Name: Class : Score: .

/15 x 100 = %
Chapter 4
Exercise 1
Learning Area: Carbon Compounds.
Learning Objective: Analysing various carbon compounds.
1.

Carbon compounds are compounds that contain ____________ elements.

Definiti
on
CARBON
COMPOUNDS

Organic Inorganic
compounds Classificat compounds
ion

Differen
ces
Origin

Burns in air producing

carbon dioxide

Size of molecules or
compounds

Solubility

Examples

Definition Hydrocarbon Natural

compounds resources
1. _________________

2. _________________

3. _________________

1
Chapter 4: Carbon Compounds
Answer
Exercise 1
1.

carbon
Carbon compounds are compounds that contain ____________ elements.

Definiti
on
CARBON
COMPOUNDS

Organic Inorganic
compound Classificat compound
ion

Differen
From living things / ces Do not originate
non-living thing * Origin from living things

Burns in air producing No, except carbonate

Yes carbon dioxide compounds
Size of molecules or
Normally big compounds Small

Normally dissolves in Normally dissolves in

Solubility inorganic solvents like water
organic solvents like alcohol

Starch, Milk, Silk, Carbon dioxide,

Examples
Sugar, Meat, Fat, Calcium carbonate,
Cellulose, Palm oil, Carbon monoxide,
Petrol, Latex, Magnesium carbonate,
Margarine, Fish Marble

* Organic compound need not necessarily originate from living thing

Definition Hydrocarbon Natural

compounds resources
1. _________________
Petroleum
Hydrocarbon compounds
are compounds that contain 2. _________________
Natural gas
only hydrogen and carbon
elements. Coal 4. wood
3. _________________
Name: Class : Score: ./32 x 100 = %
Chapter 4

2
Exercise 2
Learning Area: Carbon Compounds.
Learning Objective: Analysing alcohol and its effects on health.

1. Diagram 1 shows a process to produce alcohol in the laboratory.

Diagram 1

(a) Name the process that occurs inside the conical flask?
fermentation
(b) What gas causes the lime water to turn cloudy?
Presence of carbon dioxide
(c) Complete the word equation below to show the reaction in the conical flask.

Yeast

Zymase enzymes
Glucose ethanol + Carbon dioxide

A fermented product from the Diagram 1 is placed in the distillation flask as shown in
Diagram 2.

condensation
vapour

Fermented product

ethanol

Liquid X
Diagram 2

(d) Show the direction of water flow in and out of the Liebig Condenser.
3
 (e) Name liquid X.
ethanol
(f) What is the optimum temperature to obtain liquid X.
78 C

2. State the properties of alcohol.

1. Soluble in water
2. Clear colourless liquid
3. Strong smell
4. Neutral
5. Organic solvent
6. Low melting and boiling point
7. Burn with blue flame, no soot
8. React with organic PROPERTIES
acid (ehanoic acid) to produce
ester (perfume) OF ALCOHOL

3. State six uses of alcohol

(i) .................................................................................................................................
1) As fuel/bahan bakar
(ii) 2) Make cosmetics
.
(iii) 3) In medine (antiseptic)
.
4) Artificial food flavouring (Ester)
(iv) .
5) Alcoholic beverage
(v) .
6) For cooking
(vi) .

4
4. Effects of alcohol on health:
(a) Effects of alcohol on the brain:

Effects on cerebrum Effects on cerebellum

Disturbs thinking Coordinating of muscles

and voluntary action is disturbed, affecting
Hearing and body balance
Sight become
impaired

(b) Effects of alcohol on the nervous system and body organs:

Effects on the liver Effects on the nervous

Damages the liver cells system
causing liver cirrhosis The reflexes of a drunkard
become slower

Effects on the skin

The arteries in the skin
expand
Effects on the stomach and cause massive
Alcohol erodes heat loss
the internal surface of the from the body.
stomach to cause gastric
In serious cases, ulcer
is formed.

5
Name: Class : . Score: ./15 x 100 = %
Chapter 4
Exercise 3
Learning Area: Carbon Compounds.
Learning Objective: Analysing fats and their effects on health.

1. Fats are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen

and oxygen .

2. State four differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

Saturated fats Unsaturated fats

(a) Derive mainly from animal From plants

(b) Solid at room temperature liquid

(c) Higher melting point lower

(d) Raise bad cholesterol (LDL) Lower LDL

3. Name three effects on human health that are caused by excessive consumption of saturated
fats.

(i) high blood pressure

(ii) heart attack

(iii) stroke

4. The diagram shows a change in the lumen size of an artery.

Lumen

Cross section of Cross section of

normal artery blocked artery

What is X?

Fat deposit

6
Name: Class : Score: ./25 x 100 = %
Chapter 4
Exercise 4
Learning Area: Carbon Compounds.
Learning Objective: Analysing oil palm and its importance to national development.

