EHB en 9-Materials
EHB en 9-Materials
EHB en 9-Materials
Content
9.1 Introduction
This chapter shall be a general guideline for the selection of materials for safety valves. Criteria
influencing the material selection are explained. These criteria are
- general function of the individual valve component (pressure retaining, guiding, etc.)
- material codes and standards for materials of pressure vessels
- pressure and temperature ratings
- corrosion, resistance to chemical wear
- wear, erosion
An overview about commonly used materials for safety valves is provided with information on their
applications and limits as well as codes and standards regulating material requirements.
The main pressure retaining or containing part of a safety valve is the body. Also the bonnet and the
bolting that connects body and bonnet are considered to be part of the pressure retaining shell of the
valve and pressure vessel codes typically do have material requirements for bonnet and bolting.
Failure of these components may result in the hazardous exposure to pressure, temperature or
chemicals. All materials for pressure retaining parts must fulfill the requirements of the applicable
codes and standards.
Pressure vessel codes normally list allowable materials for pressure retaining parts.
For a detailed definition of pressure retaining or containing components acc. to ASME VIII and PED
97/23 refer to chapter 2 Design Fundamentals.
Figure 9.2.4-1 shows these parts in a conventional and a balanced bellows safety valve design.
Spring
Guiding parts
- adjusting screw
- spindle Bellows
- guide
-
Permanently medium
wetted parts
- disc
- nozzle
Figure 9.2.4-1: Critical parts for material selection in conventional and balanced bellows designs
Table 9.2.4-1 explains typical materials, product forms and the influence of corrosion on the different
components.
Table 9.2.4-1: Critical parts, effect of corrosion, typical materials and product forms
Figure 9.2.5-1: Full nozzle design Type 526 Figure 9.2.5-2: Semi nozzle design Type 441
9.2.6 Piping Material as a Guideline for the Selection of Safety Valve Materials
In some cases all details about the corrosive nature of the medium may not be easily available for a
proper and detailed selection of safety valve materials. When the inlet piping material is available
however, it can be taken as a rough guideline for the selection of the safety valve body material.
If the inlet piping material is from carbon steel, a safety valve with carbon steel body will be sufficient
in most cases.
If the inlet piping material is stainless steel, the body material for semi nozzle designs should also be
stainless steel. For full nozzle designs the carbon steel body may still be an option. If carbon steel is
selected the user should consider preventive maintenance actions to ensure the outlet of the valve is
not affected by corrosive attack after valve discharge or potential valve leakage.
Figure 9.3-1: Relationship between pressure vessel codes and material standards
ASME VIII Subsection C determines the requirements for materials to be used in construction of
pressure vessels and contains material tables with acceptable materials. Not every material
contained in ASME II is allowable per these tables.
In addition to the above tables there are so called Code Cases which contain further materials
acceptable for the construction of pressure vessels. For pressure relief valves especially code case
1750-20 lists a large variety of additional materials.
The following parts of ASME Section II contain commonly used materials and product forms for
materials used in safety valves:
- SA-105 - Specification for carbon steel forgings for piping applications -
- SA 182 - Specification for forged and rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged
fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service -
- SA-193 - Specification for alloy-steel and stainless steel bolting materials for high-temperature
service -
- SA-194 - Specification for carbon and alloy steel nuts for bolts for high-pressure or high-
temperature service, or both -
- SA-216 - Specification for steel castings, carbon, suitable for fusion welding for high-
temperature service -
- SA-217 - Specification for steel castings, martensitic stainless and alloy, for pressure-
containing parts, suitable for high-temperature service -
- SA-351 - Specification for casting, austenitic, austenitic-ferritic (duplex), for pressure
containing parts -
- SA-352 - Specification for steel castings, ferritic and martensitic, for pressure containing parts,
suitable for low temperature service -
- SA-479 - Specification for stainless steel bars and shapes for use in boilers and other
pressure vessels.
9.3.2 AISI and ASTM Material Specifications, UNS, ACI, SUS Number
ASME has adopted many of the ASTM material standards and the number of the ASME material
standard is only distinguished by the additional letter S.
As an example:
Sometimes AISI or ASTM materials are requested for pressure retaining components of a safety
valve.
As defined in ASME VIII Div. 1: UG 136(b)(3) for bodies, bonnet and body-to-bonnet bolting
LESER always uses materials according to ASME VIII and ASME II SA specifications or materials
defined in ASME code cases like code case 1750-20.
Extract from www.wikipedia.com: The Unified Numbering System (UNS) is an alloy designation
system widely accepted in North America. It consists of a prefix letter and five digits designating a
material composition. A prefix of S indicates stainless steel alloys, C for copper, brass, or bronze
alloys. The UNS is managed jointly by the American Society for Testing and Materials and SAE
International. A UNS number alone does not constitute a full material specification because it
establishes no requirements for material properties, heat treatment, form, or quality.
In North America, the common designations for cast stainless steel and nickel-base alloys are
descriptive of their chemistry and purpose. This designation system was established by the
Alloy Casting Institute (ACI) (Now the Steel Founder's Society of America) and has been
adopted by ASTM.
A designation beginning with the letter "C" indicates that the alloy is used primarily for corrosive
service; if the first letter is "H", the alloy is used primarily for high temperature service at or above
1200F (649C). The second letter indicates the approximate nickel and chromium contents of the
alloy grade on the FeCrNi ternary diagram (ASTM A 781, Appendix X1 and Figure X1.1). For C
classifications, the single or double digit number following the first two letters indicates the maximum
carbon content of the grade (% x 100). For H classifications, this number is the midpoint of the
carbon content range in units of 0.01 % with a 0.05% limit. Other alloying elements, if present,
are represented by one or more letters following the number.
For example:
the designation CF8M indicates that the grade is corrosion resistant (C), contains between 17% and
21 % chromium and between 8% and 12% nickel (F), a maximum carbon content of 0.08% (8), and
molybdenum (M);
the designation HD indicates that the grade is heat resistant (H), and contains between 26% and
30% chromium and between 4% and 7% nickel (D).
SUS
Material designation according Japanese JIS standards. In general the grade designation from the
equivalent ASTM standard is taken and the three letters SUS are added.
Example:
ASTM grade = 316L
JIS grade = SUS 316L
The requirements for the main pressure-bearing parts are defined in PED 97/23/EC, Annex 1, 4.
