP
zuP Gu i? Cx u mi.
B SuP Bh [PP. B zu
{h[P, US _ x zuP Thz
u.
Akzu PmhP, CP, mi E P
{ zx Gx \. _
x zuP ux. Akzzx, uh
zuP. Akzx J AP, J umh, J
P P UTh. J zuPU Ph, {,
CiP uhux. J o |zv _ 400
US mh zuP u. A Azxh mi
iux.
Azv 13
J Pzx, sk Au mi. Cx
mi, AP i _ Csk o i[P
 100 101
|h |Pzv
i Q
(PATTERNS) ]uP G G Cu \[P. Cx
K ux.

|h: Cx ] Eun[P UQh. |h: Pzuh E En mk[P.

mk P[P. u UPh Gi
C?
JzvUS P[P.
Pu\: }[P UP \u, | C \
PPUS \.
Pu\: P G[P J u\
USx. \[Th x. \k v KhzxUS
UQ PmQ iUQ [P (Pzx CUP m Fzxu[P, u x, Au siUS
Psn i a]mk), _ J Psq CUS, | x. Auh hUhQmh Psk Am
Au vx Au UP QUQhq. sm, C&sm GQ zv
s. mk [P AUQ mkUS \
|h: P \. Ax u Pmh. Akzu
Azu P[PUS \. | |
Pmh, | PsqUS hu EP
AxUS mk, mk a_ \ h.
PskiP \ izx
Q. A U Psq UP |h: J Pmhzx, u AvPQ,
QQh. \g_ \, P[Ph
] PUS Cu v AvP CUS, mkh.
\Q, Cu v Sg_UQh x. Pu\: \ EP v P[P Smi
x, PsqUSz uU Ti EP G. mh mk \zu UPv.
uu EP G Csh a_ UP.
|h: \ zv \ EPUS
Ash, Ash[P Ah[Q AQ Ash G Gzu kP? Smi mk PkUS P,
P | Enix. B, U Psn mhmk Ah PzxU Sg_ UQx. H
UP. mhP Cmkmk Pn hx.
\ Csk EP[P A\ EP, Au zv JxUQ a_mh, zui uUS
A\ EP, AP P, A Gu EUS z\.
CUP[P G J ] i[PUS
Ah[Qk. Au \ Envhx u Pmh. Pu\: UQ J E, zu[P Bu
x. S u Sx. Akzuu, C
Pu\: EunzxUS [P. }[P Cu GUS UP \x. x \Q sh hx.
US, | a\ Ch Cx. Cu J UPa _ (Life cycle) G
|h: Cu Ashzv E Cux \.
Gx AiUPi \, C? |h: Cu J { un u[Pmkmh,
Pu\: }[P P[PUS E, EnP, u mhx J u Eh UP g_
 102 103
|h |Pzv
i Q

UP kzu.
Cu v J uP xP ]
i[PU PskiUP. C[P? |a
_ EPzu En Es UP,
n[P Pzx zu Av i[PU
Pn.
Gu J CUP, Ax J ] i[P
TmhoUS Ah[S. J i[PUS
Pa ] kP CuU Pn.
Cu v En iu, u Au J
x G uh Gz xP
Pn. H Gz uP xPUS
i[P xx. AuU Pskia_mh,
xP G GP Gx C G
AP vP.
Pu\: \, GUS mk Aia\ hUS
_ H JUPvka_. Au \PP
g_UQmi[P. Cu G ] [Q ,
UP kzv k[P
|.
G E En Au ] ]vUS P
Qx Psh. Cx J uhUP zv.
i. Psk \PP ]vUPmk.
v ]uP EUQ Au QhUS A
Pmk.
Czuh | ia_UQk. |m \,
G \[P? Azv 14
|h: Ami \g_k. US, Gu u P,
Gzu A u?
 104 105
|h |Pzv
i Q

Avx QhUS A P PU Sx,

n Pz vmh[P u P Aimh
.Pz vmh wmk Pz {nPUS Jsq. A Ah P ]u u.
_uv Qha\ Ax \zxUS , u Av GUSz ug\ Pg\ Cx GvUP.
vmh mk PiUPnUP UPh UP Gu ]uP Ax, Au nP
nzu J v |\ soj[P. h kh sk. Pmh, Eh
Ah.
B[ sm G u { ux
B, Pzvmh[P A si EsP Es, PU Th[P nP A
miUQx. Cshm zx ia_ Ah J SUPh \ h. Hu P
G a_UPq. |hzu v PUTh[P \kx.
(1) PU Th[Ph SUP G? PU Thzx \u mi
C mi \g]U Qmh CUPU Thx.
(2)Au Gu A SUP Ahg]US
G uPUS UQzx Pkzx, Av o
A Ax PskiUPx Gi? \ Jh B Ax
u, Pskia_, \ sn? kzx v, Pz vmh Aq.
(3) PUThzvx J P {QUS
n UP v
PU Th[PUS
u v G G [P q?
C Pzvmhzv x, Pzvmhzv
Au Gi Ax PskiUPx? \[P, Px, im
ia\ iUPu GUS J Gv , zuP UP[P, \ |hzu[P,
CUS. i Pa][ Q G Gzu .
*A GUS u. Az uhx C[P Pz vmhzv AP [P.
| x \si n. Auz u | mk.
\x PU Th[P. Pz vmhzv \zux Hx \
*PUTh[P, Au }sh nzxUS J C, i, Pa][ Q Ax Cx \
Bzu. Gsq Gzx GUS q. UQmk J Tmh Jsq \x ]x
A Ah Euu Psn bP Ax Psq iUQmkUS. A[P | [P.
C, Pzv squ G \mh[P. mk.
G Aux, Ix P QhUS \v Cu \zx, P {[P Gsn
E vu A. u AP G \zx, B Pi
AUS x.
 106 107
|h |Pzv
i Q
A\[P nzxx Pz vmhzx
Akx. u.