1. Diagram 1 shows a cross section of oil palm fruit.

Kernel Mesocarp

Diagram 1

(a) Label parts Y and Z in Diagram 1.

(b) Which part of the oil palm fruit produces the most oil?

Mesocarp

(c) Name the process to produce palm oil from the fruit.

Extraction

(d) State one advantage of palm oil to health.

Vitamin A and E, High in beta carotene, low cholesterol avoid heart disease

(e) Circle the items made from palm oil in Diagram 2 .

Diagram 2

2. Name the processes in the extraction of oil from oil palm fruit.

7
 Stage Process Methods
1 Fruits are steamed in hot vapour (steam) to
(i) Sterilisation (a) kill bacteria and fungi
(b) soften fruits
(c) loosen fruits from their branches
(d) stop decomposition of oil
2
(ii) Threshing Removes fruits from the bunches.
3 Crush and digest the oil palm fruit.
(iii)
Digestion/crushing Separating the pulp from the shell.
4
(iv) extraction Oil is extracted from pulp using hydraulic pressure
5
(v) filtration To sieve out the solid particles
6 Steam flows through oil to remove smell
(vi) Purification Palm oil flows through activated carbon to wash
off its colour

3. State the uses of palm oil.

(i) cooking oil

(ii) cosmetic products (water proof)

(iii) lubricating oil

(iv) ice-cream, chocolate

4. State the nutritional substances in palm oil.

1) Beta carotene
2) Vitamin A
3) Vitamin E
4) Tocotrienols, Tocopherols

Nutritional
substances in
palm oil

8
5. Diagram 3 shows an extraction process of a type of oil in a laboratory.

Extraction

Diagram 3
(a) In Diagram 3, name stage X.

(b) At what stage are microorganisms in the oil palm fruit destroyed?

Sterilisation

(c) In the industrial production of the oil, name the stage after the filtration stage.

Purification (to disodour and discolour)

(d) (i) What is M?

Oil palm

(ii) Name one vitamin found in M.

Vitamin A and E

9
Name: Class : Score: ./13 x 100 = %
Chapter 4
Exercise 5
Learning Area: Carbon Compounds.
Learning Objective: Analysing the process of making soap from oil and the cleansing action of
soap.

1. Diagram 1 shows the process of soap production.

Glass rod

Coconut oil
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
+
Concentrated sodium
Bunsen burner hydroxide solution
alkali

Diagram 1

(a) Name the reaction between coconut oil and the concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution.
hydrolysis
(b) How is soap separated from the mixture?
Adding salt / sodium chloride
(c) When the product is tested with red litmus paper, its turn blue. What conclusion can you make
from this observation?
alkaline
(d) Write a word equation to show the reaction of making soap.
Coconut oil + sodium hydroxide soap + glycerol

10
 (e) The soap molecules consist of two portions as shown in Diagram 2.

P Q
Diagram 2
(i) Name portion P and Q
Hydrophobic tail
P : .....................................................................................................................
Hydrophilic head
Q : ....................................................................................................................

(ii) Which part of the soap molecule will dissolve in oil and grease when we wash our clothes?
Hydrophobic tail

2. Diagram 3 shows the cleansing action of soap. Fill in the blank with suitable answer.

water
The tail portion of the
soap molecules dissolve in grease whereas
the head portion
cloth dissolves in water.

water The movement of water causes the head

portion of the soap molecules dissolved in
the water to be carried.
So, the tail portion dissolved in grease is
pulled. The dirt is dislodged.
cloth

Diagram 3

11
Name: Class : Score: ./20 x 100 = %
Chapter 4
Exercise 6
Learning Area: Carbon Compounds.
Learning Objective: Understanding natural polymers.

1. (a) What are polymers?

Long molecule chains made of many monomers/small molecules
(b) Name the process where monomers combine to form polymers.
Polymerisation
(c) Name the process where polymers break down into monomers.

Depolymerisation
(d) What is process P and Q in the diagram below?

Process P

Monomers Process Q Polymers

(smaller units) (Long chain of molecules)

(i) Process P : Polymerisation

(ii) Process Q : Depolymerisation
(e) What are natural polymers?
Naturally from plants and animals such as protein and carbohydrate
(f) Name the monomer of the respective natural polymers.

Natural polymer Monomer

Starch Glucose
Protein Amino acid
Fat Fatty acid + glycerol
Natural Rubber isoprene
Cellulose glucose

12
2. Diagram 2 shows effect of substance Y on the rubber particles.
Rubber molecules

Negatively
charged Substance Y
membrane
Solid
rubber
Diagram 2
(a) Name the monomer of latex.
isoprene
(b) Name substance Y.
Acid (formic acid- bacteria)
(c) State the action of substance Y on the rubber molecules.
Neutralise
(d) Name the substance used to prevent the coagulation of latex.
ammonia
(e) State one characteristic of natural rubber.
Elastic, non-heat resistant, good insulator
The production of vulcanized rubber is represented by the equation below.