Materials, section 4.2. (b):
The manufacturer must provide in his technical documentation elements relating to
compliance with the materials specifications of the Directive in one of the following forms:
- by using materials which comply with harmonized standards,
- by using materials covered by a European approval of pressure equipment materials in
accordance with Article 11,
- by a particular material appraisal
The following listing is an overview of the most important harmonized material standards. This means
that materials listed in these standards can be used for main pressure-bearing parts in accordance
with PED 97/23/EC:
The following link contains an overview of materials that have successfully passed an EAM:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/pressure-and-
gas/documents/ped/materials/published/index_en.htm
Particular material appraisal
The following link contains an overview of materials that have been submitted for an EAM:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/pressure-and-
gas/documents/ped/materials/submitted/index_en.htm
The following standards contain requirements relative to materials. This section shall explain their
relevance in combination with the PED 97/23/EC.
EN 13445 shall substantiate the basic safety requirements of the PED 97/23/EC Annex 1 and
specifies the requirements for design, construction, inspection and testing of unfired pressure
vessels.
EN 13445-2 specifies the requirements for materials for unfired pressure vessels and supports which
are covered by EN 13445-1. Part 2 deals with
- the general philosophy on materials
- material grouping
- low temperature behavior in relation to room temperature performance.
It is limited to steel with sufficient ductility and excludes at present materials operating in the creep
range.
Annex A adds a list of all those material grades based upon European base material standards which
are accepted to be used for unfired pressure vessels made to this standard
EN 13445-2 is harmonized with PED 97/23/EC, Annex 1, 4. Materials, section 4.2. (b) and other
sections.
While some parts of ISO 4126, e.g. part 1 are harmonized with PED 97/23/EC, part 7 is not
harmonized with PED 97/23/EC. Therefore the use of ASTM materials can be assumed to be in
compliance with the PED.
Part 1 lists all steel materials that can be used for body, bonnets and covers of valves and which are
specified in European material standards. It includes material groups and applicable material
standards for each product form.
Part 2 lists additional steel materials which are not specified in European material standards. These
are specifically ASTM materials. It includes material groups and applicable material standards for
each product form as well as temperature limits.
EN 1503 is not harmonized with PED 97/23/EC. Therefore the use of ASTM materials can not be
assumed to be in compliance with the PED.
EN 12516, Industrial valves Shell design strength Part 1: Tabulation method for steel valve
shells
- Refers to material standards for pressure vessel steel
o European standards: Sheet and plate: EN 10028 -1 through -7, castings: EN 10213-2
through -4, forgings: EN 10222 2 through -5
o ASTM standards: e.g. castings: ASTM A-216, ASTM A-351, sheet and plate: ASTM A-
240, bar: ASTM A-479
- Determines material groups for pressure-temperature ratings
- Assigns European materials and ASTM materials to material groups
- Provides pressure/temperature ratings for the material groups (equivalent to ASME 16.34)
Parts of EN 12516-1 are harmonized with PED 97/23/EC, however it is not harmonized in regard of
the Annex 1, 4. Materials, section 4.2. (b), which determines which materials can be used. This
means that although EN 12516-1 is listing ASTM materials, the use of ASTM materials can not be
assumed to be in compliance with the PED.
EN 1092-1, Flanges and their Joints - Circular Flanges for Pipes, Valves, Fittings and
Accessories, PN Designated - Part 1: Steel Flanges
9.3.3.2 Summary
Within the European system of pressure vessel codes it is not as clearly defined which materials can
be used for pressure retaining components as it is in the ASME code. PED 97/23/EC determines the
basic requirements without listing any materials.
It is essential that the EN material standard is harmonized with the PED 97/23/EC. To which extend a
standard is harmonized is documented in the Annex ZA of each harmonized standard. This means
that not necessarily the complete content of a standard is harmonized and a detailed review of the
harmonized parts of the standard is required.
Before the PED 97/23 was introduced the AD-2000 code in combination with TRB rules were the
applicable codes and standards for pressure equipment in Germany and were adopted in a number
of further European markets. Today the AD-2000 code is still existing and has been modified so that
the essential safety requirements of the PED are fulfilled, especially the conformity assessment. In
other words: with the application of the AD-2000 code as a whole it is assumed that the requirements
of the PED are fulfilled.
Within the AD-2000 code applicable parts referring to materials are:
AD-W2 Materials- Austenitic Steels
AD W3/1 Cast iron with lamellar graphite (grey cast iron) non-alloy and low-alloy
AD W3/2 Cast iron materials- Spheroidal-graphite cast iron non-alloy and low alloy
AD W4 Tubes made from non-alloyed and alloy steels
AD W5 Materials- Cast steels
AD W10 Materials for low temperatures- Ferrous materials
Especially AD-W10 contains a useful concept regarding low temperature applications with three
different load cases:
Case I: material strength parameters and safety factors may be used up to 100%
Case II: material strength parameters and safety factors may be used up to 75%
Case III: material strength parameters and safety factors may be used up to 25%
Depending on the load cases a further reduction of the lowest temperature without further testing of
the material at low temperatures is allowed.
Example carbon steel 1.0619 with a pressure rating of PN40 (40 bar):
Instead of a minimum temperature of -10C, 1.0619 may be used down to -85C, if the pressure does
not exceed 10 bar.
This section contains definitions of material groups and their general applications.
CAST IRON
Cast Iron
General Low cost material. Not weldable.
description Due to the lamellar graphite structure cast iron is relatively brittle.
Limited pressure rating up to PN 16 or Class 125.
Chemical Carbon content: > 2% C < 4,5%
composition Other elements: silicon, normally 1-3 %
Typical materials DIN 1691, 0.6025 (GG-25)
Temperature limits DIN/EN: -10C up to 300C
Applications Low pressure steam, water
Ductile Iron
General Also called nodular cast iron. Not weldable.
description Due to its nodular graphite inclusions ductile iron is much more ductile than
cast iron and allows higher pressure ratings than cast iron.
Pressure rating up to PN 40 or Class 300.
Chemical Carbon content: > 2% C < 4,5%
composition Other elements: silicon, normally 1-3 %
Typical materials 0.7043 (GGG-40.3),
60-40-18
Temperature limits DIN/EN: -60C (AD-W10) up to 350C
Applications Low pressure steam, water
Table 9.4-1: Properties of cast iron / ductile iron
CARBON STEEL
Carbon Steel
General Higher ductility than cast iron, weldable.
description Most common material for pressure vessel design.