B CP AvPa \, Au, h Eu Gv UP A
hzxUS J Ax Csk m\ nP. Gi UP G ug_UQmk A zxU
P.
uPa _US CbP AvPUS x,
A[P GUS u P AvPUS. J UQ uP \h.
zuv u CbP EzvxUS B[P, EunP & Ashzu BQ Ph,
E[P [S AvP. |mh B v, | B {US
_UP \, v ua ` u & zuh A u
PUTh[P nP J Ezv PU mh[P.
Pn, J P (Customer) Pn H A[P AhUQ Bx P
P sk. K Avv Ahu Pi. (B Ph C[P H Psk Q?
P u \ DkmiUS P {zv J zuPzx UP).
\US PnP Gu Ensk.
PU Th[P B]P \PP C x A] \Pz uPUS
A Azv ]uP ] \ | |mh C, u |kP \
sk. J P u.
nP, US \US mh[P u C.
I, P GUS A\[P , u \ uP A BUS AvP
x QhUPx. Cx Gx? Aimh u C \ BUP AvP ukQx.
US Gzu P Ch[P CUP Auh ] u |kP Gu J u \u
h[S AvP, uk[P CUP[P. hx .
P\ |zu \a\US P |kP mh , U P
Hu Esh? Hu, J UPu mh P EzvPzv \u mk En
u[P. QhUS. A] BQ P
mh [Qmh, mi _zv _zx, P sk. AuS uk sk. K
C ]u, Su \zv Hx A sk! Auh UQ J \u
\mh. Gzu P uPzu u[P
i? Cvx G uQx? \vP ,
UP P sk A A] Gx U P , C A] Ax
Gh En \. Ax Hux \q.
P i QhUS? C
Pz vmhzv Ai J SUP CuPz Cx GzxUS K A A], B
 108 109
|h |Pzv
i Q

Au A Gi uux Pz vmhVU
C. Gi Ahu nPUS. Pz
vmhzu Szu AP, vmhzu |hzx
PPUP uuuP \m] C.
zv u UP PU
P mk | QP. CPUS U
P GQP C & QU, ,
AUPshsm, hUh, Psh, B], U\
& GQ v J .
CP zx, HP, P K \v
G |QP.
P |US UP QhUS QhUPu
G APUSz ux.
AuPUS Bsh EuQ C,
|UPP ] |[P P PkUS. u \[P
PkUS.
HP, u[P zuU Pzx, Cu AhS
zx, Px miUQ Ph [Q u[P P
iUP UQP. i H Euzu,
zx HP J HUSkx
.
J H . zu[P Pv G?
H k HQ. Cx HUS .
iUSU ?
i

C UQ \ six Jsn Jsq CUS.

Axu, ^ AbP \x.
(1) P ]vUP, Px (\g\ \,
| G) s. Cx Jsq C \uP
 110 111
|h |Pzv
i Q

UThx. Akzu J Ssk a_mh, ^ Gzu J zuPzx ia\, sh Pg_k.

b. Akzu, |m \, U GQ Bmi[ ]h
(2) Pu ]va\, AUS Aa \uUS \u zv AP G, Pmh \
Bzx. Cx G {P ? ]vUPq. Gx uu Th _ g_UP v \U
P, A u \a \vP QhUS. Pkzu.
Pu (U ThzxUS ia\ P Ax |m \ A J un Pmh. Au
A UP. B, u PPq zv | Akzu zuP Gu . Au |
A] C, [P u zx ia_ Enx \. |m \ Gvkv.
A[P. ] Pg\ u[Q C[P, Au ia\ nP mk Pmh x
Au) _ A \x. \[P Th k[P.
u UP , u C {, | Gv HP u uUQx Gi
Av A q. Pu Az Gv zuPzu H Cu[P Th ia_
uh. A GS? .
_ CUQ A mi P CUS. AuU Cu zuPzu Gu, Gv Eu \g\
P mi P CuU Th . A[P |h \US Pu\ \x |, |, |.
u \vP |UPP Ahg]k.
\PPUS J skP. Cu ia\[P
u \vP ]uPa \v Au A , [P ,
u A A mi EUPxUS. x, J C \u EP Exn
Au kzxx, ]vUQz u v\ \q PmkU Psk, h Q.
P Psk k.
nUP
\uzv | Ah Pq ] S[P u
wu ]UPP DkkP \ mh Pu\
ku Aih Cxu. Ai, | \PP si h Q.
Ax AUS x , A zuUS nUP
x .
|h,
\vz u, h \v
\vUS Aih, u Px
] \[P x.
Cv nPUS i H P\USx? P\UP
\ G G \q. P xa \u
Ah UP P]UP P CUS.
 112 113
|h |Pzv
i Q
 114 115
|h |Pzv
i Q
 116 117
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i Q