Process X
Solid rubber Vulcanised rubber

(f) What is process X?

vulcanisation
(g) Draw a diagram to show the structure of vulcanised rubber molecules in the box provided
below.
S

(h) State two advantages of vulcanised rubber as compared with natural rubber.

13
 (i) STRONGER, harder, more elastic
(ii) more heat resistant

Learning Objective: Understanding natural polymers.

1. Diagram below shows an experiment to compare the elasticity of a natural rubber, (Rubber P)
with a natural rubber that has been soaked in sulphur monochloride solution, (Rubber Q).

Diagram 3

(a) State the hypothesis that can be made from this experiment.
Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than natural rubber
(b) State the variable in this experiment.
(i) Controlled variable: original length of rubber
(ii)Manipulated variable: Type of rubber
(c) Based on this experiment, which rubber is more elastic? Q

14


(d) Mark ( ) the objects which are made of natural rubber that has been processed as in rubber
Q.

Tyre Balloon Shoe sole

2.
A rubber planter wanted to sell his latex and rubber.
He mixes the latex with an alkali (ammonia) to maintain its liquid form.
To produce rubber he mixes the latex with acid (ethanoic acid).

(a) Based on the above statement, write one suitable hypothesis.

(b) Describe an experiment that you can carry out in a laboratory to prove this hypothesis. Your
description should include the following;
(i) aim of experiment
(ii) identification of variables
(iii) list of apparatus and materials
(iv) method
(v) tabulation of data
(vi) conclusion

(d)

Tyre Balloon Shoe sole

15
2. (a) Hypothesis : Acid can cause the coagulation of latex while alkali does not cause the
coagulation of latex.

(b) (i) Aim : To study the effect of acid and alkali on latex.

(ii) Manipulated variable: Type of chemical added to the latex (acid and alkali)
Responding variable : The coagulation effects on latex
Fixed variable : Volume of latex

(iii) Apparatus and materials :

Latex, ammonium solution, ethanoic acid, beaker, glass rod, dropper

(iv) Procedure :
1. 20 cm3 of latex was poured into two beakers and the beakers were
labeled A and B
2. Using a dropper, a few drops of ethanoic acid were added into the
latex in beaker A and stir using glass rod.
3. Step 2 was repeated by adding ammonia solution into beaker B.
4. Two beakers were left for one day and the changes on latex were
observed from time to time.

(v) Observation :

Substances Coagulation of latex

Latex + acid
Latex + alkali

(vi) Conclusion : Acid cause coagulation of latex while alkali prevents the coagulation of
latex.

16
1)A) the thermometer is inside the petroleum
- Should be above solution
b)fractional distillation
c) i) brown
ii) does not mix
iii) produces a lot soot / more sooty
2)A) yeast
b) zymase break down glucose
c) i) fermentation
ii)alcohol ethanol
zymase
iii) glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide

3)a) monomer isoprene,

polymer polyisoprene (rubber/ latex)
b) i) rubber clump/ harden/ coagulate
formic acid (bacteria)
prevent coagulation ammonia
ii) sulphur
c) i) coagulation
ii) vulcanisation

4) acid + alcohol , ester,esterification, fragrant,

food flavouring
a) Use a dropper to add the acid
b)i) fragrant smell will be observed
ii) ester
iii) food flavouring, aromatherapy
Concentrated sulphuric acid
c) ethanoic acid + ethanol ester + water

17
5) Farm- tractor alcohol, bio-fuel, clean fuel, x
environment, non-sooty, blue flame, volatile
a) For combustion / burning
b)I) blue flame
ii) for safety purpose, prevent burning finger,
alcohol is flammable
iii) filter paper is clean, non-sooty
iv) no soot is produced
c) Ethanol + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
6)Polymerisation (monomer to polymer)
Depoly.(polymer to monomer)
Burn plastic , toxic gas, water vapour
Add catalyst (speed up)
a) Prevent toxic fume from escaping
b)Depolymerisation
c) Clear droplet is formed in the tube
d) Add catalyst and acid into the monomer to convert
to polymer
e) I) glucose
ii) polyethene (plastic)

7)Vulcanised more elastic, stronger,harder, resist heat

+ sulphur, 180 C
a) Vulcanised rubber is more elastic, stronger, harder
and resist heat.
b)Heat rubber and sulphur together at 180 C
c) I II III
N less soft soft
V more hard resist heat
d)Vulcanised rubber is more elastic, stronger, harder
and resist heat than natural rubber.
18