Chemical Carbon content: < 0.2% C
composition Other elements: not significant
Typical materials 1.0619 (GP240GH)
WCB
Temperature limits DIN EN: -85C/-121F (AD-W10) up to 450C/842F
ASME: -29C/-20F up to 427C/800F
Applications Wide range of applications, standard material as long as temperature or
chemical resistance do not require different material. In the chemical and
petrochemical industry carbon steel stands for approximately 70% - 80 % of
the applications.
High Temperature Carbon Steel / Chrome Molybdenum Steel
General Increased upper temperature limit compared to carbon steel.
description
Chemical Carbon content: < 0.2% C
composition Other elements: Cr: 0.5 1%, Mo: 0.5 1,4%, Ni: 0,4 1.0%, some grades
contain also Cu, Tu or V.
Typical materials 1.7357 (G17CrMo5-5)
WC6
Temperature limits DIN EN: -85C/-121F (AD-W10) up to 550C/1022F
ASME: -29C/-20F up to 538C/1000F
Applications Similar to standard carbon steel but temperature above carbon steel limits
like in high pressure, high temperature steam applications.
Low Temperature Carbon Steel
General There is no difference in the chemical composition to a standard carbon
description steel. Different heat treatment and charpy impact test at low temperature (-
46C/-50F) allow for lower application temperatures.
Chemical Carbon content: < 0.2% C
composition Other elements: not significant
Typical materials LCB
Temperature limits ASME: -46C/-50F up to 343C/650F
Applications Similar to standard carbon steel, especially under low ambient temperature
conditions, as they are found e.g. in Canada or Russia.
Table 9.4-2: Properties of carbon steel
STAINLESS STEEL
Ferritic Stainless Steel
General Passivation of the surface which provides corrosion resistance. Advantage
description of ferritic stainless steels vs. austenitic is their resistance against chloride
induced intercrystalline corrosion. Ferritic stainless steels are typically
magnetic.
Chemical Carbon content: typically < 0,03% C
composition Other elements: Cr > 10.5%, better > 12-13%, up to Cr < 27% and very little
Ni, if any to avoid austenitic structure. Most compositions include Mo.
Typical materials Ferritic materials are typically not used in LESER safety valves
Temperature limits n/a
Applications n/a
Austenitic Stainless Steel
General Compared to ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steel can be work
description hardened and has a higher elongation. The almost temperature independent
high toughness makes austenitic stainless steel a preferred material for
pressure retaining components. Austenitic stainless steel is typically not
magnetic.
Chemical Carbon content: typically < 0,08% C
composition Other elements: > 16% Cr and sufficient Ni and/or Mn to retain an austenitic
structure at all temperatures
Typical materials 1.4408/CF8M, 1.4581/CF10M, 1.4404/316L
Temperature limits DIN EN: -270C/-454F up to 550C/1022F
ASME: -268C/-450F up to 538C/1000F
Applications Wide range of applications, standard material when carbon steel is not
sufficient. In the chemical and petrochemical industry austenitic stainless
steel stands for approximately 15 % of the applications.
Martensitic Stainless Steel
General Martensitic steels have due to their relatively high carbon content high
description strength and hardness, but are typically brittle and have little toughness.
They are magnetic and hardenable by quenching and tempering. Martensitic
materials are typically not used for pressure retaining parts like bodies or
bonnets.
Chemical Carbon content: 0.1 1.2%
composition Other elements: Cr 12 18%, Ni < 2%, Mo 0.2 1-0,
Typical materials 1.4021/AISI420, 1.4122/MT440
Temperature limits Not applicable
Applications Safety valve discs or spindles.
Super Austenitic Stainless Steel
General Super (austenitic) stainless steels contain over 50% non-ferrous elements.
description Compared to conventional austenitic stainless steels, superaustenitic
materials have a superior resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in
environments containing halides.
Chemical Carbon content: < 0.08%
composition Other elements: Cr 19 23 %, high Mo contents (>6% for AL-6XN and 254
SMO) and nitrogen additions 0.1 0.25% for resistance to chloride pitting
and crevice corrosion, Ni 17.5 38% ensures better resistance to stress-
corrosion cracking.
Typical materials Alloy AL-6XN / UNS N08367, 254SMO / UNS S31254, Alloy 20 / UNS
N08020, 1.4529, 1.4539
Temperature limits Depending on material
Applications Originally developed for seawater applications, AL-6XN is used successfully
in food, pharmaceutical, and biopharmaceutical processes. 254SMO is used
for seawater applications.
Table 9.4-3: Properties of stainless steel
Pure Metals
General Occasionally traditional stainless steels or nickel base alloys can not fulfill
description the corrosions resistance requirements of a specific application.
Except for pure Nickel also Titanium, Zirconium or Tantalum may be used
for pressure retaining components acc. to ASME code.
Chemical Typically pure metal with little other elements
composition
Typical materials Nickel, Titanium, Zirconium, Tantalum
Pressure rating No limitation
Temperature limits Varies with material
Applications Titanium:
- titanium is advantageous in environments subject to attack by oxidizing
media or by chlorides and other chlorine ions
- sometimes preferred over Duplex grades in offshore applications.
Zirconium:
- Acetic Acid Production - MONSANTO carbonylation process
- Urea Production (Stripper)
- Nitric Acid Applications
- Sulfuric Acid Applications
- Formic Acid Environments
Tantalum:
- Tantalum is resistant to all acids with the exception of hot, fuming
sulphuric acid (oleum) and hydrofluoric acid. It is only attacked slowly by
alkaline solutions.
Table 9.4-6: Properties of pure materials
Materials for pressure retaining components like body, bonnet, bolts must be from materials that are
listed in the applicable codes and standards (seeD). Therefore not every available material may be
used for these components.
Casting EN 10213-2 1.0619 0.18-0.23 0.60 0.50-1.20 0.030 0.020 --- --- --- --- 3E0 ---
Forging EN 10222-2 1.0460 0.18-0.23 0.40 0.40-0.90 0.025 0.015 0.30 --- --- Al: 0.015-0.050 --- ---
Al: min 0.020,
N: 0.012 Cu:
0.30, Nb:
exactly 0.020, Ni: 0.30,
Plate EN 10028-2 1.0425 0.20 0.40 0.80-1.40 0.025 0.015 0.30 0.30
0.08 Ti: 0.03, V:
3E0 ---
0.02,
Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni
0.70
1.00- 0.45-
Casting EN 10213-2 1.7357 0.15-0.20 0.60 0.50-1.00 0.020 0.020
1.50
---
0.65
--- 5E0 ---
0.15- 15.50- 0.20-
Bar EN 10088-3 1.4104 0.10-0.17 1.00 1.50 0.040
0.35 17.50
---
0.60
--- --- ---
18.00- 9.00- 2.00-
Casting EN 10213-4 1.4408 0.07 1.50 1.50 0.040 0.030
20.00 12.00 2.50
--- 14 E 0 3
C35 0.15-
Nut DIN EN 10269
(1.0501)
0.32-0.39
0.35
0.50-0.80 0.045 0.045 --- --- --- --- --- ---
12.00-
Bar EN 10088-3 1.4021 0.16-0.25 1.00 1.50 0.040 0.030
14.00
--- --- --- --- ---
SH 0.10-
Spring EN 10270-1
(1.1200)
0.35-1.00
0.30
0.50-1.20 0.035 0.035 --- --- --- Cu: 0.20 --- ---
0.90- V: 0.10-0.25,
Spring EN 10089 1.8159 0.47-0.55 0.40 0.70-1.10 0.025 0.025
1.20
--- ---
Cu+10Sn0.60
--- ---
1.20- 0.50-
Spring EN 10089 1.7102 0.51-0.59
1.60
0.50-0.80 0.025 0.025
0.80
--- --- Cu+10Sn0.60 --- ---
16.00- 6.00-
Spring EN 10270-3 1.4310 0.05-0.15 2.00 2.00 0.045 0.015
19.00 9.50
0.80 N: 0.11 --- ---
0.20,
> 40
Bar EN 10025 1.0570 mm
0.55 1.60 0.035 0.035 --- --- --- --- --- ---
0.22
0.08- 0.40- 0.70- 0.40- N: 0.012,
Bar EN 10273 1.7335 0.18
0.35
1.00
0.025 0.010
1.15
---
0.60 Cu: 0.30
5E0 ---
0.12- 0.40- 0.25-
Forging EN 10222-2 1.5415 0.20
0.35
0.90
0.025 0.015 --- ---
0.35
--- 4E0 ---
N: 0.06-
0.14, Nb:
0.04- 0.30- 15.50- 12.50- 1.10-
Pipe EN 10216-5 1.4988* 0.10 0.60
1.50 0.035 0.015
17.50 14.50 1.50
10xC bis --- ---
1.20, V:
0.60-0.85
0.04- 0.30- 15.50- 15.50- 1.60- Nb: 10xC
Pipe EN 10216-5 1.4981* 0.10 0.60
1.50 0.035 0.015
17.50 17.50 2.00 bis 1.20
--- ---
N: 0.10-
16.00- 12.00- 2.00- 0.18, B:
Plate EN 10028-7 1.4910* 0.04 0.75 2.00 0.035 0.015
18.00 14.00 3.00 0.0015-
--- ---
0.0050
17.00- 8.00-
Plate EN 10028-7 1.4301 0.07 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.015
19.50 10.50
--- N: 0.11 11 E 0 3
Nut SA 194 2H min. 0.40 0.40 1.00 0.040 0.050 --- --- --- --- --- ---
0.15- 0.65- 0.75- 0.15-
Nut SA 194 7M 0.37-0.49
0.35 1.10
0.035 0.040
1.20
---
0.25
--- --- ---
16.0- 10.0- 2.00-
Nut SA 194 8M 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
18.0 14.0 3.00
--- --- ---
0.40- 0.50- 0.60- 0.90-
Casting SA 217 WC5 0.05-0.20 0.60
0.70
0.04 0.045
0.90 1.00 1.20
--- UCS-23 1.7
0.40- 2.00- 0.90-
Casting SA 217 WC9 0.05-0.18 0.60
0.70
0.04 0.045
2.75
---
1.20
--- UCS-23 1.10
0.40- 4.00- 0.45-
Casting SA 217 C5 0.20 0.75
0.70
0.04 0.045
6.50
---
0.65
--- UCS-23 1.13
0.35- 8.00- 0.90-
Casting SA 217 C12 0.20 1.00
0.65
0.04 0.045
10.00
---
1.20
--- UCS-23 1.14
18.0- 8.0-
Casting SA 351 CF8 0.08 2.00 1.50 0.040 0.040
21.0 11.0
0.50 --- UHA-23 2.1
17.0- 8.0-
Casting SA 351 CF3 0.03 2.00 1.50 0.040 0.040
21.0 12.0
0.50 --- UHA-23 2.1
17.0- 9.0-
Casting SA 351 CF3M 0.03 1.50 1.50 0.040 0.040
21.0 13.0
2.0-3.0 --- UHA-23 2.2
17.0- 9.0- N: 0.10-
Casting SA 351 CF3MN 0.03 1.50 1.50 0.040 0.040
21.0 13.0
2.0-3.0
0.20
--- ---
18.0- 9.0-
Casting SA 351 CG8M 0.08 1.50 1.50 0.040 0.040
21.0 13.0
3.0-4.0 --- UHA-23 2.2
18.0- 9.0-
Casting SA 351 CG3M 0.03 1.50 1.50 0.040 0.040
21.0 13.0
3.0-4.0 --- --- ---
18.0- 9.0- Nb: see
Casting SA 351 CF8C 0.08 2.00 1.50 0.040 0.040
21.0 12.0
0.50
Note
UHA-23 2.11
18.0- 8.0-
Bar SA 479 304 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
20.0 10.5
--- --- UHA-23 2.1
18.0- 8.0-
Bar SA 479 304L 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
20.0 12.0
--- --- UHA-23 2.3
16.0- 10.0- 2.00-
Bar SA 479 316 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
18.0 14.0 3.00
--- UHA-23 2.2
16.0- 10.0- 2.00- N: 0.10 Nb:
Bar SA 479 316Cb 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
18.0 14.0 3.00 10*C-1.10
UHA-23 ---
N: 0.10
16.0- 10.0- 2.00-
Bar SA 479 316Ti 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
18.0 14.0 3.00
Ti: 5*(C+N) UHA-23 ---
-0.70
18.0- 11.0-
Bar SA 479 317 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
20.0 15.0
3.0-4.0 --- UHA-23 ---
18.0- 11.0-
Forging SA 182 317L 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
20.0 15.0
3.0-4.0 --- UHA-23 ---
17.0- 9.0- Ti: 5*(C+N)
Bar SA 479 321 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
19.0 12.0
---
-0.70
UHA-23 2.4
17.0- 9.0- Nb: 10*C
Bar SA 479 347 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030
19.0 12.0
---
-1.10
UHA-23 2.5
Notes:
- All values are maximum unless otherwise indicated.
- Additional notes about the chemical composition can be found in the respective standard.
- High Alloy and Nickel base materials: see section 9.4
- For equivalent SA specifications depending on product form see section 9.7.1
The following chart compares standard materials for LESERs API series 526 and competitive models.
LESER specifies casting with a so called five-fold-material-certificate. This means that chemical
analysis and chemical properties of the material are limited in such a way that the material fulfils the
material requirements of five different materials at the same time.
These materials are: 1.0619, WCB, WCC, LCB and LCC. Therefore the LCC specification of other
manufacturers is automatically covered.
The material supplier certifies all five materials in one single material certificate at the same time. This
certification of LCB and LCC requires the performance and certification of a charpy impact test at
-46C.
In other words: If LESER supplies the material LCB this material is at the same time a 1.0619
but with an extended application range for temperatures below -10C down to 46C. For details
please refer to LESER Work Standard LDeS 3290.03.
SA 479 316 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 2.00 - 3.00 ---
Table 9.5.3.3-1: Chemical composition of 1.4122 and 316
1.4122 is a martensitic hardened stainless steel. Due to the relatively high carbon content a high
strength and hardness is provided.
316 is an austenitic stainless steel. Due to the content of Cr and Ni content it provides a very good
corrosion resistance. However 316 is a relatively soft material.
For uncritical media like steam, water or many gases a disc from 1.4122 provides a perfect solution.
Due to its hardness it has a longer lifetime than 316. The combination of a hard disc with a relatively
soft material for the nozzle/seat (CF8M or 316L) additionally leads to a better tightness, especially
after the valves has opened.
In case corrosive media like chemicals require the corrosion resistance of a 316 stainless steel,
LESER supplies a disc of material 316L which is automatically equipped with a stellited sealing
surface.
1.4104 tenifer is a corrosion resistant chrome steel with a tenifer surface hardening treatment. This
nitrocarburisation procedure improves the hardness of the material and reduces the friction between
a tenifer surface (guide) and a metallic surface (spindle). This leads to a longer lifetime and avoids
galling between spindle and guide.
Chemical Composition
LESER uses the martensitic material 1.4021 as a standard material for safety valve spindles. This
section compares 1.4021 to the martensitic AISI grade 410 and 416 stainless steel.
LESER sources 1.4021 with a defined heat treatment and hardening procedure, resulting in
defined mechanical properties.
AISI 410/416 can be sourced with a variety of heat treatment conditions resulting in completely
different mechanical properties.
Only if AISI 410/416 are sourced with a heat treatment resulting in the highest possible
tensile and yield strength this material reaches mechanical properties comparable but not
superior to 1.4021.
Chemical Composition
Material Standard C Cr Mn P S Si
The chemical composition of the three materials is almost identical, resulting in comparable chemical
resistance.
LESER standard stainless steel spring material is 1.4310. Competitors often use 316 springs as
standard (DIN equivalent: 1.4401). This chapter shall compare both materials and give an overview
about the range of application for both.
Chemical Composition
The following chemical composition and mechanical properties were taken from referenced material
codes for spring wire:
The only differences lay in the Si, Mo, and Ni- content. The main difference can be found in Mo- and
Ni-content which is lower for 1.4310. Molybdenum and nickel as alloying component lead to higher
corrosion resistance, mainly when it comes to highly concentrated and hot acids.
Mechanical Properties:
The following tables summarize the mechanical properties from material standards:
Material
1.4310 NS 1.4310 HS 1.4401 316
Short name
X10CrNi18-8 X10CrNi18-8 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 S 31600
DIN EN 10270- DIN EN 10270- DIN EN 10270-3: A 313/
Code
3: 2012-01 3: 2012-01 2012-01 A 313M 03
Tensile str.
1450 - 1670 1550 - 1790 1200 - 1380 1105 - 1310
Mechanical 5mm [MPa]
properties Tensile str.
1250 - 1440 1350 - 1560 1050 - 1210 895 - 1105
10mm [MPa]
Table 9.5.3.6-2: Mechanical properties of 1.4310, 1.4310HS, 1.4401 and 316 from material standards
Additionally to above mentioned mechanical properties the following values from spring suppliers
shall be taken into account, because they are relevant for the design of springs:
The mechanical properties, especially Rm (tensile strength) and G-module (shear modulus) of
LESERs standard material are higher than for 316. This is advantageous for the design of springs,
because it allows to design springs with a larger force in a given space (bonnet). This means a higher
possible set pressure for a given valve design.
LESER standard springs made of 1.4310 are suitable for a temperature range between -196C up to
+280C (temperature at the spring, not medium temperature).
As 316 springs have the same temperature range, both materials can be considered to be equal.
Summary
1.4310 provides better mechanical properties with a wider set pressure range. For a large majority of
applications 1.4310 provides also a very good corrosion resistance. The only point where 316 offers
a benefit is in regards to corrosion resistance when it comes to highly concentrated and hot acids. In
those cases a bellows should be selected to protect the spring area.
The following figures and charts shall help to understand the critical areas and components in a
safety valve.
Valve
external
Bonnet area
with guiding
parts
Valve
outlet
Valve
inlet
Figure 9.6.1-1: Critical areas and components in a Figure 9.6.1-2: Critical areas and components in a
conventional safety valve balanced bellows safety valve
The different areas of a safety valve can be distinguished regarding corrosion considerations as
follows:
At the end a decision between the cost of a corrosion resistant design and a more frequent
maintenance cycle must be made by the user.
To assist making this decision LESER offers different levels for the extent of components in high alloy
materials.
The pictures below visualize the different levels of corrosion protection for a LESER API Series safety
valve. Components in red color indicate the high alloy material component within each level.
Level 1 Level 2
Inlet Wetted parts Inlet Wetted & Guiding parts
1.0 Conventional 1.1 Bellows 2.0 Conventional 2.1 Bellows
The following chart provides a guideline for the application of the different levels depending on the general
operating conditions and maintenance aspects.
The following table shows a selection of the high alloy materials that are available for the LESER
safety valves Series 526 as an option. Further materials are available on request. Materials
highlighted in grey are standardized at LESER and available within short delivery time.
Table 9.6.3-1: High alloy material options for LESER API Series 526
[High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion, Publication from Special Metals
Corporation, Huntington, West Virginia, USA]
Composition %
Material UNS 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Notes:
- UNS numbers are linked only if material is listed in ASME VIII.
- Cu is only listed separately if the content is higher than 4 %, else Cu is listed under Other.
- Composition is listed only for bar material, the equivalent casting may have a slightly different composition.
- Additional information about the composition can be found in the respective material standard.
The following chart shows the development of nickel-based alloys with multiple alloying additions.
[High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion, Publication from Special Metals
Corporation, Huntington, West Virginia, USA]
Nickel Provides metallurgical stability, improves thermal stability and weldability, improves
resistance to reducing acids and caustics, and increases resistance to stress corrosion cracking
particularly in chlorides and caustics.
Molybdenum Improves resistance to reducing acids, and to pitting and crevice corrosion in
aqueous chloride containing environments. It contributes to increased high-temperature strength.
Iron Improves resistance to high-temperature carburizing environments, reduces alloy costs, and
controls thermal expansion.
Copper Improves resistance to reducing acids (particularly non-aerated sulfuric and hydrofluoric)
and to salts. Copper additions to nickel-chromium-molybdenum iron alloys provide improved
resistance to hydrochloric, phosphoric and sulfuric acids.
Titanium Combines with carbon to reduce susceptibility to intergranular corrosion due to chromium
carbide precipitation resulting from heat treatments, and enhances age hardening.
Tungsten Improves resistance to reducing acids and to localized corrosion, and enhances both
strength and weldability.
Nitrogen Enhances metallurgical stability, improves pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, and
increases strength.
[High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion, Publication from Special Metals
Corporation, Huntington, West Virginia, USA]
The following link provides additional information on alloying elements and their effect on steel:
http://www.stahlschluessel.de/en/info_element__lang.html
Pitting Corrosion
Pitting is a form of localised corrosion and is characterised by attacks at small discrete spots on the
steel surface. Pitting occurs mainly in the presence of neutral or acidic solutions containing chlorides
or other halides. Chloride ions facilitate a local breakdown of the passive layer, especially if there are
imperfections in the metal surface.
Crevice corrosion
Crevice corrosion is a form of localised corrosion and occurs under the same conditions as pitting, i.e.
in neutral or acidic chloride solutions. However, attack starts more easily in a narrow crevice than on
an unshielded surface. Crevices, such as those found at flange joints or at threaded connections, are
thus often the most critical sites for corrosion.
9.6.8 PREN
Pitting resistance equivalent numbers (PREN) are a theoretical way of comparing the pitting corrosion
resistance of various types of stainless steels, based on their chemical compositions. A higher value
of the PREN number represents a better resistance.
This number can be used to rank different materials but does not provide an absolute value for
corrosion resistance and is not applicable in all environments.
Sometimes nitrogen is weighted more, with factors of 27 or 30, but as the actual nitrogen levels are
quite modest in most stainless steels, this does not have a dramatic effect on ranking.
GROUP 1 MATERIALS
Forging Casting Plates Bars Tubular
Mat. Nominal
Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade
Group Designation
1.1 C-Si A 105 A 216 WCB A 515 70 A 105
C-Mn-Si A 350 LF2 A 516 70 A 350 LF2 A 672 C 70
A 537 Cl.1 A 696 C B 70
3 Ni A350 LF3
C-Mn-Si-V A350 LF6 Cl.1
1.2 C-Si A 106 C
2 Ni A 352 LC2 A 203 B
3 Ni A 352 LC3 A 203 E
C-Mn-Si A 216 WCC
A 352 LCC
C-Mn-Si-V A 350 LF6 Cl.2
1.3 C A 675 70
C-Si A 352 LCB A 515 65 A 672 B 65
2 Ni A203 A
3 Ni A203 D
C-Mn-Si A516 65 A 672 C 65
C- Mo A 217 WC1
A 352 LC1
1.7 C- Mo A 691 CM-75
Cr- Mo A 182 F2 A182 F2
Ni-Cr-Mo A 217 WC4
Ni-Mo-Cr A 217 WC5
1.9 1Cr-Mo-Si A182 F11 Cl. 2 A 387 11 Cl. 2 A 182 F11 Cl. 2
1Cr-Mo A 217 WC6 A 739 B11
1.10 2Cr-1Mo A182 F22 Cl. 3 A 217 WC9 A 387 22 Cl. 2 A182 F22 Cl. 3
A 739 B22
1.13 5Cr-Mo A 182 F5a A 217 C5 A 182 F5a
1.14 9Cr-1Mo A 182 F9 A 217 C12 A 182 F9
1.15 9Cr-1Mo-V A 182 F91 A 217 C12A A 387 91 Cl. 2 A 182 F91 A 335 P91
Table 9.7.1-1: Group 1 materials
GROUP 2 MATERIALS
Forging Casting Plates Bars Tubular
Mat. Nominal
Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade
Group Designation
2.1 18Cr-8Ni A 182 F304 A 351 CF3 A 240 304 A 182 F304 A312 TP304
A 182 F304H A 351 CF8 A 240 304H A 182 F304H A312 TP304H
A 479 304 A 358 304
A 479 304H A 376 TP304
A 376 TP304H
A 430 FP304
A 430 FP304H
2.2 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A 182 F316 A 351 CF3M A 240 316 A 182 F316 A 312 TP316
A 182 F316H A 351 CF8M A 240 316H A 182 F316H A 312 TP316H
A 479 316 A 358 316
A 479 316H A 376 TP316
A 376 TP316H
A 430 FP316
A 430 FP316H
2.2 18Cr-8Ni A 351 CF3A
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo A 182 F317 A 240 317 A 312 TP317
A 182 F317H A 351 CF8A A 240 317H A 312 TP317H
19Cr-10Ni-3Mo A 351 CG8M
2.3 18Cr-8Ni A 182 F304L A 240 304L A 182 F304L A 312 TP304L
A 479 304L
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A182 F316L A 240 316L A 182 F316L A 312 TP316L
A 479 316L
2.4 18Cr-10Ni-Ti A 182 F321 A 240 321 A 182 F321 A 312 TP321
A 182 F321H A 240 321H A 479 321 A 312 TP321H
A 182 F321H A 358 321
A 479 321H A 376 TP321
A 376 TP321H
A 430 FP321
A 430 FP321H
2.5 18Cr-10Ni-Cb A 182 F347 A 240 347 A 182 F347 A 312 TP347
A 182 F347H A 240 347H A 182 F347H A 312 TP347H
A 182 F348 A 240 348 A 182 F348 A 312 TP348
A 182 F348H A 240 348H A 182 F348H A 312 TP348H
A 479 347 A 358 TP347
A 479 347H A 376 TP347
A 479 348 A 376 TP347H
A 479 348H A 376 TP348
A 376 TP348H
A 430 FP347
A 430 FP347H
2.6 23Cr-12Ni A 312 TP309H
A 240 309H A 358 309H
2.7 25Cr-20Ni A 182 F310H A 240 310H A 182 F310H A 312 TP310H
A 479 310H A 358 310H
2.8 20Cr-18Ni-6Mo A 182 F44 A 351 CK3MCuN A 240 S31254 A 479 S31254 A 312 S31254
A 358 S31254
22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N A 182 F51 A 240 S31803 A479 S31803 A 789 S31803
A 790 S31803
25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N A 182 F53 A 240 S32750 A 479 S32750 A 789 S32750
A 790 S32750
24Cr-10Ni-4Mo-V
A 351 CE8MN
25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-3Cu A 351 CD4MCuN
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-W-Cb CD3MWCu
A 351 A 789 S32760
N
25Cr-7Ni-3.5Mo-N-Cr-W A 182 F55 A 240 S32760 A 790 S32760
2.9 23Cr-12Ni A 240 309S
25Cr-20Ni A 240 310S A 479 310S
2.10 25Cr-12Ni A 351 CH8
A 351 CH20
2.11 18Cr-10Ni-Cb A 351 CF8C
2.12 25Cr-20NI A 351 CK20
Table 9.7.1-2: Group 2 materials
GROUP 3 MATERIALS
Forging Casting Plates Bars Tubular
Mat. Nominal
Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade Spec Grade
Group Designation
3.1 35Ni-35Fe-20Cr-Cb B 462 N08020 B 463 N08020 B 473 N08020 B 464 N08020
B 468 N08020
3.2 99Ni B 160 N02200 B 162 N02200 B 160 N02200 B161 N02200
B 163 N02200
3.3 99Ni-Low C B 160 N02201 B 162 N02201 B160 N02201
3.4 67Ni-30Cu B164 N04400 B 127 N04400 B 164 N04400 B 165 N04400
B 163 N04400
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb B 564 N04400
67Ni-30Cu-S B 164 N04405 B 164 N04405
3.5 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 564 N06600 B 168 N06600 B 166 N06600 B 167 N06600
B 163 N06600
3.6 33Ni-42Fe-21Cr B 564 N08800 B 409 N08800 B 408 N08800 B 163 N08800
3.7 65Ni-28Mo-2Fe B 462 N10665 B 333 N10665 B 335 N10665 B 622 N10665
B 564 N10665
64Ni-29.5Mo-2Cr-2Fe-Mn-W B 462 N10675 B 333 N10675 B 335 N10675 B 622 N10675
B 564 N10675
3.8 54Ni-16Mo-15Cr B 462 N10276 B 575 N10276 B 574 N10276 B 622 N10276
B 564 N10276
60Ni-22Cr-9Mo-3.5Cb B 564 N06625 B 443 N06625 B 446 N06625
62Ni-28Mo-5Fe B 335 N10001 B 333 N10001 B 335 N10001 B 622 N10001
70Ni-16Mo-7Cr-5Fe B 573 N10003 B 434 N10003 B 573 N10003
61Ni-16Mo-16Cr B 574 N06455 B 575 N06455 B 574 N06455 B 622 N06455
42Ni-21.5Cr-3Mo-2.3Cu B 425 N08825 B 424 N08825 B 425 N08825 B 423 N08825
55Ni-21Cr-13.5Mo B 462 N06022 B 575 N06022 B 574 N06022 B 622 N06022
B 564 N06022
55Ni-23Cr-16Mo-1.6Cu B 462 N06200 B 575 N06200 B 574 N06200 B 622 N06200
B 564 N06200
3.9 47Ni-22Cr-9Mo-18Fe B 572 N06002 B 435 N06002 B 572 N06002 B 622 N06002
3.10 25Ni-47Fe-21Cr-5Mo B 672 N08700 B 599 N08700 B 672 N08700
3.11 44Fe-25Ni-21Cr-Mo B 649 N08904 B 625 N08904 B 649 N08904 B 677 N08904
3.12 26Ni-43Fe-22Cr-5Mo B 621 N08320 B 620 N08320 B 621 N08320 B 622 N08320
47Ni-22Cr-20Fe-7Mo B 581 N06985 B 582 N06985 B 581 N06985 B 622 N06985
46Fe-24Ni-21Cr-6Mo-Cu-N B 462 N08367 A 351 CN3MN B 688 N08367
3.13 49Ni-25Cr-18Fe-6Mo B 581 N06975 B 582 N06975 B 581 N06975 B 622 N06975
Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu-Low C B 564 N08031 B 625 N08031 B 649 N08031 B 622 N08031
3.14 47Ni-22Cr-19Fe-6Mo B 581 N06007 B 582 N06007 B 581 N06007 B 622 N06007
40Ni-29Cr-15Fe-5Mo B 462 N06030 B 582 N06030 B 581 N06030 B 622 N06030
3.15 33Ni-2Fe-21Cr B 564 N08810 B 409 N08810 B 408 N08810 B 407 N08810
Ni-Mo A 494 N-12MV
Ni-Mo-Cr A 494 CW-12MW
3.16 35Ni-19Cr-1 Si B 511 N08330 B 536 N08330 B 511 N08330 B 535 N08330
3.17 29Ni-20Cr-3Cu-2Mo A 351 CN7M
3.18 72Ni-15Cr-8Fe B 167 N06600
Table 9.7.1-3: Group 3 materials
The following chart shows equivalent materials between ASME and EN specifications. Equivalent
means that chemical composition and mechanical requirements do overlap, so that it is possible to
fulfill both requirements with one material.
In case of LESER standard (stock) materials LESER will supply a material double certificate,
certifying both ASME and EN material in one certificate. For materials procured to order the certificate
may show only one material ASME or EN.
CARBON STEEL
Product form ASME Spec. ASME Grade UNS Number EN Grade EN Spec. Notes
Forging SA 105 105 10222-2
Plate SA 515 70 VdTV 350/1
1.0460 C22.8
Bar SA 105 105 10273
Tubular
Supplied with three fold material
Casting SA 216 WCB J03002 1.0619 10213-2
certificate WCB/WCC/1.0619
Forging
Plate SA 515 65
Bar
Tubular SA 672 B 65
Supplied with five fold material
Casting SA 352 LCB
certificate LCB/LCC/WCB/WCC/ 1.0619
Table 9.7.3-1: ASME / EN equivalent carbon steel
Thyssenkrupp:
A free downloadable guide for the corrosion resistance of selected stainless steel and duplex
materials:
http://www.nirosta.org/fileadmin/media/PDF/chembest_en.pdf
www.engineeringtoolbox.com:
A free and simplified guide for a variety of different materials groups and chemicals:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/metal-corrosion-resistance-d_491.html
DIN 6601:
Resistance of selected carbon steels and austenitic stainless steels against more than 3000
chemicals.
DECHEMA:
The DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook represents a comprehensive collection of knowledge that is
unique both in its scope as well as content. It covers corrosion data and the chemical resistance of all
technically important metallic, non-metallic, inorganic and organic materials in contact with more than
1000 aggressive media and 110.000 material-media combinations. The DECHEMA Corrosion
Handbook is for purchase:
http://www.dechema.de/en/corrosion.html
Buerkert:
A free downloadable guide for the chemical resistance of selected elastomers, plastics and steels:
http://www.buerkert.com/media/COM_Chemical_Resistance_Chart.pdf
- Specific testing: tests are performed on the batch which is supplied to the purchaser
- Non-specific testing: tests are performed regularly on the same material but not necessarily on
the same batch which is supplied to the purchaser.
For casting components the marking is typically provided by the casting supplier on every individual
casting. For LESER safety valves this applies to:
- bodies
- bonnets
- lever caps
- nozzles
For components that are machined from bar stock, LESER uses a coding system which allows to
trace back the material certificate for each individual part manufactured from a batch of bar material.
For LESER safety valves this applies to:
- nozzles / seat
- inlet bodies / outlet bodies / bonnets (Compact Performance safety valves)
- discs
- caps
- bonnet spacers
- studs / nuts
For each safety valve manufactured by LESER the material certificates of the following components
are always recorded with the order:
- body / inlet body
- nozzle / seat
- spring
That means, based only on the serial number of the valve LESER can always trace the material
certificate for these components. If further material certificates were ordered also these can easily be
traced by valve serial number only. Material certificates for other components can be traced based on
the marking of the individual component.
As an example the coding system for a disc is shown below. For details on marking of components,
please refer to chapter Marking of ENGINEERING.
Part 1 2 3
Disc GL1 1.4404.316L CODE3924
Explanation
Material code Number
Material designation DIN/ ANSI
Name of the factory authorized expert
Material certificates for supplied valves can be downloaded from the LESER website:
http://www.leser.com/en/services/certificates.html
For further details, please refer to chapter Quality and Environmental Management of
ENGINEERING.
A commonly used formula to calculate the Carbon Equivalent is based on a publication of the
International Institute of Welding (IIW) [Technical Report 1967, IIW Doc. IX-535-67]:
For this equation the weldability based on a range of CE values can be defined as follows:
SA 182, Forged of Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High
Temperature Service
SA 193, Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature Service
SA 194, Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-Pressure and High-Temperature-Service or
both
SA 216, Steel Castings, Carbon Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service
SA 217, Steel Castings, Martensic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure Containing Parts, Suitable for
High-Temperature Service
SA 240, Chromium and Chromium-Nickel stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels
and for General Applications
SA 307, Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi Tensile Strength
SA 350, Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch toughness Testing for Piping
Components
SA 352, Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-
Temperature Service
SA 354, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs and other Externally Threaded Fasteners
SA 515, Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Intermediate- and Higher-Temperature Service
SA 516, Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderated- and Lower-Temperature Service
SB 166, Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025
and N06045) and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) Rod, Bar, and Wire
SB 168, Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025
and N06045)) and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617) Plate, Sheep, and
Strip
SB 424, Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Alloy (UNS N08825 and N08821) Plate, Sheet and Strip
SB 425, Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Alloy (UNS N08825 and UNS N08221) Rod and Bar
SB 434, Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N10003, UNS N10242) Plate, Sheet and
Strip
SB 435, UNS N06002, UNS N06230, UNS N12160 and UNS R30556 Plate, Sheet, and Strip
SB 462, Forged or Rolled UNS N06030, UNS N06022, UNS N06200, UNS N08020, UNS N08024,
UNS N08026, UNS N08367, UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675 and UNS R20033 Alloy Pipe
Flanges, Forged Fittings and Valves and Parts for Corrosive High-Temperature Service
SB 463, UNS N08020, UNS N08024 and UNS N08026 Alloy Plate, Sheet and Strip
SB 473, UNS N08020, UNS N08024 and UNS N08026 Nickel Alloy Bar and Wire
SB 536, Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Silicon Alloy (UNS N08330 and N08332) Plate, Sheet, and Strip
SB 572, UNS N06002, UNS N06230, UNS N12160 and UNS R30556 Rod
SB 625-1999, UNS N08904, UNS N08925, UNS N08031, UNS N08932, UNS N08926 and UNS
R20033 Plate, Sheet and Strip
SB 649-1995, Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Low Carbon Alloy (UNS N08904) and Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu Low Carbon
Alloy (UNS N08904) and Ni-Fe Cr-Mo-Cu-N Low Carbon Alloys (UNS N08925, UNS N08031 and
UNS N08926) and Cr-Ni-Fe-N Low-Carbon Alloy (UNS R20033) Bar and Wire
E 29-1993a (1999), Using Significants Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with
Specifications
Publisher: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959